642:
51:
977:
338:
697:
637:{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{lll}M({\ce {H}})&=1.00797(7)\times M_{\mathrm {u} }&=1.00797(7){\text{ g/mol}}\\M({\ce {S}})&=32.065(5)\times M_{\mathrm {u} }&=32.065(5){\text{ g/mol}}\\M({\ce {Cl}})&=35.453(2)\times M_{\mathrm {u} }&=35.453(2){\text{ g/mol}}\\M({\ce {Fe}})&=55.845(2)\times M_{\mathrm {u} }&=55.845(2){\text{ g/mol}}\end{array}}}
1451:
972:{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{lll}M({\ce {H2}})&=2\times 1.00797(7)\times M_{\mathrm {u} }&=2.01595(4){\text{ g/mol}}\\M({\ce {S8}})&=8\times 32.065(5)\times M_{\mathrm {u} }&=256.52(4){\text{ g/mol}}\\M({\ce {Cl2}})&=2\times 35.453(2)\times M_{\mathrm {u} }&=70.906(4){\text{ g/mol}}\end{array}}}
1166:
1972:
of the element. If a more accurate value of the molar mass is required, it is necessary to determine the isotopic distribution of the sample in question, which may be different from the standard distribution used to calculate the standard atomic mass. The isotopic distributions of the different
1831:
of an element. This is distinct but related to the molar mass, which is a measure of the average molecular mass of all the molecules in a sample and is usually the more appropriate measure when dealing with macroscopic (weigh-able) quantities of a substance.
213:
vs g/mol); however, the most authoritative sources define it differently. The difference is that molecular mass is the mass of one specific particle or molecule, while the molar mass is an average over many particles or molecules.
1446:{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{ll}M({\ce {NaCl}})&={\bigl }\times 1{\text{ g/mol}}\\&=58.443(2){\text{ g/mol}}\\M({\ce {C12H22O11}})&={\bigl }\times 1{\text{ g/mol}}\\&=342.297(14){\text{ g/mol}}\end{array}}}
1145:
1671:
2000:
during calculations. When the molar mass is greater than 1000 g/mol, it is rarely appropriate to use more than one decimal place. These conventions are followed in most tabulated values of molar masses.
2500:
2375:
232:
The mole was defined in such a way that the molar mass of a compound, in g/mol, is numerically equal to the average mass of one molecule or formula unit, in daltons. It was exactly equal before the
332: kg/mol = 1 g/mol. For normal samples from earth with typical isotope composition, the atomic weight can be approximated by the standard atomic weight or the conventional atomic weight.
1583:
1046:
2250:
2190:
2056:
While molar masses are almost always, in practice, calculated from atomic weights, they can also be measured in certain cases. Such measurements are much less precise than modern
2537:
1500:
2750:
2532:
2129:
198:
of the constituent atoms on Earth. The molar mass is appropriate for converting between the mass of a substance and the amount of a substance for bulk quantities.
1933:
quoted including these groups, the amount of molecular weight that is ultimately added by this nucleobase to a DNA polymer is referred to as the nucleobase's
2705:
2602:"International union of pure and applied chemistry, commission on macromolecular nomenclature, note on the terminology for molar masses in polymer science".
651:
correct: standard relative atomic masses are dimensionless quantities (i.e., pure numbers) whereas molar masses have units (in this case, grams per mole).
2930:
atoms, at rest and in their electronic ground state, is 12. The simpler definition given here is equivalent to the full definition because of the way the
236:, and is now only approximately equal, but the difference is negligible for all practical purposes. Thus, for example, the average mass of a molecule of
2009:
Molar masses are almost never measured directly. They may be calculated from standard atomic masses, and are often listed in chemical catalogues and on
1054:
3017:
1604:
2780:
2844:
2728:
2986:
for calculation of molecular weights, reaction coefficients and stoichiometry. It includes both average atomic weights and isotopic weights.
258:. Until 2019, the mole was defined as the amount of substance that has as many constituent particles as there are atoms in 12 grams of
1737:, with the definition 1 Da = 1 g/mol, despite the fact that it is strictly a unit of mass (1 Da = 1 u =
2722:
2650:
2546:
691:). The molar mass of molecules of these elements is the molar mass of the atoms multiplied by the number of atoms in each molecule:
1901:
The distinction between molar mass and molecular mass is important because relative molecular masses can be measured directly by
2877:
2926:
The technical definition is that the relative molar mass is the molar mass measured on a scale where the molar mass of unbound
2086:, that equal volumes of gases under identical conditions contain equal numbers of particles. This principle is included in the
1961:
is a notable, and serious, exception). This is adequate for almost all normal uses in chemistry: it is more precise than most
247:
and metals, the molar mass is computed dividing by the number of moles of atoms instead. Thus, for example, the molar mass of
3067:
2449:
2324:
2195:
Combining these two equations gives an expression for the molar mass in terms of the vapour density for conditions of known
1159:
is the relative molar mass, also called formula weight. For normal samples from earth with typical isotope composition, the
1957:). Most atomic masses are known to a precision of at least one part in ten-thousand, often much better (the atomic mass of
1163:
or the conventional atomic weight can be used as an approximation of the relative atomic mass of the sample. Examples are:
2060:
measurements of atomic weights and molecular masses, and are of mostly historical interest. All of the procedures rely on
1525:
222:
284:. The molar mass of a compound in g/mol thus is equal to the mass of this number of molecules of the compound in grams.
1827:(Da or u). Different molecules of the same compound may have different molecular masses because they contain different
3010:
2808:
2574:
1013:
2979:
2804:
3132:
3102:
2440:
2311:
2261:
1589:
2065:
2209:
2152:
229:
of molar mass is kg/mol. However, for historical reasons, molar masses are almost always expressed in g/mol.
3087:
2386:
1460:
267:
233:
3003:
2423:
1973:
elements in a sample are not necessarily independent of one another: for example, a sample which has been
1844:
1698:
1160:
297:
191:
2836:
2878:"Interpreting and propagating the uncertainty of the standard atomic weights (IUPAC Technical Report)"
50:
2611:
2511:
2415:
2396:
2286:
2271:
2061:
1986:
1478:
992:
293:
255:
120:
2950:
2550:
3168:
3107:
3072:
2989:
2931:
2294:
2139:
1978:
1950:
1802:
1008:
311:
237:
169:
2709:
2666:
2443:
of the solute in solution, and assuming no dissociation of the solute, the molar mass is given by
1455:
An average molar mass may be defined for mixtures of compounds. This is particularly important in
3046:
2899:
2087:
1937:(i.e., the molecular weight of this nucleobase within the DNA polymer, minus protecting groups).
218:
1784:(F.W.) (for non-molecular compounds), are older terms for what is now more correctly called the
1171:
2566:
3178:
3041:
2840:
2718:
2646:
2642:
2542:
2057:
2010:
1968:
The precision of atomic masses, and hence of molar masses, is limited by the knowledge of the
1962:
1902:
988:
177:
161:
2876:
Possolo, Antonio; van der Veen, Adriaan M. H.; Meija, Juris; Hibbert, D. Brynn (2018-01-04).
2096:
2082:
The measurement of molar mass by vapour density relies on the principle, first enunciated by
3173:
3158:
2889:
2828:
2764:
2619:
2583:
1910:
1906:
1856:
1848:
307:
3142:
3122:
2983:
2954:
2083:
1926:
1456:
1463:
of non-uniform polymers so that different polymer molecules contain different numbers of
2615:
1925:
has a specific meaning when used in the context of DNA synthesis: whereas an individual
240:
is about 18.0153 daltons, and the molar mass of water is about 18.0153 g/mol.
3163:
2267:
2077:
2024:
1997:
1814:
1702:
202:
31:
2960:
3204:
3198:
3183:
3097:
2903:
2392:
1993:
1954:
1824:
1801:
quantity (i.e., a pure number, without units) equal to the molar mass divided by the
1730:
1503:
226:
210:
2760:
2318:
in solution, and assuming no dissociation of the solute, the molar mass is given by
3137:
3051:
1974:
1734:
702:
343:
270:
as the amount of that substance containing an exactly defined number of particles,
186:
of many instances of the compound, which often vary in mass due to the presence of
194:
and is thus a terrestrial average and a function of the relative abundance of the
1996:
for all calculations. This is more accurate than is usually required, but avoids
205:(for molecular compounds) and formula mass (for non-molecular compounds, such as
3117:
3026:
2755:
2200:
1946:
1855:
of the element in a given sample (usually assumed to be "normal"). For example,
1836:
1718:
173:
113:
97:
56:
35:
2678:
2623:
1992:
A useful convention for normal laboratory work is to quote molar masses to two
1140:{\displaystyle M=M_{\rm {u}}M_{\rm {r}}=M_{\rm {u}}\sum _{i}{A_{\rm {r}}}_{i}.}
206:
17:
2759:, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version: (2006–) "
1945:
The precision to which a molar mass is known depends on the precision of the
2927:
2768:
2588:
1798:
648:
259:
137:
1863:, but individual water molecules have molecular masses which range between
1733:, symbol Da, is also sometimes used as a unit of molar mass, especially in
1666:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\overline {M}}}=\sum _{i}{\frac {w_{i}}{M_{i}}}.}
266:
12 g/mol, by definition. Since 2019, a mole of any substance has been
2894:
1929:
nucleobase to be added to a DNA polymer has protecting groups and has its
1701:
of its constituent elements. However, it should be distinguished from the
176:) of any sample of the compound. The molar mass is a bulk, not molecular,
3127:
3077:
2419:
2290:
2196:
681:
659:
655:
221:
of the substance, that does not depend on the size of the sample. In the
93:
209:) are commonly used as synonyms of molar mass, differing only in units (
3092:
2404:
2275:
2045:
2041:
1982:
1969:
1958:
1852:
1840:
1828:
1464:
647:
Multiplying by the molar mass constant ensures that the calculation is
195:
187:
182:
88:
2976:
1676:
As an example, the average molar mass of dry air is 28.96 g/mol.
310:
is given by the relative atomic mass of the element multiplied by the
2400:
2315:
1985:
of all the elements present. This complicates the calculation of the
670:
244:
1949:
from which it was calculated (and very slightly on the value of the
1766:
for the mass, in grams, of one mole of molecules of a compound. The
2970:
3082:
2995:
2784:
1762:
for the mass, in grams, of one mole of atoms of an element, and
1004:
303:
248:
165:
109:
68:
64:
60:
2999:
254:
Since 1971, SI defined the "amount of substance" as a separate
2049:
2418:
for dilute solutions. When the composition is expressed as a
2289:
for dilute solutions. When the composition is expressed as a
1823:) is the mass of a given molecule: it is usually measured in
2781:"Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements"
2017:
1–238 g/mol for atoms of naturally occurring elements;
1709:
sometimes known as molecular weight), which is the mass of
262:. During that period, the molar mass of carbon-12 was thus
243:
For chemical elements without isolated molecules, such as
1317:
1304:
1291:
898:
810:
722:
2947:
2495:{\displaystyle M={{wK_{\text{b}}} \over {\Delta T}}.\ }
2370:{\displaystyle M={{wK_{\text{f}}} \over {\Delta T}}.\ }
2973:
Online Molar Mass and
Elemental Composition Calculator
1965:, and exceeds the purity of most laboratory reagents.
2452:
2327:
2212:
2155:
2099:
1607:
1528:
1481:
1169:
1057:
1016:
700:
341:
190:. Most commonly, the molar mass is computed from the
1909:. This is accurate enough to directly determine the
1851:. The standard atomic weight takes into account the
1578:{\displaystyle {\overline {M}}=\sum _{i}x_{i}M_{i}.}
3151:
3060:
3034:
2865:(53rd ed.). Cleveland, OH: Chemical Rubber Co.
2604:
Journal of
Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition
2538:
Quantities, Units and
Symbols in Physical Chemistry
119:
103:
87:
75:
43:
2494:
2369:
2244:
2184:
2123:
1665:
1577:
1494:
1445:
1139:
1040:
971:
636:
2533:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
2422:, the proportionality constant is known as the
2293:, the proportionality constant is known as the
3011:
2435:) and is characteristic for each solvent. If
2306:) and is characteristic for each solvent. If
1953:, which depends on the measured value of the
1843:, while molar masses are calculated from the
1398:
1331:
1229:
1195:
1041:{\displaystyle M_{u}\approx 1{\text{ g/mol}}}
8:
2706:International Bureau of Weights and Measures
2068:of the compound must be taken into account.
2013:(SDS). Molar masses typically vary between:
2528:
2526:
3018:
3004:
2996:
2541:, 2nd edition, Oxford: Blackwell Science.
1770:is a former term for a mole of atoms, and
1007:which form the compound multiplied by the
49:
2990:Molar mass: chemistry second-level course
2893:
2639:Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature
2587:
2476:
2469:
2461:
2459:
2451:
2351:
2344:
2336:
2334:
2326:
2232:
2221:
2219:
2211:
2172:
2164:
2162:
2154:
2098:
1835:Molecular masses are calculated from the
1755:, as of 2022 CODATA recommended values).
1652:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1608:
1606:
1566:
1556:
1546:
1529:
1527:
1512:of the components and their molar masses
1482:
1480:
1434:
1409:
1397:
1396:
1330:
1329:
1316:
1311:
1303:
1298:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1265:
1240:
1228:
1227:
1194:
1193:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1128:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1096:
1095:
1081:
1080:
1069:
1068:
1056:
1033:
1021:
1015:
960:
936:
935:
897:
892:
887:
872:
848:
847:
809:
804:
799:
784:
760:
759:
721:
716:
711:
701:
699:
654:Some elements are usually encountered as
625:
601:
600:
568:
553:
529:
528:
496:
481:
457:
456:
424:
409:
385:
384:
352:
342:
340:
2977:Stoichiometry Add-In for Microsoft Excel
2245:{\displaystyle M={{RT\rho } \over {p}}.}
1893:
1877:
687:
676:
665:
2919:
2522:
2185:{\displaystyle \rho ={{nM} \over {V}}.}
157:
2711:The International System of Units (SI)
2560:
2558:
1758:Obsolete terms for molar mass include
40:
2567:"Atomic Weights of the Elements 2005"
2278:, and the freezing-point depression (
1780:(M.W.) (for molecular compounds) and
1684:Molar mass is closely related to the
180:of a substance. The molar mass is an
7:
2805:"Author Guidelines – Article Layout"
2700:
2698:
2679:"CODATA Value: atomic mass constant"
164:is defined as the ratio between the
2407:, and the boiling-point elevation (
1588:It can also be calculated from the
1475:The average molar mass of mixtures
2756:Compendium of Chemical Terminology
2477:
2414:) is directly proportional to the
2352:
2285:) is directly proportional to the
1717:isotopic composition), and to the
1121:
1097:
1082:
1070:
937:
849:
761:
602:
530:
458:
386:
25:
2863:Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
2403:is higher than that of the pure
1905:, often to a precision of a few
234:redefinition of the mole in 2019
2734:from the original on 2021-06-04
2274:is lower than that of the pure
1495:{\displaystyle {\overline {M}}}
2967:and all the calculations shown
1471:Average molar mass of mixtures
1431:
1425:
1393:
1387:
1372:
1366:
1351:
1345:
1321:
1277:
1262:
1256:
1224:
1218:
1209:
1203:
1185:
1177:
957:
951:
925:
919:
902:
884:
869:
863:
837:
831:
814:
796:
781:
775:
749:
743:
726:
708:
622:
616:
590:
584:
573:
565:
550:
544:
518:
512:
501:
493:
478:
472:
446:
440:
429:
421:
406:
400:
374:
368:
357:
349:
1:
2717:(8th ed.), p. 126,
223:International System of Units
2961:Online Molar Mass Calculator
1697:) of a compound and to the
1617:
1534:
1487:
251:is about 55.845 g/mol.
27:Mass per amount of substance
2957:web and mobile application.
2948:HTML5 Molar Mass Calculator
1941:Precision and uncertainties
1502:can be calculated from the
1459:, where there is usually a
991:is given by the sum of the
3221:
2882:Pure and Applied Chemistry
2861:Weast, R. C., ed. (1972).
2637:Metanomski, W. V. (1991).
2624:10.1002/pol.1984.130220116
2575:Pure and Applied Chemistry
2384:
2259:
2075:
1812:
291:
29:
3133:Thermodynamic temperature
2833:Chemistry of the Elements
2831:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
2665:The Engineering ToolBox
2262:Freezing-point depression
2256:Freezing-point depression
2025:simple chemical compounds
1774:for a mole of molecules.
983:Molar masses of compounds
48:
2963:with the uncertainty of
288:Molar masses of elements
256:dimension of measurement
67:samples that have equal
30:Not to be confused with
2769:10.1351/goldbook.R05270
2589:10.1351/pac200678112051
2387:Boiling-point elevation
2381:Boiling-point elevation
2124:{\displaystyle pV=nRT,}
1845:standard atomic weights
1721:, which is the mass of
1699:standard atomic weights
1461:molar mass distribution
192:standard atomic weights
2565:Wieser, M. E. (2006),
2496:
2424:ebullioscopic constant
2371:
2246:
2186:
2142:. The vapour density (
2125:
2062:colligative properties
1705:(which is confusingly
1667:
1579:
1496:
1447:
1161:standard atomic weight
1141:
1042:
973:
638:
298:Standard atomic weight
2971:Molar Mass Calculator
2895:10.1515/pac-2016-0402
2837:Butterworth-Heinemann
2829:Greenwood, Norman N.
2667:Molecular Mass of Air
2497:
2372:
2247:
2187:
2126:
1970:isotopic distribution
1861:18.0153(3) g/mol
1853:isotopic distribution
1668:
1580:
1497:
1448:
1142:
1043:
974:
639:
217:The molar mass is an
2512:Mole map (chemistry)
2450:
2416:amount concentration
2325:
2287:amount concentration
2210:
2153:
2097:
1987:standard uncertainty
1859:has a molar mass of
1819:The molecular mass (
1605:
1526:
1479:
1167:
1055:
1014:
993:relative atomic mass
987:The molar mass of a
698:
339:
294:Relative atomic mass
148:) (sometimes called
59:and molar masses of
55:A diagram comparing
3108:Amount of substance
3073:Molar concentration
3061:Physical quantities
2932:molar mass constant
2761:relative molar mass
2616:1984JPoSL..22...57.
2551:Electronic version.
2295:cryoscopic constant
2140:amount of substance
1989:in the molar mass.
1951:molar mass constant
1917:DNA synthesis usage
1803:molar mass constant
1786:relative molar mass
1764:gram molecular mass
1686:relative molar mass
1598:of the components:
1319:
1306:
1293:
1009:molar mass constant
900:
812:
724:
312:molar mass constant
268:redefined in the SI
170:amount of substance
3068:Mass concentration
3047:Boltzmann constant
2982:2011-05-11 at the
2953:2017-04-25 at the
2934:is itself defined.
2645:. pp. 47–73.
2492:
2367:
2242:
2182:
2121:
2088:ideal gas equation
2058:mass spectrometric
2021:10–1000 g/mol
2011:safety data sheets
1680:Related quantities
1663:
1635:
1575:
1551:
1492:
1443:
1441:
1307:
1294:
1281:
1137:
1112:
1038:
969:
967:
888:
800:
712:
634:
632:
302:The molar mass of
219:intensive property
158:related quantities
3192:
3191:
3042:Avogadro constant
2846:978-0-08-037941-8
2643:Blackwell Science
2491:
2484:
2472:
2399:of an involatile
2366:
2359:
2347:
2237:
2177:
1963:chemical analyses
1907:parts per million
1903:mass spectrometry
1713:molecule (of any
1658:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1542:
1537:
1490:
1437:
1412:
1310:
1297:
1284:
1268:
1243:
1183:
1103:
1036:
963:
891:
875:
803:
787:
715:
628:
571:
556:
499:
484:
427:
412:
355:
162:chemical compound
134:
133:
16:(Redirected from
3212:
3174:Combined gas law
3169:Gay-Lussac's law
3020:
3013:
3006:
2997:
2935:
2924:
2908:
2907:
2897:
2873:
2867:
2866:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2835:(2nd ed.).
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2777:
2771:
2748:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2733:
2716:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2683:physics.nist.gov
2675:
2669:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2571:
2562:
2553:
2530:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2460:
2438:
2434:
2413:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2358:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2335:
2309:
2305:
2284:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2220:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2171:
2163:
2145:
2137:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2022:
1931:molecular weight
1911:chemical formula
1897:
1889:
1887:
1881:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1862:
1822:
1796:
1778:Molecular weight
1760:gram atomic mass
1754:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1696:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1647:
1646:
1637:
1634:
1622:
1613:
1609:
1597:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1550:
1538:
1530:
1518:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1483:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1402:
1401:
1335:
1334:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1282:
1269:
1266:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1233:
1232:
1199:
1198:
1184:
1181:
1158:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1026:
1025:
1002:
978:
976:
975:
970:
968:
964:
961:
942:
941:
940:
901:
899:
896:
889:
876:
873:
854:
853:
852:
813:
811:
808:
801:
788:
785:
766:
765:
764:
725:
723:
720:
713:
690:
679:
668:
643:
641:
640:
635:
633:
629:
626:
607:
606:
605:
572:
569:
557:
554:
535:
534:
533:
500:
497:
485:
482:
463:
462:
461:
428:
425:
413:
410:
391:
390:
389:
356:
353:
331:
329:
326:
283:
281:
278:
275:
160:for usage) of a
150:molecular weight
147:
83:
53:
41:
21:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3195:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3147:
3143:Specific volume
3123:Particle number
3056:
3030:
3024:
2984:Wayback Machine
2955:Wayback Machine
2944:
2939:
2938:
2925:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2813:
2811:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2789:
2787:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2749:
2745:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2714:
2704:
2703:
2696:
2687:
2685:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2610:(1): 57. 1984.
2601:
2600:
2596:
2582:(11): 2051–66,
2569:
2564:
2563:
2556:
2531:
2524:
2520:
2508:
2465:
2448:
2447:
2439:represents the
2436:
2433:
2427:
2408:
2389:
2383:
2340:
2323:
2322:
2310:represents the
2307:
2304:
2298:
2279:
2264:
2258:
2208:
2207:
2151:
2150:
2143:
2135:
2095:
2094:
2084:Amedeo Avogadro
2080:
2074:
2052:fragments, etc.
2035:
2032:
2030:
2020:
2007:
1998:rounding errors
1981:in the lighter
1943:
1927:phosphoramidite
1919:
1913:of a molecule.
1895:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1820:
1817:
1811:
1795:
1789:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1695:
1689:
1682:
1648:
1638:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1562:
1552:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1457:polymer science
1440:
1439:
1415:
1414:
1324:
1271:
1270:
1246:
1245:
1188:
1165:
1164:
1157:
1151:
1115:
1113:
1091:
1076:
1064:
1053:
1052:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1001:
995:
985:
966:
965:
943:
931:
905:
878:
877:
855:
843:
817:
790:
789:
767:
755:
729:
696:
695:
689:
685:
678:
674:
667:
663:
631:
630:
608:
596:
576:
559:
558:
536:
524:
504:
487:
486:
464:
452:
432:
415:
414:
392:
380:
360:
337:
336:
327:
324:
322:
320:
300:
292:Main articles:
290:
279:
276:
273:
271:
145:
106:
81:
78:
71:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3218:
3216:
3208:
3207:
3197:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3179:Avogadro's law
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2987:
2974:
2968:
2958:
2943:
2942:External links
2940:
2937:
2936:
2918:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2888:(2): 395–424.
2868:
2852:
2845:
2839:. p. 21.
2820:
2809:RSC Publishing
2796:
2772:
2743:
2723:
2694:
2670:
2658:
2651:
2629:
2594:
2554:
2549:. p. 41.
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2455:
2431:
2385:Main article:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2330:
2302:
2268:freezing point
2260:Main article:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2241:
2235:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2193:
2192:
2181:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2146:) is given by
2132:
2131:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2078:Vapour density
2076:Main article:
2073:
2072:Vapour density
2070:
2054:
2053:
2028:
2018:
2006:
2003:
1994:decimal places
1942:
1939:
1935:formula weight
1923:formula weight
1918:
1915:
1815:Molecular mass
1813:Main article:
1810:
1809:Molecular mass
1807:
1793:
1782:formula weight
1729:isotope). The
1703:molecular mass
1693:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1662:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1594:
1590:mass fractions
1586:
1585:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1533:
1515:
1508:
1504:mole fractions
1489:
1486:
1472:
1469:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1314:
1301:
1288:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1155:
1148:
1147:
1136:
1131:
1123:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1079:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1020:
999:
984:
981:
980:
979:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
939:
934:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
904:
895:
886:
883:
880:
879:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
851:
846:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
816:
807:
798:
795:
792:
791:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
763:
758:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
728:
719:
710:
707:
704:
703:
645:
644:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
604:
599:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
575:
567:
564:
561:
560:
552:
549:
546:
543:
540:
537:
532:
527:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
503:
495:
492:
489:
488:
480:
477:
474:
471:
468:
465:
460:
455:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
436:
433:
431:
423:
420:
417:
416:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
388:
383:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
359:
351:
348:
345:
344:
318:
289:
286:
203:molecular mass
154:formula weight
132:
131:
123:
117:
116:
107:
104:
101:
100:
91:
85:
84:
79:
77:Common symbols
76:
73:
72:
54:
46:
45:
32:Molecular mass
26:
24:
18:Formula Weight
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3217:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3185:
3184:Ideal gas law
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3159:Charles's law
3157:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3103:Mass fraction
3101:
3099:
3098:Mole fraction
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3021:
3016:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2920:
2913:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2869:
2864:
2856:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2730:
2726:
2724:92-822-2213-6
2720:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2654:
2652:0-632-02847-5
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2576:
2568:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2548:
2547:0-632-03583-8
2544:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2527:
2523:
2517:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2486:
2480:
2466:
2462:
2456:
2453:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:mass fraction
2430:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2393:boiling point
2388:
2380:
2361:
2355:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2312:mass fraction
2301:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2255:
2239:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2179:
2173:
2168:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2141:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2029:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1947:atomic masses
1940:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1837:atomic masses
1833:
1830:
1826:
1816:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1799:dimensionless
1797:). This is a
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1772:gram-molecule
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1725:atom (of any
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1687:
1679:
1677:
1660:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1591:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1531:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1505:
1484:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1428:
1422:
1419:
1406:
1403:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1326:
1312:
1299:
1286:
1274:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1237:
1234:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1190:
1174:
1162:
1154:
1134:
1129:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1092:
1088:
1077:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1010:
1006:
998:
994:
990:
982:
954:
948:
945:
932:
928:
922:
916:
913:
910:
907:
893:
881:
866:
860:
857:
844:
840:
834:
828:
825:
822:
819:
805:
793:
778:
772:
769:
756:
752:
746:
740:
737:
734:
731:
717:
705:
694:
693:
692:
683:
672:
661:
657:
652:
650:
649:dimensionally
619:
613:
610:
597:
593:
587:
581:
578:
562:
547:
541:
538:
525:
521:
515:
509:
506:
490:
475:
469:
466:
453:
449:
443:
437:
434:
418:
403:
397:
394:
381:
377:
371:
365:
362:
346:
335:
334:
333:
321: ≈
317:
313:
309:
305:
299:
295:
287:
285:
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
230:
228:
227:coherent unit
224:
220:
215:
212:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
172:(measured in
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
143:
139:
130:
127:
124:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
102:
99:
95:
92:
90:
86:
80:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
3138:Molar volume
3112:
3052:Gas constant
2964:
2922:
2885:
2881:
2871:
2862:
2855:
2832:
2823:
2812:. Retrieved
2799:
2788:. Retrieved
2775:
2754:
2746:
2736:, retrieved
2710:
2686:. Retrieved
2682:
2673:
2661:
2638:
2632:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2579:
2573:
2536:
2428:
2410:
2390:
2299:
2281:
2265:
2194:
2133:
2081:
2066:dissociation
2055:
2008:
1991:
1967:
1944:
1934:
1930:
1922:
1920:
1900:
1872:(15) Da
1834:
1818:
1790:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1757:
1735:biochemistry
1726:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1675:
1587:
1474:
1454:
1152:
1149:
996:
986:
653:
646:
315:
301:
263:
253:
242:
231:
216:
200:
181:
153:
149:
141:
135:
128:
125:
89:SI unit
3164:Boyle's law
3118:Atomic mass
2859:See, e.g.,
2201:temperature
2038: g/mol
2005:Measurement
1888:(9) Da
1719:atomic mass
1436: g/mol
1411: g/mol
1267: g/mol
1242: g/mol
1201:22.98976928
1035: g/mol
962: g/mol
874: g/mol
786: g/mol
627: g/mol
555: g/mol
483: g/mol
411: g/mol
207:ionic salts
105:Other units
36:Mass number
3113:Molar mass
2814:2007-10-14
2790:2007-10-14
2738:2021-12-16
2688:2024-06-21
2641:. Oxford:
2518:References
2064:, and any
1753:10 kg
225:(SI), the
156:, but see
142:molar mass
44:Molar mass
3035:Constants
2928:carbon 12
2904:145931362
2478:Δ
2353:Δ
2229:ρ
2157:ρ
1975:distilled
1921:The term
1768:gram-atom
1628:∑
1618:¯
1544:∑
1535:¯
1488:¯
1404:×
1382:×
1361:×
1340:×
1235:×
1105:∑
1028:≈
929:×
914:×
841:×
826:×
753:×
738:×
656:molecules
594:×
522:×
450:×
378:×
260:carbon-12
138:chemistry
121:Dimension
3199:Category
3128:Pressure
3078:Molality
3029:concepts
2980:Archived
2951:Archived
2729:archived
2708:(2006),
2535:(1993).
2506:See also
2420:molality
2397:solution
2291:molality
2272:solution
2197:pressure
2046:proteins
2042:polymers
1983:isotopes
1979:enriched
1977:will be
1847:of each
1839:of each
1829:isotopes
989:compound
682:chlorine
660:hydrogen
196:isotopes
188:isotopes
178:property
168:and the
3093:Density
2612:Bibcode
2405:solvent
2314:of the
2276:solvent
2138:is the
1959:lithium
1849:element
1841:nuclide
1825:daltons
1467:units.
1465:monomer
1423:342.297
1385:15.9994
1364:1.00794
1343:12.0107
1003:of the
773:2.01595
741:1.00797
658:, e.g.
398:1.00797
366:1.00797
308:element
264:exactly
211:daltons
183:average
3088:Volume
2902:
2843:
2721:
2649:
2545:
2490:
2401:solute
2365:
2316:solute
2134:where
2031:1000–5
1955:dalton
1884:22.027
1882:) and
1865:18.010
1731:dalton
1727:single
1715:single
1254:58.443
1216:35.453
1150:Here,
949:70.906
917:35.453
861:256.52
829:32.065
671:sulfur
614:55.845
582:55.845
542:35.453
510:35.453
470:32.065
438:32.065
306:of an
245:carbon
140:, the
69:masses
2914:Notes
2900:S2CID
2751:IUPAC
2732:(PDF)
2715:(PDF)
2570:(PDF)
2395:of a
2270:of a
1857:water
1739:1.660
1005:atoms
323:1.000
304:atoms
272:6.022
238:water
174:moles
57:moles
3205:Mass
3152:Laws
3083:Mass
3027:Mole
2841:ISBN
2785:NIST
2719:ISBN
2647:ISBN
2543:ISBN
2391:The
2266:The
2199:and
2040:for
2023:for
1886:7364
1870:6863
1749:(52)
1707:also
1182:NaCl
296:and
249:iron
201:The
166:mass
65:gold
63:and
61:iron
2890:doi
2765:doi
2763:".
2620:doi
2584:doi
2050:DNA
2036:000
2033:000
1898:).
1867:564
1744:068
1741:539
1723:one
1711:one
680:),
669:),
325:000
274:140
152:or
136:In
114:mol
98:mol
34:or
3201::
2898:.
2886:90
2884:.
2880:.
2807:.
2783:.
2753:,
2727:,
2697:^
2681:.
2618:.
2608:22
2606:.
2580:78
2578:,
2572:,
2557:^
2525:^
2203::
2090::
2048:,
2044:,
1805:.
1747:92
1519::
1429:14
1379:11
1358:22
1337:12
1313:11
1300:22
1287:12
1048::
890:Cl
686:Cl
570:Fe
498:Cl
330:10
314:,
282:10
277:76
94:kg
3019:e
3012:t
3005:v
2992:.
2965:M
2906:.
2892::
2849:.
2817:.
2793:.
2767::
2691:.
2655:.
2626:.
2622::
2614::
2586::
2487:.
2481:T
2471:b
2467:K
2463:w
2457:=
2454:M
2437:w
2432:b
2429:K
2426:(
2411:T
2409:Δ
2362:.
2356:T
2346:f
2342:K
2338:w
2332:=
2329:M
2308:w
2303:f
2300:K
2297:(
2282:T
2280:Δ
2240:.
2234:p
2226:T
2223:R
2217:=
2214:M
2180:.
2174:V
2169:M
2166:n
2160:=
2144:ρ
2136:n
2119:,
2116:T
2113:R
2110:n
2107:=
2104:V
2101:p
2027:;
1896:O
1894:2
1892:H
1890:(
1880:O
1878:2
1876:H
1874:(
1821:m
1794:r
1791:M
1788:(
1751:×
1694:r
1691:M
1688:(
1661:.
1654:i
1650:M
1644:i
1640:w
1632:i
1624:=
1615:M
1611:1
1595:i
1593:w
1573:.
1568:i
1564:M
1558:i
1554:x
1548:i
1540:=
1532:M
1516:i
1514:M
1509:i
1507:x
1485:M
1432:)
1426:(
1420:=
1407:1
1399:]
1394:)
1391:3
1388:(
1376:+
1373:)
1370:7
1367:(
1355:+
1352:)
1349:8
1346:(
1332:[
1327:=
1322:)
1309:O
1296:H
1283:C
1278:(
1275:M
1263:)
1260:2
1257:(
1251:=
1238:1
1230:]
1225:)
1222:2
1219:(
1213:+
1210:)
1207:2
1204:(
1196:[
1191:=
1186:)
1178:(
1175:M
1156:r
1153:M
1135:.
1130:i
1122:r
1117:A
1109:i
1098:u
1093:M
1089:=
1083:r
1078:M
1071:u
1066:M
1062:=
1059:M
1031:1
1023:u
1019:M
1000:r
997:A
958:)
955:4
952:(
946:=
938:u
933:M
926:)
923:2
920:(
911:2
908:=
903:)
894:2
885:(
882:M
870:)
867:4
864:(
858:=
850:u
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838:)
835:5
832:(
823:8
820:=
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806:8
802:S
797:(
794:M
782:)
779:4
776:(
770:=
762:u
757:M
750:)
747:7
744:(
735:2
732:=
727:)
718:2
714:H
709:(
706:M
688:2
684:(
677:8
675:S
673:(
666:2
664:H
662:(
623:)
620:2
617:(
611:=
603:u
598:M
591:)
588:2
585:(
579:=
574:)
566:(
563:M
551:)
548:2
545:(
539:=
531:u
526:M
519:)
516:2
513:(
507:=
502:)
494:(
491:M
479:)
476:5
473:(
467:=
459:u
454:M
447:)
444:5
441:(
435:=
430:)
426:S
422:(
419:M
407:)
404:7
401:(
395:=
387:u
382:M
375:)
372:7
369:(
363:=
358:)
354:H
350:(
347:M
328:×
319:u
316:M
280:×
146:M
144:(
129:N
126:M
112:/
110:g
96:/
82:M
38:.
20:)
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