1124:"Stephenson, Blake and Co. v. Grant, Legros & Co., 115 L.T.R. 666, 61 Sol. J. 55 (1916), reprinted in E.J. MacGillivray, Copyright Cases 1911-1916 326-329 (1969), aff'd 116 L.T.R. 268 (1917), noted in 13 Eng. and Empire Digest 68, 68-69. The court recognized that the typeface design was subject to copyright under the then-current Copyright Act of 1911, an Act to Amend and Consolidate the Law Relating to Copyright, 1911, 1 & 2 Geo. 5, ch. 46 (Eng.). However, the plaintiff's victory was hollow. The court held that the copyright protected only the design in its entirety, with all the letters in their particular order. The defendant's embodiment of them into a font of his own, as opposed to a reproduction of the design with the letters in the same order, was held not to infringe. MacGillivray, supra at 327-28". Terrence J. Carroll,
146:
717:
symbolic characters, whose forms are related by repeating design elements consistently applied in a notational system and are intended to be embodied in articles whose intrinsic utilitarian function is for use in composing text or other cognizable combinations of characters. The
Committee does not regard the design of typeface, as thus defined, to be a copyrightable "pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work" within the meaning of this bill and the application of the dividing line in section 101 .
808:. A US court decided that Monotype's trademarks were "fanciful" and did not have descriptive value of the actual products. However it also decided that URW was confusing the public deliberately because "the purloining of the first part of a well-known trademark and the appending of it to a worthless suffix is a method of trademark poaching long condemned by the courts." The court issued an injunction preventing URW from using their chosen names.
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38:
961:
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In addition to rejecting copyright protection for typeface designs, Congress deferred a decision on a more limited form of protection under proposed ornamental design legislation. Title II of the 1976 copyright revision bill as passed by the Senate could have protected typeface designs, but the House
490:
or "Type Faces Law"), according to which a typeface is initially protected under German copyright law for 10 years from first publication onwards. After the end of the initial ten-year period, the rights holder may pay a fee to prolong copyright status for one additional 15 years period. According to
750:
in many countries (either automatically, by registration, or by some combination thereof). A design patent is the strongest system of protection, but the most uncommon. It is the only US legal precedent that protects the actual design (the design of the individual shapes of the letters) of the font.
692:
may be protectable by copyright. In 1992, the US Copyright Office determined that digital outline fonts had elements that could be protected as software if the source code of the font file "contains a sufficient amount of original authorship". Since that time, the Office has accepted registration of
716:
clearly comports with the intention of the
Congress. Whether typeface designs should be protected by copyright was considered and specifically rejected by Congress in passing the Copyright Act of 1976. The 1976 House Report states: A "typeface" can be defined as a set of letters, numbers, or other
875:
helped clear the distinction between intellectual property protection for a font and a typeface. SSI had used the FontMonger program to copy and rename fonts from Adobe and others. They assumed safety from prosecution because they had directly copied the points that define the shapes from Adobe's
721:
of
Representatives had doubts about the limited form of protection. Consequently, only copyright revision passed. . Design legislation has yet to be enacted, and Congress has chosen not to include typeface designs within the Copyright Act's definition of pictorial, graphic, or sculptural works."
583:
intellectual legacy combined with absence of specific law regulation of the fonts. That created the opposite situation in which all typefaces have copyright, and payments can be collected by current law. According to the
Russian Yur'yev legal bureau, at least 99
441:, the shapes of typefaces are not eligible for copyright but may be protected by design patent (although it is rarely applied for, the first US design patent that was ever awarded was for a typeface). Typefaces can be protected in other countries, including the
693:
copyright for digital vector fonts, such as PostScript Type 1, TrueType, and OpenType format files. As computer programs are protected as literary works in the United States, a font file program can only be eligible for copyright protection in the US if the
816:
The basic standard for copyrighted digital font use is that a license is required for each individual font used on a computer, or in the case of businesses, one per entity. Under the license fonts are typically licensed only for use on one computer. These
512:) for a fee, which, like a digital font, also holds much higher copyright protection status than an analogue typeface itself. If a typeface's name is trademarked, no other typeface may bear the same name, including digital clones of the analogue typeface.
821:(EULAs) generally state that fonts may only be used on machines that have a valid license. These fonts cannot be shared by multiple computers or given to others. These licenses can be obtained in three ways: directly from the font authors (e.g.,
887:
product without permission. Font
Brothers claimed that Hasbro had refused to comply with its licensing request. It is also claiming substantial damages, from loss of revenue for that misuse and requesting a jury trial to resolve this matter.
866:
for copyright infringement. SWFTE was using special computer programs to take other type founders' fonts, convert them, and give them new names. The case focused on the fact that SWFTE had used
Bitstream's software to create these new fonts.
1241:
794:. This is the weakest form of protection because only the font name itself is being protected. For example, the letters that make up the trademarked font Palatino can be copied but the name must be changed.
620:. However, the denied protection is not imperative since in theory, typefaces could be protected based on both copyright and design law. Additionally, the name of a typeface can be protected by a trademark.
55:
895:, No. 1:17-cv-07180 (N.D. Ill.). The lawsuit claimed that Target gave Calango, a design firm that Target had hired, copies of Berthold's font software without permission. The case was dismissed
804:
for cloning their fonts and naming them with a name starting with the same three letters. As typeface shapes themselves cannot be copyrighted in the United States, the lawsuit centered on
758:
Another prominent example is the
European Union, where the automatic protection (without registration) expires after three years and can be extended (by registration) up to 25 years.
453:, by industrial design protections that are similar to copyright or design patent in that they protect the abstract shapes. Additionally, in the US and some other countries, computer
876:
fonts, but they had made slight adjustments to all the points so that they were not technically identical. Nevertheless, it was determined that the computer code had been copied.
210:
2157:
491:
German law, every typeface thus ends up in the public domain after no more than 25 years from first publication onwards, when it is also free to be digitized into a computer
832:
Such licenses typically only apply to the font file itself (which is a computer program), and not to the shape of the typeface, which may be subject to a design patent.
437:, trademark, design patent, and related laws. The copyright status of a typeface and of any font file that describes it digitally varies between jurisdictions. In the
461:
of the shapes as vector outlines, may be protected by copyright on the computer code that produces them. The name of a typeface may also be protected as a trademark.
405:
871:
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considers that fonts are subject to copyright, but that covers typefaces for only 25 years from first publication and does not cover their usage by typographers.
604:
The
Supreme Court of South Korea has ruled that typefaces are not protected by copyright because they function primarily as a means of communicating information.
726:
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has no specific law for the protection of typefaces. So far, the jurisdiction has been very reluctant in admitting legal protection of any sort to typefaces in
495:, which in itself holds a much higher copyright protection status by German law than analogue typefaces because it is legally classified as a computer program.
102:
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as the shapes the program produces. However, both terms are often used synonymously, and the
Copyright Office uses them equivalently to refer to typefaces.
195:
74:
81:
1209:"Registrability of Computer Programs that Generate Typefaces", 57 Fed. Reg. 6201 (Feb. 21, 1992), reproduced in U.S. Copyright Office announcement
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by copyright on the ground that they function primarily as a means of communicating information, rather than an appeal to aesthetic appreciation.
313:
88:
1228:
Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office
Practices, Third Edition, §723, "Computer Programs That Generate Typeface, Typefont, or Barcodes", pg 53,
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271:
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in 1992. The legal precedent that typefaces are not eligible for protection under U.S. copyright law was established before that in 1978 in
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689:
328:
230:
70:
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1344:"Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, § 906.4 ("Typeface, Typefont, Lettering, Calligraphy, and Typographic Ornamentation")"
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121:
670:. However, fonts can be protected by design patent, and computer programs that implement typefaces may be protected by copyright.
360:
185:
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Gesetz zum Wiener Abkommen vom 12. Juni 1973 über den Schutz typographischer Schriftzeichen und ihre internationale Hinterlegung
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recognized copyright in typefaces but protected only the design with all the letters in their particular order. The current
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allows for using the typeface in the ordinary course of printing. The term of protection is 15 years from first publication.
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59:
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of the computer instructions within the file was written by a human; due to the prominence of modern user-friendly digital
484:("Law on the 1973 Vienna Agreement for the Protection of Type Faces and their International Deposit", also simply known as
95:
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in protecting their creative elements under US law, but the computer program that is used to display a typeface, a
547:'s Hadassah typeface for a term exceeding 48 years, forcing Masterfont's unauthorized digitization off the market.
1408:
1157:
1024:
Karjala, Dennis S.; Sugiyama, Keiji (Autumn 1988). "Fundamental Concepts in Japanese and American Copyright Law".
48:
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As a general rule, typeface, typefont, lettering, calligraphy, and typographic ornamentation are not registrable.
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1966:
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Historically, the unavailability of protection for typefaces reaches back to at least 1976. In 1988, the
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Most recently, Berthold LLC sued Target Corporation for its alleged breach of a font license agreement.
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https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.ilnd.344822/gov.uscourts.ilnd.344822.59.0.pdf
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https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.ilnd.344822/gov.uscourts.ilnd.344822.45.0.pdf
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The US allows design patents for fonts. In fact, the very first design patent awarded in the US (
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782:. Currently, US design patents are for 15 years from the date of grant (previously 14 years).
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769:) for protecting typeface designs. This also permits typefaces to be registered as designs.
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copyright statute, enacted in 1989, expressly refers to copyrights in typeface designs.
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1160:. "Section 202.1(e) is added to read as follows: * * * * * (e) Typeface as typeface."
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https://archives.federalregister.gov/issue_slice/1992/2/21/6201-6203.pdf#page=2
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2016:
1971:
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652:. The idea that typefaces cannot be copyrighted in the United States has been
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17:
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1981:
1976:
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829:), or through purchasing or downloading the font from an authorized outlet.
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font family was one group that was formerly protected by design patent.
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1915:
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1018:, II-1 Chosakuken Hanreishu 8 (9 Mar. 1979, Tokyo District Court) (the
629:
446:
1256:"Notice of Policy Decision on Copyrightability of Digitized Typefaces"
1045:
2181:
1798:
1505:, No. C 95-20710 1998 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 1941 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 2, 1998).
989:(Ireland), §§ 84-85. Irishstatutebook.ie, Accessed January 31, 2013.
880:
752:
593:
580:
540:
450:
205:
1230:
https://copyright.gov/comp3/chap700/ch700-literary-works.pdf#page=53
932:
In computing parlance, a distinction is sometimes drawn between the
1037:
27:
Copyright, trademark and patent considerations of fonts and related
2024:
1763:
1731:
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programs, this method of creating a font file is now quite rare.
560:
426:
2380:
2226:
2171:
1128:, 10 Santa Clara Computer & High Tech. L.J. 139, 169, n.181.
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and their letter forms are considered utilitarian objects whose
492:
422:
1583:
1544:""My Little Pony" Sued For Using a Pirated Font - TorrentFreak"
1170:
31:
1579:
1060:"Юридическое бюро Юрьева - Шрифт как объект авторского права"
1297:"Policy Decision on Copyrightability of Digitized Typefaces"
883:, claiming that Hasbro used the "Generation B" font for its
879:
On 21 January 2016, Font Brothers filed a lawsuit against
710:
Policy Decision on Copyrightability of Digitized Typefaces
1136:
1134:
1141:
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (c. 48), § 54
1126:
Protection For Typeface Designs: A Copyright Proposal
790:
The names of particular fonts may be protected by a
592:
have been about the use of studio made typefaces in
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1154:
https://www.federalregister.gov/citation/57-FR-6202
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1402:
1400:
1398:
840:GNU General Public License with the Font Exception
648:Typefaces cannot be protected by copyright in the
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1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
862:and four other type companies successfully sued
502:of a typeface can separately be registered as a
1470:Legal Battles that Shaped the Computer Industry
1190:"Circular 33: Works Not Protected by Copyright"
825:), as part of a larger software package (e.g.,
71:"Intellectual property protection of typefaces"
1495:Adobe Systems, Inc. v. Southern Software, Inc.
1473:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 47–48.
1353:. 22 December 2014. p. 13. Archived from
872:Adobe Systems, Inc. v. Southern Software, Inc.
2532:Intellectual property protection of typefaces
1595:
761:In 1981, Germany passed a special extension (
727:Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices
399:
8:
2074:
507:
485:
479:
196:Integrated circuit layout design protection
2012:
1736:
1602:
1588:
1580:
738:also cannot be copyrighted in themselves.
406:
392:
133:
2558:Punctuation and other typographic symbols
966:United States Patent and Trademark Office
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
1084:The Supreme Court of South Korea 94누5632
559:has not held typefaces to be covered in
1409:"Font Licensing and Protection Details"
1026:The American Journal of Comparative Law
953:
925:
778:), in 1842, was for a font designed by
314:Limitations and exceptions to copyright
258:
136:
987:Copyright and Related Rights Act, 2000
1516:"Font Brothers, Inc., v. Hasbro, Inc"
272:Artificial intelligence and copyright
7:
1407:Gaultney, Victor (31 October 2003).
800:was involved in a 1995 lawsuit with
690:domain-specific programming language
231:Supplementary protection certificate
60:adding citations to reliable sources
712:, which explains: "The decision in
1006:, 2016-05-09. Accessed 2019-09-21.
724:According to section 906.4 of the
25:
2571:
2570:
1188:United States Copyright Office.
1096:"Valentin Blank — Schriftschutz"
936:as the computer program and the
746:Typefaces may be protected by a
361:Outline of intellectual property
186:Indigenous intellectual property
144:
36:
47:needs additional citations for
1351:United States Copyright Office
1314:Office of the Federal Register
688:of computer instructions in a
1:
2527:History of Western typography
1143:(England), Legislation.gov.uk
543:have recognized copyright in
2374:traditional point-size names
1413:Sil International and UNESCO
893:Berthold LLC v. Target Corp.
765:) to the design patent law (
614:copyright law of Switzerland
1627:Canons of page construction
1467:Lawrence D. Graham (1999).
819:End User License Agreements
658:Code of Federal Regulations
523:covers typefaces. Like the
309:Idea–expression distinction
2618:
1016:Yagi v. Kashiwa Shobo K.K.
909:Legal aspects of computing
838:font licenses include the
708:published a report titled
656:since the introduction of
2597:Intellectual property law
2566:
1784:Subscript and superscript
2542:Vox-ATypI classification
1672:Intentionally blank page
1216:7 November 2012 at the
962:"Patent #: US0D0000001"
590:Lebedev's design studio
573:copyright law of Russia
221:Plant genetic resources
191:Industrial design right
181:Geographical indication
2075:
1152:57 Fed.Reg. 6202, see
806:trademark infringement
767:Geschmacksmustergesetz
557:copyright law of Japan
508:
486:
480:
292:Criticism of copyright
216:Plant breeders' rights
1295:(29 September 1988).
1000:Hadassah Friedlaender
914:Intellectual property
844:SIL Open Font License
714:Eltra Corp. v. Ringer
667:Eltra Corp. v. Ringer
459:digital instantiation
431:intellectual property
138:Intellectual property
2412:Typographic features
1020:Typeface Design Case
802:Monotype Corporation
763:Schriftzeichengesetz
662:Ch 37, Sec. 202.1(e)
487:Schriftzeichengesetz
56:improve this article
2537:Technical lettering
2436:Typography in other
2177:Hanging punctuation
1360:on 23 December 2014
858:From 1993 to 1995,
848:Ubuntu Font License
529:Republic of Ireland
521:Irish copyright law
282:Copyright abolition
2500:Handwriting script
2427:Desktop publishing
2397:Character encoding
2390:Digital typography
1904:Horizontal aspects
1857:Visual distinction
1715:Widows and orphans
1500:2010-05-22 at the
1454:2011-04-06 at the
1437:2011-04-06 at the
1032:(4): 613, 625–26.
545:Henri Friedlaender
525:United Kingdom law
433:considerations in
374:Higher categories:
366:Outline of patents
2584:
2583:
2331:Typographic units
2249:For position only
2148:
2147:
2000:
1999:
1480:978-1-56720-178-9
998:Misha Beletsky. "
968:. 9 November 1842
596:without payment.
527:(see below), the
416:
415:
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
2609:
2574:
2573:
2551:Related template
2483:Related articles
2284:Phototypesetting
2138:reverse-contrast
2123:Display typeface
2080:
2057:Blackletter type
2013:
1950:Vertical aspects
1931:Sentence spacing
1741:Typeface anatomy
1737:
1604:
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1523:Torrentfreak.com
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1305:Federal Register
1301:
1293:Copyright Office
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1265:. Archived from
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1102:. Archived from
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1007:
996:
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978:
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941:
930:
827:Microsoft Office
777:
706:Copyright Office
682:private interest
654:black letter law
511:
489:
483:
408:
401:
394:
277:Brand protection
211:Peasants' rights
148:
134:
127:
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40:
32:
21:
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2438:writing systems
2437:
2431:
2385:
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2269:Microtypography
2208:
2144:
2106:
2083:
2051:
2008:classifications
2007:
1996:
1945:
1899:
1865:Blackboard bold
1851:
1803:
1726:
1676:
1667:Recto and verso
1613:
1608:
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1509:
1502:Wayback Machine
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1488:
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1461:
1456:Wayback Machine
1448:
1444:
1439:Wayback Machine
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1316:: 38110–38113.
1299:
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1273:
1272:on 4 March 2016
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1218:Wayback Machine
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1177:. 21 July 2022.
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897:with prejudice
885:My Little Pony
860:Bitstream Inc.
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775:U.S. patent D1
743:
742:Design patents
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680:outweighs any
678:public utility
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1263:Copyright.gov
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1106:on 1 May 2018
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749:
748:design patent
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650:United States
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586:legal threats
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439:United States
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356:Public domain
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251:Utility model
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112:November 2015
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2531:
2522:Type foundry
2359:Metric units
2289:Punchcutting
2274:Movable type
2244:Font catalog
2204:Vertical bar
1941:Word spacing
1911:Figure space
1794:Text figures
1637:Even working
1567:
1556:
1548:TorrentFreak
1547:
1538:
1526:. Retrieved
1522:
1510:
1493:
1489:
1469:
1462:
1445:
1428:
1416:. Retrieved
1412:
1369:
1362:. Retrieved
1355:the original
1338:
1309:
1303:
1286:
1274:. Retrieved
1267:the original
1262:
1250:
1236:
1224:
1205:
1196:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1148:
1120:
1108:. Retrieved
1104:the original
1099:
1090:
1079:
1067:. Retrieved
1063:
1054:
1029:
1025:
1022:), cited in
1019:
1015:
1011:
1004:Typographica
1003:
994:
982:
970:. Retrieved
965:
956:
937:
933:
928:
892:
890:
878:
870:
869:
857:
834:
831:
815:
796:
789:
780:George Bruce
771:
766:
762:
760:
757:
745:
725:
723:
719:
713:
709:
703:
672:
665:
647:
627:
611:
603:
577:legal vacuum
570:
554:
538:
519:
499:
497:
476:West Germany
473:
458:
454:
425:, and their
417:
382:Property law
373:
351:Pirate Party
346:Patent troll
329:Paraphrasing
319:Fair dealing
241:Trade secret
201:Moral rights
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
2517:Type design
2512:Style guide
2505:Calligraphy
2495:Handwriting
2309:Type design
2259:Lorem ipsum
2254:Letterpress
2214:Typesetting
2154:Punctuation
2118:Record type
2089:Gaelic type
2077:Schwabacher
1967:Body height
1832:Letter case
1700:Line length
1364:22 December
1242:"WebVoyage"
972:23 November
836:Open-source
736:calligraphy
699:font editor
695:source code
638:English law
618:Switzerland
608:Switzerland
600:South Korea
478:passed the
341:Orphan work
267:Abandonware
236:Trade dress
2602:Typography
2591:Categories
2490:Penmanship
2462:East Asian
2304:Type color
2237:monospaced
2194:Interpunct
2187:minus sign
2111:Specialist
2047:Sans-serif
2040:slab serif
2017:Roman type
1972:Cap height
1936:Thin space
1895:Whitespace
1847:Title case
1842:Snake case
1837:Small caps
1822:Camel case
1754:Diacritics
1662:Pull quote
1657:Pagination
1652:Paper size
1611:Typography
1528:19 January
1418:23 October
1276:19 January
1175:Wiktionary
1110:19 January
1069:19 January
948:References
846:, and the
786:Trademarks
732:typography
539:Courts in
82:newspapers
1987:Overshoot
1982:Mean line
1977:Descender
1890:Underline
1732:Character
1710:Runaround
1690:Alignment
1682:Paragraph
1330:436630761
1322:0097-6326
1100:Vblank.ch
1064:Juryev.ru
899:in 2018.
812:Licensing
792:trademark
686:font file
674:Typefaces
628:In 1916,
509:Wortmarke
504:trademark
474:In 1981,
465:Copyright
435:copyright
419:Typefaces
302:Biopiracy
246:Trademark
166:Copyright
2576:Category
2455:PT Fonts
2450:Cyrillic
2314:Typeface
2232:computer
2133:fat face
2006:Typeface
1992:x-height
1962:Baseline
1957:Ascender
1817:All caps
1779:Rotation
1774:Ligature
1769:Ink trap
1498:Archived
1452:Archived
1435:Archived
1214:Archived
938:typeface
903:See also
854:Lawsuits
378:Property
324:Fair use
161:Copyleft
2402:Hinting
2279:Pangram
2097:Insular
2070:Rotunda
2065:Fraktur
2030:Antiqua
1916:Kerning
1885:Oblique
1880:Italics
1827:Initial
1759:Dingbat
1749:Counter
1695:Leading
1312:(189).
630:England
516:Ireland
470:Germany
447:Germany
96:scholar
2445:Arabic
2344:Cicero
2182:Hyphen
2167:Bullet
2128:script
2102:Uncial
2035:Didone
1799:Tittle
1642:Margin
1632:Column
1477:
1328:
1320:
1211:ML-443
1171:"font"
1046:840277
1044:
881:Hasbro
842:, the
753:Lucida
594:Russia
581:Soviet
575:has a
567:Russia
541:Israel
535:Israel
457:, the
451:France
449:, and
429:raise
427:glyphs
206:Patent
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
2369:Point
2339:Agate
2199:Space
2025:Serif
1926:Pitch
1789:Swash
1764:Glyph
1705:River
1519:(PDF)
1358:(PDF)
1347:(PDF)
1300:(PDF)
1270:(PDF)
1259:(PDF)
1193:(PDF)
1042:JSTOR
920:Notes
864:SWFTE
823:Adobe
798:URW++
579:with
561:Japan
551:Japan
455:fonts
423:fonts
103:JSTOR
89:books
2467:Thai
2381:Twip
2364:Pica
2319:list
2299:Sort
2227:Font
2172:Dash
2158:List
1870:Bold
1720:runt
1619:Page
1530:2017
1475:ISBN
1420:2010
1366:2014
1326:OCLC
1318:ISSN
1291:The
1278:2017
1156:and
1112:2017
1071:2017
974:2014
934:font
751:The
734:and
612:The
571:The
555:The
500:name
498:The
493:font
380:and
75:news
1034:doi
1002:".
588:by
58:by
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