32:
205:
Forming processes tend to be categorised by differences in effective stresses. These categories and descriptions are highly simplified, since the stresses operating at a local level in any given process are very complex and may involve many varieties of stresses operating simultaneously, or it may
1511:
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501:
279:
This category of forming processes involves those operations where the primary means of plastic deformation involves both tensile stresses and compressive loads.
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49:
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This category of forming processes involves those operations where the primary means of plastic deformation is a shearing load.
421:
417:
322:
This category of forming processes involves those operations where the primary means of plastic deformation is a bending load.
1247:
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53:
75:
1119:
196:
Production runs with many parts, to maximize the economy of production and compensate for the expense of the machine tools
2440:
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involves those processes where the primary means of plastic deformation is uni- or multiaxial compressive loading.
160:
Metal forming tends to have more uniform characteristics across its subprocesses than its contemporary processes,
42:
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involves those processes where the primary means of plastic deformation is uni- or multiaxial tensile stress.
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is reshaped without adding or removing material, and its mass remains unchanged. Forming operates on the
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1021:
642:
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89:
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145:
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1958:
1953:
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1885:
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829:
637:
607:
193:
Large, heavy, and expensive machinery in order to accommodate such high stresses and loads
264:
Stretching, where a tensile load is applied along the longitudinal axis of the workpiece
2517:
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2139:
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1905:
1824:
1761:
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Expanding, where the circumference of a hollow body is increased by tangential loading
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395:. McGraw-Hill, Inc. on behalf of the Society of Manufacturing Engineers.
270:
Recessing, where depressions and holes are formed through tensile loading
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1938:
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1625:
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859:
814:
673:
242:
2031:
2003:
1968:
1943:
1839:
1794:
1656:
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1564:
1380:
1337:
1327:
1031:
938:
301:
2237:
2232:
2184:
1988:
1646:
1641:
1456:
1069:
890:
678:
668:
152:, where the physical shape of a material is permanently deformed.
1993:
688:
206:
involve stresses which change over the course of the operation.
136:
is the fashioning of metal parts and objects through mechanical
2284:
1698:
1493:
970:
705:
483:
445:
441:
245:, where the material is shaped by localized compressive forces
25:
219:, where the material is passed through a pair of rollers
171:
On the industrial scale, forming is characterized by:
248:
Indenting, where a tool is pressed into the workpiece
2505:
2464:
2376:
2318:
2223:
2085:
2012:
1914:
1863:
1775:
1732:
1634:
1593:
1527:
1434:
1361:
1228:
1118:
1050:
1005:
909:
873:
772:
746:
651:
600:
517:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
225:, where the material is pushed through an orifice
2296:
1710:
1505:
982:
717:
495:
457:
8:
16:Reshaping a metal workpiece via deformation
2303:
2289:
2281:
1717:
1703:
1695:
1512:
1498:
1490:
989:
975:
967:
724:
710:
702:
502:
488:
480:
464:
450:
442:
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
275:Combined tensile and compressive forming
344:
375:
363:
351:
7:
54:adding citations to reliable sources
14:
30:
2363:Shielded metal (Stick/MMA/SMAW)
2353:Gas tungsten (Heliarc/TIG/GTAW)
422:List of manufacturing processes
41:needs additional citations for
2348:Gas metal (Microwire/MIG/GMAW)
1248:Electrical discharge machining
1037:Numerical control (NC and CNC)
684:Semi-finished casting products
1:
2328:Atomic hydrogen (Athydo/AHW)
1095:List of drill and tap sizes
65:"Forming" metalworking
2627:
2062:Magnetic switchable device
1411:Magnetic switchable device
329:
315:
18:
2540:
2386:Electric resistance (ERW)
2280:
1694:
1489:
1253:Electrochemical machining
966:
701:
479:
393:Handbook of Metal Forming
391:Lange, Kurt, ed. (1985).
179:required, between 50 and
795:Electrohydraulic forming
231:, where the material is
21:Forming (disambiguation)
2120:Engineer's spirit level
1333:Rotary transfer machine
1318:Photochemical machining
1258:Electron-beam machining
1220:Tool and cutter grinder
800:Electromagnetic forming
1835:Oxy-fuel cutting torch
785:Casting (metalworking)
318:Bending (metalworking)
2580:Tools and terminology
2087:Measuring instruments
557:Investment (Lost wax)
283:Pulling through a die
1447:Machining vibrations
1353:Ultrasonic machining
835:Progressive stamping
239:around or onto a die
175:Very high loads and
50:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
2416:Friction stir (FSW)
2391:Electron-beam (EBW)
1467:Tool and die making
1155:Cylindrical grinder
911:Finishing processes
540:Evaporative-pattern
287:Tandem rolling mill
210:Compressive forming
150:plastic deformation
2513:Heat-affected zone
2441:Oxyacetylene (OAW)
2210:Thread pitch gauge
2175:Optical comparator
1929:Combination square
1726:Metalworking tools
1135:Abrasive machining
427:Ferrous metallurgy
2593:
2592:
2536:
2535:
2396:Electroslag (ESW)
2343:Flux-cored (FCAW)
2276:
2275:
1690:
1689:
1485:
1484:
962:
961:
874:Joining processes
805:Explosive forming
773:Forming processes
697:
696:
201:Forming processes
146:materials science
126:
125:
118:
100:
2618:
2426:Laser beam (LBW)
2333:Electrogas (EGW)
2305:
2298:
2291:
2282:
2150:Machinist square
1959:Needlegun scaler
1954:Machinist square
1767:Water jet cutter
1734:Cutting machines
1719:
1712:
1705:
1696:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1491:
1452:Speeds and feeds
1205:Sharpening stone
1180:Grinding machine
1175:Grinding dresser
1042:Stewart platform
991:
984:
977:
968:
741:
726:
719:
712:
703:
577:Semi-solid metal
504:
497:
490:
481:
466:
459:
452:
443:
406:
379:
373:
367:
361:
355:
349:
189:
182:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2532:
2523:Residual stress
2501:
2460:
2378:Other processes
2372:
2368:Submerged (SAW)
2314:
2309:
2272:
2219:
2115:Engineer's blue
2081:
2014:Machine tooling
2008:
1910:
1886:Hydraulic press
1859:
1771:
1728:
1723:
1686:
1630:
1606:Pattern welding
1589:
1523:
1518:
1481:
1430:
1357:
1224:
1215:Surface grinder
1150:Coated abrasive
1121:
1114:
1085:Drill bit sizes
1080:Drill bit shank
1055:
1046:
1008:
1001:
995:
958:
905:
869:
830:Press hardening
768:
742:
740:, and finishing
732:
730:
693:
659:Casting defects
647:
596:
513:
508:
475:
470:
413:
403:
390:
387:
382:
374:
370:
362:
358:
350:
346:
342:
334:
328:
320:
314:
277:
258:Tensile forming
255:
253:Tensile forming
203:
184:
180:
158:
156:Characteristics
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2624:
2622:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2598:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2518:Photokeratitis
2515:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2436:Magnetic pulse
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2285:
2278:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2225:Smithing tools
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2140:Go/no go gauge
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2110:Dial indicator
2107:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1906:Stamping press
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1825:Milling cutter
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1699:
1692:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1494:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1308:Milling cutter
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1185:Grinding wheel
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1124:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1059:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1007:Computer-aided
1003:
1002:
996:
994:
993:
986:
979:
971:
964:
963:
960:
959:
957:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
934:Mass finishing
931:
926:
921:
915:
913:
907:
906:
904:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
877:
875:
871:
870:
868:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
776:
774:
770:
769:
767:
766:
761:
756:
750:
748:
744:
743:
731:
729:
728:
721:
714:
706:
699:
698:
695:
694:
692:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
655:
653:
649:
648:
646:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
604:
602:
598:
597:
595:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
562:Permanent mold
559:
554:
553:
552:
547:
537:
532:
527:
521:
519:
515:
514:
509:
507:
506:
499:
492:
484:
477:
476:
471:
469:
468:
461:
454:
446:
440:
439:
434:
429:
424:
412:
409:
408:
407:
401:
386:
383:
381:
380:
378:, p. 2.4.
368:
366:, p. 2.2.
356:
354:, p. 2.1.
343:
341:
338:
330:Main article:
327:
324:
316:Main article:
313:
310:
309:
308:
305:
299:
294:
289:
284:
276:
273:
272:
271:
268:
265:
254:
251:
250:
249:
246:
240:
226:
220:
202:
199:
198:
197:
194:
191:
157:
154:
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2623:
2612:
2611:Metal forming
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2506:Related terms
2504:
2498:
2497:Shielding gas
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:Friction stud
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2306:
2301:
2299:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2286:
2283:
2279:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2215:Vernier scale
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2200:Surface plate
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:Marking gauge
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:Machine taper
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2042:Indexing head
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
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1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1891:Machine press
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1881:English wheel
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:Forming tools
1862:
1856:
1853:
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1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1777:Cutting tools
1774:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1720:
1715:
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1708:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1680:
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1668:
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1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
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1637:
1633:
1627:
1624:
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1619:
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1614:
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1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1592:
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1583:
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1578:
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1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
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1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1442:Cutting fluid
1440:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1406:Machine taper
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1391:Indexing head
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1363:Machine tools
1360:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
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1311:
1309:
1306:
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1299:
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1286:
1284:
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1279:
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1274:
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1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1210:Spark testing
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1165:Flick grinder
1163:
1161:
1160:Diamond plate
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1145:Bench grinder
1143:
1141:
1140:Angle grinder
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
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1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
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1063:
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1058:
1053:
1049:
1043:
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1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1012:
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1004:
1000:and computing
999:
992:
987:
985:
980:
978:
973:
972:
969:
965:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
929:Heat treating
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
914:
912:
908:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
876:
872:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
777:
775:
771:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
749:
745:
739:
735:
727:
722:
720:
715:
713:
708:
707:
704:
700:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
656:
654:
650:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
613:Cope and drag
611:
609:
606:
605:
603:
599:
593:
590:
588:
587:Shell molding
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
551:
548:
546:
543:
542:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
522:
520:
516:
512:
505:
500:
498:
493:
491:
486:
485:
482:
478:
474:
467:
462:
460:
455:
453:
448:
447:
444:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
419:
415:
414:
410:
404:
398:
394:
389:
388:
384:
377:
372:
369:
365:
360:
357:
353:
348:
345:
339:
337:
333:
332:Shear forming
325:
323:
319:
311:
307:Upset bulging
306:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
282:
281:
280:
274:
269:
266:
263:
262:
261:
259:
252:
247:
244:
241:
238:
234:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
214:
213:
211:
207:
200:
195:
192:
188:
178:
174:
173:
172:
169:
167:
163:
155:
153:
151:
148:principle of
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
120:
117:
109:
106:February 2013
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
2606:Metalworking
2487:Power supply
2477:Filler metal
2431:Laser-hybrid
2358:Plasma (PAW)
2258:Steam hammer
2205:Tape measure
2195:Straightedge
2180:Radius gauge
2155:Marking blue
2145:Height gauge
2125:Feeler gauge
2105:Center gauge
2072:Rotary table
2052:Lathe center
1964:Piercing saw
1949:Hand scraper
1820:Hand scraper
1672:Steam hammer
1421:Rotary table
1401:Lathe center
1288:Machine tool
1120:Grinding and
865:Tube bending
820:Hydroforming
628:Molding sand
582:Shaw process
567:Plaster mold
473:Metalworking
392:
371:
359:
347:
335:
321:
292:Deep drawing
278:
257:
256:
209:
208:
204:
170:
159:
133:
130:metalworking
127:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
2550:Fabrication
2528:Weldability
2320:Arc welding
2268:Trip hammer
2263:Swage block
2248:Hardy tools
2165:Marking out
2135:Gauge block
2022:Angle plate
1984:Tap and die
1901:Screw press
1896:Punch press
1850:Tipped tool
1805:Countersink
1800:Counterbore
1682:Trip hammer
1677:Swage block
1662:Hardy tools
1570:Silversmith
1565:Pewtersmith
1545:Coppersmith
1435:Terminology
1371:Angle plate
1298:Metal lathe
1190:Jig grinder
1100:Tap and die
1009:engineering
924:Galvanizing
764:Sheet metal
754:Fabrication
738:fabrication
652:Terminology
525:Centrifugal
420:section of
229:Die forming
138:deformation
2600:Categories
2570:Metallurgy
2451:Ultrasonic
2446:Spot (RSW)
2401:Exothermic
2170:Micrometer
2095:Bore gauge
1916:Hand tools
1611:Planishing
1585:Whitesmith
1540:Bladesmith
1535:Blacksmith
1313:Pantograph
1105:Tap wrench
939:Patination
759:Piece work
601:Components
530:Continuous
402:0872634574
385:References
376:Lange 1985
364:Lange 1985
352:Lange 1985
76:newspapers
2565:Machining
2560:Jewellery
2472:Electrode
2465:Equipment
1999:Workbench
1934:Drift pin
1757:Miter saw
1594:Processes
1560:Locksmith
1550:Goldsmith
1477:Workpiece
1472:Tramp oil
1462:Tolerance
1293:Machining
1283:Jig borer
1268:Engraving
1243:Broaching
1230:Machining
1110:Threading
1075:Drill bit
1057:threading
998:Machining
954:Polishing
919:Anodizing
896:Soldering
810:Extrusion
550:Lost foam
545:Full mold
518:Processes
223:Extrusion
181:2500 N/mm
142:workpiece
2575:Smithing
2411:Friction
2253:Pritchel
2190:Sine bar
1855:Tool bit
1810:End mill
1747:Cold saw
1667:Pritchel
1580:Tinsmith
1555:Gunsmith
1521:Smithing
1263:End mill
1170:Grinding
1130:Abrasive
1090:Drilling
1065:Die head
1052:Drilling
891:Riveting
886:Crimping
855:Spinning
840:Punching
825:Stamping
437:Pressing
432:Moulding
411:See also
326:Shearing
297:Spinning
177:stresses
2585:Welding
2555:Forming
2545:Casting
2312:Welding
2100:Caliper
2077:Wiggler
2067:Mandrel
2037:Fixture
1979:Scriber
1939:Hacksaw
1830:Nibbler
1742:Bandsaw
1626:Swaging
1621:Sinking
1616:Raising
1601:Forging
1426:Wiggler
1416:Mandrel
1386:Fixture
1348:Turning
1343:Skiving
1303:Milling
1278:Hobbing
1200:Sanding
1195:Lapping
1122:lapping
949:Plating
944:Peening
901:Welding
881:Brazing
860:Swaging
850:Sinking
845:Rolling
815:Forging
790:Drawing
780:Coining
747:General
734:Forming
674:Foundry
633:Pattern
511:Casting
418:Forming
312:Bending
304:forming
243:Forging
233:stamped
217:Rolling
166:joining
162:cutting
134:forming
90:scholar
2482:Helmet
2243:Fuller
2032:Collet
2004:Wrench
1969:Pliers
1944:Hammer
1845:Shears
1840:Reamer
1795:Chisel
1785:Broach
1762:Plasma
1657:Hammer
1652:Fuller
1575:Tinker
1528:Smiths
1381:Collet
1338:Shaper
1328:Reamer
1323:Planer
1273:Facing
1238:Boring
1032:G-code
399:
302:Flange
185:7-360
140:; the
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
2492:Robot
2456:Upset
2406:Forge
2338:Flash
2238:Forge
2233:Anvil
2185:Ruler
2130:Gauge
2027:Chuck
1989:Tongs
1974:Punch
1924:Clamp
1871:Brake
1752:Laser
1647:Forge
1642:Anvil
1635:Tools
1457:Swarf
1376:Chuck
1070:Drill
679:Ingot
669:Dross
664:Draft
643:Sprue
638:Riser
623:Flask
608:Chill
340:Notes
237:press
235:by a
97:JSTOR
83:books
1994:Vise
1815:File
1790:Burr
1017:2.5D
689:Slag
618:Core
592:Spin
572:Sand
416:The
397:ISBN
164:and
69:news
2047:Jig
1876:Die
1396:Jig
1054:and
1027:CAM
1022:CAD
535:Die
187:ksi
128:In
52:by
2602::
736:,
168:.
132:,
2304:e
2297:t
2290:v
1718:e
1711:t
1704:v
1513:e
1506:t
1499:v
990:e
983:t
976:v
725:e
718:t
711:v
503:e
496:t
489:v
465:e
458:t
451:v
405:.
190:)
183:(
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
