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to grasp the meaning of the subject, and then state the theme with perfect clarity in the other language. This, however, cannot be done without changing the order of words, putting many words for one word, and vice versa, so that the subject be perfectly intelligible in the language into which he translates.
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The
History of the Reina-Valera 1960 Spanish Bible p98 Calvin George – 2004 "190 For this reason in his later writings he distanced himself from the term 'dynamic equivalence,' preferring instead 'functional equivalence.' 191 The idea is to produce the closest natural equivalent in the
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Translation and religion: holy untranslatable? p91 Lynne Long – 2005 "In order to avoid certain misunderstandings, de Waard and Nida (1986: 7, 36) later replaced the term 'dynamic equivalence' with 'functional equivalence', but they stated clearly that 'The substitution of "functional
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Let the words be written: the lasting influence of Eugene A. Nida p. 51 Philip C. Stine – 2004 "That probably would not have happened if it hadn't been for Nida's ideas" (Charles Taber, interview with author, 21 Oct. 2000).7 Nida later felt that the term "dynamic equivalence" had been
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The more the source language differs from the target language, the more difficult it may be to understand a literal translation without modifying or rearranging the words in the target language. On the other hand, formal equivalence can allow readers familiar with the source language to analyze how
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I shall premise one rule: the translator who proposes to render each word literally and adhere slavishly to the order of the words and sentences in the original, will meet with much difficulty and the result will be doubtful and corrupt. This is not the right method. The translator should first try
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approach eschews strict adherence to the grammatical structure of the original text in favor of a more natural rendering in the target language, it is sometimes used when the readability of the translation is more important than the preservation of the original grammatical structure.
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have slightly varying connotations. This leads to religio-cultural differences over questions such as whether angels are immortal or capable of doing evil, and their appearance (e.g. the colour of their wings). Due to his focus upon
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Maimonides comes down on the side of dynamic/functional equivalence, though perhaps not going so far as to consider the cultural function of the text. He does clearly reject formal equivalence as "doubtful and corrupt".
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is often more goal than reality, if only because one language may contain a word for a concept which has no direct equivalent in another language. In such cases, a more dynamic translation may be used or a
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Translators of the Bible have taken various approaches in rendering it into
English, ranging from an extreme use of formal equivalence, to extreme use of dynamic equivalence.
657:". What the term "functional equivalence" suggests is not just that the equivalence is between the function of the source text in the source culture and the function of the
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642:, the term as he originally coined, is the "quality of a translation in which the message of the original text has been so transported into the receptor language that the
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considers such minute distinctions between lexical items in different languages to be a major obstacle in producing translations that are both accurate and concise.
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is essentially like that of the original receptors." The desire is that the reader of both languages would understand the meanings of the text in a similar fashion.
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661:(translation) in the target culture, but that "function" can be thought of as a property of the text. It is possible to associate functional equivalence with
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Data collected from two sources that have nearly identical ranking with an overlapping (supplemental) list of translations studied: 1.
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may be created in the target language to represent the concept (sometimes by borrowing a word from the source language).
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This article is about the concept of linguistic semantic equivalance. For semantic equivalence of metadata, see
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The "Formal-equivalence" approach emphasizes fidelity to the lexical details and grammatical structure of the
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In later years, Nida distanced himself from the term "dynamic equivalence" and preferred the term "
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Revivalistics: From the
Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond
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structure of the source text. Nida formulated the distinction originally in relation to
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33:"Formal equivalence" redirects here. For the electronic design automation process, see
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The Theory and
Practice of Translation, With Special Reference to Bible Translating
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in order to preserve original information and highlight finer shades of meaning.
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Stitskin, Leon D. (Fall 1961). A Letter of
Maimonides to Samuel ibn Tibbon.
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Bible
Translations: The Link Between Exegesis and Expository Preaching
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meaning was expressed in the original text, preserving untranslated
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Note: The term "dynamic equivalent" is also used in other contexts.
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Sandy Habib observed how the Arabic, Hebrew and
English words for
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Relationship between some formal equivalence Bible translations
1005:/ New Catholic Version (St. Joseph New Catholic Bible) (2019)
46:
1402:"Principles of Bible Translation from Hebrew and Greek | NWT"
1437:"KNOX BIBLE - Reviews of the new publication of this Bible"
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Extensive use of dynamic equivalence or paraphrase or both
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approaches that focus, respectively, on conveying the
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Moderate use of both formal and dynamic equivalence
77:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
741:Minor Differences between Approximate Equivalents
894:Revised Standard Version Second Catholic Edition
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1318:Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought
1269:Nida, Eugene A., and Charles R. Taber. (1969).
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937:New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures
1054:(formerly "Today's English Version") (1976)
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918:English Standard Version Catholic Edition
828:Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition
137:Learn how and when to remove this message
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668:A similar distinction was expressed by
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86:"Semantic equivalence" linguistics
1387:; and 2. Clontz, T.E. and Clontz, J.,
1462:"A Classic Translation Back in Print"
1345:. New York: Oxford University Press.
852:New Jewish Publication Society Tanakh
772:Predominant use of formal equivalence
676:, his translator, in 1199. He wrote:
373:Internationalization and localization
27:Two dissimilar translation approaches
7:
75:adding citations to reliable sources
969:called "optimal equivalence" (2004)
1118:Today's New International Version
1106:New International Reader's Version
985:New American Bible Revised Edition
506:Books and magazines on translation
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42:Semantic equivalence (computing)
1516:Bible versions and translations
1389:The Comprehensive New Testament
967:Holman Christian Standard Bible
957:(1970, revised 1986 & 1991)
663:how people interact in cultures
62:needs additional citations for
533:Kural translations by language
511:Bible translations by language
286:Dynamic and formal equivalence
1:
1209:Natural semantic metalanguage
754:natural semantic metalanguage
521:List of most translated works
327:Translation management system
1088:Contemporary English Version
1022:The Holy Bible: Knox Version
997:Evangelical Heritage Version
858:New Revised Standard Version
1153:the word on the street (US)
1137:Extensive use of paraphrase
1009:Revised New Jerusalem Bible
846:Green's Literal Translation
834:New American Standard Bible
798:Young's Literal Translation
35:Formal equivalence checking
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1307:target or 188 190 Nida, …"
1204:Idiom (language structure)
939:(1961, revised 1984, 2013)
575:, the best-known types of
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1194:Exploratory data analysis
1070:Christian Community Bible
961:New International Version
810:American Standard Version
619:Approaches to translation
1199:Lexical markup framework
991:Christian Standard Bible
924:Literal Standard Version
888:English Standard Version
822:Revised Standard Version
501:Journalistic translation
1320:, Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 93
1171:The Passion Translation
1112:New English Translation
896:(Ignatius Bible) (2006)
383:Video game localization
291:Contrastive linguistics
1124:CTS New Catholic Bible
1094:New Living Translation
1082:God's Word Translation
906:Modern English Version
870:Third Millennium Bible
840:New King James Version
781:
699:functional equivalence
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655:functional equivalence
466:Telephone interpreting
352:Multimedia translation
1273:, 200. Leiden: Brill.
1149:The Street Bible (UK)
1100:Complete Jewish Bible
1076:Revised English Bible
949:Modern Language Bible
779:
587:(two terms coined by
398:Software localization
378:Language localization
281:Translation criticism
210:Linguistic validation
1240:dynamic equivalence)
1189:Bible version debate
1064:Easy-to-Read Version
979:Common English Bible
912:Tree of Life Version
900:Lexham English Bible
864:Orthodox Study Bible
577:semantic equivalence
393:Website localization
71:improve this article
1496:Translation studies
1374:Thomas, Robert L.,
1337:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
1230:formal equivalence)
1058:New Jerusalem Bible
973:New Community Bible
943:Confraternity Bible
882:World English Bible
727:chiastic structures
693:Theory and practice
640:dynamic equivalence
581:dynamic equivalence
460:Video relay service
317:Machine translation
276:Translation project
266:Translation studies
1511:Biblical criticism
1506:Semantic relations
1425:New Catholic Bible
1383:2012-09-16 at the
1003:New Catholic Bible
955:New American Bible
816:Concordant Version
786:Douay–Rheims Bible
782:
758:Ghil'ad Zuckermann
706:Formal equivalence
613:Bible translations
585:formal equivalence
322:Mobile translation
18:Formal Equivalence
1470:. 27 October 2012
1441:www.knoxbible.com
1184:Bible concordance
1159:The Message Bible
1130:EasyEnglish Bible
1046:New English Bible
764:Bible translation
725:devices (such as
674:Samuel ibn Tibbon
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445:Untranslatability
296:Polysystem theory
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1143:The Living Bible
1040:New Life Version
876:Recovery Version
792:King James Bible
591:), which employ
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1472:. Retrieved
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1409:. Retrieved
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1378:, pages 63ff
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304:Technologies
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69:Please help
64:verification
61:
1391:, page iii.
1293:equivalence
1244:Purposivism
1151:(2003), as
659:target text
636:Eugene Nida
603:source text
593:translation
589:Eugene Nida
528:Translators
347:Postediting
342:Pre-editing
162:Translation
127:August 2010
1490:Categories
1411:2017-09-04
1297:' is not…"
1257:References
1214:Textualism
723:rhetorical
670:Maimonides
496:Scanlation
337:Subtitling
250:Homophonic
220:Regulatory
97:newspapers
1501:Semantics
1165:The Voice
711:neologism
573:semantics
225:Technical
1381:Archived
1339:(2020).
1178:See also
648:receptor
644:response
235:Cultural
190:Literary
154:a series
152:Part of
1474:5 March
1446:5 March
735:diction
729:in the
646:of the
608:literal
601:of the
598:meaning
429:Schools
332:Dubbing
215:Medical
111:scholar
1406:JW.ORG
1360:
1349:
1173:(2017)
1167:(2012)
1161:(2002)
1155:(2004)
1145:(1971)
1132:(2018)
1126:(2007)
1120:(2005)
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1108:(1998)
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1048:(1970)
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1024:(1955)
1011:(2019)
999:(2019)
993:(2017)
987:(2011)
981:(2011)
975:(2008)
963:(1978)
951:(1969)
945:(1969)
926:(2020)
920:(2018)
914:(2014)
908:(2014)
902:(2011)
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884:(2000)
878:(1999)
872:(1998)
866:(1993)
860:(1989)
854:(1985)
848:(1985)
842:(1982)
836:(1971)
830:(1966)
824:(1952)
818:(1926)
812:(1901)
806:(1885)
800:(1862)
794:(1611)
788:(1610)
733:) and
719:idioms
491:Fandub
486:Fansub
419:Awards
258:Theory
113:
106:
99:
92:
84:
1322:JSTOR
748:angel
462:(VRS)
205:Kural
200:Quran
195:Bible
185:Legal
177:Types
118:JSTOR
104:books
1476:2023
1448:2023
1358:ISBN
1347:ISBN
583:and
579:are
90:news
1238:cf.
1228:cf.
1216:in
571:In
312:CAT
73:by
1492::
1464:.
1439:.
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1328:^
1220::
756:,
721:,
665:.
638:,
631:.
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156:on
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560:e
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