145:
moreover, the use of such formulae permits the drafting of important documents to be entrusted to minor officials, since all they have to do is to insert in the allotted space the particular information previously supplied them. Finally, in this way every document is clothed with all possible efficiency, since each of its clauses, and almost every word, has a meaning clearly and definitely intended. Uncertainties and difficulties of interpretation are thus avoided, and not infrequently lawsuits. This legal formalism is usually known as the "style" or habitual diction of chanceries and the documents that issue therefrom. It represents long efforts to bring into the document all necessary and useful elements in their most appropriate order, and to use technical expressions suited to the case, some of them more or less essential, others merely as a matter of tradition. In this way arose a true art of drafting public documents or private acta, which became the monopoly of chanceries and notaries, which the mere layman could only imperfectly imitate, and which in time developed to such a point that the mere "style" of a supposititious deed has often been sufficient to enable a skilful critic to detect the forgery.
518:
back to the end of the 7th century. Von Sickel holds that its opening formulae (1-63) are even fifty years earlier than that date. It is badly arranged as a collection, but wonderfully complete. After a series of addresses and conclusions for papal letters, varied according to the addressees, there are formulae concerning the installation of bishops, the consecration of churches, the administration of church property, the grant of the pallium and various other privileges. Then follow models for the official correspondence on the occasion of a vacancy of the Holy See and the election of a pope, also directions for the consecration and the profession of faith of the pope-elect; finally a group of formulae affecting various matters of ecclesiastical administration.
352:"Formulæ Salicæ Merkelianæ", so called from the name of their editor, Merkel (about 1850), a collection of sixty-six formulae taken from a Vatican manuscript; they were not brought to completion until after 817. The first part (1-30) consists of formulae for private acta, modelled on "Marculf" and the "Formulæ Turonenses"; the second part (31-42) follows the "Formulæ Bignonianæ", the third (43-45) contains three formulae drawn up in some abbey; the fourth (46-66) has formulae dating from the close of the 8th century and probably compiled in some episcopal town. Two formulae of decrees of the bishops of Paris were discovered by Zeumer in the same manuscript.
339:"Formulæ Senonenses", two distinct collections, both of which were made at Sens, and preserved in the same 9th-century manuscript. The first, "Cartæ Senonicæ", dates from before 775, and contains fifty-one formulae, of which seven are for royal documents, two are letters to the king, and forty-two are private charters. Zeumer added six Merovingian formulae. The second collection, "Formulæ Senonenses recentiores", dates from the reign of Louis the Pious, and contains eighteen formulae, of which seven deal with judicial acts. Zeumer added five metrical formulae, and two Merovingian formulae written in
157:) had their own traditional formulae, and the drafting of their acta was subject to an infinity of detail; the imperial chanceries of Rome and Byzantium were more remarkable still for their formulae. The chanceries of the barbarian kingdoms and that of the papacy followed in their footsteps. Nevertheless, it is usually not directly from the chanceries that the formularies drawn up in the Middle Ages have come down to us, but rather from the monastic and ecclesiastical schools. Therein was taught, as pertaining to the study of law, the art of drafting public and private documents. It was called
326:(650-656). The first book contains thirty-seven formulae of royal documents; the second, cartœ pagenses, or private acta, to the number of fifty-two. The work, which was well done, was very favourably received, and became popular as an official textbook, if not in the time of the mayors of the palace, at least under the early Carolingians. During the reign of Charlemagne it received a few additions, and was re-arranged under the title "Formulæ Marculfinæ ævi Karolini". Zeumer edited six formulae closely related to this collection.
172:, as they were known, specimens of public and private acta were placed before them, and they had to listen to commentaries thereon. Thus arose the yet extant formularies, between the 5th and the 9th centuries. These models were sometimes of a purely academic nature, but their number is small; in almost every case they are taken from real documents, in the transcription of which the individualizing references were suppressed so as to make them take on the appearance of general formulae; in many instances nothing was suppressed.
273:, included in his "Variarum (epistolarum) libri XII", particularly in books six and seven, and, as he says, for the guidance of his successors, a great number of acta and letters drawn up by him for his royal master. It is a genuine formulary, though standing apart by itself. This collection dates from before 538 (P. L., LXIX). The Servite Canciani took ninety-two of these formulae of Cassiodorus and included them in his "Barbarorum leges antiquæ" (Venice, 1781, I, 19-56).
221:, "Recueil général des formules usitées dans l'empire des Francs du cinquième au dixième siècle" (3 vols., Paris, 1859–71). He groups these early medieval formulae under five principal heads: "Formulæ ad jus publicum, ad jus privatum, ad judiciorum ordinem, ad jus canonicum, et ad ritus ecclesiasticos spectantes". And he follows up this arrangement by a very complete set of tables of concordance.
720:
25:
292:(612-621). The king's name occurs twice in the curious formula xx, a dowry settlement in hexameter verse. Roman and Gothic law are followed either separately or together, according to the nationality of the covenanters. This collection was published in 1854 by de Rozière from a Madrid Manuscript, which was copied in turn from an Oviedo Manuscript of the 12th century, now lost.
418:), in two collections of this name. The "Formulæ Sangallenses miscellaneæ" consists of twenty-five formulae, many of which are accompanied by directions for their use. They date from the middle of the eighth to the end of the 9th century. The important "Collectio Sangallensis Salomonis III tempore conscripta" is so called because it seems to have been compiled by the monk
346:"Formulæ Pithoei" In a manuscript loaned by Pithou to Du Cange for his "Glossarium" of medieval Latin there was a rich collection of at least one hundred and eight formulae, drawn up originally in territory governed by Salic law. This manuscript has disappeared. Under the above heading Zeumer has collected the various quotations made by Du Cange from this formulary.
304:"Formulæ Andecavenses", a collection made at Angers, consisting of sixty formulae for private acta, some of them dating from the 6th century, but the greater number from the early part of the seventh; the last three of the collection belong to the end of the 7th century. They were first edited in 1685 by Mabillon from an 8th-century manuscript preserved at Fulda.
329:"Formulæ Turonenses", also known as "Sirmondicæ" This collection, made at Tours, contains forty-five formulae, two of which are royal documents, many being judicial decisions, and the remainder private acta. It seems to belong to the middle of the 8th century. Zeumer added to the list twelve other formulae taken from various manuscripts.
411:, consisting of three distinct collections: one from the end of the 8th century containing twenty-three formulae of private acta; another belonging to the 8th and 9th centuries contains forty-three formulae of private documents; the third, "Formulæ epistolares Augienses", is a "correct letter-writer" with twenty-six formulae.
355:"Formulæ Salicæ Lindenbrogianæ", so called from the name of their first editor, Friedrich Lindenbrog, a Frankfort lawyer (1613) who edited them together with other documents. The collection contains twenty-one formulae of private acta, drawn up in Salic law territory. Four others were added by Zeumer.
362:
who first edited them in his "Alphabetum
Tironianum" (Paris, 1747). This is an important collection of fifty-five formulae, drawn up after the fashion of the charters of Louis the Pious at the Abbey of St. Martin of Tours, between 828 and 832, The manuscript is written mainly in Tironian notes. This
179:
The study of the medieval formularies is of importance for the history of legislation, the rise of institutions, the development of manners and customs, of civil history, above all for the criticism of charters and diplomas, and for researches in medieval philology. In those times the ecclesiastical
517:
discovered at the
Ambrosiana (Milan) a third manuscript as yet unused. For a full bibliography of recent researches concerning the "Liber diurnus" see the "Topo-Bibl." of Chevalier, s. v. While, in its complete form, the "Liberdiurnus" cannot date back further than 786, the earliest forms of it go
307:"Formulæ Arvernenses" (also known as "Baluzianæ", from Baluze, their first editor, who issued the works in 1713), a collection of eight formulae of private acta made at Clermont in Auvergne during the 8th century. The first of them is dated from the consulate of Honorius and Theodosius (407- 422).
526:
In the 10th century these formularies cease to be in universal use; in the eleventh, recourse is had to them still more rarely; other methods of training notaries are introduced. Copies of letters are no longer placed before them. In their stead, special treatises of instruction are prepared for
144:
It is practically inevitable that documents of the same nature, issued from the same office, or even from distinct offices, will bear a close resemblance to one another. Those charged with the execution and expedition of such documents come naturally to employ the same formulae in similar cases;
175:
The formulae deal with public documents: royal decrees on civil matters, ordinances etc.; with documents relative to legal processes and the administration of justice; or with private deeds drawn up by a notary: sales, exchanges, gifts to churches and monasteries, transference of ecclesiastical
593:(an employee of the chancery in 1380), "De Stilo" and "Liber Cancellariæ", have been the subject of critical studies. At a more recent date many treatises on the Roman chancery and on pontifical letters were published, but they are not formularies, though their text often contains many models.
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have a higher interest for us; they appear during the 12th century when that department of Roman administration was not yet restricted to questions of conscience and the forum internum, but served as a sort of clearing-house for lesser favours granted by the Holy See, especially for
404:(Formulæ Morbacenses) at the end of the 8th century and preserved in a manuscript of St. Gall, containing twenty-seven formulae, one of which is for a royal decree; the other embodying three formulae made at Strasburg (Formulæ Argentinenses) and preserved in a Berne manuscript.
644:(1336 at the latest), made by order of that pope and long in use. It contains five hundred and seventy letters of which more than two hundred are taken from the collection of Thomasius. Attention is also directed to the list of "faculties" conferred, in 1357, on
605:
Lastly, in a different order of ideas it may be well to mention a collection of formulae for use in episcopal courts, the "Formularium legalepracticum" of
Francesco Monacelli (Venice, 1737), re-edited by the Camera Apostolica (3 vols. fol., Rome, 1834).
176:
property, the manumission of slaves, the settlement of matrimonial dowries, the execution of wills etc. Finally, there are deeds which refer solely to ecclesiastical concerns: consecrations of churches, blessings of various kinds, excommunications, etc.
501:
used it when preparing an edition of the work which was officially stopped and suppressed on the eve of its appearance, because it contained an ancient profession of faith in which the popes anathematized their predecessor
Honorius. In 1680 the Jesuit
194:
languages, in
Romance lands, gradually fell away from classical Latin, recourse to ecclesiastics and monks became a matter of necessity. The formularies are of course anything but models of good Latinity; with the exception of the Letters (Variæ) of
349:"Formulæ Salicæ Bignonianæ", so called from the name of their first editor, Bignon. It contains twenty-seven formulae, one of which is for a royal decree; they were collected in a country subject to Salic law, about the year 770.
199:, and the St. Gall collection "Sub Salomone", they are written in careless or even barbarous Latin, though it is possible that their wretched "style" is intentional, so as to render them intelligible to the multitude.
132:) are medieval collections of models for the execution of documents (acta), public or private; a space being left for the insertion of names, dates, and circumstances peculiar to each case. Their modern equivalent are
426:. Notker died in 912. It contains in forty-seven formulae models of royal decrees, private documents, litterae formatae and other episcopal documents. Zeumer added six formulae taken from the same manuscript.
240:: Leg.", V; he reproduces the formulae in the work and gives a more complete study than de Rozière. In his pages will be found a complete bibliography of all written on the subject before that time; or
485:(590-604). It was certainly in official use by the Roman chancery from the ninth to the end of the 11th century. This collection was known to the medieval canonists, and is often quoted by Cardinal
493:; four of its documents were incorporated into the "Decretum" of Gratian. The best manuscript of the "Liber diurnus", written at the beginning of the 9th century, comes from the Roman monastery of
559:
In addition to these, special treatises were written for the use of clerks in different chanceries, and formularies to guide notaries public. Such are the "Formularium tabellionum" of
620:
are collections drawn up by its clerks, almost exclusively for their own guidance; they interest us only through their relation to the "Rules of the
Chancery". The formularies of the
527:
these officials, and manuals of epistolary rhetoric appear, with examples scattered here and there throughout the text, or collected in separate books. Such treatises on composition,
332:"Formulæ Bituricenses", a name given to nineteen formulae taken from different collections, but all drafted at Bourges; they date from 720 to the close of the 8th century.
596:
However, there has appeared an official publication of certain formulae of the Roman Curia, i. e. the collection of formulae for matrimonial dispensations granted by the
370:"Collectio Flaviniensis", one hundred and seventeen formulae compiled at the Abbey of Flavigny in the 9th century; of these, ten only are not to be met with elsewhere.
544:
in "Briefsteller und
FormelbĂĽcher des XI. bis XIV. Jahrhunderts" (Munich, 1863). The most ancient of these manuals known to us is the "Breviarium de dictamine" of
629:. These interesting documents, including the formularies, have been collected and edited by Göller in "Die papstliche Poenitentiarie bis Eugen IV." (Rome, 1907).
436:"Formulæ Salisburgenses", a very fine collection of one hundred and twenty-six models of documents and letters, published in 1858 by Rockinger, and drawn up at
42:
602:, published in 1901 as "Formulæ Apostolicæ Datariæ pro matrimonialibus dispensationibus, jussu Emi. Card. Pro Datarii Cajetani Aloisi-Masella reformatæ".
388:(Picardy) manuscript containing seventeen formulae, of which the first five were drawn up at the Abbey of St-Bavon in Ghent, and the remainder at Laon.
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was taught in the schools connected with the monasteries and those under ecclesiastical control. For quite a long time all acta were drawn up only in
202:
The formularies of the Middle Ages date from the 6th to the 9th or 10th century, and many still survive. Many were edited in the 17th century by
578:
printed at
Strasburg, in 1516, and the very popular one of Rolandino that went through many editions, beginning with the Turin edition of 1479.
506:, using another manuscript of the College of Clermont (Paris), brought out an edition of the "Liber diurnus" not approved by Rome (P. L., CV).
548:, about 1075; in the 12th century treatises of this kind become more frequent, first in Italy, then in France, especially along the Loire at
180:
and civil orders were closely related. Many civil functions and some of the highest state offices were held by ecclesiastics and monks. The
632:
Previously, Lea had published "A Formulary of the Papal
Penitentiary in the Thirteenth Century" (Philadelphia, 1892), probably the work of
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481:. If it was not drawn up for the papal chancery but copies its documents and is largely compiled from the "Registrum" or letter-book of
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660:, to which were occasionally joined those imposed by the Cancellaria, were presumably not in any way related to the formularies.
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become more numerous but less interesting, since it is no longer necessary to have recourse to them to supplement the documents.
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In the 19th century the
Vatican manuscript was utilized for two editions, one by de Rozière (Paris, 1869), the other by
314:" is the most important of these collections. The author, Marculf, dedicates the work to a Bishop Landri, whom the 1913
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in "Mélanges d'Archéologie et d'Histoire des écoles françaises de Rome et d'Athènes", in 1898; and to later texts in
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many formularies and practical treatises appeared, none of them possessing an official value. The writings of
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Between the 6th and the 9th centuries, various barbarian kingdoms used different formulae.
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373:"Formulæ collectionis Sancti Dionysii", a collection of twenty-five formulae made at the
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358:"Formulæ Imperiales e curia Ludovici Pii", also known as "Carpenterianæ" from
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added to them twelve formulae taken from the Abbey of Saint-Pierre de Vierzon.
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Baluze edited them under this title because they had been discovered by
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In Rome the most important of all ancient formularies is certainly the
454:"Formulæ codicis S. Emmerami", fragments of a large collection made at
289:
477:, a collection of one hundred and seven formularies long used by the
444:
207:
723: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
636:(died 1243). The "Summa de absolutionibus et dispensationibus" of
553:
187:
400:"Formulæ Alsaticæ", the name of two collections: one made at the
640:
is also important; of particular value also is the formulary of
385:
381:; for the most part it is taken from the archives of the abbey.
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of the 9th century. Zeumer has added to the list two formulae.
18:
269:
Cassiodorus, secretary and afterwards prime minister of King
16:
Medieval collection of models for the execution of documents
234:, "Formulæ Merovingici et Karolini ævi" (Hanover, 1886) in
693:, "Glossarium med. et infimæ Latinitatis", s. v. "Dictare"
288:, a collection of the forty-Six formulae made under King
165:, i. e. the mere material execution of such documents.
563:
in the 12th century, and the "Summa artis notariæ" of
609:
From the 12th century onward the formularies of the
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
422:, under Abbot Salomon III (890-920), who was also
300:The Franks had numerous formulae. These included:
250:, may be consulted under the word "Formules".
8:
245:
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109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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363:collection was used by the Carolingian
440:in the early part of the 9th century.
312:Marculfi monachi formularum libri duo
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739:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
656:. The taxœ or "taxes" in use at the
47:adding citations to reliable sources
729:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
474:Liber diurnus romanorum pontificum
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414:"Formulæ Sangallenses" (from the
384:"Formulæ codicis Laudunensis", a
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58:"Formulary" model document
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407:"Formulæ Augienses", from the
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255:Various post-Roman traditions
237:Monumenta Germaniae Historica
443:"Collectio Pataviensis" (of
153:The earlier Roman notaries (
130:littera(e) formularis, -ares
574:in the thirteenth; that of
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495:Santa Croce in Gerusalemme
513:(Vienna, 1889). In 1891,
706:in a Langres manuscript.
546:Alberic of Monte Cassino
616:The formularies of the
467:Later Roman formularies
618:Cancellaria Apostolica
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736:Catholic Encyclopedia
515:Antonio Maria Ceriani
483:St. Gregory the Great
316:Catholic Encyclopedia
576:Salathiel of Bologna
535:Ludwig von Rockinger
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591:Dietrich of Nieheim
561:Irnerius of Bologna
424:Bishop of Constance
285:Formulæ Visigothicæ
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599:Dataria Apostolica
565:Raniero da Perugia
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654:Göller
458:'s at
445:Passau
377:under
334:Zeumer
322:, the
296:Franks
208:Baluze
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
664:Notes
572:]
554:Tours
542:]
232:]
188:Latin
134:forms
90:JSTOR
76:books
689:See
489:and
386:Laon
62:news
733:".
45:by
749::
570:it
556:.
540:de
244:,
230:de
210:,
206:,
136:.
451:.
343:.
310:"
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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