886:... defendants were made to strip and they were laid over chairs and their backs were cut to pieces with a leather strap with buckles on it, and they were likewise made by the said deputy definitely to understand that the whipping would be continued unless and until they confessed, and not only confessed, but confessed in every matter of detail as demanded by those present; and in this manner, the defendants confessed the crime, and, as the whippings progressed and were repeated, they changed or adjusted their confession in all particulars of detail so as to conform to the demands of their torturers. When the confessions had been obtained in the exact form and contents as desired by the mob, they left with the parting admonition and warning that, if the defendants changed their story at any time in any respect from that last stated, the perpetrators of the outrage would administer the same or equally effective treatment. Further details of the brutal treatment to which these helpless prisoners were subjected need not be pursued. It is sufficient to say that in pertinent respects the transcript reads more like pages torn from some medieval account than a record made within the confines of a modern civilization which aspires to an enlightened constitutional government.
491:", but most commonly in videotaped 'interviews' and 'conversations' aired on prime-time television." The standard form in the time of Ayatollah Khomeini began with an introduction hailing Imam Khomeini with all of his titles (Founder of the Islamic Republic, leader of the Islamic Revolution, etc.) The recanter "emphasised the interview was entirely voluntary and that the speaker had come forth willingly to warn others of the pitfalls awaiting them if they deviated from the Khatt-e Imam Then followed condemnation of the prisoner's organisation, beliefs, comrades. Ended with thanks to the wardens see the light. It hoped that the sincere repentance and the Imam's compassion would pave the way for forgiveness, redemption, ... the Imam chose not to forgive, that too would be understandable in light of the enormity of the crimes."
739:
would claim that they had made false confessions, resulting from intimidation and torture by police. Seven relatives of one of the original four defendants were also convicted of terrorist activities in 1976. All of the individuals involved had their convictions quashed, by two rulings in 1989 and 1991, after having served up to 16 years in prison. These appeals investigations revealed large-scale deception and illegal activities undertaken by both the
Metropolitan Police and the Crown Prosecution Service. In 2005 the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom,
454:. The confessions were mostly imposed on the subjects outside of the formal legal framework, in the absence of a trial, and without regard for the presumption of innocence under the Chinese law. Many of those forced to record confessions later explained in detail how the videos were carefully scripted and made under the watchful eyes of the agents of the security apparatus, demonstrating their powerlessness once they are within the opaque Chinese legal system.
2053:
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at hearing showed widespread police fabrication, suppression of evidence, and extreme irregularities in the relevant forensic evidence. All six individuals were released and awarded compensation of up to £1.2 million. As a result of this and other miscarriages of justice, a Royal
Commission on Criminal Justice was established in March 1991 to create reforms and provide oversight to the process.
757:
648:
506:(torture) and the use of coerced confessions, other laws are employed to allow coercion. Up to 74 lashings can be administered for 'lying to the authorities', and a defendant may be found guilty of lying by a cleric in the process of interrogating the defendant. Thus "clerical interrogators can give indefinite series of 74 lashings until they obtain 'honest answers
75:
36:
844:, the international press and various human rights movements condemned their practice. The US Supreme Court did not discontinue their usage and repeatedly ruled against hearing from those that underwent forced confessions, even after they were found innocent, claiming that a trial would constitute a breach of national security.
882:. In this case, defendants Arthur Ellington, Ed Brown and Henry Shields (three black tenant farmers) had been convicted and sentenced to death in Mississippi for the murder of Raymond Stewart (a white planter) on 30 March 1934. The convictions had been based solely on confessions obtained through violence:
332:
It is nothing short of an outrage – and a disgraceful breach of international law – that
Bahrain has gone ahead with these executions. The death sentences handed to Ali, Sami and Abbas were based on confessions extracted through torture, and the trial an utter sham. ... It would be shameful if the UK
723:
in 1974. After their arrest, four of the six confessed to the crime. These confessions were later claimed to be the result of intimidation and torture by police, including the use of dogs and mock executions. In 1991, after 17 years in prison, an appeal to their convictions was allowed. The evidence
633:
Due to police torture, two men confessed to the murder of another man who had disappeared. Based solely on their confession, as no body had been recovered, they were convicted and sentenced to long jail terms. Years later the supposed victim reappeared in the small village, and it was proven that he
474:
has systematically used false confessions extracted by torture. They have been used on a much larger scale than in Stalin's Soviet Union because the confessions could be videotaped and broadcast for purposes of propaganda. During the 1980s, television "recantation" shows were common on
Iranian state
890:
The
Supreme Court concluded: "It would be difficult to conceive of methods more revolting to the sense of justice than those taken to procure the confessions of these petitioners, and the use of the confessions thus obtained as the basis for conviction and sentence was a clear denial of due process
738:
As a result of the
Guildford pub bombings carried out by Irish republican paramilitaries in 1974, four Irish individuals were charged and convicted of murder and terrorist activities. All had confessed to the crimes while in police custody but later retracted their statements. In their trial, they
494:
These recantations served as powerful propaganda not only for both the
Iranian public at large but also for the recanter's former colleagues, for whom the denunciations were demoralising and confusing. From the moment they arrived in prison, through their interrogation prisoners were asked if they
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Since eyewitness accounts were published documenting the use of torture in extracting confessions, the recantations and confessions have lost much (or some) of their propaganda impact. The practice of collecting confessions has continued, however, now used more to demoralize the opposition, gather
513:
Techniques used to extract confessions included whipping, most often on the soles of the feet; deprivation of sleep; suspension from the ceiling and high walls; twisting of forearms until they broke; crushing of hands and fingers between metal presses; insertion of sharp instruments under the
358:
Four men were arrested and confessed to raping and killing a girl named Tainá who was crossing in front of the theme park where they worked. Later the police found that the girl was not raped and that the four men were tortured. 13 policemen were arrested, and the police chief fled.
115:. Depending on the level of coercion used, a forced confession is not valid in revealing the truth. The individuals being interrogated may agree to the story presented to them or even make up falsehoods themselves in order to satisfy the interrogator and discontinue their suffering.
479:
information about them, and sow fear and distrust among the
Iranian opposition as "recanters" accuse other opposition members. There were reportedly so many confessions coerced following the 2009 protest crackdown that "there's no way to film even a tiny percentage of them."
891:... In the instant case, the trial court was fully advised by the undisputed evidence of the way in which the confessions had been procured ... The court thus denied a federal right fully established and specially set up and claimed, and the judgment must be reversed."
432: – who were abducted by state security agents operating outside of Mainland China, also made such controversial confessions. Upon regaining his freedom, Lam detailed his abduction and detention, and recanted his confessions in Hong Kong to the media.
449:
released a report in April 2018 in which 45 high-profile examples of the so-called confessions were broadcast between July 2013 and
February 2018. More than half of the subjects were journalists, lawyers, and other individuals involved in promoting
141:
By the late 18th century, most scholars and lawyers thought of the forced confession not only as a relic of past times and morally wrong but also ineffective as the victim of torture may confess to anything just to ease their suffering.
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in Iran are not simply confessions, but "political and ideological recantation(s)". They come in a variety of forms, "pretrial testimonials; in chest-beating letters; in mea culpa memoirs; press conferences, 'debates', and 'roundtable
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of the late 1930s. More than 40 high-level political prisoners were sentenced either to the firing squad or to labour camps. The trials are today universally acknowledged to have used forced confessions, obtained through
1610:
851:. He appealed several times aided by different international human rights movements and lawyers, yet the US Supreme Court retained its usage of forced confession techniques, and denied a hearing of the evidence.
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content against at least 505 individuals. The report is the outcome of more than 1,500 hours of research and analysis of over 150 programs and 13 in-depth interviews with victims of forced confessions.
341:
also condemned the sentences: "This case is a serious drawback given that
Bahrain had suspended executions for ... (several) years, and concerns have been expressed about possible violations of
185:
In February 2014, Ramadan was arrested from Bahrain International Airport, where he worked as a police officer. He was accused of involvement in an attack on other police officers. There is no
825:. State officials have admitted to the press and in court to be using various torture techniques (authorised by the District attorney) to interrogate suspects of terrorism, sometimes after
149:, greatly reduced the legal acceptance of forced confessions. However, for most of legal history they have been accepted in most of the world, and are still accepted in some jurisdictions.
130:, acquiring a confession prior to a trial was especially important. The methods used to acquire a confession were considered less important than the actual confession itself, thus
208:
by police into signing a false confession. During his initial detention, police officers "told Mohammed outright that they knew he was innocent", but were punishing him as a
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743:, issued a public apology for the imprisonment of these persons, describing it as an 'injustice' and stating that "they deserve to be completely and publicly exonerated".
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219:, Ramadan was not allowed to meet with his lawyer. The day Ramadan's trial began was the first time he saw his lawyer's face. In that trial, he was convicted and
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source: Democratic Society of Iranians in France, Dar Rahraha-ye Khob: Yazday Gozaresh (In the Labyrinths of Blood: Eleven Eyewitness Accounts) (Paris, 1984)
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high school. All but seven were either executed or died due to the mistreatment. The leaders of the interrogation and torture system of the Khmer Rouge were
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had been forced into confessing their crimes after being tortured during interrogations. The report also revealed that the Bahraini government was employing
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These televised confessions and acts of contrition have been denounced as frauds by critics. Media organisations in China and in Hong Kong, including the
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1365:"In Tehran in 2004, Omid Memarian confessed to doing things he'd never done", meeting people he'd never met, following plots he'd never heard of.
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in an attempt to discredit, smear and suppress dissident voices and activism. These scripted confessions, obtained with the person under
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rendered stateless and condemned to death following unfair trials. Their executions have sparked widespread protests across the country.
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499:) "Some remained incarcerated even after serving their sentences simply because they declined the honour of being interviewed."
445:, have been criticised for abetting the practice by circulating the "confessions" and in some cases even participating in them.
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Bahrain security forces (a force that includes foreign national forces) arrested Sami Mushaima in March 2014 and held him
126:: "Confession is the queen of evidence") justified the use of forced confession in the European legal system. During the
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and threats against the defendants' families, to eliminate any potential political challengers to Stalin's authority.
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continued to support Bahrain's security apparatus and Ministry of Interior in the face of such terrible abuses.
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Abrahamian, Ervand, Tortured Confessions by Ervand Abrahamian, University of California Press, 1999 p. 139
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Abrahamian, Ervand, Tortured Confessions by Ervand Abrahamian, University of California Press, 1999 p.133
1122:"13 dos 14 suspeitos de tortura para obter confissão de estupro estão presos no Paraná; falta o delegado"
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used torture to force confessions and false implications from approximately 17,000 persons at the former
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The teacher Ursula painfully tortured, whipped, beaten, and finally burned in Maastricht, AD 1570
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authorities refused for more than two years to investigate complaints regarding the torture of
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According to one defendant, "his interrogator kept on repeating throughout his torment 'This
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Orwellian State: The Islamic Republic of Iran’s State Media as a Weapon of Mass Suppression"
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Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
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The Birmingham Six were six men from Northern Ireland accused of carrying out the
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published an investigative report which argued that seven Bahraini men facing the
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1052:"Bahrain Executes Stateless Torture Victims Following King Hamad's Authorization"
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almost solely on the basis of confessions extracted through prolonged torture.
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1511:"Mam Nay, Duch's former deputy: amnesia and serious accommodation with truth"
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When these systematic acts were made public by the international media, the
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China Global Television Network § Broadcasting of forced confessions
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1460:"Iran: New report demands end to the rampant use of forced confessions"
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781: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Stalin's terror: high politics and mass repression in the Soviet Union
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1147:"China Uses Foreigners' Televised Confessions to Serve Its Own Ends"
1274:"New report offers backstage pass to China's forced TV confessions"
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518:; submersion under water; standing in one place for hours on end;
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While the constitution of the Islamic Republic explicitly outlaws
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punishment will continue until you give us a videotaped interview
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for at least 11 days. Security officials subjected Mushaima to
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broadcast the forced confessions of about 355 individuals and
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Maya Foa, a director of the international human rights group
255:
Sami Mushaima, Ali Al-Singace, Abbas Al-Samea (2017) executed
1219:"Chinese TV channel breached rules with 'forced confession'"
533:", "interview" being the term used for confession sessions.
381:
systematically employed forced televised confession against
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Sami Mushaima, Ali Al-Singace, and Abbas Al-Samea are all
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were severely damaged. Mushaima's family believes he was
193:, who state that Ramadan is innocent and was arrested in
1054:. Americans for Democracy & Human Rights in Bahrain.
1187:"How China Uses Forced Confessions as Propaganda Tool"
1066:"Bahrain executes Shia convicted of fatal bomb attack"
424:. The owners of Causeway Bay Books –
314:
into falsely confessing through the use of torture.
2020:
1979:
1933:
1907:
1869:
1785:
1664:
1069:
997:
995:
993:
1941:Race in the United States criminal justice system
1879:List of wrongful convictions in the United States
1299:"Chinese TV forced confessions campaign timeline"
817:operates a network of off shore prisons, called
1485:"'بازجوها گفتند دخترت را سالم میخواهی یا نه؟'"
884:
522:; and physical threats against family members.
330:
2040:List of death row inmates in the United States
145:Developments in the 20th century, notably the
27:Confession obtained from a person under duress
1642:
99:is a confession obtained from a suspect or a
8:
1352:, University of California Press, 1999 p. 13
1017:"Britain Funded Torture Training in Bahrain"
831:extraordinary rendition by the United States
249:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
212:for attending pro-democracy demonstrations.
1894:Overturned convictions in the United States
1360:
1358:
1104:"Bahrain executions spark violent protests"
1086:"Press Release: Bahrain Executes Three Men"
821:, probably the most well-known of which is
676:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1635:
1627:
251:, to train its law enforcement personnel.
1464:International Federation for Human Rights
1068:. THE FINANCIAL TIMES LTD. Archived from
797:Learn how and when to remove this message
696:Learn how and when to remove this message
1568:
1566:
73:
2028:Capital punishment in the United States
1535:by Barry McLoughlin and Kevin McDermott
1046:
1044:
1042:
977:"Belfast to Bahrain: the torture trail"
945:
548:, reported that between 2009 and 2019,
1578:"Brown et al. v. State of Mississippi"
495:were willing to give an "interview". (
245:Northern Ireland Co-operation Overseas
1268:
1266:
1252:(in Traditional Chinese). 9 July 2018
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462:According to at least two observers (
189:tying him to the crime, according to
147:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
7:
1889:List of miscarriage of justice cases
1884:List of exonerated death row inmates
779:adding citations to reliable sources
674:adding citations to reliable sources
634:had left voluntarily years before.
544:(JFI), in a 57-page report titled "
267:victims following authorization by
204:Following his arrest, Ramadan was
25:
1966:Ineffective assistance of counsel
1920:National Registry of Exonerations
1509:CAAI News Media (July 16, 2009).
1246:"瑞典人彼得·達林：我在中國上電視認罪，《1984》噩夢成為現實"
593:In the Soviet Union, a series of
109:enhanced interrogation techniques
2051:
1185:Myers, Steven Lee (2018-04-11).
755:
734:Guildford Four and Maguire Seven
646:
182:into making a false confession.
120:Confessio est regina probationum
118:For centuries the Latin phrase "
34:
766:needs additional citations for
1550:American Civil Liberties Union
953:Boffa, Christa (8 July 2016).
1:
823:Guantánamo Bay detention camp
1546:"Statement: Khaled El-Masri"
961:(in Maltese). Archived from
813:the United States using the
540:and its member organization
215:During his entire pre-trial
199:pro-democracy demonstrations
1946:Innocent prisoner's dilemma
1574:United States Supreme Court
1145:Wong, Edward (2016-01-21).
870:United States Supreme Court
809:Since 2001, as part of its
401:. Notable victims includes
343:the right to a fair process
263:authorities executed three
49:the history of this concept
2098:
1623:, depicts an American case
861:
731:
712:
626:
623:The Crime of Cuenca (1910)
379:People's Republic of China
366:
345:for the three convicted".
2048:
1839:Eyewitness identification
847:A famous case is that of
470:), the government of the
416:citizen Peter Dahlin, an
2012:Innocence Protection Act
1672:Prosecutorial misconduct
1491:(in Persian). 2020-06-26
472:Islamic Republic of Iran
458:Islamic Republic of Iran
438:South China Morning Post
138:and forced confessions.
2007:Equal Protection Clause
1925:Investigating Innocence
1856:Tampering with evidence
1580:. www.injusticeline.com
934:Interrogational torture
721:Birmingham pub bombings
601:, were orchestrated by
397:, are broadcast on the
385:and workers of various
247:, a firm funded by the
1772:Spoliation of evidence
1658:Miscarriage of justice
888:
335:
197:for his attendance at
174:—a father-of-three on
92:
45:is missing information
1997:Right to a fair trial
1851:Misinformation effect
1697:Selective enforcement
1692:Malicious prosecution
1687:Selective prosecution
1420:Tortured Confessions,
728:Guildford Four (1974)
709:Birmingham Six (1974)
452:human rights in China
422:human rights activist
367:Further information:
77:
1992:Exculpatory evidence
1971:Prosecutor's fallacy
1951:Blue wall of silence
1934:Contributing factors
1871:Wrongful convictions
1576:(17 February 1936).
1407:Tortured Confessions
1394:Tortured Confessions
1381:Tortured Confessions
1379:Abrahamian, Ervand,
1350:Tortured Confessions
1348:Abrahamian, Ervand,
1337:Tortured Confessions
1335:Abrahamian, Ervand,
1324:Tortured Confessions
1322:Abrahamian, Ervand,
955:"Palazz Castellania"
875:Brown v. Mississippi
864:Brown v. Mississippi
856:Brown v. Mississippi
827:forced disappearance
775:improve this article
670:improve this section
441:, which is owned by
259:On 15 January 2017,
227:2016 Reprieve report
111:) or other forms of
1717:Abuse of discretion
1707:Attorney misconduct
1665:Types of misconduct
1620:Destination Freedom
1303:Safeguard Defenders
1278:Safeguard Defenders
1092:on 16 January 2017.
447:Safeguard Defenders
387:human rights groups
2034:Batson v. Kentucky
1980:Norms and remedies
1899:Wrongful execution
1817:Child sexual abuse
1613:2022-11-12 at the
1191:The New York Times
1151:The New York Times
1027:on 11 October 2017
1003:"Mohammed Ramadan"
928:Forced Confessions
880:Due Process Clause
599:Moscow Show Trials
569:In the 1970s, the
552:state-owned media
383:Chinese dissidents
221:sentenced to death
93:
18:Forced confessions
2064:
2063:
1915:Innocence Project
1844:Cross-race effect
1834:Eyewitness memory
1829:Mistaken identity
1800:Forced confession
1762:Witness tampering
1737:Legal malpractice
1732:Gaming the system
1682:Police corruption
1677:Police misconduct
1608:Forced Confession
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464:Ervand Abrahamian
354:Tainá Rape (2013)
287:by firing squad.
97:forced confession
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16:(Redirected from
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2082:Confession (law)
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2021:Related concepts
2002:Actual innocence
1956:Racial profiling
1807:False accusation
1795:False confession
1767:Brady disclosure
1702:Abuse of process
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1777:Civil wrong
1604:radio drama
1584:5 September
1422:1999, p.138
1409:, 1999, p.5
1326:, 1999, p.4
901:Castellania
819:black sites
607:Great Purge
605:during the
595:show trials
571:Khmer Rouge
565:Khmer Rouge
487:discussions
482:The public
420:worker and
405:, a female
308:front teeth
195:retaliation
128:Middle Ages
107:(including
2071:Categories
1747:Show trial
1722:Entrapment
1712:Bad apples
1556:2020-06-26
1495:2020-06-26
1470:2020-06-26
1309:2021-11-19
1284:2021-11-19
1256:2018-10-01
1231:2021-11-19
1204:2020-06-19
1164:2020-06-19
1031:16 January
940:References
872:ruling in
787:March 2021
741:Tony Blair
686:March 2021
575:Tuol Sleng
558:defamatory
426:Gui Minhai
283:(27) were
269:King Hamad
83:Jan Luyken
63:March 2021
1396:(p.142-3)
1369:This Life
1199:0362-4331
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657:does not
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497:mosahebah
484:e'terafat
279:(21) and
231:In 2016,
217:detention
176:death row
55:talk page
1961:Loophole
1908:Advocacy
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1224:BBC News
984:Reprieve
895:See also
393:and via
328:, said:
326:Reprieve
296:beatings
285:executed
261:Bahraini
237:Reprieve
206:tortured
191:Reprieve
187:evidence
180:tortured
178:who was
168:Bahraini
132:de facto
101:prisoner
85:for the
2077:Torture
1861:Frameup
911:Perjury
678:removed
663:sources
612:torture
579:Mam Nai
550:Iranian
443:Alibaba
414:Swedish
403:Wang Yu
395:torture
312:coerced
265:torture
210:traitor
158:Bahrain
136:torture
124:English
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412:, and
410:lawyer
391:duress
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302:, and
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