607:: Since the coup dâĂ©tat of 1 February 2021, the Burmese military's ascendancy into power has resulted in widespread chaos and violence, aggravated by the refusal of large sections of the public to accept a military regime given the country's experiences during the second half of the 20th and early years of the 21st century. As a result, many in the public sector have initiated strikes, and the country has seen elevated levels of forced displacement, both internally displaced persons (IDPs) (208,000 since 1 February 2021) and refugees fleeing abroad (an estimated 22,000 since 1 February 2021). The particular political conflict causing the displacement has been flagged as symptomatic of that of a state on the brink of collapse. Two key indicators of this that have been highlighted are firstly, that levels of security have been severely reduced to the point where citizens are no longer protected from violence by the state; and secondly, goods and services are not being reliably supplied to citizens either by the ousted government or by the new military leadership, primarily as a result of the instability created and the strikes triggered. These internal problems are further reflected by the withdrawal of international recognition by both governmental and non-governmental bodies.
820:
physical and psychological trauma. Various studies focusing on migrant health have specifically linked migration to increased likelihood of depression, anxiety, and other psychological troubles. For example, the United States has faced criticism for its recent policies regarding migrant detention, specifically the detention of children. Critics point to poor detention conditions, unstable contact with parents, and high potential for long-term trauma as reasons for seeking policy changes. Displaced persons risk greater poverty than before displacement, financial vulnerability, and potential social disintegration, in addition to other risks related to human rights, culture, and quality of life. Forced displacement has varying impacts, dependent on the means through which one was forcibly displaced, their geographic location, their protected status, and their ability to personally recover. Under the most common form of displacement, armed conflict, individuals often lose possession of their assets upon fleeing and possible upon arrival to a new country, where they can also face cultural, social, and economic discontinuity.
440:
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457:(2005): Striking New Orleans, Louisiana, in late August 2005, Hurricane Katrina inflicted approximately US$ 125 billion in damages, standing as one of the costliest storms in United States history. As a result of the damage inflicted by Katrina, over one million people were internally displaced. One month after the disaster, over 600,000 remained displaced. Immediately following the disaster, New Orleans lost approximately half of its population, with many residents displaced to cities such as Houston, Dallas, Baton Rouge, and Atlanta. According to numerous studies, displacement disproportionally impacted Louisiana's poorer populations, specifically African Americans.
138:. This has since resulted in a greater consideration of the impacts of forced migration on affected regions outside Europe. Various international, regional, and local organizations are developing and implementing approaches to both prevent and mitigate the impact of forced migration in the home regions as well as the receiving or destination regions. Additionally, some collaboration efforts are made to gather evidence in order to seek prosecution of those involved in causing events of human-made forced migration. An estimated 100 million people around the world were forcibly displaced by the end of 2022, with the majority coming from the
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cooperation or participation with immigration law enforcement. The practice of urban membership upon residence allows displaced persons to have access to city services and benefits, regardless of their legal status. Sanctuary cities have been able to provide migrants with greater mobility and participation in activities limiting the collection of personal information, issuing identification cards to all residents, and providing access to crucial services such as health care. Access to these services can ease the hardships of displaced people by allowing them to healthily adjust to life after displacement .
661:
463:: Failed rains in Somalia, Kenya, and Ethiopia led to high livestock and crop losses, driving majority pastoralist populations to surrounding areas in search of accessible food and water. In addition to seeking food and water, local populations' migration was motivated by an inability to maintain traditional lifestyles. According to researchers, although partly influenced by local armed conflict, the East African drought stands as an example of climate change impacts.
146:
653:: Migrants displaced through deception or coercion with purpose of their exploitation fall under this category. Due to its clandestine nature, the data on such type of forced migration are limited. A disparity also exists between the data for male trafficking (such as for labor in agriculture, construction etc.) and female trafficking (such as for sex work or domestic service), with more data available for males. The
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253:, defining internally displaced people as: "persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or leave their homes or places of habitual residence in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights, or natural or human-made disasters and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border."
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636:: Between 1845 and 1849, potato blight, exacerbated by policy decisions and mismanagement by the U.K. government, caused millions of Irish people, largely potato-dependent tenant farmers, to starve or eventually flee the country. Over one million perished from subsequent famine and disease, and another million fled the country, reducing the overall Irish population by at least a quarter.
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multidimensional needs of displaced persons. Regardless, calls for multilateral responses echo across organizations in the face of falling international cooperation. These organizations propose more comprehensive approaches, calling for improved conflict resolution and capacity-building in order to reduce instances of forced displacement.
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risk factors may increase through the involvement of smugglers and human traffickers, who may exploit them for illegal activities such as drug/weapons trafficking, forced labor, or sex work. The states where migrants seek protection may consider them a threat to national security. Displaced persons may also seek the assistance of
846:) may work towards directly or indirectly ameliorating these situations. Means may include establishing internationally recognized protections, providing clinics to migrant camps, and supplying resources to populations. According to researchers such as Francis Deng, as well as international organizations such as the
620:: Although human-made fires are a normal part of Amazonian agriculture, the 2019 dry season saw an internationally noted increase in their rate of occurrence. The rapidly spreading fires, combined with efforts from agricultural and logging companies, has forced Brazil's indigenous populations off their native lands.
534:
while also producing IDPs of its own. Rural citizens fled from organized criminal violence, with the majority pointing to direct threats as the main driving force, settling in MedellĂn in pursuit of safety and greater opportunity. Within MedellĂn, various armed groups battled for territorial control,
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In most instances of forced migration across borders, migrants do not possess the required documentation for legal travel. The states where migrants seek protection may consider them a threat to national security. As a result, displaced persons may face detainment and criminal punishment, as well as
806:
Displaced persons face adverse conditions when taking the decision to leave, traveling to a destination, and sometimes upon reaching their destination. Displaced persons are often forced to place their lives at risk, travel in inhumane conditions, and may be exposed to exploitation and abuse. These
170:
and social scientists have defined forced displacement in a variety of ways. They have generally agreed that it is the forced removal or relocation of a person from their environment and associated connections. It can involve different types of movements, such as flight (from fleeing), evacuation,
854:
compounds the difficulty of international responses, posing issues of incomplete information and questions regarding state sovereignty. State sovereignty especially becomes of concern when discussing protections for IDPs, who are within the borders of a sovereign state, placing reluctance in the
657:
considers trafficking an offense against labor protection, denying companies from leveraging migrants as a labor resource. ILO's
Multilateral Framework includes principle no. 11, recommending that "Governments should formulate and implement, in consultation with the social partners, measures to
472:
Human-made displacement describes forced displacement caused by political entities, criminal organizations, conflicts, human-made environmental disasters, development, etc. Although impacts of natural disasters and blights/pests may be exacerbated by human mismanagement, human-made causes refer
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in the country of conflict. Disputes related to these organizations' neutrality and limited resources has affected the capabilities of international humanitarian action to mitigate mass displacement mass displacement's causes. These broad forms of assistance sometimes do not fully address the
815:
in Latin
America) throughout their journey. Given the illegal nature of smuggling, smugglers may take use dangerous methods to reach their destination without capture, exposing displaced persons to harm and sometimes resulting in deaths. Examples include abandonment, exposure to exploitation,
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was held with a specific charge to the forced displacement of enemy civilian populations for the purpose of forced labor. The US Military
Tribunal concluded that "here is no international law that permits the deportation or the use of civilians against their will for other than on reasonable
494:
violence: Throughout Mexico, drug cartel, paramilitary, and self-defense group violence drives internal and external displacement. According to a comprehensive, mixed methodology study by
Salazar and Ălvarez Lobato, families fled their homes as a means of survival, hoping to escape homicide,
199:
transported from a country and has no opportunity to escape from those transporting him ." This viewpoint has come under scrutiny when considering direct and indirect factors which may leave migrants with little to no choice in their decisions, such as imminent threats to life and livelihood.
198:
According to researcher Alden Speare, even movement under immediate threat to life contains a voluntary element as long as an option exists going into hiding, or attempting to avoid persecution. According to him "migration can be considered to be involuntary only when a person is physically
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Lived in experiences of displaced persons will vary according to the state and local policies of their country of relocation. Policies reflecting national exclusion of displaced persons may be undone by inclusive urban policies. Sanctuary cities are an example of spaces that regulate their
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414:
represents people who are forced to leave their traditional habitat because of environmental factors which negatively impact their livelihood, or even environmental disruption i.e. biological, physical or chemical change in ecosystem. Migration can also occur as a result of slow-onset
833:
Responses to situations of forced displacement vary across regional and international levels, with each type of forced displacement demonstrating unique characteristics and the need for a considerate approach. At the international level, international organizations (e.g. the
451:: Resulting from a 9.1 earthquake off the coast of North Sumatra, the Indian Ocean Tsunami claimed over 227,898 lives, heavily damaging coastlines throughout the Indian Ocean. As a result, over 1.7 million people were displaced, mostly from Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and India.
871:. Despite internationally cooperation, these frameworks rely on the international system, which states may disregard. In a 2012 study, Young Hoon Song found that nations "very selectively" responded to instances of forced migration and internally displaced persons.
601:, Salvadorans faced forced displacement as a result of combat, persecution, and deteriorating quality of life/access to socioeconomic opportunities. Overall, one in four Salvadorans were internally and externally displaced (over one million people).
535:
forcing perceived opponents from their homes and pressuring residents to abandon their livelihoods, among other methods. All in all, criminal violence forced
Colombians to abandon their possessions, way of life, and social ties in pursuit of safety.
477:, armed conflict stands as the most common cause behind forced displacement, reinforced by regional studies citing political and armed conflict as the largest attributing factors to migrant outflows from Latin America, Africa, and Asia.
948:"Deportation or forcible transfer of population" means forced displacement of the people concerned by expulsion or other coercive acts from the area in which they are lawfully present, without grounds permitted under international law.
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Individual or mass forcible transfers, as well as deportations of protected persons from occupied territory to the territory of the
Occupying Power or to that of any other country, occupied or not, are prohibited, regardless of their
529:
due to conflict and drug-related violence: According to researchers Mojica and
Eugenia, MedellĂn, Colombia around 2013 exemplified crime and violence-induced forced displacement, standing as one of the most popular destinations for
891:
Responses at multiple levels and across sectors is vital. A research has for instance highlighted the importance of collaboration between businesses and non-governmental organizations to tackle resettlement and employment issues.
680:
standing as a notable example. Of the 20 million
Africans captured for the trade, half died in their forced march to the African coast, and another ten to twenty percent died on slave ships carrying them from Africa to the
583:: Throughout the Vietnam War and in the years preceding it, many populations were forced out of Vietnam and the surrounding countries as a result of armed conflict and/or persecution by their governments, such as the
183:
defines a forced migrant as any person migrating to "escape persecution, conflict, repression, natural and human-made disasters, ecological degradation, or other situations that endanger their lives, freedom or
297:
Forced migrants are always either IDPs or displaced people, as both of these terms do not require a legal framework and the fact that they left their homes is sufficient. The distinction between the terms
2261:
Kelly, M.; Fotheringham, A. Stewart (2011-07-01). "The online atlas of Irish population change 1841â2002: A new resource for analysing national trends and local variations in Irish population dynamics".
1370:
123:, the latter term specifically refers to such displaced persons who are receiving legally-defined protection and are recognized as such by their country of residence and/or international organizations.
439:
1102:
358:, and citizens of the Baltic states (Lithuanians, Latvians, and Estonians) who refused to return to Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe. A. J. Jaffe claimed that the term was originally coined by
1662:
CamprubĂ, Alejandra Torres (November 2013). "Climate Change, Forced
Displacement and International Law, by Jane McAdam, published by Oxford University Press, 2012, 344pp., ÂŁ74.00, hardback".
3542:
Luciuk, Lubomyr Y.: "Ukrainian
Displaced Persons, Canada, and the Migration of Memory," University of Toronto Press, 2000. Migration of people from Mirpur(AJK) for construction of Mangla Dam
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international community's ability to respond. Multiple landmark conventions aim at providing rights and protections to the different categories of forcibly displaced persons, including the
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extortion, and potential kidnapping. Using a collection of available data and existing studies, the total number of displaced persons between 2006 and 2012 was approximately 740 thousands.
1646:
https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/nws-nhc-6.pdf "The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2010 (And Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts)"
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Abbas, Mohamed; Aloudat, Tammam; Bartolomei, Javier; Carballo, Manuel; Durieux-Paillard, Sophie; Gabus, Laure; Jablonka, Alexandra; Jackson, Yves; Kaojaroen, Kanokporn (December 2018).
1040:
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510:, combined with corruption and low economic opportunities, has forced many to flee their country in pursuit of stability and greater opportunity. Homicide rates in countries such as
239:
A displaced person who left their home region because of political persecution or violence, but did not cross an international border, commonly falls into the looser category of
394:, food and water access, and local/regional economies. Displacement may be temporary or permanent, depending on the scope of the disaster and the area's recovery capabilities.
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522:. Contributing factors include extortion, territorial disputes, and forced gang recruitment, resulting in some estimates of approximately 500,000 people displaced annually.
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A displaced person crossing an international border without permission from the country they are entering or without subsequently applying for asylum may be considered an
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687:: The systematic removal of ethnic or religious groups from a territory with the intent of making it ethnically homogeneous. Examples include the Catholic removal of
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provides access to a diverse range of relevant information resources on forced migration, including a searchable digital library consisting of full-text documents.
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126:
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Cone, Jason, And Marc Bosch Bonacasa. 2018. âInvisible War: Central Americaâs Forgotten Humanitarian Crisis.â Brown Journal of World Affairs 24 (2): 225â39.
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4937:
250:
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Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Elena; Loescher, Gil; Long, Katy; Sigona, Nando; McConnahie, Kirsten (2014-06-01), "Forced Migration in South-East Asia and East Asia",
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Some forced migrants may, due to the country of residence's legal system, be unable to apply for asylum in that country. Thus, even though they meet the
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requisitions for the need of the army, either within the area of the army or after deportation to rear areas or to the homeland of the occupying power".
6529:
4287:
3829:
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246:
191:, forced displacement is "the forced movement of people from their locality or environment and occupational activities," with its leading cause being
3899:
3456:
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1938:
SĂĄnchez Mojica, Beatriz Eugenia. 2013. âA City Torn Apart: Forced Displacement in MedellĂn, Colombia.â International Law, no. 22 (January): 179â210.
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is increasing the frequency of major natural disasters, possibly placing a greater number of populations in situations of forced displacement. Also
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878:, as well as individual countries, sometimes directly respond to the challenges faced by displaced people, providing humanitarian assistance or
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Jews forcibly displaced by the Nazi regime during Germany's WWII occupation of Poland, loaded onto trains for transport to concentration camps.
3247:"Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949 â DEPORTATIONS, TRANSFERS, EVACUATIONS"
2179:
1828:
Salazar, Luz MarĂa, and JosĂ© Antonio Ălvarez Lobato. 2018. âViolencia y Desplazamientos Forzados En MĂ©xico.â Revista Cuicuilco 25 (73): 19â37.
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defines 'forced displacement' as follows: displaced "as a result of persecution, conflict, generalized violence or human rights violations".
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Displacement of adaptation: associated with voluntary migration, development-induced displacement and environmentally-induced displacement.
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prevent abusive practices, migrant smuggling and people trafficking; they should also work towards preventing irregular labor migration."
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6514:
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3676:, University of Oxford: a leading multidisciplinary centre for research and teaching on the causes and consequences of forced migration.
2180:"Rainforest on Fire: On the Front Lines of Bolsonaro's War on the Amazon, Brazil's Forest Communities Fight Against Climate Catastrophe"
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What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights
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Terminski, Bogumil. Environmentally-Induced Displacement: Theoretical Frameworks and Current Challenges, University de Liege, 2012
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provides a forum for exploration of the complex problems of forced migration and national, regional and international responses.
2494:"Migrants' Journeys â Increased Hardship and Incremental Human Rights Abuses: Caught in the Middle". Accessed November 15, 2019.
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may cause confusion between the general descriptive class of displaced persons and those who can legally be defined as refugees.
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refers specifically to a legally-recognized status that has access to specific legal protections. Loose application of the term
5773:
5190:
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3746:
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Grandi, Filippo. 2018. âForced Displacement Today: Why Multilateralism Matters.â Brown Journal of World Affairs 24 (2): 179â89.
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Forced displacement has been the subject of several trials in local and international courts. For an offense to classify as a
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contaminated the city and surrounding areas with harmful levels of radiation, forcing the displacement of over 100,000 people.
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354:. Most war victims, political refugees, and DPs of the immediate post-Second World War period were Ukrainians, Poles, other
3696:
2652:"UN rights chief 'appalled' by US border detention conditions, says holding migrant children may violate international law"
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Children of undocumented immigrants from Latin America to the United States detained in the Ursula Detention Center,
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3604:â A community web site documenting the known history of the forced removal of the residents of Oukloof in the 1960s
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Many relevant documents on asylum and refugee policy, immigration and human trafficking/smuggling internationally
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Cojanu, V. and Popescu, A. I. (2007). "Analysis of Failed States: Some Problems of Definition and Measurement".
1867:"As deadly as armed conflict? Gang violence and forced displacement in the Northern Triangle of Central America"
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due to cartel/gang violence: A major factor behind US immigrant crises in the early 21st century (such as the
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Ghada Karmi (Editor), Eugene Cotran (Editor) (28 Jan 1999) "The Palestinian Exodus: 1948-1998" Ithaca Press
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Displacement of risk: mostly conflict-induced displacement, deportations and disaster-induced displacement.
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3688:, Africa's leading centre for teaching and research on displacement, migration, and social transformation.
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Nuclear Disasters & The Built Environment : a Report to the Royal Institute of British Architects
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If the displaced person was forced out of their home because of economically driven projects, such as the
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2846:"Migrant and refugee populations: a public health and policy perspective on a continuing global crisis"
1770:"NOW WHAT? THE INTERNATIONAL RESPONSE TO INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO"
989:
96:) is an involuntary or coerced movement of a person or people away from their home or home region. The
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von Werthern, M.; Robjant, K.; Chui, Z.; Schon, R.; Ottisova, L.; Mason, C.; Katona, C. (2018-12-06).
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920:, "protected person" now refers to any category of individuals entitled to protection under specific
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594:
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Risks and rights : the causes, consequences, and challenges of development-induced displacement
1371:"Displaced Person / Displacement | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization"
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3322:"APPEALS CHAMBER REVERSES Ć EĆ ELJ'S ACQUITTAL, IN PART, AND CONVICTS HIM OF CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY"
3172:"Comparing Urban Citizenship, Sanctuary Cities, Local Bureaucratic Membership, and Regularizations"
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Szkudlarek, Betina; Nardon, Luciara; Osland, Joyce S.; Adler, Nancy J.; Lee, Eun Su (August 2021).
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Forced displacement has gained attention in international discussions and policy making since the
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916:. Originally referring only categories of individuals explicitly protected under one of the four
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brings together academics, practitioners and decision-makers working on forced migration issues.
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Lee, Eun Su; Roy, Priya A.; Szkudlarek, Betina (2021-08-16), Chavan, Meena; Taksa, Lucy (eds.),
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High Commissioner's Dialogue on the Root Causes of Forced Displacement (Report). Brill. 2018.
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672:: Historically, slavery has led to the displacement of individuals for forced labor, with the
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1900:"La violencia en el Triångulo Norte de Centroamérica: una realidad que genera desplazamiento"
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Houston, Serin (2019-02-06). "Conceptualizing sanctuary as a process in the United States".
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2982:"When Context Matters: What Happens to International Theory When Researchers Study Refugees"
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The leading international body monitoring conflict-induced internal displacement worldwide.
3222:"Legal and Protection Policy Research Series: Forced Displacement and International Crimes"
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Refugees and Forced Displacement: International Security, Human Vulnerability and the State
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Jayawardhan, Shweta (2017). "Vulnerability and Climate Change Induced Human Displacement".
1276:"Legal and Protection Policy Research Series: Forced Displacement and International Crimes"
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5676:
5594:
5503:
5431:
5384:
5217:
5039:
5029:
5005:
4942:
4808:
4764:
4665:
4365:
4350:
4178:
3950:
3839:
3576:
1446:
1116:
1062:
974:
812:
808:
650:
499:
420:
407:
284:
2809:"Conflict, International Response, and Forced Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1980-2007"
1253:
1013:
3132:
2020:
6489:
6414:
6370:
6002:
5867:
5842:
5713:
5559:
5498:
5353:
5122:
4893:
4876:
4813:
4769:
4458:
4391:
4355:
4335:
4230:
4148:
4123:
4118:
4031:
3246:
2948:
2880:
2845:
2385:
2350:
1723:
1690:
1214:
1136:
1126:
1032:
847:
799:
696:
673:
424:
416:
410:
fall within this category by affecting people's access to food. Additionally, the term
395:
391:
335:
256:
If the displaced person has crossed an international border and falls under one of the
192:
150:
145:
3547:
3032:
2626:
2411:
Hoschl, C.; Ruiz, P.; Casas, M.; Musalek, M.; Gaebel, W.; Vavrusova, L. (2008-04-01).
597:: Throughout and after the 12-year conflict between the Salvadoran government and the
6587:
6519:
6454:
6335:
6115:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6037:
5947:
5917:
5877:
5785:
5552:
5426:
5327:
5212:
5179:
4977:
4957:
4908:
4585:
4565:
4506:
4423:
4320:
4213:
4133:
4009:
3894:
3751:
3535:
3203:
3156:
3102:
3050:
2966:
2444:
1916:
1899:
1691:"The Location of Displaced New Orleans Residents in the Year After Hurricane Katrina"
1426:
1057:
985:
860:
692:
351:
74:
2981:
2924:
977:, was found guilty, among others for forced displacement of the civilian population.
816:
dangerous transportation conditions, and death from exposure to harsh environments.
6429:
6424:
6315:
6192:
6095:
6022:
5992:
5937:
5847:
5619:
5184:
5160:
5127:
5108:
5089:
5044:
5017:
5010:
4992:
4930:
4706:
4660:
4655:
4558:
4543:
4386:
3512:"Faces of Globalization and the Borders of States: From Asylum Seekers to Citizens"
3413:"UN tribunal upholds 35-year jail term for leader of breakaway Croatian Serb state"
2748:
954:
879:
746:
399:
331:
311:
264:
if the application is successful. Although often incorrectly used as a synonym for
139:
3613:
2732:
443:
Damage to residence in Nias, Indonesia from the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami
3527:
2903:
Castles, Stephen (2003-09-01). "The International Politics of Forced Migration".
2821:
2808:
2541:
2428:
2275:
2066:
1408:
6295:
6105:
5987:
5942:
5932:
5882:
5872:
5822:
5629:
5152:
4952:
4837:
4726:
4701:
4689:
4670:
4553:
4533:
4443:
4340:
3889:
3457:"Bosnian Serb politician convicted by UN tribunal to serve jail term in Denmark"
2324:"Living Conditions of displaced persons and host communities in urban Goma, DRC"
2298:
1557:
1438:
1072:
1008:. Other convictions for forced displacement included ex-Bosnian Serb politician
997:
993:
992:
10 years in prison under Counts 1, 10, and 11 of the indictment for instigating
958:
580:
511:
491:
280:
257:
209:
3478:
2651:
2153:
1883:
1866:
1300:
6300:
6047:
6042:
5907:
5832:
5691:
5609:
5589:
5245:
5132:
4749:
4330:
4199:
4056:
4051:
4036:
3435:"Bosnian Croat commander convicted by UN tribunal to serve jail term in Italy"
3324:. United Nations Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals. 11 April 2018
2916:
2862:
2791:
2492:
https://www.clingendael.org/pub/2018/caught-in-the-middle/1-migrants-journeys/
2367:
2247:
1706:
1645:
970:
921:
875:
569:
568:: according to some, caused because the Turkish support of the USA during the
342:
specifically referred to an individual removed from their native country as a
3369:"Serbia: Conviction of war criminal delivers long overdue justice to victims"
3195:
3148:
3094:
3071:"Refugee employment support: The HRMâCSR nexus and stakeholder co-dependency"
3005:
2871:
2830:
2763:"International Response to Internal Displacement: A Revolution in the Making"
2740:
2698:
2606:
2573:
2526:
2436:
2376:
2283:
2028:
1985:
1925:
1714:
1535:
1509:
130:
Syrian and Iraqi migrants arriving in Lesbos, Greece, in 2015 seeking refuge.
6280:
5718:
5542:
5441:
5146:
4947:
4898:
4881:
4819:
4801:
4575:
4489:
4091:
4024:
3879:
3347:
3086:
1601:
944:
defines forced displacement as a crime within the jurisdiction of the court:
905:
770:
612:
Examples of forced displacement caused by human-made environmental disasters
591:, with millions displaced across Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America.
6160:
2889:
2562:"Smugglers abandon more than 1,400 migrants in Arizona desert since August"
2394:
2351:"The impact of immigration detention on mental health: a systematic review"
1732:
27:
Coerced movement of a person or persons away from their home or home region
6144:
2997:
732:
Aligning ethnic composition with artificial political border: For example
6542:
6380:
5034:
4967:
4903:
4786:
4716:
4694:
4590:
4538:
4296:
4184:
3636:
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), Norwegian Refugee Council
1675:
782:
572:. Communist ideologies, Islamophobia and Anti-Turkism also played a role.
526:
515:
3727:
Segregation in countries by type (in some countries, categories overlap)
3635:
1993:
1543:
1246:"Mission, Vision and Values | U.S. Agency for International Development"
1004:
due to his speech in Hrtkovci on 6 May 1992, in which he called for the
1000:(forcible displacement), and other inhumane acts (forcible transfer) as
370:
Bogumil Terminski distinguishes two general categories of displacement:
6345:
6290:
6275:
6260:
4987:
4781:
4774:
4639:
4435:
4158:
4128:
3187:
3140:
1082:
766:
669:
627:
343:
261:
213:
120:
54:
3670:, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva.
3479:"Russia: International Criminal Court issues arrest warrant for Putin"
3221:
1399:
Martin, Susan F. (2017-12-20), "Forced Migration and Refugee Policy",
1275:
518:
reached some of the highest in the world, with El Salvador peaking at
245:(IDP), subject to more tenuous international protection. In 1998, the
4962:
4914:
4683:
4153:
2461:
1977:
1664:
Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law
931:, adopted on 12 August 1949, specifically forbade forced displacement
762:
487:
474:
403:
347:
188:
3601:
3021:"Integrating Refugees into the Workplace â A Collaborative Approach"
1747:"Famine thresholds surpassed in three new areas of southern Somalia"
1484:
1319:"Number of displaced people passes 100m for the first time, says UN"
362:. The meaning has significantly broadened in the past half-century.
3511:
5051:
4647:
2958:
2007:
Hein, Jeremy (1993-08-01). "Refugees, Immigrants, and the State".
1182:
835:
793:
695:, and the deportation of North American indigenous peoples (e.g.,
659:
543:
438:
355:
144:
125:
3171:
1301:"UNHCR: A record 100 million people forcibly displaced worldwide"
219:
A migrant who fled their home because of economic hardship is an
5296:
3620:, International Migration Review and Journal of Refugee Studies)
531:
6164:
5300:
4269:
3700:
3642:
The International Association for the Study of Forced Migration
3391:"UN tribunal transfers former Bosnian Serb leader to UK prison"
1115:'s "Report on DPs in Western Europe in 1945" to U.S. President
5024:
2782:
Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre Herausgebendes Organ.
2627:"US held record number of migrant children in custody in 2019"
2116:"Myanmar Emergency Update (as of 15 September 2021) â Myanmar"
988:
in the 1990s. On 11 April 2018, the Appeals Chamber sentenced
3682:, an introductory guide for those who are new to the subject.
3344:"UN court sentences ultranationalist Serb leader to 10 years"
2413:"The impact of migration on mental health and mental illness"
1485:"Notes on the Population Theory of Eugene M. Kulischer". In:
3629:
1602:"Tsunami Event - December 26, 2004 The Indian Ocean Tsunami"
540:
Examples of forced displacement caused by political conflict
4265:
3673:
3623:
3602:
Oukloof forced removals in the Western Cape of South Africa
1794:
The Oxford Handbook of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies
1103:
International Association for the Study of Forced Migration
481:
Examples of forced displacement caused by criminal activity
435:
Examples of forced displacement caused by natural disasters
3685:
3595:
2154:"Myanmar coup: UN calls for arms embargo against military"
1644:
Blake, Eric S, and Landsea, Christopher W. (August 2011).
103:
A forcibly displaced person may also be referred to as a "
982:
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
749:: For example, the British governments transportation of
5101:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
3641:
984:(ICTY) for connection to forced displacement during the
473:
specifically to those initiated by humans. According to
287:
and become recognised by their host country as refugees.
260:, they may be able to apply for asylum and can become a
119:" (IDP). While some displaced persons may be considered
1562:
Climate Change, Forced Migration, and International Law
1403:, Springer International Publishing, pp. 271â303,
874:
World organizations such as the United Nations and the
3647:
3598:â Features by Jean-Michel Clajot, Belgian photographer
3591:
International Network on Displacement and Resettlement
2509:
Global human smuggling : comparative perspectives
1337:"What is forced migration? â Forced Migration Online"
1964:
Wain, Barry (1979). "The Indochina Refugee Crisis".
6528:
6401:
6206:
6086:
5961:
5896:
5813:
5804:
5731:
5568:
5489:
5482:
5362:
5060:
4862:
4742:
4628:
4477:
4434:
4379:
4303:
4082:
3997:
3949:
3800:
3732:
3590:
2947:Christensen, Asger; Harild, Niels (December 2009).
1108:
Displaced persons camps in post-World War II Europe
702:Suppressing political opposition: For example, the
73:
63:
53:
48:
38:
6553:Freedom from involuntary female genital mutilation
3272:"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court"
1560:(2012-02-01), "Overarching Normative Principles",
1183:"UNHCR Global Trends âForced Displacement in 2014"
3692:Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children
2595:"Migrants Die as Burning Boat Capsizes Off Italy"
2593:Yardley, Jim; Povoledo, Elisabetta (2013-10-03).
334:, following the subsequent refugee outflows from
115:), or, if displaced within the home country, an "
3027:, Emerald Publishing Limited, pp. 121â129,
2205:"The Land Battle Behind the Fires in the Amazon"
1439:"U.N. Convention relating to status of Refugees"
1035:and Russia's Commissioner for Children's Rights
942:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
223:, and strictly speaking, not a displaced person.
3277:. International Criminal Court. 2011. p. 7
980:Several people were tried and convicted by the
946:
933:
3069:Lee, Eun Su; Szkudlarek, Betina (2021-04-14).
2850:Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control
2714:"Economic Consequences of Forced Displacement"
1689:Sastry, Narayan; Gregory, Jesse (2014-06-01).
1451:United Nations High Commission on Human Rights
1016:, former Bosnian Croat paramilitary commander
6176:
5312:
4281:
3712:
3654:with a major role mediating modern migration.
2542:"Austria's migrant disaster: Why did 71 die?"
2067:"Annual Report 1989â1990 â Table of Contents"
1564:, Oxford University Press, pp. 237â266,
626:: A nuclear meltdown on April 26, 1986, near
390:and indirectly from the subsequent impact on
386:Forced displacement may directly result from
8:
4064:Residential segregation in the United States
3648:The International Organization for Migration
2456:
2454:
1041:deportation and illegal transfer of children
757:and others' attempt to create a country for
33:
6221:Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention
2813:The Korean Journal of International Studies
1240:
1238:
734:flight and expulsion of Germans (1944â1950)
251:Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement
204:Distinctions between the different concepts
6183:
6169:
6161:
5810:
5486:
5319:
5305:
5297:
4632:
4288:
4274:
4266:
3719:
3705:
3697:
2540:Bell, Bethany; Thorpe, Nick (2016-08-25).
1464:DPs: Europe's Displaced Persons, 1945â1951
1401:Demography of Refugee and Forced Migration
779:Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps
720:deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union
691:, the removal of Jewish people during the
230:in China, the situation is referred to as
32:
3668:Program for the Study of Global Migration
2879:
2861:
2820:
2384:
2366:
2071:Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
1915:
1882:
1722:
1570:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199587087.003.0010
777:, and the Chinese military settlement of
281:international law definition of a refugee
3297:"Nuremberg Trial Judgements: Hans Frank"
3215:
3213:
310:has an important historic context (e.g.
258:relevant international legal instruments
181:International Organization for Migration
6435:Right to an adequate standard of living
3686:Wits Forced Migration Studies Programme
3632:Forced migrants tell their life stories
2502:
2500:
2487:
2485:
2406:
2404:
2344:
2342:
2091:"Myanmar on the Brink of State Failure"
1898:JimĂ©nez, Everardo VĂctor (2017-01-18).
1802:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199652433.013.0048
1153:
738:Polish population transfers (1944â1946)
708:population transfer in the Soviet Union
566:1950-1951 exodus of Turks from Bulgaria
6236:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment
3572:
3562:
3371:. Amnesty International. 11 April 2018
2784:Global report on internal displacement
2674:
2672:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1521:
1519:
1466:. Cornell University Press (reprint).
1365:
1363:
1361:
1132:Forced displacement in popular culture
716:deportation of the Chechens and Ingush
704:forced settlements in the Soviet Union
3616:(Disasters, Forced Migration Review,
3114:
3112:
2803:
2801:
1860:
1858:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1204:
1202:
1200:
790:Conditions faced by displaced persons
7:
5682:New international division of labour
4248:
3618:International Journal of Refugee Law
3501:Forced Migration and Global Politics
3025:Intercultural Management in Practice
2679:Newman, Edward, ed. (January 2005).
2507:Kyle, David; Koslowski, Rey (2011).
149:General deportation currents of the
49:Regions with significant populations
4069:Segregation academy (United States)
3984:Sex segregation in public restrooms
2021:10.1146/annurev.so.19.080193.000355
1487:The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly
587:. This event is referred to as the
576:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
2986:Academy of Management Perspectives
2721:The Journal of Development Studies
2511:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
2178:Zaitchik, Alexander (2019-07-06).
1623:"Internationally displaced people"
1604:. NOAA Center for Tsunami Research
1215:10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9811-2015004
1006:expulsion of Croats from Vojvodina
330:(DP) was first widely used during
25:
6356:Right to refuse medical treatment
3614:Back issues of migration journals
3075:Human Resource Management Journal
3033:10.1108/978-1-83982-826-320211011
1031:(ICC) issued arrest warrants for
908:, the civilian victim must be a "
728:deportations of the Ingrian Finns
712:deportation of the Crimean Tatars
676:of the 15th through 19th century
655:International Labour Organization
6143:
6133:
6132:
5343:
5268:
5267:
4247:
4219:
4218:
2568:. Associated Press. 2018-10-12.
2047:United States Institute of Peace
1917:10.11144/javeriana.papo21-1.vtnc
1068:Development-induced displacement
824:Responses to forced displacement
724:deportation of the Soviet Greeks
618:2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires
520:103 homicides per 100,000 people
506:), rampant gang violence in the
233:development-induced displacement
5344:
2683:. United Nations Publications.
2043:"Truth Commission: El Salvador"
1500:Robinson, W. Courtland (2003).
6568:Sexual and reproductive health
6465:Right to a healthy environment
4833:Right of way (property access)
3658:The Journal of Refugee Studies
3596:Pictures of Refugees in Europe
3170:Kaufmann, David (2019-02-11).
1489:, Vol. 40, No. 2. pp. 187â206.
1020:, and Bosnian Serb politician
914:international humanitarian law
775:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
1:
6485:Right to public participation
3652:non-governmental organization
3220:Guido Acquaviva (June 2011).
2733:10.1080/00220388.2015.1046446
2462:"UNHCR Resettlement Handbook"
2141:The Romanian Economic Journal
1504:. The Brookings Institution.
1274:Guido Acquaviva (June 2011).
755:American Colonization Society
641:Other human-made displacement
585:Socialist Republic of Vietnam
247:UN Commission on Human Rights
6505:Right to science and culture
3528:10.1080/13621025.2014.886440
3176:Public Administration Review
2822:10.14731/kjis.2012.06.10.1.1
2712:Fiala, Nathan (2015-09-18).
2429:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.01.154
2276:10.1080/00750778.2011.664806
2203:Sims, Shannon (2019-08-27).
1865:Cantor, David James (2016).
1409:10.1007/978-3-319-67147-5_14
1252:. 2018-02-16. Archived from
1029:International Criminal Court
842:), and country governments (
561:1949â1956 Palestinian exodus
306:is minor; however, the term
6331:Right to keep and bear arms
6241:Freedom from discrimination
5400:Environmental globalization
5375:Anti-globalization movement
5139:Two Treatises of Government
3926:Brown v. Board of Education
3393:. UN News. 8 September 2009
1796:, Oxford University Press,
1162:"Global Trends Report 2022"
242:internally displaced person
168:international organizations
153:the Soviet Union, 1930â1931
117:internally displaced person
65:Internally displaced people
18:Forced march (displacement)
6645:
5548:Offshore financial centres
3835:Czechoslovakia and Hungary
3674:The Refugee Studies Centre
3546:Sundhaussen, Holm (2012).
2228:Steadman, Philip. (2014).
2009:Annual Review of Sociology
1884:10.18800/agenda.201601.003
1483:A. J. Jaffe (April 1962).
1012:, ex-Croatian Serb leader
918:Geneva Conventions of 1949
549:Displaced ethnic Armenians
207:
6495:Right to rest and leisure
6199:
6128:
5334:
5263:
4635:
4208:
3880:Apartheid in South Africa
3680:What is Forced Migration?
3415:. UN News. 8 October 2008
2917:10.1177/10116370030463003
2863:10.1186/s13756-018-0403-4
2368:10.1186/s12888-018-1945-y
1839:"Mexico's Unseen Victims"
1707:10.1007/s13524-014-0284-y
1650:NOAA Technical Memorandum
449:2004 Indian Ocean tsunami
283:they are unable to claim
43:
34:Forcibly displaced people
6510:Right to social security
6475:Right to Internet access
6420:Equal pay for equal work
6306:Presumption of innocence
5390:Democratic globalization
5191:The Great Transformation
4549:Labor theory of property
3437:. UN News. 25 April 2008
929:Fourth Geneva Convention
605:2021 Myanmar coup d'Ă©tat
589:Indochina refugee crisis
461:2011 East Africa drought
6386:right to be a candidate
6216:Equality before the law
5672:Investor-state disputes
5625:Illicit financial flows
5469:Political globalization
5417:Global financial system
4760:Forest-dwelling (India)
4722:restraint on alienation
4502:Common good (economics)
4104:Anti-miscegenation laws
3939:Anti-miscegenation laws
3608:Forced Migration Online
3549:Forced Ethnic Migration
3459:. UN News. 4 March 2008
3087:10.1111/1748-8583.12352
1341:www.forcedmigration.org
1002:crimes against humanity
869:1998 Guiding Principles
857:1951 Refugee Convention
840:Doctors without Borders
769:, Japanese settlers in
634:Great Famine of Ireland
136:European migrant crisis
6246:Freedom of information
6231:Freedom of association
6013:Christopher Chase-Dunn
5781:Primitive accumulation
5464:Military globalization
5395:Economic globalization
5380:Cultural globalization
5199:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
4973:Primitive accumulation
4828:Right of way (transit)
4613:Tragedy of the commons
4495:fictitious commodities
4195:White Australia policy
4114:Corporative federalism
3301:Jewish Virtual Library
3081:(4): 1748â8583.12352.
1843:Refugees International
1445:March 9, 2008, at the
1027:On 17 March 2023, the
950:
938:
829:International response
803:
665:
556:
444:
427:, of deforestation or
154:
131:
6558:Intersex human rights
6366:Right of self-defense
6321:Right to a fair trial
5252:The Wealth of Nations
5232:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
5224:The Ethics of Liberty
4164:Religious intolerance
2998:10.5465/amp.2018.0150
1185:. UNHCR. 18 June 2015
953:Following the end of
797:
751:Convicts in Australia
663:
547:
504:2014 immigrant crisis
442:
412:environmental refugee
208:Further information:
148:
129:
6445:Right to development
6326:Right to family life
6276:Freedom from torture
6261:Freedom from slavery
6078:Immanuel Wallerstein
5739:Capital accumulation
5605:Endangered languages
5115:Progress and Poverty
4449:Common-pool resource
4174:Second-class citizen
4169:Reservation in India
3895:United Arab Emirates
3825:Bulgaria and Romania
2299:"The Middle Passage"
2232:. Elsevier Science.
1871:Agenda Internacional
1676:10.1111/reel.12036_2
1142:Population cleansing
900:Criminal prosecution
880:forcibly intervening
689:Salzburg Protestants
678:Atlantic slave trade
595:Salvadoran Civil War
555:on 21 September 2023
319:History of the term
44:108.4 million (2022)
6619:Human rights abuses
6256:Freedom of religion
6251:Freedom of movement
6226:Freedom of assembly
6208:Civil and political
6150:Business portal
5709:Transnational crime
5615:Forced displacement
5600:Economic inequality
5474:Trade globalization
5370:Alter-globalization
5238:The Social Contract
4926:population transfer
4843:prior-appropriation
4522:homestead principle
4042:Exclusionary zoning
3989:Separatist feminism
3767:Partition of Bengal
3516:Citizenship Studies
3133:2019GeoRv.109..562H
3121:Geographical Review
2950:Forced Displacement
2417:European Psychiatry
2303:Africans in America
2122:. 21 September 2021
1462:Mark Wyman (1998).
1381:on October 24, 2019
1078:Population transfer
927:In Article 49, the
366:Causes and examples
360:Eugene M. Kulischer
338:. In this context,
173:population transfer
86:Forced displacement
35:
6624:War crimes by type
6573:Right to sexuality
6450:Right to education
6376:Security of person
6271:Freedom of thought
5923:Andre Gunder Frank
5697:Race to the bottom
5687:NorthâSouth divide
5405:Global citizenship
5218:Murray N. Rothbard
4529:Free-rider problem
3932:Massive resistance
3920:School segregation
3915:Separate but equal
3840:Dominican Republic
3742:Partition of India
3503:. Wiley-Blackwell.
3499:Betts, Alexander:
3188:10.1111/puar.13029
3141:10.1111/gere.12338
2599:The New York Times
1122:Kampala Convention
1088:Refugee employment
1039:for war crimes of
1037:Maria Lvova-Belova
973:, chief jurist in
865:Kampala Convention
804:
666:
624:Chernobyl disaster
557:
551:boarding buses in
445:
155:
132:
6581:
6580:
6480:Right to property
6440:Right to clothing
6425:Fair remuneration
6393:Right to homeland
6341:Right to petition
6266:Freedom of speech
6158:
6157:
6124:
6123:
5983:K. Anthony Appiah
5978:Daniele Archibugi
5727:
5726:
5516:COVID-19 pandemic
5422:Global governance
5294:
5293:
5205:What Is Property?
4998:human trafficking
4983:Regulatory taking
4858:
4857:
4603:Right to property
4263:
4262:
4139:Majority minority
4020:Ethnic federalism
3802:Ethnic and racial
3762:Greece and Turkey
3662:Oxford University
3042:978-1-83982-827-0
2727:(10): 1275â1293.
2518:978-1-4214-0198-0
2297:PBS-WGBH (1999).
1098:List of diasporas
1010:MomÄilo KrajiĆĄnik
850:, an increase in
759:African Americans
742:Operation Vistula
647:Human trafficking
508:Northern Triangle
468:Human-made causes
455:Hurricane Katrina
388:natural disasters
292:illegal immigrant
94:forced relocation
83:
82:
16:(Redirected from
6636:
6614:Refugees by type
6594:Forced migration
6470:Right to housing
6404:Economic, social
6351:Right to protest
6346:Right to privacy
6185:
6178:
6171:
6162:
6148:
6147:
6136:
6135:
6089:
5998:Jean Baudrillard
5966:
5913:Giovanni Arrighi
5901:
5858:Branko MilanoviÄ
5838:Jagdish Bhagwati
5816:
5811:
5702:pollution havens
5667:Invasive species
5571:
5492:
5487:
5437:Global workforce
5347:
5346:
5321:
5314:
5307:
5298:
5271:
5270:
5175:John Stuart Mill
5095:Friedrich Engels
5076:Frédéric Bastiat
5069:
4921:Forced migration
4889:Collectivization
4633:
4512:First possession
4485:Bundle of rights
4290:
4283:
4276:
4267:
4251:
4250:
4222:
4221:
4190:Social apartheid
4074:Social exclusion
4047:Forced migration
4015:Ethnic cleansing
4005:Auto-segregation
3747:Northern Ireland
3721:
3714:
3707:
3698:
3580:
3574:
3570:
3568:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3539:
3487:
3486:
3485:. 17 March 2023.
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3293:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3276:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
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3226:
3217:
3208:
3207:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3116:
3107:
3106:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2883:
2865:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2824:
2805:
2796:
2795:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2718:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2676:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2548:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2504:
2495:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2466:
2458:
2449:
2448:
2408:
2399:
2398:
2388:
2370:
2346:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2270:(2â3): 215â244.
2258:
2252:
2251:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2165:
2150:
2144:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1978:10.2307/20040344
1961:
1955:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1919:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1815:
1814:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1726:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1659:
1653:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1632:
1627:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1497:
1491:
1481:
1475:
1460:
1454:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1377:. Archived from
1367:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1343:. Archived from
1333:
1327:
1326:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1280:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1242:
1233:
1230:
1219:
1218:
1206:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1158:
1113:Earl G. Harrison
1093:Refugee roulette
1045:occupied Ukraine
1022:Radoslav BrÄanin
1018:Mladen NaletiliÄ
967:Nuremberg trials
910:protected person
685:Ethnic cleansing
628:Pripyat, Ukraine
553:Nagorno-Karabakh
525:Displacement in
498:Displacement in
486:Displacement in
429:land degradation
328:displaced person
321:displaced person
308:displaced person
300:displaced person
266:displaced person
228:Three Gorges Dam
221:economic migrant
109:displaced person
90:forced migration
39:Total population
36:
21:
6644:
6643:
6639:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6634:
6633:
6584:
6583:
6582:
6577:
6548:Family planning
6533:
6524:
6500:Right of return
6460:Right to health
6408:
6405:
6397:
6361:Right to resist
6311:Right of asylum
6202:
6195:
6189:
6159:
6154:
6142:
6120:
6101:Thomas Friedman
6087:
6082:
6033:Anthony Giddens
6008:Manuel Castells
5973:Arjun Appadurai
5964:
5962:
5957:
5899:
5897:
5892:
5888:Joseph Stiglitz
5828:Richard Baldwin
5814:
5806:
5800:
5759:Fiscal localism
5723:
5677:McDonaldization
5595:Development aid
5569:
5564:
5533:Multilingualism
5528:Labor arbitrage
5504:Climate justice
5490:
5478:
5432:Global politics
5385:Deglobalization
5358:
5330:
5325:
5295:
5290:
5259:
5063:
5062:
5056:
5006:husband-selling
4943:Illegal logging
4938:Illegal fishing
4867:
4854:
4765:Freedom to roam
4738:
4651:(agrarian land)
4624:
4581:Property rights
4473:
4430:
4392:Estate (landed)
4375:
4299:
4294:
4264:
4259:
4204:
4179:Separate school
4084:
4078:
3993:
3945:
3796:
3728:
3725:
3587:
3571:
3561:
3554:
3552:
3545:
3506:
3496:
3494:Further reading
3491:
3490:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3462:
3460:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3440:
3438:
3433:
3432:
3428:
3418:
3416:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3396:
3394:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3352:
3350:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3305:
3303:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3255:
3253:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3118:
3117:
3110:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3055:
3053:
3043:
3018:
3017:
3013:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2807:
2806:
2799:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2716:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2691:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2661:
2659:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2636:
2634:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2611:
2609:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2578:
2576:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2546:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2519:
2506:
2505:
2498:
2490:
2483:
2473:
2471:
2464:
2460:
2459:
2452:
2410:
2409:
2402:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2264:Irish Geography
2260:
2259:
2255:
2240:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2213:
2211:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2188:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2163:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2143:25. pp.113â132.
2138:
2134:
2125:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2100:
2098:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2075:
2073:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2051:
2049:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1966:Foreign Affairs
1963:
1962:
1958:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1864:
1863:
1856:
1847:
1845:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1818:
1812:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1666:(book review).
1661:
1660:
1656:
1643:
1639:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1607:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1530:(17): 103â142.
1525:
1524:
1517:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1482:
1478:
1461:
1457:
1447:Wayback Machine
1437:
1433:
1419:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1384:
1382:
1369:
1368:
1359:
1350:
1348:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1259:
1257:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1231:
1222:
1208:
1207:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1117:Harry S. Truman
1063:Climate migrant
1054:
990:Vojislav Ć eĆĄelj
975:occupied Poland
902:
889:
831:
826:
809:human smugglers
792:
643:
614:
542:
500:Central America
483:
470:
437:
421:desertification
384:
368:
324:
216:
206:
160:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6642:
6640:
6632:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6586:
6585:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6539:
6537:
6526:
6525:
6523:
6522:
6517:
6515:Right to water
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6490:Right of reply
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6415:Digital rights
6411:
6409:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6395:
6390:
6389:
6388:
6378:
6373:
6371:Right to truth
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6212:
6210:
6204:
6203:
6200:
6197:
6196:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6180:
6173:
6165:
6156:
6155:
6153:
6152:
6140:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6122:
6121:
6119:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6092:
6090:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6003:Zygmunt Bauman
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5969:
5967:
5959:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5904:
5902:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5868:Thomas Piketty
5865:
5863:Kevin O'Rourke
5860:
5855:
5853:Michael Hudson
5850:
5845:
5843:Robert Brenner
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5819:
5817:
5808:
5802:
5801:
5799:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5777:
5776:
5771:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5735:
5733:
5729:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5721:
5716:
5714:Westernization
5711:
5706:
5705:
5704:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5574:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5553:Tax inversions
5550:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5523:Digital divide
5520:
5519:
5518:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5499:Climate change
5495:
5493:
5484:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5366:
5364:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5351:
5341:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5326:
5324:
5323:
5316:
5309:
5301:
5292:
5291:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5276:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5255:
5243:
5242:
5241:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5215:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5196:
5195:
5194:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5171:
5170:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5130:
5125:
5123:Garrett Hardin
5120:
5119:
5118:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5092:
5087:
5086:
5085:
5072:
5070:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5000:
4995:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4918:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4894:Eminent domain
4891:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4877:Bioprospecting
4873:
4871:
4869:redistribution
4860:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4811:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4784:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4704:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4687:
4680:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4653:
4645:
4636:
4630:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4578:
4573:
4571:Natural rights
4568:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4498:
4497:
4487:
4481:
4479:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4440:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4426:
4416:
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4197:
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4176:
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4156:
4151:
4149:Nuremberg Laws
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4124:Ghetto benches
4121:
4119:Discrimination
4116:
4111:
4106:
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4099:
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4049:
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4039:
4034:
4032:Ethnopluralism
4029:
4028:
4027:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3994:
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3900:United Kingdom
3897:
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3585:External links
3583:
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3182:(3): 443â446.
3162:
3127:(4): 562â579.
3108:
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2992:(3): 461â484.
2972:
2953:. World Bank.
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2815:. 2012-06-30.
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1999:
1972:(1): 160â180.
1956:
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1904:Papel PolĂtico
1890:
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1701:(3): 753â775.
1681:
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1375:www.unesco.org
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1325:. 23 May 2022.
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1307:. 23 May 2022.
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1137:Indian Removal
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1110:
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1095:
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1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1058:Asylum seekers
1053:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1033:Vladimir Putin
1025:
978:
963:
901:
898:
888:
887:Local response
885:
830:
827:
825:
822:
800:McAllen, Texas
791:
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697:Trail of Tears
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425:sea-level rise
417:climate change
396:Climate change
392:infrastructure
383:
382:Natural causes
380:
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367:
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336:Eastern Europe
323:
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304:forced migrant
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249:published the
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193:armed conflict
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105:forced migrant
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6609:Global issues
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6520:Right to work
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6455:Right to food
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6336:Right to life
6334:
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6116:Vandana Shiva
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6068:Saskia Sassen
6066:
6064:
6063:George Ritzer
6061:
6059:
6058:Antonio Negri
6056:
6054:
6053:L. H. M. Ling
6051:
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6046:
6044:
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6038:Michael Hardt
6036:
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6018:Alfred Crosby
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5948:Susan Strange
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5918:Robert W. Cox
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5878:Jeffrey Sachs
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5796:World-systems
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5791:World history
5789:
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5786:Social change
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5764:Modernization
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5427:Global health
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5328:Globalization
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5272:Categories:
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5213:David Ricardo
5211:
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5180:Elinor Ostrom
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4990:
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4981:
4979:
4978:Privatization
4976:
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4964:
4961:
4959:
4958:Legal plunder
4956:
4954:
4951:
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4909:Expropriation
4907:
4905:
4902:
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4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4883:
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4644:
4643:(watercourse)
4642:
4638:
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4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
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4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4586:primogeniture
4584:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4566:Legal plunder
4564:
4560:
4557:
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4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
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4530:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4517:appropriation
4515:
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4510:
4508:
4507:Excludability
4505:
4503:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4492:
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4214:Pillarisation
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4137:
4135:
4134:Jim Crow laws
4132:
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4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4010:Balkanization
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3990:
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3905:United States
3903:
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1347:on 2017-08-01
1346:
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1256:on 2020-02-02
1255:
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1247:
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861:1967 Protocol
858:
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837:
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409:
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400:crop failures
397:
393:
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381:
376:
373:
372:
371:
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363:
361:
357:
353:
352:slave laborer
349:
345:
341:
337:
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296:
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286:
282:
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271:
267:
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248:
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243:
238:
235:
234:
229:
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222:
218:
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215:
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203:
197:
194:
190:
187:According to
186:
182:
178:
177:
176:
174:
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162:Governments,
157:
152:
147:
143:
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6535:reproductive
6430:Labor rights
6406:and cultural
6316:Right to die
6193:human rights
6191:Substantive
6111:John R. Saul
6096:Noam Chomsky
6088:Nonâacademic
6028:Susan George
6023:Nancy Fraser
5993:Walden Bello
5938:David Harvey
5928:Stephen Gill
5848:Jayati Ghosh
5754:Earth system
5620:Human rights
5614:
5560:Water crisis
5457:early modern
5279:Property law
5250:
5236:
5222:
5203:
5189:
5185:Karl Polanyi
5165:
5161:Marcel Mauss
5151:
5137:
5128:David Harvey
5113:
5109:Henry George
5099:
5090:Ronald Coase
5080:
5065:
5011:wife selling
4993:bride buying
4931:repatriation
4920:
4913:
4864:Disposession
4818:
4707:Property law
4682:
4678:Forest types
4648:
4640:
4629:Applications
4559:rent-seeking
4544:Gift economy
4402:Intellectual
4252:
4223:
4046:
3974:Saudi Arabia
3924:
3890:Saudi Arabia
3777:Saudi Arabia
3553:. Retrieved
3548:
3519:
3515:
3500:
3482:
3473:
3461:. Retrieved
3451:
3439:. Retrieved
3429:
3417:. Retrieved
3407:
3395:. Retrieved
3385:
3373:. Retrieved
3363:
3351:. Retrieved
3338:
3326:. Retrieved
3316:
3304:. Retrieved
3300:
3291:
3279:. Retrieved
3266:
3254:. Retrieved
3241:
3229:. Retrieved
3179:
3175:
3165:
3124:
3120:
3078:
3074:
3064:
3054:, retrieved
3024:
3014:
2989:
2985:
2975:
2949:
2942:
2933:
2911:(3): 11â20.
2908:
2904:
2898:
2853:
2849:
2839:
2812:
2783:
2777:
2766:. Retrieved
2757:
2724:
2720:
2707:
2680:
2660:. Retrieved
2658:. 2019-07-08
2655:
2646:
2635:. Retrieved
2633:. 2019-11-12
2630:
2621:
2610:. Retrieved
2598:
2588:
2577:. Retrieved
2566:The Guardian
2565:
2556:
2545:. Retrieved
2535:
2508:
2472:. Retrieved
2468:
2420:
2416:
2358:
2354:
2330:. Retrieved
2318:
2306:. Retrieved
2302:
2292:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2229:
2223:
2212:. Retrieved
2209:The Atlantic
2208:
2198:
2187:. Retrieved
2183:
2173:
2162:. Retrieved
2160:. 2021-06-19
2157:
2148:
2140:
2135:
2124:. Retrieved
2119:
2110:
2099:. Retrieved
2097:. 2021-04-09
2095:Crisis Group
2094:
2085:
2074:. Retrieved
2061:
2050:. Retrieved
2046:
2037:
2015:(1): 43â59.
2012:
2008:
2002:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1943:
1934:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1874:
1870:
1846:. Retrieved
1842:
1833:
1793:
1787:
1776:. Retrieved
1764:
1753:. Retrieved
1741:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1649:
1640:
1629:. Retrieved
1617:
1606:. Retrieved
1596:
1587:
1561:
1558:McAdam, Jane
1552:
1527:
1501:
1495:
1486:
1479:
1463:
1458:
1434:
1400:
1394:
1383:. Retrieved
1379:the original
1374:
1349:. Retrieved
1345:the original
1340:
1331:
1323:The Guardian
1322:
1313:
1304:
1295:
1283:. Retrieved
1269:
1258:. Retrieved
1254:the original
1249:
1187:. Retrieved
1177:
1169:UNHCR global
1168:
1156:
1014:Milan MartiÄ
955:World War II
947:
939:
934:
926:
903:
894:
890:
873:
832:
818:
805:
747:Colonization
471:
385:
369:
339:
332:World War II
327:
325:
320:
312:World War II
307:
303:
299:
273:
269:
265:
240:
231:
184:livelihood".
161:
140:Global South
133:
112:
108:
104:
102:
93:
89:
85:
84:
69:57.3 million
59:34.6 million
30:Ethnic group
6599:Persecution
6563:LGBT rights
6296:Nationality
6286:LGBT rights
6106:Naomi Klein
5988:Ulrich Beck
5963:Politics /
5953:Robert Wade
5943:Ronen Palan
5933:Peter Gowan
5883:Amartya Sen
5873:Dani Rodrik
5823:David Autor
5749:Development
5630:Imperialism
5578:Brain drain
5153:Das Kapital
5040:progressive
5030:inheritance
4953:Land reform
4727:real estate
4702:Land tenure
4690:Inheritance
4618:anticommons
4554:Law of rent
4534:Game theory
4464:Information
4444:Common land
4341:Cooperative
4109:Black Codes
4057:labor camps
3964:Afghanistan
3573:|work=
3508:James, Paul
2905:Development
1528:Consilience
1073:Deportation
998:persecution
994:deportation
959:Krupp trial
802:, June 2017
581:Vietnam War
512:El Salvador
268:, the term
210:Refugee law
158:Definitions
79:2.9 million
6604:Population
6588:Categories
6301:Personhood
6048:Paul Hirst
6043:David Held
5908:Samir Amin
5898:Political
5833:Ravi Batra
5774:history of
5769:ecological
5744:Dependency
5692:Offshoring
5655:scientific
5645:linguistic
5610:Fair trade
5590:Care drain
5543:Tax havens
5538:Population
5447:History of
5284:by country
5246:Adam Smith
5133:John Locke
4797:indigenous
4792:aboriginal
4712:alienation
4407:indigenous
4397:Intangible
4311:Collective
4212:See also:
4200:Xenophobia
4052:Internment
4037:Ethnocracy
3630:IDP Voices
3056:2021-09-27
2856:(1): 113.
2792:1089711735
2768:2022-01-03
2662:2019-11-21
2637:2019-11-21
2612:2019-11-21
2579:2019-11-21
2547:2019-11-21
2474:16 October
2361:(1): 382.
2332:2022-01-03
2308:7 November
2248:1040599457
2214:2019-10-24
2189:2019-10-24
2164:2022-01-03
2126:2022-01-03
2101:2022-01-03
2076:2022-01-03
2052:2022-01-03
1910:(1): 167.
1848:2019-10-24
1778:2022-01-03
1755:2022-01-03
1695:Demography
1631:2022-01-03
1608:2019-10-23
1385:2019-10-24
1351:2017-01-17
1260:2019-10-24
1148:References
1047:to Russia.
971:Hans Frank
924:treaties.
922:law of war
876:World Bank
867:, and the
773:following
710:including
570:Korean War
419:, such as
6281:Legal aid
6073:John Urry
5965:sociology
5815:Economics
5719:World war
5442:Globality
5410:education
5147:Karl Marx
4948:Land Back
4899:Enclosure
4882:biopiracy
4820:Bergregal
4802:squatting
4576:Ownership
4490:Commodity
4469:Knowledge
4380:By nature
4336:Customary
4326:Community
4092:Apartheid
4025:Bantustan
3910:Civil War
3734:Religious
3624:Eurasylum
3575:ignored (
3565:cite book
3536:144816686
3348:TRT World
3204:159209267
3196:0033-3352
3157:166602825
3149:0016-7428
3103:234855263
3095:0954-5395
3051:238706123
3006:1558-9080
2967:153942656
2872:2047-2994
2831:2233-470X
2741:0022-0388
2699:697762571
2607:0362-4331
2574:0261-3077
2527:810545259
2445:145557963
2437:0924-9338
2377:1471-244X
2284:0075-0778
2120:ReliefWeb
2029:0360-0572
1986:0015-7120
1926:2145-0617
1715:1533-7790
1536:1948-3074
1510:474499753
1427:158545246
906:war crime
838:), NGOs (
811:(such as
771:Manchukuo
693:Holocaust
681:Americas.
651:smuggling
326:The term
6543:Abortion
6381:Suffrage
6138:Category
5807:scholars
5732:Theories
5640:cultural
5635:academic
5339:Journals
5274:Property
5167:The Gift
5066:key work
5061:Scholars
5045:property
5002:spousal
4968:Poaching
4904:Eviction
4848:riparian
4809:Littoral
4717:easement
4695:executor
4666:literary
4591:usufruct
4539:Georgism
4419:Tangible
4414:Personal
4321:Communal
4304:By owner
4297:Property
4225:Category
4185:Shunning
4181:(Canada)
4144:Nativism
3998:Dynamics
3875:Rhodesia
3870:Portugal
3865:Malaysia
3830:Bulgaria
3772:Portugal
3555:June 13,
3510:(2014).
3419:15 April
3397:15 April
3375:11 April
3353:11 April
3328:11 April
3231:11 April
2925:84460606
2890:30250735
2395:30522460
2158:BBC News
1994:20040344
1733:24599750
1544:26188784
1443:Archived
1285:11 April
1083:Refugees
1052:See also
912:" under
783:Xinjiang
527:Colombia
516:Honduras
348:prisoner
166:, other
121:refugees
55:Refugees
6291:Liberty
5900:economy
5805:Notable
5583:reverse
5511:Disease
5452:archaic
5363:Aspects
5354:Studies
5349:Outline
5082:The Law
4988:Slavery
4814:Mineral
4782:Hunting
4775:pannage
4770:Grazing
4755:Fishing
4641:Acequia
4608:Rivalry
4596:women's
4454:Digital
4436:Commons
4371:Unowned
4346:Private
4254:Commons
4159:Rankism
4129:Hafrada
4083:Related
3979:Judaism
3855:Germany
3815:Bahrain
3792:Myanmar
3787:Bahrain
3483:UN News
3227:. UNHCR
3129:Bibcode
2881:6146746
2749:1559276
2656:UN News
2631:AP NEWS
2423:: S42.
2386:6282296
1724:4048822
1305:UN News
1281:. UNHCR
965:At the
936:motive.
813:coyotes
767:Liberia
670:Slavery
490:due to
406:and/or
402:due to
344:refugee
274:refugee
270:refugee
262:refugee
214:Refugee
6629:Racism
6530:Sexual
5660:social
5491:Global
5483:Issues
4963:Piracy
4915:Farhud
4743:Rights
4684:Huerta
4656:Estate
4478:Theory
4459:Global
4361:Social
4351:Public
4316:Common
4241:racial
4236:gender
4154:Racism
4085:topics
3951:Gender
3860:Israel
3850:France
3820:Brazil
3810:Canada
3757:Serbia
3752:Israel
3534:
3202:
3194:
3155:
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