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in the muscular cardiac wall, enabling a form of collateral circulation unique to the heart. Not every endocardial opening connects to the smallest cardiac veins, as some connect to the vessels of Wearn, which are arteries. Therefore, the endocardial opening must be traced to a vein before it is
265:
connections, eponymously referred to as the "vessels of Wearn". In his 1928 publication, Wearn himself referred to the arterio-cameral connections (vessels of Wearn) as
Thebesian, but later, after additional research, provided disambiguation and strictly used the term Thebesian for coronary
167:
The smallest cardiac veins vary greatly in size and number. Those draining the right atrium have a lumen of up to 2 mm in diameter, whereas those draining the right ventricle have lumens as small as 0.5 mm in diameter.
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229:
of blood. As a consequence of the input of these vessels, blood in the left heart is less oxygenated than the blood found at the pulmonary capillary beds, usually to a very small degree.
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213:
The small cardiac veins are responsible for venous return of 10% of the coronary blood supply. The small cardiac venous network is considered an alternative venous drainage of the
921:
449:
100:
1682:
775:"Association of coronary to left ventricular microfistulae (vessels of Wearn) with atrial septal defect in an adult without cyanotic heart disease"
176:
They run a perpendicular course to the endocardial surface, directly connecting the heart chambers to the medium-sized, and larger coronary veins.
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76:
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The smallest cardiac veins are sometimes accurately referred to as vessels, but they are frequently confused with a distinct set of
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217:. The smallest cardiac veins draining into the left heart, along with deoxygenated blood originating from the
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875:"The nature of the vascular communications between the coronary arteries and the chambers of the heart"
742:"The nature of the vascular communications between the coronary arteries and the chambers of the heart"
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621:
Boeder, NF; Nef, HM; Bauer, T (2016). "Thebesian veins as drainage to the ventricle: A case report".
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The smallest cardiac veins are also known as the
Thebesian veins. They are named after the German
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Singhal, S; Khoury, S (2008). "Images in clinical medicine. Imaging of thebesian venous system".
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Grollman, JH Jr (1998). "Re: three major coronary artery-to-left ventricular shunts".
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465:"The nutrition of the heart through the vessels of Thebesius and the cardiac veins"
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701:"Morphological and functional alterations of the coronary circulation"
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824:"The role of the thebesian vessels in the circulation of the heart"
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definitely called an opening of the smallest cardiac veins.
873:
Wearn, JT; Mettier, SR; Klumpp, TG; Zschiesche, LJ (1933).
740:
Wearn, JT; Mettier, SR; Klumpp, TG; Zschiesche, LJ (1933).
609:
Disputatio medica inauguralis de circulo sanguinis in corde
251:
Disputatio medica inauguralis de circulo sanguinis in corde
564:
Smith, TM (2009). "Rare view of thebesian venous system".
417:
Gray's
Anatomy: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice
282:
Blake, HA; Manion, WC; Mattingly, TW; Baroldi, G (1964).
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329:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 53–.
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Small veins in the walls of all four heart chambers
505:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
365:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
249:, who described them in a 1708 treatise called
497:Wilson, Alexander; Bhutta, Beenish S. (2022),
357:Wilson, Alexander; Bhutta, Beenish S. (2022),
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705:Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine
658:CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology
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448:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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623:Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine
420:(42th ed.). New York. p. 1093.
299:
192:. Here the smallest cardiac veins return
148:directly into any of the heart chambers.
274:
1558:moderator band/septomarginal trabecula
441:
186:openings of the smallest cardiac veins
111:
29:
7:
909:GPnotebook - "venae cordis minimae"
531:The New England Journal of Medicine
225:, contribute to normal physiologic
25:
499:"Anatomy, Thorax, Coronary Sinus"
359:"Anatomy, Thorax, Coronary Sinus"
144:that drain venous blood from the
828:Journal of Experimental Medicine
773:Hussain, M; Roberts, EB (2015).
611:. Doctoral dissertation, Leiden.
266:vein-heart chamber connections.
997:Posterior of the left ventricle
1006:Ligament of the left vena cava
472:American Journal of Physiology
323:Agur, AMR; Dalley, AF (2009).
151:They are most abundant in the
1:
892:10.1016/S0002-8703(33)90711-5
759:10.1016/S0002-8703(33)90711-5
484:10.1152/ajplegacy.1898.1.1.86
635:10.1016/j.carrev.2016.09.007
155:, and least abundant in the
1761:sternopericardial ligaments
1538:valve of inferior vena cava
284:"Coronary artery anomalies"
1852:
1359:posterior interventricular
1186:posterior intercostal 5-11
1172:right superior intercostal
1002:Oblique of the left atrium
18:Foramina venarum minimarum
1773:epicardium/visceral layer
1562:crista supraventricularis
1463:
1391:
1354:anterior interventricular
1226:vertebral venous plexuses
1099:left superior intercostal
414:Standring, Susan (2020).
140:in the walls of all four
106:
63:venae cardiacae minimae,
37:
326:Grant's atlas of anatomy
247:Adam Christian Thebesius
136:)) are small, valveless
134:Adam Christian Thebesius
1542:valve of coronary sinus
1455:atrioventricular septum
1423:interventricular septum
791:10.1136/bcr-2014-207655
301:10.1161/01.cir.30.6.927
1780:fold of left vena cava
1530:limbus of fossa ovalis
879:American Heart Journal
746:American Heart Journal
607:Thebesius, AC (1708).
390:"Venae cordis minimae"
126:smallest cardiac veins
108:Anatomical terminology
33:Smallest cardiac veins
1576:pulmonary circulation
670:10.1007/s002709900240
566:Radiologic Technology
543:10.1056/nejmicm072885
1805:Coronary circulation
1634:systemic circulation
1473:intervenous tubercle
1191:accessory hemiazygos
1089:anterior intercostal
841:10.1084/jem.47.2.293
65:venae cordis minimae
1756:fibrous pericardium
1149:pericardiacophrenic
1094:superior epigastric
188:are located in the
128:(also known as the
1800:Circulatory system
1768:serous pericardium
1730:Pericardial cavity
1428:trabeculae carneae
1401:interatrial septum
1022:Small cardiac vein
822:Wearn, JT (1928).
699:Wearn, JT (1941).
463:Pratt, FH (1898).
221:draining into the
1818:
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1810:Coronary arteries
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1688:cardiac pacemaker
1683:Conduction system
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785:: bcr2014207655.
427:978-0-7020-7707-4
336:978-0-7817-7055-2
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16:(Redirected from
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294:(6): 927–40.
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202:capillary bed
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45:
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36:
31:
19:
1793:Blood supply
1665:heart valves
1627:
1624:aortic sinus
1620:aortic valve
1612:mitral valve
1595:
1569:
1554:infundibulum
1526:fossa ovalis
1518:right atrium
1505:
1225:
882:
878:
868:
831:
827:
817:
782:
778:
768:
749:
745:
735:
708:
704:
694:
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572:(2): 173–4.
569:
565:
559:
534:
530:
524:
514:, retrieved
502:
492:
475:
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458:
416:
409:
397:. Retrieved
393:
384:
374:, retrieved
362:
352:
340:. Retrieved
325:
318:
291:
287:
277:
260:
257:Mislabelling
250:
241:
212:
185:
183:
175:
166:
153:right atrium
150:
129:
125:
123:
77:A12.3.01.013
62:
1748:Pericardium
1657:Endocardium
1604:left atrium
1508:venae cavae
1498:Right heart
1349:interatrial
1182:intercostal
288:Circulation
190:endocardium
132:(named for
52:Identifiers
1825:Categories
1675:Myocardium
1588:Left heart
1418:ventricles
1195:hemiazygos
1116:subclavian
664:(2): 183.
516:2023-01-05
503:StatPearls
478:: 86–103.
436:1201341621
376:2023-01-05
363:StatPearls
342:31 October
270:References
215:myocardium
146:myocardium
1248:posterior
1177:bronchial
1111:vertebral
1067:vena cava
592:synd/4013
537:(7): e8.
444:cite book
399:31 August
244:anatomist
238:Etymology
200:from the
196:into the
163:Structure
1490:Chambers
1385:Internal
1365:borders
1344:coronary
1253:anterior
1236:internal
1231:external
1121:axillary
1065:superior
860:19869414
809:26139649
727:19312228
686:40212007
643:27743821
578:19901354
551:18703466
511:32491498
371:32491498
310:14246341
227:shunting
209:Function
180:Openings
1703:AV node
1693:SA node
1322:Surface
1315:General
1106:supreme
947:of the
851:2131354
800:4493239
718:1933738
678:9502691
233:History
47:Details
1649:Layers
1564:), →
1445:valves
1243:spinal
1164:Azygos
961:Thorax
949:thorax
858:
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807:
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684:
676:
641:
576:
549:
509:
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333:
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263:artery
172:Course
1630:aorta
1610:) →
1450:cusps
1396:atria
1369:right
1339:sulci
1308:heart
1048:Lungs
970:Heart
945:Veins
682:S2CID
468:(PDF)
194:blood
138:veins
112:[
101:71568
58:Latin
1632:and
1626:) →
1574:and
1544:) →
1374:left
1334:apex
1329:base
951:and
856:PMID
805:PMID
783:2015
723:PMID
674:PMID
639:PMID
574:PMID
547:PMID
507:PMID
450:link
432:OCLC
422:ISBN
401:2019
367:PMID
344:2010
331:ISBN
306:PMID
184:The
124:The
89:4169
72:TA98
887:doi
846:PMC
836:doi
795:PMC
787:doi
754:doi
713:PMC
666:doi
631:doi
595:at
539:doi
535:359
480:doi
296:doi
96:FMA
84:TA2
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