2952:] by renewed customs regulations (the old duties were no longer any good against big industry) and soon after to introduce big industry under protective duties. Big industry universalised competition in spite of these protective measures (it is practical free trade; the protective duty is only a palliative, a measure of defence within free trade), established means of communication and the modern world market, subordinated trade to itself, transformed all capital into industrial capital, and thus produced the rapid circulation (development of the financial system) and the centralisation of capital. By universal competition it forced all individuals to strain their energy to the utmost. It destroyed as far as possible ideology, religion, morality, etc. and where it could not do this, made them into a palpable lie. It produced world history for the first time, insofar as it made all civilised nations and every individual member of them dependent for the satisfaction of their wants on the whole world, thus destroying the former natural exclusiveness of separate nations. It made natural science subservient to capital and took from the division of labour the last semblance of its natural character. It destroyed natural growth in general, as far as this is possible while labour exists, and resolved all natural relationships into money relationships. In the place of naturally grown towns it created the modern, large industrial cities which have sprung up overnight. Wherever it penetrated, it destroyed the crafts and all earlier stages of industry. It completed the victory of the commercial town over the countryside. was the automatic system. produced a mass of productive forces, for which private became just as much a fetter as the guild had been for manufacture and the small, rural workshop for the developing craft. These productive forces received under the system of private property a one-sided development only, and became for the majority destructive forces; moreover, a great multitude of such forces could find no application at all within this system. (...) from the conception of history we have sketched we obtain these further conclusions: (1) In the development of productive forces there comes a stage when productive forces and means of intercourse are brought into being, which, under the existing relationships, only cause mischief, and are no longer forces of production but forces of destruction (machinery and money); and connected with this a class is called forth, which has to bear all the burdens of society without enjoying its advantages, which, ousted from society, is forced into the most decided antagonism to all other classes; a class which forms the majority of all members of society, and from which emanates the consciousness of the necessity of a fundamental revolution, the communist consciousness, which may, of course, arise among the other classes too through the contemplation of the situation of this class. (...) Both for the production on a mass scale of this communist consciousness, and for the success of the cause itself, the changing of men on a mass scale is, necessary, a change which can only take place in a practical movement, a revolution; this revolution is necessary, therefore, not only because the ruling class cannot be overthrown in any other way, but also because the class overthrowing it, can only in a revolution succeed in ridding itself of all the muck of ages, and become fitted to found society anew. (From
2946:"How little highly developed productive forces are safe from complete destruction, given even a relatively very extensive commerce, is proved by the Phoenicians, whose inventions were for the most part lost for a long time to come through the ousting of this nation from commerce, its conquest by Alexander and its consequent decline. Likewise, for instance, glass-painting in the Middle Ages. Only when commerce has become world commerce, and has as its basis large-scale industry, when all nations are drawn into the competitive struggle, is the permanence of the acquired productive forces assured. (...) Competition soon compelled every country that wished to retain its historical role to protect its manufactures [
744:, comes to be viewed in capitalist society as a productive force in its own right, independent from labour, a subject with "a life of its own". Indeed, Marx sees the essence of what he calls "the capital relation" as being summarised by the circumstance that "capital buys labour", i.e. the power of property ownership to command human energy and labour-time, and thus of inanimate "things" to exert an autonomous power over people. What disappears from view is that the power of capital depends in the last instance on human cooperation.
748:"The production of life, both of one's own in labour and of fresh life in procreation... appears as a double relationship: on the one hand as a natural, on the other as a social relationship. By social we understand the co-operation of several individuals, no matter under what conditions, in what manner and to what end. It follows from this that a certain mode of production, or industrial stage, is always combined with a certain mode of co-operation, or social stage, and this mode of co-operation is itself a âproductive force.â
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of the powers of technology, said to occur by the separation of technique from the producers, and by falsely imputing human powers to technology as autonomous force, the effect being a perspective of inevitable and unstoppable technological progress operating beyond any human control, and impervious
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emphasized that with few exceptions means of labour are not a productive force unless they are actually operated, maintained and conserved by living human labour. Without applying living human labour, their physical condition and value would deteriorate, depreciate, or be destroyed (an example would
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Marx and Engels did not believe that human history featured a continuous growth of the productive forces. Rather, the development of the productive forces was characterised by social conflicts. Some productive forces destroyed other productive forces, sometimes productive techniques were lost or
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Through the purposeful expenditure of labor power in labor activity, human beings âobjectifyâ or embody themselves in the material world. The material elements of the productive forces (the means of production and the means of consumption) are the product of human reason and labor. The means of
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All those forces which are applied by people in the production process (body and brain, tools and techniques, materials, resources, quality of workers' cooperation, and equipment) are encompassed by this concept, including those management and engineering functions technically indispensable for
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In 1984 Deng
Xiaoping declared "the fundamental task for the socialist stage is to develop the productive forces". For Deng "only by constantly developing the productive forces can a country gradually become strong and prosperous, with a rising standard of living."
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production include the means of labor, which transmit human influence to nature, and the objects of labor, to which human labor is applied. The most important components of the means of labor are the instruments of labor (for example, tools, devices, and machines).
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Society's principal productive forces are peopleâthe participants in social production, or the workers and the toiling masses in general (K. Marx and F. Engels, vol. 46, part 1, p. 403; V. I. Lenin, Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 38, p. 359). <âŠ>
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classifies financial capital as being an element of the relations of production, rather than the factors or forces of production ("not a thing, but a social relation between persons, established by the instrumentality of things").
737:). Simultaneously, technological developments which serve as means of production would not exist without what Marx refers to as "general intellect," the human innovation and industry which motivates industrial development.
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The productive power of cooperation comes to be viewed as the productive power of capital, because it is capital which forcibly organises people, rather than people organising capital. Marx regarded this as a supreme
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between people are confused and conflated with technical relations between people and things, and object relations between things; but this error is said to be a spontaneous result of the operation of a universal
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Marxism in USSR served as core philosophical paradigm or platform, and had been developing as a science. So different views, hypotheses and approaches were widely discussed, tested and refined with time.
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In turn, this is said to have the effect of naturalising and legitimating social arrangements produced by people, by asserting that they are technically inevitable. The error here seems to be that
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2991:. Marx identified three components of production: human labor, subject of labor, and means of labor (1967, p 174). Productive forces are the union of human labor and the means of labor;
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are the union of the subject of labor and the means of labor. (Institute of
Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., 1957, p xiii).
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of people to the objects and forces of nature used for the production of material wealth." (italics added) While productive forces are a
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Marx's concept of productive forces also has some relevance for discussions in economics about the meaning and measurement of
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Productive forces. â The Great Soviet
Encyclopedia: in 30 volumes. â Moscow: «Soviet Encyclopedia», 1969â1978.
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For the specific theoretical justifications behind the Great Leap
Forward and the five-year plans, see
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includes the concept that technology mediates the human-nature relationship. Productive forces do
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destroyed, and sometimes productive forces could be turned into destructive forces:
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Modern economics theorises productivity in terms of the marginal product of the
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As Time Goes By; From the
Industrial Revolutions to the Information Revolution
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Institute of
Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R. (1957).
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684:'s reference to the "productive powers of labour" (see e.g. chapter 8 of
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On the other hand, The Great Soviet
Encyclopedia (1969â1978) states:
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production (as contrasted with social control functions). Human
676:(tools, machinery, land, infrastructure, and so on) with human
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Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice
560:
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457:
3308:
Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy
1036:
An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital
713:, the productive forces constitute a historically specific
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Alienation: Marx's Conception of Man in Capitalist Society
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According to this, productive forces have such structure:
3221:
Alienation, Praxis and Techne in the Thought of Karl Marx
592:
856:
The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State
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Means (the material elements of the productive forces)
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680:. Marx and Engels probably derived the concept from
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also mentions the concept of "productive powers" in
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Objects of labour (also known as Subject of labour)
690:(1776)), although the German political economist
3310:. Translated by Nicolaus, Martin. Penguin Books.
3261:, Volume 56(1), February 1974, pp. 115â120.
3174:Karl Marx, "The Trinity Formula", chapter 48 in
3342:, Vol. I, Ch. 33, courtesy of www.marxists.org.
3249:Technologische RationalitÀt im SpÀtkapitalismus
3065:Other interpretations, sometimes influenced by
3000:
2963:MarxistâLeninist definition in the Soviet Union
2944:
746:
3273:Progress Without People: In Defense of Luddism
2922:
816:The Condition of the Working Class in England
587:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
429:
8:
811:Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
3288:Vol. I. New York: International Publishers.
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231:Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy
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1503:
956:Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses
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422:
26:
3264:Francisco Louça and Christopher Freeman,
3113:. Marx theorises productivity within the
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549:Learn how and when to remove this message
3370:. Springer Nature Singapore. p. 59.
3193:Karl Marx's Theory of History: A Defence
696:The National System of Political Economy
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3298:
1614:
1566:
1506:
784:
709:Together with the social and technical
38:
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672:, it refers to the combination of the
3398:
3396:
3366:Zhang, Yuyan; Feng, Weijiang (2018).
3117:in terms of the social and technical
3014:; English web-version of the article
2650:Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory
1026:Change the World Without Taking Power
578:too many or overly lengthy quotations
7:
760:Unlike British classical economics,
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911:Theses on the Philosophy of History
3368:Peaceful Development Path in China
3135:productive and unproductive labour
518:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1001:Time, Labor and Social Domination
740:Capital itself, being one of the
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236:Time, Labor and Social Domination
3207:Essays on Marx's Theory of value
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3073:have by contrast emphasized the
2896:
2884:
2872:
2708:21st-century communist theorists
1051:Towards Socialism or Capitalism?
966:How Europe Underdeveloped Africa
886:Essays on Marx's Theory of Value
792:
706:can also be a productive force.
565:
503:
462:
50:
3281:. London: Lawrence and Wishart.
1410:Theory of historical trajectory
1288:Dictatorship of the proletariat
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733:or capital depreciation due to
481:or discuss these issues on the
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3017:; original version in Russian
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3334:Marx, Karl.
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3255:Anwar Shaikh
3248:
3247:Leo Kofler,
3241:
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3104:productivity
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3098:Productivity
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2983:include the
2980:
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2972:
2969:relationship
2968:
2966:
2953:
2947:
2945:
2940:
2775:Municipalism
2587:Bhattacharya
1732:Situationist
1707:Instrumental
1360:State theory
1325:Immiseration
1320:Human nature
1310:Exploitation
1192:
1140:accumulation
759:
751:
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583:Please help
575:
545:
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489:
482:
476:
475:Please help
472:
448:Marxist idea
305:
128:Wage slavery
102:
3339:Das Kapital
3189:G. A. Cohen
3168:Karl Marx,
3162:Karl Marx,
3075:reification
2738:Communalism
2137:Wallerstein
1727:Revisionist
1458:Film theory
1438:Criminology
1433:Archaeology
1345:Proletariat
1330:Imperialism
1243:Bourgeoisie
1218:Wage labour
1111:Reification
906:On Practice
755:reification
601:August 2017
531:introducing
286:Mark Fisher
281:Robert Kurz
217:Das Kapital
168:Imperialism
123:Wage labour
3438:Categories
3157:References
2795:Democratic
2660:Mediations
2272:Przeworski
2212:Poulantzas
2062:Sivanandan
2017:Bettelheim
1917:Horkheimer
1912:MariĂĄtegui
1887:Pashukanis
1812:Liebknecht
1742:Wertkritik
1682:Analytical
1542:Trotskyism
1517:Autonomist
1508:Structural
1488:Philosophy
1428:Aesthetics
1213:Value-form
1181:Capitalist
1086:Alienation
1079:Philosophy
836:Grundrisse
731:ghost town
682:Adam Smith
593:Wikisource
514:references
478:improve it
203:Grundrisse
143:Value-form
133:Wertkritik
2842:Economism
2805:Reformist
2785:Socialism
2733:Communism
2713:Anarchism
2567:Coulthard
2492:McDonnell
2452:Screpanti
2362:Rowbotham
2227:Harnecker
2037:Althusser
1977:Deutscher
1817:Kollontai
1807:Luxemburg
1787:Plekhanov
1717:Nkrumaism
1628:Classical
1602:Political
1527:Guevarism
1483:Sociology
1463:Geography
1283:Democracy
1231:Sociology
1186:Socialist
1151:Commodity
726:Karl Marx
704:knowledge
662:Karl Marx
589:Wikiquote
576:contains
484:talk page
391:Economics
256:Karl Marx
78:Commodity
3293:Specific
3125:and the
2768:Old Left
2763:New Left
2630:Antipode
2624:Journals
2527:Heinrich
2502:Roediger
2497:Douzinas
2487:Hennessy
2442:Holloway
2357:Hartsock
2347:Eagleton
2332:Federici
2307:Bannerji
2282:Therborn
2262:RanciĂšre
2257:Easthope
2237:Anderson
2232:Altvater
2132:O'Connor
2127:MĂ©szĂĄros
2122:Guattari
2077:Thompson
2067:Miliband
2047:Williams
2032:Hobsbawm
2007:Emmanuel
1987:Beauvoir
1952:Lefebvre
1897:Benjamin
1862:Bukharin
1842:Zinoviev
1837:Grossman
1822:Bogdanov
1797:Connolly
1777:Lafargue
1722:Orthodox
1692:Centrist
1643:Leninism
1638:Feminist
1587:Humanist
1568:Hegelian
1096:Ideology
778:a series
776:Part of
698:(1841).
334:Journals
61:Concepts
32:a series
30:Part of
3286:Capital
2867:Outline
2820:Utopian
2597:Srnicek
2582:Toscano
2577:Seymour
2532:Prashad
2482:Sankara
2477:Berardi
2462:Hampton
2437:Burawoy
2407:Panitch
2402:Haraway
2392:Cleaver
2377:Brenner
2342:Balibar
2297:Postone
2287:Losurdo
2217:Vattimo
2187:Gonzalo
2182:Jameson
2172:Parenti
2112:Liebman
2107:Guevara
1997:Nkrumah
1992:Sombart
1967:Padmore
1937:Kalecki
1932:Marcuse
1892:Bordiga
1877:Gramsci
1832:Trotsky
1792:Du Bois
1782:Kautsky
1658:Western
1537:Titoism
1422:Aspects
1378:History
1298:Radical
1136:Capital
841:Capital
786:Marxism
651:Marxism
527:improve
73:Capital
3415:
3088:market
3010:(From
2815:Social
2800:Market
2602:Horvat
2557:Fisher
2552:Linera
2547:Lordon
2537:Kelley
2522:Marcos
2517:Ghandy
2507:Foster
2432:Fraser
2427:Wright
2417:Jessop
2412:Clarke
2397:Bishop
2387:Massey
2367:Mouffe
2317:Newton
2312:Spivak
2302:Rodney
2267:Berman
2222:Badiou
2202:Laclau
2197:Harvey
2192:Dussel
2152:Debord
2147:Tronti
2117:Heller
2102:Castro
2097:Berger
2082:Bauman
2072:Cabral
2057:Mandel
2052:Freire
2042:Hinton
2022:Draper
2002:Sweezy
1972:Sartre
1962:Adorno
1927:Brecht
1882:Galiev
1857:Korsch
1852:LukĂĄcs
1827:Stalin
1772:Morris
1767:Engels
1755:People
1532:Maoism
1453:Ethics
1293:Soviet
1016:Empire
668:' own
643:German
516:, but
249:People
156:Topics
34:on the
2973:human
2612:Saito
2607:Hamza
2472:ĆœiĆŸek
2457:TamĂĄs
2422:Davis
2382:Davis
2372:Geras
2337:Wolff
2322:Sakai
2277:Cohen
2252:Sison
2247:Vogel
2207:Bahro
2177:Negri
2167:Nairn
2092:Kosik
2087:Fanon
2027:Jones
1982:Hoxha
1957:James
1942:Fromm
1872:Serge
1847:Bloch
1802:Lenin
1623:Black
1248:Class
729:be a
721:Labor
637:, or
306:NML:
196:Works
3413:ISBN
2572:Malm
2542:Dean
2512:West
2467:Cano
2447:Rose
2352:Kurz
2327:Wood
2292:Ture
2242:Löwy
2162:Hall
2157:Amin
2142:Mies
2012:Hill
1922:Dutt
1907:Basu
1762:Marx
1653:Post
1615:Both
1597:Open
664:and
653:and
2981:not
2949:sic
1947:Cox
1902:Mao
1648:Neo
660:In
3440::
3411:.
3395:^
3385:.
3191:,
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2562:Li
1867:Ho
780:on
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