607:: Since the coup dâĂ©tat of 1 February 2021, the Burmese military's ascendancy into power has resulted in widespread chaos and violence, aggravated by the refusal of large sections of the public to accept a military regime given the country's experiences during the second half of the 20th and early years of the 21st century. As a result, many in the public sector have initiated strikes, and the country has seen elevated levels of forced displacement, both internally displaced persons (IDPs) (208,000 since 1 February 2021) and refugees fleeing abroad (an estimated 22,000 since 1 February 2021). The particular political conflict causing the displacement has been flagged as symptomatic of that of a state on the brink of collapse. Two key indicators of this that have been highlighted are firstly, that levels of security have been severely reduced to the point where citizens are no longer protected from violence by the state; and secondly, goods and services are not being reliably supplied to citizens either by the ousted government or by the new military leadership, primarily as a result of the instability created and the strikes triggered. These internal problems are further reflected by the withdrawal of international recognition by both governmental and non-governmental bodies.
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physical and psychological trauma. Various studies focusing on migrant health have specifically linked migration to increased likelihood of depression, anxiety, and other psychological troubles. For example, the United States has faced criticism for its recent policies regarding migrant detention, specifically the detention of children. Critics point to poor detention conditions, unstable contact with parents, and high potential for long-term trauma as reasons for seeking policy changes. Displaced persons risk greater poverty than before displacement, financial vulnerability, and potential social disintegration, in addition to other risks related to human rights, culture, and quality of life. Forced displacement has varying impacts, dependent on the means through which one was forcibly displaced, their geographic location, their protected status, and their ability to personally recover. Under the most common form of displacement, armed conflict, individuals often lose possession of their assets upon fleeing and possible upon arrival to a new country, where they can also face cultural, social, and economic discontinuity.
440:
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457:(2005): Striking New Orleans, Louisiana, in late August 2005, Hurricane Katrina inflicted approximately US$ 125 billion in damages, standing as one of the costliest storms in United States history. As a result of the damage inflicted by Katrina, over one million people were internally displaced. One month after the disaster, over 600,000 remained displaced. Immediately following the disaster, New Orleans lost approximately half of its population, with many residents displaced to cities such as Houston, Dallas, Baton Rouge, and Atlanta. According to numerous studies, displacement disproportionally impacted Louisiana's poorer populations, specifically African Americans.
138:. This has since resulted in a greater consideration of the impacts of forced migration on affected regions outside Europe. Various international, regional, and local organizations are developing and implementing approaches to both prevent and mitigate the impact of forced migration in the home regions as well as the receiving or destination regions. Additionally, some collaboration efforts are made to gather evidence in order to seek prosecution of those involved in causing events of human-made forced migration. An estimated 100 million people around the world were forcibly displaced by the end of 2022, with the majority coming from the
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cooperation or participation with immigration law enforcement. The practice of urban membership upon residence allows displaced persons to have access to city services and benefits, regardless of their legal status. Sanctuary cities have been able to provide migrants with greater mobility and participation in activities limiting the collection of personal information, issuing identification cards to all residents, and providing access to crucial services such as health care. Access to these services can ease the hardships of displaced people by allowing them to healthily adjust to life after displacement .
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463:: Failed rains in Somalia, Kenya, and Ethiopia led to high livestock and crop losses, driving majority pastoralist populations to surrounding areas in search of accessible food and water. In addition to seeking food and water, local populations' migration was motivated by an inability to maintain traditional lifestyles. According to researchers, although partly influenced by local armed conflict, the East African drought stands as an example of climate change impacts.
146:
653:: Migrants displaced through deception or coercion with purpose of their exploitation fall under this category. Due to its clandestine nature, the data on such type of forced migration are limited. A disparity also exists between the data for male trafficking (such as for labor in agriculture, construction etc.) and female trafficking (such as for sex work or domestic service), with more data available for males. The
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253:, defining internally displaced people as: "persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or leave their homes or places of habitual residence in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights, or natural or human-made disasters and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border."
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636:: Between 1845 and 1849, potato blight, exacerbated by policy decisions and mismanagement by the U.K. government, caused millions of Irish people, largely potato-dependent tenant farmers, to starve or eventually flee the country. Over one million perished from subsequent famine and disease, and another million fled the country, reducing the overall Irish population by at least a quarter.
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multidimensional needs of displaced persons. Regardless, calls for multilateral responses echo across organizations in the face of falling international cooperation. These organizations propose more comprehensive approaches, calling for improved conflict resolution and capacity-building in order to reduce instances of forced displacement.
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risk factors may increase through the involvement of smugglers and human traffickers, who may exploit them for illegal activities such as drug/weapons trafficking, forced labor, or sex work. The states where migrants seek protection may consider them a threat to national security. Displaced persons may also seek the assistance of
846:) may work towards directly or indirectly ameliorating these situations. Means may include establishing internationally recognized protections, providing clinics to migrant camps, and supplying resources to populations. According to researchers such as Francis Deng, as well as international organizations such as the
620:: Although human-made fires are a normal part of Amazonian agriculture, the 2019 dry season saw an internationally noted increase in their rate of occurrence. The rapidly spreading fires, combined with efforts from agricultural and logging companies, has forced Brazil's indigenous populations off their native lands.
534:
while also producing IDPs of its own. Rural citizens fled from organized criminal violence, with the majority pointing to direct threats as the main driving force, settling in MedellĂn in pursuit of safety and greater opportunity. Within MedellĂn, various armed groups battled for territorial control,
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In most instances of forced migration across borders, migrants do not possess the required documentation for legal travel. The states where migrants seek protection may consider them a threat to national security. As a result, displaced persons may face detainment and criminal punishment, as well as
806:
Displaced persons face adverse conditions when taking the decision to leave, traveling to a destination, and sometimes upon reaching their destination. Displaced persons are often forced to place their lives at risk, travel in inhumane conditions, and may be exposed to exploitation and abuse. These
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and social scientists have defined forced displacement in a variety of ways. They have generally agreed that it is the forced removal or relocation of a person from their environment and associated connections. It can involve different types of movements, such as flight (from fleeing), evacuation,
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compounds the difficulty of international responses, posing issues of incomplete information and questions regarding state sovereignty. State sovereignty especially becomes of concern when discussing protections for IDPs, who are within the borders of a sovereign state, placing reluctance in the
657:
considers trafficking an offense against labor protection, denying companies from leveraging migrants as a labor resource. ILO's
Multilateral Framework includes principle no. 11, recommending that "Governments should formulate and implement, in consultation with the social partners, measures to
472:
Human-made displacement describes forced displacement caused by political entities, criminal organizations, conflicts, human-made environmental disasters, development, etc. Although impacts of natural disasters and blights/pests may be exacerbated by human mismanagement, human-made causes refer
882:
in the country of conflict. Disputes related to these organizations' neutrality and limited resources has affected the capabilities of international humanitarian action to mitigate mass displacement mass displacement's causes. These broad forms of assistance sometimes do not fully address the
815:
in Latin
America) throughout their journey. Given the illegal nature of smuggling, smugglers may take use dangerous methods to reach their destination without capture, exposing displaced persons to harm and sometimes resulting in deaths. Examples include abandonment, exposure to exploitation,
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was held with a specific charge to the forced displacement of enemy civilian populations for the purpose of forced labor. The US Military
Tribunal concluded that "here is no international law that permits the deportation or the use of civilians against their will for other than on reasonable
494:
violence: Throughout Mexico, drug cartel, paramilitary, and self-defense group violence drives internal and external displacement. According to a comprehensive, mixed methodology study by
Salazar and Ălvarez Lobato, families fled their homes as a means of survival, hoping to escape homicide,
199:
transported from a country and has no opportunity to escape from those transporting him ." This viewpoint has come under scrutiny when considering direct and indirect factors which may leave migrants with little to no choice in their decisions, such as imminent threats to life and livelihood.
198:
According to researcher Alden Speare, even movement under immediate threat to life contains a voluntary element as long as an option exists going into hiding, or attempting to avoid persecution. According to him "migration can be considered to be involuntary only when a person is physically
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Lived in experiences of displaced persons will vary according to the state and local policies of their country of relocation. Policies reflecting national exclusion of displaced persons may be undone by inclusive urban policies. Sanctuary cities are an example of spaces that regulate their
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represents people who are forced to leave their traditional habitat because of environmental factors which negatively impact their livelihood, or even environmental disruption i.e. biological, physical or chemical change in ecosystem. Migration can also occur as a result of slow-onset
833:
Responses to situations of forced displacement vary across regional and international levels, with each type of forced displacement demonstrating unique characteristics and the need for a considerate approach. At the international level, international organizations (e.g. the
451:: Resulting from a 9.1 earthquake off the coast of North Sumatra, the Indian Ocean Tsunami claimed over 227,898 lives, heavily damaging coastlines throughout the Indian Ocean. As a result, over 1.7 million people were displaced, mostly from Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and India.
871:. Despite internationally cooperation, these frameworks rely on the international system, which states may disregard. In a 2012 study, Young Hoon Song found that nations "very selectively" responded to instances of forced migration and internally displaced persons.
601:, Salvadorans faced forced displacement as a result of combat, persecution, and deteriorating quality of life/access to socioeconomic opportunities. Overall, one in four Salvadorans were internally and externally displaced (over one million people).
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forcing perceived opponents from their homes and pressuring residents to abandon their livelihoods, among other methods. All in all, criminal violence forced
Colombians to abandon their possessions, way of life, and social ties in pursuit of safety.
477:, armed conflict stands as the most common cause behind forced displacement, reinforced by regional studies citing political and armed conflict as the largest attributing factors to migrant outflows from Latin America, Africa, and Asia.
948:"Deportation or forcible transfer of population" means forced displacement of the people concerned by expulsion or other coercive acts from the area in which they are lawfully present, without grounds permitted under international law.
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Individual or mass forcible transfers, as well as deportations of protected persons from occupied territory to the territory of the
Occupying Power or to that of any other country, occupied or not, are prohibited, regardless of their
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due to conflict and drug-related violence: According to researchers Mojica and
Eugenia, MedellĂn, Colombia around 2013 exemplified crime and violence-induced forced displacement, standing as one of the most popular destinations for
891:
Responses at multiple levels and across sectors is vital. A research has for instance highlighted the importance of collaboration between businesses and non-governmental organizations to tackle resettlement and employment issues.
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standing as a notable example. Of the 20 million
Africans captured for the trade, half died in their forced march to the African coast, and another ten to twenty percent died on slave ships carrying them from Africa to the
583:: Throughout the Vietnam War and in the years preceding it, many populations were forced out of Vietnam and the surrounding countries as a result of armed conflict and/or persecution by their governments, such as the
183:
defines a forced migrant as any person migrating to "escape persecution, conflict, repression, natural and human-made disasters, ecological degradation, or other situations that endanger their lives, freedom or
297:
Forced migrants are always either IDPs or displaced people, as both of these terms do not require a legal framework and the fact that they left their homes is sufficient. The distinction between the terms
2266:
Kelly, M.; Fotheringham, A. Stewart (2011-07-01). "The online atlas of Irish population change 1841â2002: A new resource for analysing national trends and local variations in Irish population dynamics".
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123:, the latter term specifically refers to such displaced persons who are receiving legally-defined protection and are recognized as such by their country of residence and/or international organizations.
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358:, and citizens of the Baltic states (Lithuanians, Latvians, and Estonians) who refused to return to Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe. A. J. Jaffe claimed that the term was originally coined by
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CamprubĂ, Alejandra Torres (November 2013). "Climate Change, Forced
Displacement and International Law, by Jane McAdam, published by Oxford University Press, 2012, 344pp., ÂŁ74.00, hardback".
3547:
Luciuk, Lubomyr Y.: "Ukrainian
Displaced Persons, Canada, and the Migration of Memory," University of Toronto Press, 2000. Migration of people from Mirpur(AJK) for construction of Mangla Dam
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international community's ability to respond. Multiple landmark conventions aim at providing rights and protections to the different categories of forcibly displaced persons, including the
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extortion, and potential kidnapping. Using a collection of available data and existing studies, the total number of displaced persons between 2006 and 2012 was approximately 740 thousands.
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https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/nws-nhc-6.pdf "The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2010 (And Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts)"
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Abbas, Mohamed; Aloudat, Tammam; Bartolomei, Javier; Carballo, Manuel; Durieux-Paillard, Sophie; Gabus, Laure; Jablonka, Alexandra; Jackson, Yves; Kaojaroen, Kanokporn (December 2018).
1040:
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510:, combined with corruption and low economic opportunities, has forced many to flee their country in pursuit of stability and greater opportunity. Homicide rates in countries such as
239:
A displaced person who left their home region because of political persecution or violence, but did not cross an international border, commonly falls into the looser category of
394:, food and water access, and local/regional economies. Displacement may be temporary or permanent, depending on the scope of the disaster and the area's recovery capabilities.
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522:. Contributing factors include extortion, territorial disputes, and forced gang recruitment, resulting in some estimates of approximately 500,000 people displaced annually.
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A displaced person crossing an international border without permission from the country they are entering or without subsequently applying for asylum may be considered an
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687:: The systematic removal of ethnic or religious groups from a territory with the intent of making it ethnically homogeneous. Examples include the Catholic removal of
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provides access to a diverse range of relevant information resources on forced migration, including a searchable digital library consisting of full-text documents.
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Cone, Jason, And Marc Bosch Bonacasa. 2018. âInvisible War: Central Americaâs Forgotten Humanitarian Crisis.â Brown Journal of World Affairs 24 (2): 225â39.
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250:
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Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Elena; Loescher, Gil; Long, Katy; Sigona, Nando; McConnahie, Kirsten (2014-06-01), "Forced Migration in South-East Asia and East Asia",
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Some forced migrants may, due to the country of residence's legal system, be unable to apply for asylum in that country. Thus, even though they meet the
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requisitions for the need of the army, either within the area of the army or after deportation to rear areas or to the homeland of the occupying power".
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246:
191:, forced displacement is "the forced movement of people from their locality or environment and occupational activities," with its leading cause being
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SĂĄnchez Mojica, Beatriz Eugenia. 2013. âA City Torn Apart: Forced Displacement in MedellĂn, Colombia.â International Law, no. 22 (January): 179â210.
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is increasing the frequency of major natural disasters, possibly placing a greater number of populations in situations of forced displacement. Also
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878:, as well as individual countries, sometimes directly respond to the challenges faced by displaced people, providing humanitarian assistance or
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Jews forcibly displaced by the Nazi regime during Germany's WWII occupation of Poland, loaded onto trains for transport to concentration camps.
3252:"Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949 â DEPORTATIONS, TRANSFERS, EVACUATIONS"
2184:
1833:
Salazar, Luz MarĂa, and JosĂ© Antonio Ălvarez Lobato. 2018. âViolencia y Desplazamientos Forzados En MĂ©xico.â Revista Cuicuilco 25 (73): 19â37.
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defines 'forced displacement' as follows: displaced "as a result of persecution, conflict, generalized violence or human rights violations".
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Displacement of adaptation: associated with voluntary migration, development-induced displacement and environmentally-induced displacement.
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prevent abusive practices, migrant smuggling and people trafficking; they should also work towards preventing irregular labor migration."
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3681:, University of Oxford: a leading multidisciplinary centre for research and teaching on the causes and consequences of forced migration.
2185:"Rainforest on Fire: On the Front Lines of Bolsonaro's War on the Amazon, Brazil's Forest Communities Fight Against Climate Catastrophe"
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What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights
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Terminski, Bogumil. Environmentally-Induced Displacement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges, University de Liege, 2012
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provides a forum for exploration of the complex problems of forced migration and national, regional and international responses.
2499:"Migrants' Journeys â Increased Hardship and Incremental Human Rights Abuses: Caught in the Middle". Accessed November 15, 2019.
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may cause confusion between the general descriptive class of displaced persons and those who can legally be defined as refugees.
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refers specifically to a legally-recognized status that has access to specific legal protections. Loose application of the term
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Grandi, Filippo. 2018. âForced Displacement Today: Why Multilateralism Matters.â Brown Journal of World Affairs 24 (2): 179â89.
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Forced displacement has been the subject of several trials in local and international courts. For an offense to classify as a
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contaminated the city and surrounding areas with harmful levels of radiation, forcing the displacement of over 100,000 people.
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354:. Most war victims, political refugees, and DPs of the immediate post-Second World War period were Ukrainians, Poles, other
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2657:"UN rights chief 'appalled' by US border detention conditions, says holding migrant children may violate international law"
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Children of undocumented immigrants from Latin America to the United States detained in the Ursula Detention Center,
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3609:â A community web site documenting the known history of the forced removal of the residents of Oukloof in the 1960s
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Many relevant documents on asylum and refugee policy, immigration and human trafficking/smuggling internationally
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Cojanu, V. and Popescu, A. I. (2007). "Analysis of Failed States: Some Problems of Definition and Measurement".
1872:"As deadly as armed conflict? Gang violence and forced displacement in the Northern Triangle of Central America"
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due to cartel/gang violence: A major factor behind US immigrant crises in the early 21st century (such as the
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Ghada Karmi (Editor), Eugene Cotran (Editor) (28 Jan 1999) "The Palestinian Exodus: 1948-1998" Ithaca Press
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Displacement of risk: mostly conflict-induced displacement, deportations and disaster-induced displacement.
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3693:, Africa's leading centre for teaching and research on displacement, migration, and social transformation.
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Nuclear Disasters & The Built Environment : a Report to the Royal Institute of British Architects
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If the displaced person was forced out of their home because of economically driven projects, such as the
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2851:"Migrant and refugee populations: a public health and policy perspective on a continuing global crisis"
1775:"NOW WHAT? THE INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE TO INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO"
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96:) is an involuntary or coerced movement of a person or people away from their home or home region. The
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von Werthern, M.; Robjant, K.; Chui, Z.; Schon, R.; Ottisova, L.; Mason, C.; Katona, C. (2018-12-06).
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920:, "protected person" now refers to any category of individuals entitled to protection under specific
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Risks and rights : the causes, consequences, and challenges of development-induced displacement
1376:"Displaced Person / Displacement | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization"
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3327:"APPEALS CHAMBER REVERSES Ć EĆ ELJ'S ACQUITTAL, IN PART, AND CONVICTS HIM OF CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY"
3177:"Comparing Urban Citizenship, Sanctuary Cities, Local Bureaucratic Membership, and Regularizations"
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Szkudlarek, Betina; Nardon, Luciara; Osland, Joyce S.; Adler, Nancy J.; Lee, Eun Su (August 2021).
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Forced displacement has gained attention in international discussions and policy making since the
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916:. Originally referring only categories of individuals explicitly protected under one of the four
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brings together academics, practitioners and decision-makers working on forced migration issues.
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Lee, Eun Su; Roy, Priya A.; Szkudlarek, Betina (2021-08-16), Chavan, Meena; Taksa, Lucy (eds.),
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High Commissioner's Dialogue on the Root Causes of Forced Displacement (Report). Brill. 2018.
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672:: Historically, slavery has led to the displacement of individuals for forced labor, with the
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1905:"La violencia en el Triångulo Norte de Centroamérica: una realidad que genera desplazamiento"
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Houston, Serin (2019-02-06). "Conceptualizing sanctuary as a process in the United States".
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2987:"When Context Matters: What Happens to International Theory When Researchers Study Refugees"
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The leading international body monitoring conflict-induced internal displacement worldwide.
3227:"Legal and Protection Policy Research Series: Forced Displacement and International Crimes"
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Refugees and Forced Displacement: International Security, Human Vulnerability and the State
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Jayawardhan, Shweta (2017). "Vulnerability and Climate Change Induced Human Displacement".
1281:"Legal and Protection Policy Research Series: Forced Displacement and International Crimes"
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5763:
5681:
5599:
5508:
5436:
5389:
5222:
5044:
5034:
5010:
4947:
4813:
4769:
4670:
4370:
4355:
4183:
3955:
3844:
3581:
1451:
1121:
1062:
974:
812:
808:
650:
499:
420:
407:
284:
2814:"Conflict, International Response, and Forced Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1980-2007"
1258:
1013:
3137:
2025:
6494:
6419:
6375:
6007:
5872:
5847:
5718:
5564:
5503:
5358:
5127:
4898:
4881:
4818:
4774:
4463:
4396:
4360:
4340:
4235:
4153:
4128:
4123:
4036:
3251:
2953:
2885:
2850:
2390:
2355:
1728:
1695:
1219:
1141:
1131:
1032:
847:
799:
696:
673:
424:
416:
410:
fall within this category by affecting people's access to food. Additionally, the term
395:
391:
335:
256:
If the displaced person has crossed an international border and falls under one of the
192:
150:
145:
3552:
3037:
2631:
2416:
Hoschl, C.; Ruiz, P.; Casas, M.; Musalek, M.; Gaebel, W.; Vavrusova, L. (2008-04-01).
597:: Throughout and after the 12-year conflict between the Salvadoran government and the
6592:
6524:
6459:
6340:
6120:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6042:
5952:
5922:
5882:
5790:
5557:
5431:
5332:
5217:
5184:
4982:
4962:
4913:
4590:
4570:
4511:
4428:
4325:
4218:
4138:
4014:
3899:
3756:
3540:
3208:
3161:
3107:
3055:
2971:
2449:
1921:
1904:
1696:"The Location of Displaced New Orleans Residents in the Year After Hurricane Katrina"
1431:
1057:
985:
860:
692:
351:
74:
2986:
2929:
977:, was found guilty, among others for forced displacement of the civilian population.
816:
dangerous transportation conditions, and death from exposure to harsh environments.
6434:
6429:
6320:
6197:
6100:
6027:
5997:
5942:
5852:
5624:
5189:
5165:
5132:
5113:
5094:
5049:
5022:
5015:
4997:
4935:
4711:
4665:
4660:
4563:
4548:
4391:
3517:"Faces of Globalization and the Borders of States: From Asylum Seekers to Citizens"
3418:"UN tribunal upholds 35-year jail term for leader of breakaway Croatian Serb state"
2753:
954:
879:
746:
399:
331:
311:
264:
if the application is successful. Although often incorrectly used as a synonym for
139:
3618:
2737:
443:
Damage to residence in Nias, Indonesia from the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami
3532:
2908:
Castles, Stephen (2003-09-01). "The International Politics of Forced Migration".
2826:
2813:
2546:
2433:
2280:
2071:
1413:
6300:
6110:
5992:
5947:
5937:
5887:
5877:
5827:
5634:
5157:
4957:
4842:
4731:
4706:
4694:
4675:
4558:
4538:
4448:
4345:
3894:
3462:"Bosnian Serb politician convicted by UN tribunal to serve jail term in Denmark"
2329:"Living Conditions of displaced persons and host communities in urban Goma, DRC"
2303:
1562:
1443:
1072:
1008:. Other convictions for forced displacement included ex-Bosnian Serb politician
997:
993:
992:
10 years in prison under Counts 1, 10, and 11 of the indictment for instigating
958:
580:
511:
491:
280:
257:
209:
3483:
2656:
2158:
1888:
1871:
1305:
17:
6305:
6052:
6047:
5912:
5837:
5696:
5614:
5594:
5250:
5137:
4754:
4335:
4204:
4061:
4056:
4041:
3440:"Bosnian Croat commander convicted by UN tribunal to serve jail term in Italy"
3329:. United Nations Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals. 11 April 2018
2921:
2867:
2796:
2497:
https://www.clingendael.org/pub/2018/caught-in-the-middle/1-migrants-journeys/
2372:
2252:
1711:
1650:
970:
921:
875:
569:
568:: according to some, caused because the Turkish support of the USA during the
342:
specifically referred to an individual removed from their native country as a
3374:"Serbia: Conviction of war criminal delivers long overdue justice to victims"
3200:
3153:
3099:
3076:"Refugee employment support: The HRMâCSR nexus and stakeholder co-dependency"
3010:
2876:
2835:
2768:"International Response to Internal Displacement: A Revolution in the Making"
2745:
2703:
2611:
2578:
2531:
2441:
2381:
2288:
2033:
1990:
1930:
1719:
1540:
1514:
130:
Syrian and Iraqi migrants arriving in Lesbos, Greece, in 2015 seeking refuge.
6285:
5723:
5547:
5446:
5151:
4952:
4903:
4886:
4824:
4806:
4580:
4494:
4096:
4029:
3884:
3352:
3091:
1606:
944:
defines forced displacement as a crime within the jurisdiction of the court:
905:
770:
612:
Examples of forced displacement caused by human-made environmental disasters
591:, with millions displaced across Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America.
6165:
2894:
2567:"Smugglers abandon more than 1,400 migrants in Arizona desert since August"
2399:
2356:"The impact of immigration detention on mental health: a systematic review"
1737:
27:
Coerced movement of a person or persons away from their home or home region
6149:
3002:
732:
Aligning ethnic composition with artificial political border: For example
6547:
6385:
5039:
4972:
4908:
4791:
4721:
4699:
4595:
4543:
4301:
4189:
3641:
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), Norwegian Refugee Council
1680:
782:
572:. Communist ideologies, Islamophobia and Anti-Turkism also played a role.
526:
515:
3732:
Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap)
3640:
1998:
1548:
1251:"Mission, Vision and Values | U.S. Agency for International Development"
1004:
due to his speech in Hrtkovci on 6 May 1992, in which he called for the
1000:(forcible displacement), and other inhumane acts (forcible transfer) as
370:
Bogumil Terminski distinguishes two general categories of displacement:
6350:
6295:
6280:
6265:
4992:
4786:
4779:
4644:
4440:
4163:
4133:
3192:
3145:
1082:
766:
669:
627:
343:
261:
213:
120:
54:
3675:, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva.
3484:"Russia: International Criminal Court issues arrest warrant for Putin"
3226:
1404:
Martin, Susan F. (2017-12-20), "Forced Migration and Refugee Policy",
1280:
518:
reached some of the highest in the world, with El Salvador peaking at
245:(IDP), subject to more tenuous international protection. In 1998, the
4967:
4919:
4688:
4158:
2466:
1982:
1669:
Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law
931:, adopted on 12 August 1949, specifically forbade forced displacement
762:
487:
474:
403:
347:
188:
3606:
3026:"Integrating Refugees into the Workplace â A Collaborative Approach"
1752:"Famine thresholds surpassed in three new areas of southern Somalia"
1489:
1324:"Number of displaced people passes 100m for the first time, says UN"
362:. The meaning has significantly broadened in the past half-century.
3516:
5056:
4652:
2963:
2012:
Hein, Jeremy (1993-08-01). "Refugees, Immigrants, and the State".
1187:
835:
793:
695:, and the deportation of North American indigenous peoples (e.g.,
659:
543:
438:
355:
144:
125:
3176:
1306:"UNHCR: A record 100 million people forcibly displaced worldwide"
219:
A migrant who fled their home because of economic hardship is an
5301:
3625:, International Migration Review and Journal of Refugee Studies)
531:
6169:
5305:
4274:
3705:
3647:
The International Association for the Study of Forced Migration
3396:"UN tribunal transfers former Bosnian Serb leader to UK prison"
1120:'s "Report on DPs in Western Europe in 1945" to U.S. President
5029:
2787:
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre Herausgebendes Organ.
2632:"US held record number of migrant children in custody in 2019"
2121:"Myanmar Emergency Update (as of 15 September 2021) â Myanmar"
988:
in the 1990s. On 11 April 2018, the Appeals Chamber sentenced
3687:, an introductory guide for those who are new to the subject.
3349:"UN court sentences ultranationalist Serb leader to 10 years"
2418:"The impact of migration on mental health and mental illness"
1490:"Notes on the Population Theory of Eugene M. Kulischer". In:
3634:
1607:"Tsunami Event - December 26, 2004 The Indian Ocean Tsunami"
540:
Examples of forced displacement caused by political conflict
4270:
3678:
3628:
3607:
Oukloof forced removals in the Western Cape of South Africa
1799:
The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies
1108:
International Association for the Study of Forced Migration
481:
Examples of forced displacement caused by criminal activity
435:
Examples of forced displacement caused by natural disasters
3690:
3600:
2159:"Myanmar coup: UN calls for arms embargo against military"
1649:
Blake, Eric S, and Landsea, Christopher W. (August 2011).
103:
A forcibly displaced person may also be referred to as a "
982:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
749:: For example, the British governments transportation of
5106:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
3646:
984:(ICTY) for connection to forced displacement during the
473:
specifically to those initiated by humans. According to
287:
and become recognised by their host country as refugees.
260:, they may be able to apply for asylum and can become a
119:" (IDP). While some displaced persons may be considered
1567:
Climate Change, Forced Migration, and International Law
1408:, Springer International Publishing, pp. 271â303,
874:
World organizations such as the United Nations and the
3652:
3603:â Features by Jean-Michel Clajot, Belgian photographer
3596:
International Network on Displacement and Resettlement
2514:
Global human smuggling : comparative perspectives
1342:"What is forced migration? â Forced Migration Online"
1969:
Wain, Barry (1979). "The Indochina Refugee Crisis".
6533:
6406:
6211:
6091:
5966:
5901:
5818:
5809:
5736:
5573:
5494:
5487:
5367:
5065:
4867:
4747:
4633:
4482:
4439:
4384:
4308:
4087:
4002:
3954:
3805:
3737:
3595:
2952:Christensen, Asger; Harild, Niels (December 2009).
1113:
Displaced persons camps in post-World War II Europe
702:Suppressing political opposition: For example, the
73:
63:
53:
48:
38:
6558:Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation
3277:"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court"
1565:(2012-02-01), "Overarching Normative Principles",
1188:"UNHCR Global Trends âForced Displacement in 2014"
3697:Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children
2600:"Migrants Die as Burning Boat Capsizes Off Italy"
2598:Yardley, Jim; Povoledo, Elisabetta (2013-10-03).
334:, following the subsequent refugee outflows from
115:), or, if displaced within the home country, an "
3032:, Emerald Publishing Limited, pp. 121â129,
2210:"The Land Battle Behind the Fires in the Amazon"
1444:"U.N. Convention relating to status of Refugees"
1035:and Russia's Commissioner for Children's Rights
942:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
223:, and strictly speaking, not a displaced person.
3282:. International Criminal Court. 2011. p. 7
1098:List of areas depopulated due to climate change
980:Several people were tried and convicted by the
946:
933:
3074:Lee, Eun Su; Szkudlarek, Betina (2021-04-14).
2855:Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control
2719:"Economic Consequences of Forced Displacement"
1694:Sastry, Narayan; Gregory, Jesse (2014-06-01).
1456:United Nations High Commission on Human Rights
1016:, former Bosnian Croat paramilitary commander
6181:
5317:
4286:
3717:
3659:with a major role mediating modern migration.
2547:"Austria's migrant disaster: Why did 71 die?"
2072:"Annual Report 1989â1990 â Table of Contents"
1569:, Oxford University Press, pp. 237â266,
626:: A nuclear meltdown on April 26, 1986, near
390:and indirectly from the subsequent impact on
386:Forced displacement may directly result from
8:
4069:Residential segregation in the United States
3653:The International Organization for Migration
2461:
2459:
1041:deportation and illegal transfer of children
757:and others' attempt to create a country for
33:
6226:Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention
2818:The Korean Journal of International Studies
1245:
1243:
734:flight and expulsion of Germans (1944â1950)
251:Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement
204:Distinctions between the different concepts
6188:
6174:
6166:
5815:
5491:
5324:
5310:
5302:
4637:
4293:
4279:
4271:
3724:
3710:
3702:
2545:Bell, Bethany; Thorpe, Nick (2016-08-25).
1469:DPs: Europe's Displaced Persons, 1945â1951
1406:Demography of Refugee and Forced Migration
779:Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps
720:deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union
691:, the removal of Jewish people during the
230:in China, the situation is referred to as
32:
3673:Program for the Study of Global Migration
2884:
2866:
2825:
2389:
2371:
2076:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
1920:
1887:
1727:
1575:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199587087.003.0010
777:, and the Chinese military settlement of
281:international law definition of a refugee
3302:"Nuremberg Trial Judgements: Hans Frank"
3220:
3218:
310:has an important historic context (e.g.
258:relevant international legal instruments
181:International Organization for Migration
6440:Right to an adequate standard of living
3691:Wits Forced Migration Studies Programme
3637:Forced migrants tell their life stories
2507:
2505:
2492:
2490:
2411:
2409:
2349:
2347:
2096:"Myanmar on the Brink of State Failure"
1903:JimĂ©nez, Everardo VĂctor (2017-01-18).
1807:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199652433.013.0048
1158:
738:Polish population transfers (1944â1946)
708:population transfer in the Soviet Union
566:1950-1951 exodus of Turks from Bulgaria
6241:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
3577:
3567:
3376:. Amnesty International. 11 April 2018
2789:Global report on internal displacement
2679:
2677:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1526:
1524:
1471:. Cornell University Press (reprint).
1370:
1368:
1366:
1137:Forced displacement in popular culture
716:deportation of the Chechens and Ingush
704:forced settlements in the Soviet Union
3621:(Disasters, Forced Migration Review,
3119:
3117:
2808:
2806:
1865:
1863:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1209:
1207:
1205:
790:Conditions faced by displaced persons
7:
5687:New international division of labour
4253:
3623:International Journal of Refugee Law
3506:Forced Migration and Global Politics
3030:Intercultural Management in Practice
2684:Newman, Edward, ed. (January 2005).
2512:Kyle, David; Koslowski, Rey (2011).
149:General deportation currents of the
49:Regions with significant populations
4074:Segregation academy (United States)
3989:Sex segregation in public restrooms
2026:10.1146/annurev.so.19.080193.000355
1492:The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly
587:. This event is referred to as the
576:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
2991:Academy of Management Perspectives
2726:The Journal of Development Studies
2516:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
2183:Zaitchik, Alexander (2019-07-06).
1628:"Internationally displaced people"
1609:. NOAA Center for Tsunami Research
1220:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9811-2015004
1006:expulsion of Croats from Vojvodina
330:(DP) was first widely used during
25:
6361:Right to refuse medical treatment
3619:Back issues of migration journals
3080:Human Resource Management Journal
3038:10.1108/978-1-83982-826-320211011
1031:(ICC) issued arrest warrants for
908:, the civilian victim must be a "
728:deportations of the Ingrian Finns
712:deportation of the Crimean Tatars
676:of the 15th through 19th century
655:International Labour Organization
6148:
6138:
6137:
5348:
5273:
5272:
4252:
4224:
4223:
2573:. Associated Press. 2018-10-12.
2052:United States Institute of Peace
1922:10.11144/javeriana.papo21-1.vtnc
1068:Development-induced displacement
824:Responses to forced displacement
724:deportation of the Soviet Greeks
618:2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires
520:103 homicides per 100,000 people
506:), rampant gang violence in the
233:development-induced displacement
5349:
2688:. United Nations Publications.
2048:"Truth Commission: El Salvador"
1505:Robinson, W. Courtland (2003).
6573:Sexual and reproductive health
6470:Right to a healthy environment
4838:Right of way (property access)
3663:The Journal of Refugee Studies
3601:Pictures of Refugees in Europe
3175:Kaufmann, David (2019-02-11).
1494:, Vol. 40, No. 2. pp. 187â206.
1020:, and Bosnian Serb politician
914:international humanitarian law
775:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
1:
6490:Right to public participation
3657:non-governmental organization
3225:Guido Acquaviva (June 2011).
2738:10.1080/00220388.2015.1046446
2467:"UNHCR Resettlement Handbook"
2146:The Romanian Economic Journal
1509:. The Brookings Institution.
1279:Guido Acquaviva (June 2011).
755:American Colonization Society
641:Other human-made displacement
585:Socialist Republic of Vietnam
247:UN Commission on Human Rights
6510:Right to science and culture
3533:10.1080/13621025.2014.886440
3181:Public Administration Review
2827:10.14731/kjis.2012.06.10.1.1
2717:Fiala, Nathan (2015-09-18).
2434:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.01.154
2281:10.1080/00750778.2011.664806
2208:Sims, Shannon (2019-08-27).
1870:Cantor, David James (2016).
1414:10.1007/978-3-319-67147-5_14
1257:. 2018-02-16. Archived from
1029:International Criminal Court
842:), and country governments (
561:1949â1956 Palestinian exodus
306:is minor; however, the term
6336:Right to keep and bear arms
6246:Freedom from discrimination
5405:Environmental globalization
5380:Anti-globalization movement
5144:Two Treatises of Government
3931:Brown v. Board of Education
3398:. UN News. 8 September 2009
1801:, Oxford University Press,
1167:"Global Trends Report 2022"
242:internally displaced person
168:international organizations
153:the Soviet Union, 1930â1931
117:internally displaced person
65:Internally displaced people
6650:
5553:Offshore financial centres
3840:Czechoslovakia and Hungary
3679:The Refugee Studies Centre
3551:Sundhaussen, Holm (2012).
2233:Steadman, Philip. (2014).
2014:Annual Review of Sociology
1889:10.18800/agenda.201601.003
1488:A. J. Jaffe (April 1962).
1012:, ex-Croatian Serb leader
918:Geneva Conventions of 1949
549:Displaced ethnic Armenians
207:
6500:Right to rest and leisure
6204:
6133:
5339:
5268:
4640:
4213:
3885:Apartheid in South Africa
3685:What is Forced Migration?
3420:. UN News. 8 October 2008
2922:10.1177/10116370030463003
2868:10.1186/s13756-018-0403-4
2373:10.1186/s12888-018-1945-y
1844:"Mexico's Unseen Victims"
1712:10.1007/s13524-014-0284-y
1655:NOAA Technical Memorandum
449:2004 Indian Ocean tsunami
283:they are unable to claim
43:
34:Forcibly displaced people
6515:Right to social security
6480:Right to Internet access
6425:Equal pay for equal work
6311:Presumption of innocence
5395:Democratic globalization
5196:The Great Transformation
4554:Labor theory of property
3442:. UN News. 25 April 2008
929:Fourth Geneva Convention
605:2021 Myanmar coup d'Ă©tat
589:Indochina refugee crisis
461:2011 East Africa drought
6391:right to be a candidate
6221:Equality before the law
5677:Investor-state disputes
5630:Illicit financial flows
5474:Political globalization
5422:Global financial system
4765:Forest-dwelling (India)
4727:restraint on alienation
4507:Common good (economics)
4109:Anti-miscegenation laws
3944:Anti-miscegenation laws
3613:Forced Migration Online
3554:Forced Ethnic Migration
3464:. UN News. 4 March 2008
3092:10.1111/1748-8583.12352
1346:www.forcedmigration.org
1002:crimes against humanity
869:1998 Guiding Principles
857:1951 Refugee Convention
840:Doctors without Borders
769:, Japanese settlers in
634:Great Famine of Ireland
136:European migrant crisis
6251:Freedom of information
6236:Freedom of association
6018:Christopher Chase-Dunn
5786:Primitive accumulation
5469:Military globalization
5400:Economic globalization
5385:Cultural globalization
5204:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
4978:Primitive accumulation
4833:Right of way (transit)
4618:Tragedy of the commons
4500:fictitious commodities
4200:White Australia policy
4119:Corporative federalism
3306:Jewish Virtual Library
3086:(4): 1748â8583.12352.
1848:Refugees International
1450:March 9, 2008, at the
1027:On 17 March 2023, the
950:
938:
829:International response
803:
665:
556:
444:
427:, of deforestation or
154:
131:
6563:Intersex human rights
6371:Right of self-defense
6326:Right to a fair trial
5257:The Wealth of Nations
5237:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
5229:The Ethics of Liberty
4169:Religious intolerance
3003:10.5465/amp.2018.0150
1190:. UNHCR. 18 June 2015
953:Following the end of
797:
751:Convicts in Australia
663:
547:
504:2014 immigrant crisis
442:
412:environmental refugee
208:Further information:
148:
129:
6450:Right to development
6331:Right to family life
6281:Freedom from torture
6266:Freedom from slavery
6083:Immanuel Wallerstein
5744:Capital accumulation
5610:Endangered languages
5120:Progress and Poverty
4454:Common-pool resource
4179:Second-class citizen
4174:Reservation in India
3900:United Arab Emirates
3830:Bulgaria and Romania
2304:"The Middle Passage"
2237:. Elsevier Science.
1876:Agenda Internacional
1681:10.1111/reel.12036_2
1147:Population cleansing
900:Criminal prosecution
880:forcibly intervening
689:Salzburg Protestants
678:Atlantic slave trade
595:Salvadoran Civil War
555:on 21 September 2023
319:History of the term
44:108.4 million (2022)
6624:Human rights abuses
6261:Freedom of religion
6256:Freedom of movement
6231:Freedom of assembly
6213:Civil and political
6155:Business portal
5714:Transnational crime
5620:Forced displacement
5605:Economic inequality
5479:Trade globalization
5375:Alter-globalization
5243:The Social Contract
4931:population transfer
4848:prior-appropriation
4527:homestead principle
4047:Exclusionary zoning
3994:Separatist feminism
3772:Partition of Bengal
3521:Citizenship Studies
3138:2019GeoRv.109..562H
3126:Geographical Review
2955:Forced Displacement
2422:European Psychiatry
2308:Africans in America
2127:. 21 September 2021
1467:Mark Wyman (1998).
1386:on October 24, 2019
1078:Population transfer
927:In Article 49, the
366:Causes and examples
360:Eugene M. Kulischer
338:. In this context,
173:population transfer
86:Forced displacement
35:
6629:War crimes by type
6578:Right to sexuality
6455:Right to education
6381:Security of person
6276:Freedom of thought
5928:Andre Gunder Frank
5702:Race to the bottom
5692:NorthâSouth divide
5410:Global citizenship
5223:Murray N. Rothbard
4534:Free-rider problem
3937:Massive resistance
3925:School segregation
3920:Separate but equal
3845:Dominican Republic
3747:Partition of India
3508:. Wiley-Blackwell.
3504:Betts, Alexander:
3193:10.1111/puar.13029
3146:10.1111/gere.12338
2604:The New York Times
1127:Kampala Convention
1088:Refugee employment
1039:for war crimes of
1037:Maria Lvova-Belova
973:, chief jurist in
865:Kampala Convention
804:
666:
624:Chernobyl disaster
557:
551:boarding buses in
445:
155:
132:
6586:
6585:
6485:Right to property
6445:Right to clothing
6430:Fair remuneration
6398:Right to homeland
6346:Right to petition
6271:Freedom of speech
6163:
6162:
6129:
6128:
5988:K. Anthony Appiah
5983:Daniele Archibugi
5732:
5731:
5521:COVID-19 pandemic
5427:Global governance
5299:
5298:
5210:What Is Property?
5003:human trafficking
4988:Regulatory taking
4863:
4862:
4608:Right to property
4268:
4267:
4144:Majority minority
4025:Ethnic federalism
3807:Ethnic and racial
3767:Greece and Turkey
3667:Oxford University
3047:978-1-83982-827-0
2732:(10): 1275â1293.
2523:978-1-4214-0198-0
2302:PBS-WGBH (1999).
1103:List of diasporas
1010:MomÄilo KrajiĆĄnik
850:, an increase in
759:African Americans
742:Operation Vistula
647:Human trafficking
508:Northern Triangle
468:Human-made causes
455:Hurricane Katrina
388:natural disasters
292:illegal immigrant
94:forced relocation
83:
82:
16:(Redirected from
6641:
6619:Refugees by type
6599:Forced migration
6475:Right to housing
6409:Economic, social
6356:Right to protest
6351:Right to privacy
6190:
6183:
6176:
6167:
6153:
6152:
6141:
6140:
6094:
6003:Jean Baudrillard
5971:
5918:Giovanni Arrighi
5906:
5863:Branko MilanoviÄ
5843:Jagdish Bhagwati
5821:
5816:
5707:pollution havens
5672:Invasive species
5576:
5497:
5492:
5442:Global workforce
5352:
5351:
5326:
5319:
5312:
5303:
5276:
5275:
5180:John Stuart Mill
5100:Friedrich Engels
5081:Frédéric Bastiat
5074:
4926:Forced migration
4894:Collectivization
4638:
4517:First possession
4490:Bundle of rights
4295:
4288:
4281:
4272:
4256:
4255:
4227:
4226:
4195:Social apartheid
4079:Social exclusion
4052:Forced migration
4020:Ethnic cleansing
4010:Auto-segregation
3752:Northern Ireland
3726:
3719:
3712:
3703:
3585:
3579:
3575:
3573:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3544:
3492:
3491:
3490:. 17 March 2023.
3480:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3281:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3231:
3222:
3213:
3212:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3121:
3112:
3111:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3021:
3015:
3014:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2888:
2870:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2829:
2810:
2801:
2800:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2723:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2681:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2509:
2500:
2494:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2471:
2463:
2454:
2453:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2393:
2375:
2351:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2275:(2â3): 215â244.
2263:
2257:
2256:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2155:
2149:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1983:10.2307/20040344
1966:
1960:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1924:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1867:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1820:
1819:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1731:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1664:
1658:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1502:
1496:
1486:
1480:
1465:
1459:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1382:. Archived from
1372:
1361:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1348:. Archived from
1338:
1332:
1331:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1285:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1247:
1238:
1235:
1224:
1223:
1211:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1163:
1118:Earl G. Harrison
1093:Refugee roulette
1045:occupied Ukraine
1022:Radoslav BrÄanin
1018:Mladen NaletiliÄ
967:Nuremberg trials
910:protected person
685:Ethnic cleansing
628:Pripyat, Ukraine
553:Nagorno-Karabakh
525:Displacement in
498:Displacement in
486:Displacement in
429:land degradation
328:displaced person
321:displaced person
308:displaced person
300:displaced person
266:displaced person
228:Three Gorges Dam
221:economic migrant
109:displaced person
90:forced migration
39:Total population
36:
21:
6649:
6648:
6644:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6639:
6638:
6589:
6588:
6587:
6582:
6553:Family planning
6538:
6529:
6505:Right of return
6465:Right to health
6413:
6410:
6402:
6366:Right to resist
6316:Right of asylum
6207:
6200:
6194:
6164:
6159:
6147:
6125:
6106:Thomas Friedman
6092:
6087:
6038:Anthony Giddens
6013:Manuel Castells
5978:Arjun Appadurai
5969:
5967:
5962:
5904:
5902:
5897:
5893:Joseph Stiglitz
5833:Richard Baldwin
5819:
5811:
5805:
5764:Fiscal localism
5728:
5682:McDonaldization
5600:Development aid
5574:
5569:
5538:Multilingualism
5533:Labor arbitrage
5509:Climate justice
5495:
5483:
5437:Global politics
5390:Deglobalization
5363:
5335:
5330:
5300:
5295:
5264:
5068:
5067:
5061:
5011:husband-selling
4948:Illegal logging
4943:Illegal fishing
4872:
4859:
4770:Freedom to roam
4743:
4656:(agrarian land)
4629:
4586:Property rights
4478:
4435:
4397:Estate (landed)
4380:
4304:
4299:
4269:
4264:
4209:
4184:Separate school
4089:
4083:
3998:
3950:
3801:
3733:
3730:
3592:
3576:
3566:
3559:
3557:
3550:
3511:
3501:
3499:Further reading
3496:
3495:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3467:
3465:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3445:
3443:
3438:
3437:
3433:
3423:
3421:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3401:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3389:
3379:
3377:
3372:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3355:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3332:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3310:
3308:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3258:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3223:
3216:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3123:
3122:
3115:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3060:
3058:
3048:
3023:
3022:
3018:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2812:
2811:
2804:
2786:
2785:
2781:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2721:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2696:
2683:
2682:
2675:
2666:
2664:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2641:
2639:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2616:
2614:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2583:
2581:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2551:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2524:
2511:
2510:
2503:
2495:
2488:
2478:
2476:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2353:
2352:
2345:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2269:Irish Geography
2265:
2264:
2260:
2245:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2218:
2216:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2193:
2191:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2168:
2166:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2148:25. pp.113â132.
2143:
2139:
2130:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2105:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2056:
2054:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1971:Foreign Affairs
1968:
1967:
1963:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1852:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1823:
1817:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1671:(book review).
1666:
1665:
1661:
1648:
1644:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1612:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1535:(17): 103â142.
1530:
1529:
1522:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1487:
1483:
1466:
1462:
1452:Wayback Machine
1442:
1438:
1424:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1389:
1387:
1374:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1353:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1264:
1262:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1236:
1227:
1213:
1212:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1122:Harry S. Truman
1063:Climate migrant
1054:
990:Vojislav Ć eĆĄelj
975:occupied Poland
902:
889:
831:
826:
809:human smugglers
792:
643:
614:
542:
500:Central America
483:
470:
437:
421:desertification
384:
368:
324:
216:
206:
160:
31:
28:
23:
22:
18:Forced transfer
15:
12:
11:
5:
6647:
6645:
6637:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6591:
6590:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6544:
6542:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6527:
6522:
6520:Right to water
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6495:Right of reply
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6420:Digital rights
6416:
6414:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6401:
6400:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6383:
6378:
6376:Right to truth
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6217:
6215:
6209:
6208:
6205:
6202:
6201:
6195:
6193:
6192:
6185:
6178:
6170:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6157:
6145:
6134:
6131:
6130:
6127:
6126:
6124:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6097:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6008:Zygmunt Bauman
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5974:
5972:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5909:
5907:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5873:Thomas Piketty
5870:
5868:Kevin O'Rourke
5865:
5860:
5858:Michael Hudson
5855:
5850:
5848:Robert Brenner
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5824:
5822:
5813:
5807:
5806:
5804:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5776:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5740:
5738:
5734:
5733:
5730:
5729:
5727:
5726:
5721:
5719:Westernization
5716:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5579:
5577:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5567:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5558:Tax inversions
5555:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5528:Digital divide
5525:
5524:
5523:
5513:
5512:
5511:
5504:Climate change
5500:
5498:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5371:
5369:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5356:
5346:
5340:
5337:
5336:
5331:
5329:
5328:
5321:
5314:
5306:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5291:
5281:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5220:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5149:
5148:
5147:
5135:
5130:
5128:Garrett Hardin
5125:
5124:
5123:
5111:
5110:
5109:
5097:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5077:
5075:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5054:
5053:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5005:
5000:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4933:
4923:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4899:Eminent domain
4896:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4882:Bioprospecting
4878:
4876:
4874:redistribution
4865:
4864:
4861:
4860:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4816:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4789:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4709:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4692:
4685:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4658:
4650:
4641:
4635:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4583:
4578:
4576:Natural rights
4573:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4492:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4445:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4432:
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4176:
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4156:
4154:Nuremberg Laws
4151:
4146:
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4136:
4131:
4129:Ghetto benches
4126:
4124:Discrimination
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
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4093:
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4037:Ethnopluralism
4034:
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4000:
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3905:United Kingdom
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3590:External links
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3187:(3): 443â446.
3167:
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2997:(3): 461â484.
2977:
2958:. World Bank.
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2820:. 2012-06-30.
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1977:(1): 160â180.
1961:
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1909:Papel PolĂtico
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1330:. 23 May 2022.
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1058:Asylum seekers
1053:
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1033:Vladimir Putin
1025:
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887:Local response
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800:McAllen, Texas
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425:sea-level rise
417:climate change
396:Climate change
392:infrastructure
383:
382:Natural causes
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336:Eastern Europe
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6073:Saskia Sassen
6071:
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6068:George Ritzer
6066:
6064:
6063:Antonio Negri
6061:
6059:
6058:L. H. M. Ling
6056:
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6043:Michael Hardt
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5883:Jeffrey Sachs
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5796:World history
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5791:Social change
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5218:David Ricardo
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5207:
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5185:Elinor Ostrom
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4989:
4986:
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4983:Privatization
4981:
4979:
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4963:Legal plunder
4961:
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4956:
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4914:Expropriation
4912:
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4907:
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4902:
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4897:
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4648:(watercourse)
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4591:primogeniture
4589:
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4571:Legal plunder
4569:
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4523:
4522:appropriation
4520:
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4512:Excludability
4510:
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4219:Pillarisation
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4139:Jim Crow laws
4137:
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4018:
4016:
4015:Balkanization
4013:
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3910:United States
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1352:on 2017-08-01
1351:
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1261:on 2020-02-02
1260:
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861:1967 Protocol
858:
853:
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845:
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837:
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817:
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810:
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409:
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400:crop failures
397:
393:
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381:
376:
373:
372:
371:
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363:
361:
357:
353:
352:slave laborer
349:
345:
341:
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296:
293:
289:
286:
282:
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271:
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238:
235:
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229:
225:
222:
218:
217:
215:
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203:
197:
194:
190:
187:According to
186:
182:
178:
177:
176:
174:
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162:Governments,
157:
152:
147:
143:
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6540:reproductive
6435:Labor rights
6411:and cultural
6321:Right to die
6198:human rights
6196:Substantive
6116:John R. Saul
6101:Noam Chomsky
6093:Nonâacademic
6033:Susan George
6028:Nancy Fraser
5998:Walden Bello
5943:David Harvey
5933:Stephen Gill
5853:Jayati Ghosh
5759:Earth system
5625:Human rights
5619:
5565:Water crisis
5462:early modern
5284:Property law
5255:
5241:
5227:
5208:
5194:
5190:Karl Polanyi
5170:
5166:Marcel Mauss
5156:
5142:
5133:David Harvey
5118:
5114:Henry George
5104:
5095:Ronald Coase
5085:
5070:
5016:wife selling
4998:bride buying
4936:repatriation
4925:
4918:
4869:Disposession
4823:
4712:Property law
4687:
4683:Forest types
4653:
4645:
4634:Applications
4564:rent-seeking
4549:Gift economy
4407:Intellectual
4257:
4228:
4051:
3979:Saudi Arabia
3929:
3895:Saudi Arabia
3782:Saudi Arabia
3558:. Retrieved
3553:
3524:
3520:
3505:
3487:
3478:
3466:. Retrieved
3456:
3444:. Retrieved
3434:
3422:. Retrieved
3412:
3400:. Retrieved
3390:
3378:. Retrieved
3368:
3356:. Retrieved
3343:
3331:. Retrieved
3321:
3309:. Retrieved
3305:
3296:
3284:. Retrieved
3271:
3259:. Retrieved
3246:
3234:. Retrieved
3184:
3180:
3170:
3129:
3125:
3083:
3079:
3069:
3059:, retrieved
3029:
3019:
2994:
2990:
2980:
2954:
2947:
2938:
2916:(3): 11â20.
2913:
2909:
2903:
2858:
2854:
2844:
2817:
2788:
2782:
2771:. Retrieved
2762:
2729:
2725:
2712:
2685:
2665:. Retrieved
2663:. 2019-07-08
2660:
2651:
2640:. Retrieved
2638:. 2019-11-12
2635:
2626:
2615:. Retrieved
2603:
2593:
2582:. Retrieved
2571:The Guardian
2570:
2561:
2550:. Retrieved
2540:
2513:
2477:. Retrieved
2473:
2425:
2421:
2363:
2359:
2335:. Retrieved
2323:
2311:. Retrieved
2307:
2297:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2234:
2228:
2217:. Retrieved
2214:The Atlantic
2213:
2203:
2192:. Retrieved
2188:
2178:
2167:. Retrieved
2165:. 2021-06-19
2162:
2153:
2145:
2140:
2129:. Retrieved
2124:
2115:
2104:. Retrieved
2102:. 2021-04-09
2100:Crisis Group
2099:
2090:
2079:. Retrieved
2066:
2055:. Retrieved
2051:
2042:
2020:(1): 43â59.
2017:
2013:
2007:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1948:
1939:
1912:
1908:
1898:
1879:
1875:
1851:. Retrieved
1847:
1838:
1798:
1792:
1781:. Retrieved
1769:
1758:. Retrieved
1746:
1703:
1699:
1689:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1654:
1645:
1634:. Retrieved
1622:
1611:. Retrieved
1601:
1592:
1566:
1563:McAdam, Jane
1557:
1532:
1506:
1500:
1491:
1484:
1468:
1463:
1439:
1405:
1399:
1388:. Retrieved
1384:the original
1379:
1354:. Retrieved
1350:the original
1345:
1336:
1328:The Guardian
1327:
1318:
1309:
1300:
1288:. Retrieved
1274:
1263:. Retrieved
1259:the original
1254:
1192:. Retrieved
1182:
1174:UNHCR global
1173:
1161:
1014:Milan MartiÄ
955:World War II
947:
939:
934:
926:
903:
894:
890:
873:
832:
818:
805:
747:Colonization
471:
385:
369:
339:
332:World War II
327:
325:
320:
312:World War II
307:
303:
299:
273:
269:
265:
240:
231:
184:livelihood".
161:
140:Global South
133:
112:
108:
104:
102:
93:
89:
85:
84:
69:57.3 million
59:34.6 million
30:Ethnic group
6604:Persecution
6568:LGBT rights
6301:Nationality
6291:LGBT rights
6111:Naomi Klein
5993:Ulrich Beck
5968:Politics /
5958:Robert Wade
5948:Ronen Palan
5938:Peter Gowan
5888:Amartya Sen
5878:Dani Rodrik
5828:David Autor
5754:Development
5635:Imperialism
5583:Brain drain
5158:Das Kapital
5045:progressive
5035:inheritance
4958:Land reform
4732:real estate
4707:Land tenure
4695:Inheritance
4623:anticommons
4559:Law of rent
4539:Game theory
4469:Information
4449:Common land
4346:Cooperative
4114:Black Codes
4062:labor camps
3969:Afghanistan
3578:|work=
3513:James, Paul
2910:Development
1533:Consilience
1073:Deportation
998:persecution
994:deportation
959:Krupp trial
802:, June 2017
581:Vietnam War
512:El Salvador
268:, the term
210:Refugee law
158:Definitions
79:2.9 million
6609:Population
6593:Categories
6306:Personhood
6053:Paul Hirst
6048:David Held
5913:Samir Amin
5903:Political
5838:Ravi Batra
5779:history of
5774:ecological
5749:Dependency
5697:Offshoring
5660:scientific
5650:linguistic
5615:Fair trade
5595:Care drain
5548:Tax havens
5543:Population
5452:History of
5289:by country
5251:Adam Smith
5138:John Locke
4802:indigenous
4797:aboriginal
4717:alienation
4412:indigenous
4402:Intangible
4316:Collective
4217:See also:
4205:Xenophobia
4057:Internment
4042:Ethnocracy
3635:IDP Voices
3061:2021-09-27
2861:(1): 113.
2797:1089711735
2773:2022-01-03
2667:2019-11-21
2642:2019-11-21
2617:2019-11-21
2584:2019-11-21
2552:2019-11-21
2479:16 October
2366:(1): 382.
2337:2022-01-03
2313:7 November
2253:1040599457
2219:2019-10-24
2194:2019-10-24
2169:2022-01-03
2131:2022-01-03
2106:2022-01-03
2081:2022-01-03
2057:2022-01-03
1915:(1): 167.
1853:2019-10-24
1783:2022-01-03
1760:2022-01-03
1700:Demography
1636:2022-01-03
1613:2019-10-23
1390:2019-10-24
1356:2017-01-17
1265:2019-10-24
1153:References
1047:to Russia.
971:Hans Frank
924:treaties.
922:law of war
876:World Bank
867:, and the
773:following
710:including
570:Korean War
419:, such as
6286:Legal aid
6078:John Urry
5970:sociology
5820:Economics
5724:World war
5447:Globality
5415:education
5152:Karl Marx
4953:Land Back
4904:Enclosure
4887:biopiracy
4825:Bergregal
4807:squatting
4581:Ownership
4495:Commodity
4474:Knowledge
4385:By nature
4341:Customary
4331:Community
4097:Apartheid
4030:Bantustan
3915:Civil War
3739:Religious
3629:Eurasylum
3580:ignored (
3570:cite book
3541:144816686
3353:TRT World
3209:159209267
3201:0033-3352
3162:166602825
3154:0016-7428
3108:234855263
3100:0954-5395
3056:238706123
3011:1558-9080
2972:153942656
2877:2047-2994
2836:2233-470X
2746:0022-0388
2704:697762571
2612:0362-4331
2579:0261-3077
2532:810545259
2450:145557963
2442:0924-9338
2382:1471-244X
2289:0075-0778
2125:ReliefWeb
2034:0360-0572
1991:0015-7120
1931:2145-0617
1720:1533-7790
1541:1948-3074
1515:474499753
1432:158545246
906:war crime
838:), NGOs (
811:(such as
771:Manchukuo
693:Holocaust
681:Americas.
651:smuggling
326:The term
6548:Abortion
6386:Suffrage
6143:Category
5812:scholars
5737:Theories
5645:cultural
5640:academic
5344:Journals
5279:Property
5172:The Gift
5071:key work
5066:Scholars
5050:property
5007:spousal
4973:Poaching
4909:Eviction
4853:riparian
4814:Littoral
4722:easement
4700:executor
4671:literary
4596:usufruct
4544:Georgism
4424:Tangible
4419:Personal
4326:Communal
4309:By owner
4302:Property
4230:Category
4190:Shunning
4186:(Canada)
4149:Nativism
4003:Dynamics
3880:Rhodesia
3875:Portugal
3870:Malaysia
3835:Bulgaria
3777:Portugal
3560:June 13,
3515:(2014).
3424:15 April
3402:15 April
3380:11 April
3358:11 April
3333:11 April
3236:11 April
2930:84460606
2895:30250735
2400:30522460
2163:BBC News
1999:20040344
1738:24599750
1549:26188784
1448:Archived
1290:11 April
1083:Refugees
1052:See also
912:" under
783:Xinjiang
527:Colombia
516:Honduras
348:prisoner
166:, other
121:refugees
55:Refugees
6296:Liberty
5905:economy
5810:Notable
5588:reverse
5516:Disease
5457:archaic
5368:Aspects
5359:Studies
5354:Outline
5087:The Law
4993:Slavery
4819:Mineral
4787:Hunting
4780:pannage
4775:Grazing
4760:Fishing
4646:Acequia
4613:Rivalry
4601:women's
4459:Digital
4441:Commons
4376:Unowned
4351:Private
4259:Commons
4164:Rankism
4134:Hafrada
4088:Related
3984:Judaism
3860:Germany
3820:Bahrain
3797:Myanmar
3792:Bahrain
3488:UN News
3232:. UNHCR
3134:Bibcode
2886:6146746
2754:1559276
2661:UN News
2636:AP NEWS
2428:: S42.
2391:6282296
1729:4048822
1310:UN News
1286:. UNHCR
965:At the
936:motive.
813:coyotes
767:Liberia
670:Slavery
490:due to
406:and/or
402:due to
344:refugee
274:refugee
270:refugee
262:refugee
214:Refugee
6634:Racism
6535:Sexual
5665:social
5496:Global
5488:Issues
4968:Piracy
4920:Farhud
4748:Rights
4689:Huerta
4661:Estate
4483:Theory
4464:Global
4366:Social
4356:Public
4321:Common
4246:racial
4241:gender
4159:Racism
4090:topics
3956:Gender
3865:Israel
3855:France
3825:Brazil
3815:Canada
3762:Serbia
3757:Israel
3539:
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