Aid - Knowledge (XXG)

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violence. Moreover, Nunn and Qian (2014) have found that an increase in U.S. food aid increases conflict intensity; they claim that the main mechanism driving this result is predation of the aid by the rebel groups. In fact, they note that aid can have the unintentional consequence of actually improving rebel groups' ability to continue conflict, as vehicles and communications equipment usually accompany the aid that is stolen. These tools improve the ability of rebel groups to organize and give them assets to trade for arms, possibly increasing the length of the fighting. Finally, Crost, Felter and Johnston (2014) have showed that a development program in the Philippines have had the unintended effect of increasing conflict because of a strategic retaliation from the rebel group, on where they tried to prevent that the development program increases support to the government.

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provided funding for development programs in Palestine to support the Palestinian Authority, the US backed entity running for reelection. Faye and Niehaus discovered that the greater the degree of alignment the recipient party has with the donor entity, the more aid it receives on average during an election year. In an analysis of the three biggest donor nations (Japan, France, and the US), Alesina and Dollar (2000) discovered that each has its own distortions to the aid it gives out. Japan appears to prioritize giving aid nations that exercise similar voting preferences in the United Nations, France mostly sends aid to its former colonies, and the U.S. disproportionately provides aid to Israel and Egypt. These allocations are often powerful tools for maintaining the strategic interests of the donor country in the recipient country.

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Egypt as early as 1950s or India and other Asian countries were known for their assistance under the Colombo Plan Of these the Arab countries in particularly have been quite influential. Kuwait, Saudi Arabi and United Arab Emirates are the top donors in this sense. The aid from Arab countries are often less documented for the fact that they do not follow the standard aid definitions of the OECD and DAC countries. Many times, the aid from Arab countries are made by private funds owned by the families of the monarch. Many Arab recipient countries have also avoided of speaking on aid openly in order to digress from the idea of hierarchy of Eurocentrism and Wester-centrism, which are in some ways reminders of the colonial pasts. Hence, the classification of such transfers are tricky.

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discover clear failures. This kind of view is often repeated in many studies. These kind of approach has always been problematic for the relationship Arab countries have with institutions like IMF, World Bank etc., since Arab countries are members of these institutions and in some ways they oppose the conditionality guidelines for granting aid and conditions on repayment agreed internationally. More recently, UAE has been declaring its aid flows with the IMF and OECD. Data from this reveals that potential opacity in declaring aid may also result from the fact some Arab countries do not want to be seen openly as supporters of a cause or a proxy group in a neighboring country or region. The exact impact of such bilateral aid is difficult to discern.

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test: a) it is administered with the promotion of the economic development and welfare of developing countries as its main objective, and b) it is concessional in character and contains a grant element of at least 25% (calculated at a rate of discount of 10%)." Foreign aid has increased since the 1950s and 1960s (Isse 129). The notion that foreign aid increases economic performance and generates economic growth is based on Chenery and Strout's Dual Gap Model (Isse 129). Chenerya and Strout (1966) claimed that foreign aid promotes development by adding to domestic savings as well as to foreign exchange availability, this helping to close either the savings-investment gap or the export-import gap. (Isse 129).

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Monetary Fund are two organizations that Sachs argues are currently instrumental in advising and directing foreign aid; however, he argues that these two organizations focus too much on "institutional reforms". Foreign aid is especially multifaceted in countries within Sub-Saharan Africa due to geographic barriers. Most macro foreign aid efforts fail to recognize these issues and, as Sachs argues, cause insufficient international aid and policy improvement. Sachs argues that unless foreign aid provides mechanisms that overcome geographic barriers, pandemics such as HIV and AIDS that cause traumatic casualties within regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa will continue to cause millions of fatalities.

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help prevent cumulative decline. Despite the intense criticism on aid, there are some promising numbers. In 1990, approximately 43 percent of the world's population was living on less than $ 1.25 a day and has dropped to about 16 percent in 2008. Maternal deaths have dropped from 543,000 in 1990 to 287,000 in 2010. Under-five mortality rates have also dropped, from 12 million in 1990 to 6.9 million in 2011. Although these numbers alone sound promising, there is a gray overcast: many of these numbers actually are falling short of the Millennium Development Goals. There are only a few goals that have already been met or projected to be met by the 2015 deadline.

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geographically concentrated, given without conditionality and often to poorest nations in the Middle East and North Africa. This is perhaps potentially due to the existence of Arab Fund for Technical Assistance to African and Arab Countries (AFTAAAC) or the Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (BADEA). OECD data for example also shows Arab countries donate more to lower middle income countries, contrast to the DAC donors. It is not completely clear why such a bias must exists, but some studies have studied the sectoral donations.

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with the abundance of cheap imported aid food, that is brought into poor countries as a response to humanitarian crisis and natural disasters. Large inflows of money that come into developing countries, from the developed world, in a foreign aid, increases the price of locally produced goods and products. Due to their high prices, export of local goods reduces. As a result, local industries and producers are forced to go out of business.

806: 1841: 418: 1496:(e.g., the legitimization of corruption). The study noted that: "Chinese aid stands out from World Bank aid in this respect. In particular, whereas the results indicate that Chinese aid projects fuel local corruption but have no observable impact on short term local economic activity, they suggest that World Bank aid projects stimulate local economic activity without any consistent evidence of it fuelling local corruption." 1337:. These elaborated a set of good practices concerning aid administration co-ordination and relations between donors and recipient countries. The Paris Declaration and other results of these forums embodied a broad consensus on what needed to be done to produce better development results. From 2011 this movement was subsumed in one concerned more broadly with effective development co-operation, largely embodied by the 609: 986: 717: 699: 645: 1084: 1042: 1000: 663: 1700: 1519: 1124: 218: 958: 932: 792: 735: 753: 627: 820: 972: 876: 862: 904: 848: 59: 1948:

Kuwait national assembly to decide to deny aid to supporters of Iraq. Saudi Arabia for example did a similar thing, In 1991, after the war, countries against Iraq –Egypt, Turkey and Morocco became the three major aid recipients of Saudi aid.Several similar stances have arisen in the recent years after the Arab Spring of 2011 particularly.

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Lancaster, p. 67: "In 1957 the administration (with congressional support) separated economic from military assistance and created a Development Loan Fund (DLF) to provide concessional credits to developing countries world-wide (i.e. not, as in the past, just those in areas of potential conflict with

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It was not large enough to have significantly accelerated recovery by financing investment, aiding the reconstruction of damaged infrastructure, or easing commodity bottlenecks. We argue, however, that the Marshall Plan did play a major role in setting the stage for post-World War II Western Europe's

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Arab aid has often been used a tool for steering foreign policy. The 1990 Iraq invasion of Kuwait triggered an increase of Arab aid and large amounts went to countries which supported Kuwait. Many countries around this time still kept supporting Iraq, despite rallying against the war. This lead the

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and his collaborators argue that in order for foreign aid to be successful, policy makers should "pay more attention to the developmental barriers associated with geography specifically, poor health, low agricultural productivity, and high transportation costs". The World Bank and the International

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It is the extraordinary distortion of global trade, where the West spends $ 360 billion a year on protecting its agriculture with a network of subsidies and tariffs that costs developing countries about US$ 50 billion in potential lost agricultural exports. Fifty billion dollars is the equivalent of

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In order for aid to be productive and for economic policy reform to be successfully implemented in Africa, the relationship between donors and governments must change. Van de Walle argues that aid must be made more conditional and selective to incentivize states to take on reform and to generate the

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defines its aid measure, Official Development Assistance (ODA), as follows: "ODA consists of flows to developing countries and multilateral institutions provided by official agencies, including state and local governments, or by their executive agencies, each transaction of which meets the following

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Academic research has suggested that members of the public overestimate how much their governments spend on aid. There is significant opposition to spending on aid but experiments have demonstrated that providing people with more information about correct levels of spending reduces this opposition.

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The practice of extending aid to politically aligned parties in recipient nations continues today; Faye and Niehaus (2012) are able to establish a causal relationship between politics and aid in recipient nations. In their analysis of the competitive 2006 Palestinian elections, they note that USAID

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argues that over the last three decades, "aid has added around one percentage point to the annual growth rate of the bottom billion." He argues that this has made the difference between "stagnation and severe cumulative decline." Aid can make progress towards reducing poverty worldwide, or at least

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Statistical studies have produced widely differing assessments of the correlation between aid and economic growth: there is little consensus with some studies finding a positive correlation while others find either no correlation or a negative correlation. One consistent finding is that project aid

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Foreign aid kills local industries in developing countries. Foreign aid in the form of food aid that is given to poor countries or underdeveloped countries is responsible for the death of local farm industries in poor countries. Local farmers end up going out of business because they cannot compete

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Questions of aid effectiveness have been highly contested by academics, commentators and practitioners: there is a large literature on the subject. Econometric studies in the late 20th century often found the average effectiveness of aid to be minimal or even negative. Such studies have appeared on

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Aid may be given by individuals, private organizations, or governments. Standards delimiting exactly the types of transfers considered "aid" vary from country to country. For example, the United States government discontinued the reporting of military aid as part of its foreign aid figures in 1958.

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and influence of other countries. Meanwhile, vaccine diplomacy also "means a set of diplomatic measures taken to ensure access to the best practices in the development of potential vaccines, to enhance bilateral and/or multilateral cooperation between countries in conducting joint R&D, and, in

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the usual development narrative has it backwards. Aid is effectively flowing in reverse. Rich countries aren't developing poor countries; poor countries are developing rich ones... The aid narrative begins to seem a bit naïve when we take these reverse flows into account. It becomes clear that aid

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to rethinking the aid dependency model. She cautions that although "weaning governments off aid won't be easy", it is necessary. Primary among her prescriptions is a "capital solution" where African countries must enter the bond market to raise their capital for development, the interconnectedness

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Foreign aid makes African countries dependent on aid because it is regarded by policy makers as regular income, thus they do not have any incentive to make policies and decisions that will enable their countries to independently finance their economic growth and development. Additionally, aid does

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is defined as the "situation in which a country cannot perform many of the core functions of government, such as operations and maintenance, or the delivery of basic public services, without foreign aid funding and expertise". Aid has made many African countries and other poor regions incapable of

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The mid-1970s saw some new emerging donors in the face of the world crises, discovery of oil, the impending Cold War. While in many literature they are popularly called the 'new donors', they are by no means new. In the sense, that the former USSR had been contributing to the popular Aswan Dam in

1817:. The index measures and evaluates 22 of the world's richest countries on policies that affect developing countries, in addition to simply aid. It shows that development policy is more than just aid; it also takes into account trade, investment, migration, environment, security, and technology. 2093:

Lancaster uses either ODA or ODA plus OA ("Official Assistance" – another DAC government-aid category) as her main statistic. She considers it better to add the OA but very often just uses the ODA figure alone; e.g., for Table 1.1 (p. 13), Table 2.2 (p. 39) and Table 2.3 (p. 43). In any case the

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Another big difference between the traditional DAC (Western) donors and the Arab donors is that Arab donors give aid unconditionally. Typically they have followed a rule of non-interference in the policy of the recipient. The Arab approach is limited to giving advice on policy matters when they

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data on Chinese development finance project sites, the study found that active Chinese project sites had more widespread local corruption. The study found that the apparent increase in corruption did not appear to be driven by increased economic activity, but rather could be linked to a negative

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Loan repayments to multilateral institutions are pooled and redistributed as new loans. Additionally, debt relief, partial or total cancellation of loan repayments, is often added to total aid numbers even though it is not an actual transfer of funds. It is compiled by the Development Assistance

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has also argued that despite more than two decades of donor-supported reform in Africa, the continent continues to be plagued by economic crises due to the combination of state generated factors and to the counter productivity of international development aid to Africa. Van de Walle posits that

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development aid. ("High-risk" tenders are those with a higher degree of World Bank oversight and control; as a result, the study authors noted that "our findings are not representative of all aid spending financed by the World Bank, but only that part where risks are higher" and more stringent

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The effect of aid on conflict intensity and onset have been proved to have different impacts in different countries and situations. For instance, for the case of Colombia Dube and Naidu (2015) showed that Aid from the US seems to have been diverted to paramilitary groups, increasing political

1939:

Over and on top of this, there has been extensive research that Arab aid is often allocated initially to Arab countries, and perhaps recently to some sub-Saharan African countries which have shown Afro-Arab unity. This is especially true considering the fact that aid by Arab donors is more

1327:). Concern with aid effectiveness might be at a high level of generality (whether aid on average fulfils the main functions that aid is supposed to have), or it might be more detailed (considering relative degrees of success between different types of aid in differing circumstances). 1418:

achieving economic growth and development without foreign assistance. Most African economies have become dependent on aid and this is because foreign aid has become a significant norm of systems of international relations between high and low income countries across the globe.

1664:. It may also be given with the intention of influencing the political process in the receiving nation. Whether one considers such aid helpful may depend on whether one agrees with the agenda being pursued by the donor nation in a particular case. During the conflict between 295:

Aid may be also classified based on urgency into emergency aid and development aid. Emergency aid is rapid assistance given to a people in immediate distress by individuals, organizations, or governments to relieve suffering, during and after man-made emergencies (like

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analyzed contract-level data over the period 1998 through 2008 in more than a hundred recipient countries. As a risk indicator for corruption, the study used the prevalence of single bids submitted in "high-risk" competitive tenders for procurement contracts funded by

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to another. The type of aid given may be classified according to various factors, including its intended purpose, the terms or conditions (if any) under which it is given, its source, and its level of urgency. For example, aid may be classified based on urgency into

1828:. This approach might see the nature of aid change from loans, debt cancellation, budget support etc., to supporting developing countries. This requires a strong political will, however, the results could potentially make aid far more effective and efficient. 1635:

does little but mask the maldistribution of resources around the world. It makes the takers seem like givers, granting them a kind of moral high ground while preventing those of us who care about global poverty from understanding how the system really works.

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and others have argued that aid can often distort incentives in poor countries in various harmful ways. Aid can also involve inflows of money to poor countries that have some similarities to inflows of money from natural resources that provoke the

3359: 527:: A combination of Project aid and Programme aid/Budget Support; e.g. support for the education sector in a country will include both funding of education projects (like school buildings) and provide funds to maintain them (like school books). 1601:

and this impedes the growth of manufacturing sector which is more conducive in the cheap labour conditions. Aid also can take the pressure off and delay the painful changes required in the economy to shift from agriculture to manufacturing.

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Some specific motives a donor may have for giving aid were listed in 1985 as follows: defence support, market expansion, foreign investment, missionary enterprise, cultural extension. In recent decades, aid by organizations such as the

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reported that, worldwide, foreign workers sent $ 328 billion from richer to poorer countries in 2008, over twice as much as official aid flows from OECD members. The United States does not count military aid in its foreign aid figures.

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is a sub-type of development aid. It is aid involving highly educated or trained personnel, such as doctors, who are moved into a developing country to assist with a program of development. It can be both programme and project aid.

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not incentivize the government to tax citizens, due to the constant inflow of foreign aid, and as a result, the citizens do not have any obligation to demand the provision of goods and services geared towards development.

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by being focused on relieving suffering caused by natural disaster or conflict, rather than removing the root causes of poverty or vulnerability. Development aid is aid given to support development in general which can be

533:: Food is given to countries in urgent need of food supplies, especially if they have just experienced a natural disaster. Food aid can be provided by importing food from the donor, buying food locally, or providing cash. 1910:(and similar programs for Asia, and the Point Four program for Latin America) became the major American aid program, and became a model for its foreign aid policies for decades. The U.S. gave away about $ 20 billion in 1798:, argue that current support for developing countries suffers from a policy incoherence. While some policies are designed to support developing countries, other domestic policies undermine its impact, examples include: 1184:(OECD) to measure aid. ODA refers to aid from national governments for promoting economic development and welfare in low and middle income countries. ODA can be bilateral or multilateral. This aid is given as either 376:) by aid agencies, and the provision of funding or in-kind services (like logistics or transport), usually through aid agencies or the government of the affected country. Humanitarian aid is distinguished from 1923:

rapid growth. The conditions attached to Marshall Plan aid pushed European political economy in a direction that left its post World War II "mixed economies" with more "market" and less "controls" in the mix.

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has been criticized as being primarily a tool used to open new areas up to global capitalists, and being only secondarily, if at all, concerned with the wellbeing of the people in the recipient countries.

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providing aid to developing economies' health sectors and the training of personnel is undermined by migration policies in developed countries that encourage the migration of skilled health professionals

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countries together gave $ 75,838,040,000 and EU Institutions gave a further $ 19.4 billion. The European Union accumulated a higher portion of GDP as a form of foreign aid than any other economic union.

3363: 391:(OCHA) is mandated to coordinate the international humanitarian response to a natural disaster or complex emergency acting on the basis of the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/182. The 1208:

use the DAC's ODA figure as their main aid figure because it is easily available and reasonably consistently calculated over time and between countries. The DAC classifies aid in three categories:

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encouraging developing economies to develop their agriculture with a focus on exports is not effective on a global market where key players, such as the US and EU, heavily subsidise their products

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the case of the announcement of production, to ensure the signing of a contract for the purchase of the vaccine at the shortest term." Although primary discussed in the context of the supply of

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nations toward capitalism and away from communism. Aid to underdeveloped countries has sometimes been criticized as being more in the interest of the donor than the recipient, or even a form of

1455:

oversight thus deemed necessary.) The study authors found "that donor efforts to control corruption in aid spending through national procurement systems, by tightening oversight and increasing

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had lower prevalence of single bidding, lending support for "theories of corruption control based on reducing opportunities and increasing constraints on the power of public administrators."

578:(DAC), or about $ 150 billion in 2018. For the same year, the OECD estimated that six to seven billion dollars of ODA-like aid was given by ten other states, including China and India. 1338: 3255: 3445: 114:

Emergency aid is rapid assistance given to a people in immediate distress by individuals, organizations, or governments to relieve suffering, during and after man-made emergencies (like

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The type of aid given may be classified according to various factors, including its level of urgency and intended purpose, or the terms or conditions (if any) under which it is given.

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as "a voluntary transfer of public resources, from a government to another independent government, to an NGO, or to an international organization (such as the World Bank or the

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For much of the period since World War II to the present "foreign aid was used for four main purposes: diplomatic , developmental, humanitarian relief and commercial."

1432:, which negatively affect the economic growth and development of most African countries and other poor countries across the globe. Moyo devotes a section of her book, 1239:(OOF): Aid which does not fall into the other two categories, either because it is not aimed at development, or it consists of more than 75% loan (rather than grant). 399:

and other impartial humanitarian organizations to provide assistance and protection of civilians during times of war. The ICRC, has been given a special role by the

1613:, former head of the United Nations Development Program, estimated that farm subsidies cost poor countries about US$ 50 billion a year in lost agricultural exports: 1333:

Many prescriptions have been made about how to improve aid effectiveness. In 2003–2011 there existed a global movement in the name of aid effectiveness, around four

3385: 3059: 2004: 2488: 2560: 3924: 3837: 3247: 3076: 2872: 1976: 445:. For donor nations, development aid also has strategic value; improved living conditions can positively effects global security and economic growth. 2365: 2014: 1899:

of 1095, he called for Christendom to rally in military support of the Byzantines with references to the "Greek Empire and the need of aid for it."

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that globalization has provided, will turn other "pools of money toward African markets in form of mutual funds, hedge funds, pension schemes" etc.

350: 1680:– each used aid to influence the internal politics of other nations, and to support their weaker allies. Perhaps the most notable example was the 1374:

Pacifying Africa's neopatrimonial tendencies, thereby lessening the incentives for state elites to undertake reform and preserving the status quo.

476:, a low or no interest loan, or a combination of these. The terms of foreign aid are oftentimes influenced by the motives of the giver: a sign of 3680: 1334: 1099:

countries that are members of the Development Assistance Committee gave 0.42% of GNI (excluding the $ 15.93 billion given by EU Institutions).

775: 2593: 4590: 4481: 4351: 4044: 4019: 3813: 4535: 4758: 3793: 951:

contributed by the top 10 DAC countries is as follows. Five countries met the longstanding UN target for an ODA/GNI ratio of 0.7% in 2013:

201: 3732: 4651: 4075: 2196:. Jones, Seth G., 1972-, International Security and Defense Policy Center., Open Society Institute. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corp. 2006. 1428:

argues that aid does not lead to development, but rather creates problems including corruption, dependency, limitations on exports and

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the whole to yield more affirmative results in the early 21st century, but the picture is complex and far from clear in many respects.

4647: 2340: 4458: 4423: 3990: 2472: 2201: 1558: 1163: 257: 1914:

grants and other grants and low-interest long-term loans to Western Europe, 1945 to 1951. Economic historians Bradford De Long and

204:) with at least a 25 percent grant element, one goal of which is to better the human condition in the country receiving the aid." 4848: 1177: 686: 575: 185: 361:

is material or logistical assistance provided for humanitarian purposes, typically in response to humanitarian crises such as a

1810: 1212: 1113: 571: 446: 173: 63: 2819: 4729: 4701: 3545: 2678: 1795: 1540: 1145: 442: 239: 3706: 2414:"Official Development Assistance: Council approves the Annual Report to the European Council on EU Development Aid Targets" 4528: 1814: 1627: 3389: 2905: 2694: 4369:"We Spend How Much? Misperceptions, Innumeracy, and Support for the Foreign Aid in the United States and Great Britain" 3954: 3008: 2538: 304:. The term often carries an international connotation, but this is not always the case. It is often distinguished from 4685:– a web portal for information on development aid, including a database of aid activities financed by donors worldwide 4600:

Ali, Abdiweli M.; Said Isse, Hodan (2007). "Foreign Aid and Free Trade and their Effect on Income: A Panel Analysis".

1712: 1475: 1220: 1480: 372:

The provision of emergency humanitarian aid consists of the provision of vital services (such as food aid to prevent

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tends to cluster in richer parts of countries, meaning most aid is not given to poor countries or poor recipients.

2225: 1981: 1821: 1755: 1623: 558: 430: 3499: 1529: 1377:

Sustaining poorly managed bureaucratic structures and policies that would be otherwise rectified by market forces.

1134: 228: 2035: 1271: 377: 2194:

Securing tyrants or fostering reform?: U.S. internal security assistance to repressive and transitioning regimes

4794: 4781: 3446:"New Report on Unrecorded Capital Flight Finds Developing Countries are Net-Creditors to the Rest of the World" 2568: 2025: 544: 4289: 3110:"The Long-Run Impact of Foreign Aid in 36 African Countries: Insights from Multivariate Time Series Analysis*" 354:

U.S. soldiers unload humanitarian aid for distribution to the town of Rajan Kala, Afghanistan, 5 December 2009

4263:"The Composition and Distribution of Financial Assistance from Arab Countries and Arab Regional Institutions" 4222:"Arab-related Bilateral and Multilateral Sources of Development Finance: Issues, Trends, and the Way Forward" 321:

as being aimed at alleviating poverty in the long term, rather than alleviating suffering in the short term.

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as being aimed at alleviating poverty in the long term, rather than alleviating suffering in the short term.

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Van de Walle, Nicolas (2004). "Economic Reform: Patterns and Constraints". In Gyimah-Boadi, Emmanuel (ed.).

1773: 71: 4221: 3932: 3412: 780:

Official development assistance (in absolute terms) contributed by the top 10 DAC countries is as follows.

4609: 4159: 1825: 1661: 1606: 488:

needed by the donor for the extraction of resources from the recipient country, or to gain other kinds of

4821: 3278: 1380:

Allowing state capacities to deteriorate through externalizing many state functions and responsibilities.

519:: A form of Programme Aid that is directly channelled into the financial system of the recipient country. 4738: 3233: 947: 422: 42: 4786: 4713: 4492: 4472:

The White Man's Burden: Why the West's Effort to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good

4368: 2987: 4769: 4308: 2619: 1597:. This is partially because aid given in the form of foreign currency causes exchange rate to become 1536: 1463: 1366: 1275: 1270:

Most monetary flows between nations are not counted as aid. These include market-based flows such as

1224: 1216: 1141: 314: 310: 235: 127: 123: 38: 31: 4807: 4614: 4309:"The United Arab Emirates as a global donor: what a decade of foreign aid data transparency reveals" 4097: 553:: International aid in the form of gifts by individuals or businesses are generally administered by 500:

Aid given is generally intended for use by a specific end. From this perspective it may be called:

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Dreher, Axel; Eichenauer, Vera; Gehring, Kai; Langlotz, Sarah; Lohmann, Steffen (18 October 2015).

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Crost, Felter and Johnston (June 2014). "Aid Under Fire: Development Projects and Civil Conflict".

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Aid from various sources can reach recipients through bilateral or multilateral delivery systems.

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needed by the donor for resource extraction from the recipient country, or to gain other kinds of

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Djankov, Simeon; Montalvo, Jose G.; Reynal-Querol, Marta (1 September 2008). "The curse of aid".

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Dávid-Barrett, Elizabeth; Fazekas, Mihály; Hellmann, Olli; Márk, Lili; McCorley, Ciara (2020).

4743: 4586: 4477: 4454: 4391: 4347: 4270: 4040: 4015: 4007: 3986: 3903: 3885: 3809: 3805: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3740: 3603: 3551: 3541: 3420: 3333: 3298: 3142: 3109: 3053: 2710:"Bases, Bullets, and Ballots: The Effect of US Military Aid on Political Conflict in Colombia" 2674: 2468: 2207: 2197: 2009: 1915: 1765: 1761: 1739: 1572: 1459:, were effective in reducing corruption risks." The study also found that countries with high 1316: 1309: 366: 4274: 4262: 4128: 3980: 4619: 4383: 4320: 4241: 4233: 4202: 4171: 4140: 4109: 3893: 3875: 3801: 3645: 3595: 3325: 3290: 3207: 3132: 3124: 2964: 2798: 2759: 2721: 2673:. 1800 30th Street, Boulder, Colorado 80301: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc. pp. 29–63. 1782: 1778: 1589: 1394: 1351: 1324: 362: 358: 345: 318: 301: 131: 119: 4568:

Mousseau, Frederic; Mittal, Anuradha. "Food Sovereignty: Ending World Hunger in Our Time".

4191:"What factors determine the allocation of aid by Arab countries and multilateral agencies?" 2709: 2264: 4811: 4798: 4717: 4705: 4663: 3580: 1456: 1355: 1320: 434: 412: 305: 280: 108: 4431: 3530:"International Assistance and international Capitalism: Supportive or Counterproductive?" 484:

for behaviour desired by the donor, to extend the donor's cultural influence, to enhance

328:

is material or logistical assistance given to strengthen the military capabilities of an

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conclude it was, "History's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program." They state:

1622:

Anthropologist and researcher Jason Hickel concludes from a 2016 report by the US-based

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This article is about assistance given from one country to another. For other uses, see

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to their international families was twice as large as that country's humanitarian aid.

1283: 1262:

to turn into a major donor. The country now provides over $ 1 billion in aid annually.

1197: 1096: 1019: 839: 797: 781: 516: 485: 157: 2751: 2513: 1840: 513:: Aid given for a specific sector; e.g. funding of the education sector of a country. 4837: 4721: 4658: 4631: 4470: 4367:

Scotto, Thomas J.; Reifler, Jason; Hudson, David; vanHeerde-Hudson, Jennifer (2017).

4237: 3665: 3633: 3615: 3345: 3219: 2733: 2514:"Net official development assistance and official aid received (current US$ ) | Data" 2391:"Net official development assistance and official aid received (current US$ ) - Data" 2390: 1911: 1907: 1892: 1888: 1872: 1820:

Thus, some states are seeking to ensure there is a policy coherence, for example see

1703: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1644: 1484: 1429: 1291: 1185: 811: 473: 341: 104: 4782:

European Network on Debt and Development reports, news and links on development aid.

4403: 3154: 2779: 4843: 4734: 4175: 4060: 3838:"Vaccine diplomacy: how some countries are using COVID to enhance their soft power" 3294: 1986: 1903: 1673: 1581: 1460: 1425: 1287: 325: 274: 164:

access. Countries may provide aid for further diplomatic reasons. Humanitarian and

4324: 3792:

Blume, Stuart (19 March 2020). McInnes, Colin; Lee, Kelley; Youde, Jeremy (eds.).

2953:"Controlling Corruption in Development Aid: New Evidence from Contract-Level Data" 4448: 4113: 3880: 2315: 4778:

Resource for staffing, tracking, winning, and implementing development projects.

3767:"Inside Diplomacy during the Pandemic: Change in the Means and Ways of Practice" 1971: 1699: 1598: 1518: 1493: 1255: 1123: 1061: 1033: 895: 614: 539:: aid that originates in institutions of a religious nature (some examples are, 217: 4160:"The Rise (and Decline?) of Arab Aid: Generosity and Allocation in the Oil Era" 2969: 2952: 2140: 4759:

Aid Harmonization: What Will It Take to Meet the Millennium Development Goals?

4744:

Center for Global Development's Modernizing U.S. Foreign Assistance Initiative

3649: 3329: 3211: 3137: 2915: 1966: 1716: 1669: 1451: 1279: 1233:(OD): Development aid provided to developed countries (on the "Part II" list). 1201: 991: 481: 438: 380:, which involves armed forces protecting civilians from violent oppression or 373: 149: 122:. Development aid is aid given to support development in general which can be 4688: 4395: 3889: 3744: 3607: 3424: 3337: 3302: 3146: 2211: 507:: Aid given for a specific purpose; e.g. building materials for a new school. 4763: 4543: 4008:"The Marshall Plan: History's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program" 3555: 1884: 1876: 1665: 554: 477: 138: 3907: 3707:"A coronavirus vaccine is a chance for China to show its scientific muscle" 3599: 2802: 2763: 324:

Official aid may be classified by types according to its intended purpose.

287:, pool aid from one or more sources and disperse it among many recipients. 17: 4623: 4564:– analysis of the proportion of aid wasted on consultants, tied aid, etc. 4340:"Financial Assistance from Arab Countries and Arab Regional Institutions" 3108:

Juselius, Katarina; Møller, Niels Framroze; Tarp, Finn (7 January 2013).

3034: 2931:

Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is a Better Way for Africa

2860:

Dead aid: Why aid is not working and how there is a better way for Africa

2847:

Dead aid: Why aid is not working and how there is a better way for Africa

2644: 1657: 722: 704: 650: 489: 465: 381: 329: 165: 161: 153: 145: 142: 95: 3681:"Understanding Vaccine Diplomacy for the Anthropocene, Anti-Science Age" 3657: 2771: 2094:

difference is now moot since the DAC recently merged the two categories.

66:(ODA) distribution in 2005. ODA is a system to measure the size of aid. 58: 4726: 4450:

The International Aid System 2005 - 2010: Forces for and Against Change

4387: 4246: 4144: 4061:"Will 'Emerging Donors' Change the Face of International Co-operation?" 3128: 2910: 1769: 1543: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1148: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1075: 1047: 1005: 825: 668: 242: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 99: 4583:

Organizing Foreign Aid: Confronting the Challenges of the 21st Century

4527:

A compilation of case studies of successful foreign assistance by the

4206: 2438: 2165: 429:

Development aid is given by governments through individual countries'

4772:

makes information on Europe's development cooperation more accessible

4677: 1689: 1660:; for instance it is often given as a means of supporting an ally in 1205: 977: 963: 937: 923: 881: 867: 740: 464:

Aid can also be classified according to the terms agreed upon by the

284: 94:) is – from the perspective of governments – a voluntary transfer of 4791: 3864:""Vaccine Diplomacy": Historical Perspectives and Future Directions" 1290:. In 2009, aid in the form of remittances by migrant workers in the 137:

Aid may serve one or more functions: it may be given as a signal of

4290:"Arab Foreign Aid: Disbursement Patterns, Aid Policies and Motives" 4010:. In Dornbusch, Rudiger; Nolling, Wilhelm; Layard, Richard (eds.). 2725: 1605:

Some believe that aid is offset by other economic programs such as

4727:

Does Foreign Aid Work? Efforts to Evaluate U.S. Foreign Assistance

4511: 3248:"Millennium Development Goals – The Key Datasets You Need to Know" 2116:"Official development assistance – definition and coverage - OECD" 1745: 1672:

in the twentieth century, the champions of those ideologies – the

1370:

international aid has sustained economic stagnation in Africa by:

909: 853: 758: 632: 4827: 2341:"Development aid drops in 2018, especially to neediest countries" 403:

with respect to the visiting and monitoring of prisoners of war.

4775: 3955:"D.C. Munro, The American Historical Review, Volume 27, Issue 4" 1385:

much needed accountability and capacity in African governments.

1259: 1189: 469: 46: 4424:"Development Aid, Humanitarian Assistance and Emergency Relief" 3279:"Is Aid Oil? An Analysis of Whether Africa Can Absorb More Aid" 561:

who batch them and then channel these to the recipient country.

4753: 4129:"Political Economy of Aid Allocation: The Case of Arab Donors" 4012:

Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today

3733:"China Seeks to Use Access to Covid-19 Vaccines for Diplomacy" 1835: 1512: 1176:

Official development assistance (ODA) is a term coined by the

1117: 468:

and receiving countries. In this classification, aid can be a

297: 211: 115: 50: 588:

List of countries by Official Development Assistance received

4447:

Rogerson, Andrew; Hewitt, Adrian; Waldenberg, David (2004).

3033:

NW, 1310 L. Street; Washington, 7th Floor (16 August 2007).

2594:"Migration and development: The aid workers who really help" 4748: 3469:"Aid in Reverse: How Poor Countries Develop Rich Countries" 2539:"Official development assistance – definition and coverage" 27:

Voluntary transfer of resources from one country to another

4816: 4693: 3532:. In Carter, Gwendolen Margaret; O'Meara, Patrick (eds.). 1319:

is the degree of success or failure of international aid (

4698: 4682: 4039:(Repr. ed.). Chicago, Ill.: Univ. of Chicago Press. 1891:

takeover of the region. The call for aid was answered by

1356:

Development aid § Discussion on unfavourable impacts

1339:

Global Partnership for Effective Development Co-operation

4804: 4493:"Foreign Aid for Development Assistance – Global Issues" 2906:"Dambisa Moyo on why aid has been a disaster for Africa" 4710: 1852: 449:(ODA) is a commonly used measure of developmental aid. 156:, to extend the donor's cultural influence, to provide 4037:

Foreign aid: diplomacy, development, domestic politics

2561:"Giving Foreign Aid Helps Korea - The Asia Foundation" 1182:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

190:

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

3386:"Mark Malloch Brown at Makerere University in Uganda" 1395:

Humanitarian aid § Increasing existing conflicts

1188:, where no repayment is required, or as concessional 2671:

Democratic Reform in Africa: The Quality of Progress

2366:"Other official providers not reporting to the OECD" 2054: 2052: 2031:

Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency

1871:

An early example of the military type of aid is the

1251:(financial transfers) might not arrive until later. 1192:, where interest rates are lower than market rates. 1781:, it also played a part in the distribution of the 389:

Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs

168:purposes are often reasons for foreign assistance. 4469: 2021:International economic cooperation policy of Japan 421:Official Development Assistance (ODA) measured in 3534:African Independence: The First Twenty-Five Years 2290:"10 Accomplishments of U.S. Foreign Aid - BORGEN" 2166:"The DAC in Dates, 2006 Edition. Section, "1972"" 1626:(GFI) and the Centre for Applied Research at the 1258:became the first major recipient of ODA from the 4006:DeLong, J. Bradford; Eichengreen, Barry (1993). 3579:Faye, Michael; Niehaus, Paul (1 December 2012). 2957:Studies in Comparative International Development 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2588: 2586: 2089: 2087: 1447:Studies in Comparative International Development 4694:OECD Development Co-operation Directorate (DAC) 2005:Australian Agency for International Development 1361:Promoting neopatrimonialism and poor governance 1286:to their families in their home countries, and 2489:"Official Development Assistance (ODA) - OECD" 1809:One measure of this policy incoherence is the 279:refers to government to government transfers. 3982:Foreign Aid and the Legacy of Harry S. Truman 3798:The Oxford Handbook of Global Health Politics 3794:"The Politics of Global Vaccination Policies" 3523: 3521: 8: 2408: 2406: 2404: 3117:Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 3058:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2986:Ann-Sofie Isaksson & Andreas Kotsadam, 2982: 2980: 2645:"Effective development co-operation - OECD" 2068:Moscow) to promote their long-term growth." 1887:, and the Christians living there from the 1883:asked for help in defending Byzantium, the 1483:increased local-level corruption. Matching 1365:American political scientist and professor 1352:Humanitarian aid § Problematic aspects 4338:van den Boogaerde, Pierre (15 June 1991). 3925:"'Beyond Aid' for sustainable development" 2620:"How Does the U.S. Spend Its Foreign Aid?" 1794:Some analysts, such as researchers at the 591: 582:Top 10 aid recipient countries (2009–2018) 4613: 4536:"Real Aid: An Agenda for Making Aid Work" 4376:Journal of Experimental Political Science 4245: 3897: 3879: 3136: 2968: 2465:The World Transformed 1945 to the Present 1977:International Aid Transparency Initiative 1656:Aid is seldom given from motives of pure 1559:Learn how and when to remove this message 1404:Aid dependency and other economic effects 1164:Learn how and when to remove this message 258:Learn how and when to remove this message 4667:) is being considered for deletion. See 4581:Lancaster, Carol; Ann Van Dusen (2005). 4098:"Revisiting Aid in the Arab Middle East" 3679:Srinivas, Krishna Ravi (11 March 2021). 3634:"Who Gives Foreign Aid to Whom and Why?" 3632:Alesina, Alberto; Dollar, David (2000). 2467:. New York: New York. pp. 516–517. 2141:"DAC Glossary of Key Terms and Concepts" 2015:Department for International Development 1698: 1618:today's level of development assistance. 416: 397:International Committee of the Red Cross 349: 172:The most widely used measure of aid is " 57: 4648:Foreign Relations and International Aid 3806:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190456818.001.0001 2107: 2048: 1688:, largely successfully, sought to pull 1487:data (on perceptions of corruption) to 574:(ODA) comes from the 30 members of the 3919: 3917: 3836:Jennings, Michael (22 February 2021). 3627: 3625: 3574: 3572: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3196:"Does Foreign Aid Target the Poorest?" 3071: 3069: 3051: 3002: 3000: 2841: 2839: 2814: 2812: 2745: 2743: 2686: 2217: 1335:high level forums on aid effectiveness 776:List of development aid country donors 3536:. Indiana University Press. pp. 3500:"The Geography of Poverty and Wealth" 2933:. Douglas & Mcintyre. p. 79. 1811:Commitment to Development Index (CDI) 7: 4428:Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Sweden 3411:Kristof, Nicholas D. (5 July 2002). 3258:from the original on 22 January 2014 2994:, Vol. 159, March 2018, pp. 146-159. 1541:adding citations to reliable sources 1146:adding citations to reliable sources 240:adding citations to reliable sources 4127:Kibria, Ahsan; Oladi, Reza (2021). 3985:. Truman State UP. pp. 17–20. 3246:Provost, Claire (31 October 2012). 3077:"Why Foreign Aid Is Hurting Africa" 3009:"Foreign Aid, Or Foreign Hindrance" 2873:"Why Foreign Aid Is Hurting Africa" 1215:(ODA): Development aid provided to 4453:. Overseas Development Institute. 4422:Malmqvist, Håkan (February 2000). 4195:The Journal of Development Studies 4076:"Top 6 Arab Donor Organizations -" 3388:. 12 November 2002. Archived from 2567:. 30 November 2011. Archived from 2240:"Defining humanitarian assistance" 336:Humanitarian aid and emergency aid 25: 4674:International Aid and Development 4671:to help reach a consensus. › 3705:Snyder, Alison (20 August 2020). 3467:Hickel, Jason (14 January 2017). 3170:"Does foreign aid affect growth?" 2708:Dube and Naidu (6 January 2015). 1706:aid to Germany, West Berlin, 1949 1466:(PSI) and countries with greater 1266:Not included as international aid 770:Top 10 aid donor countries (2020) 593:Foreign aid received (2009–2018) 460:By terms or conditions of receipt 4491:Shah, Anup (28 September 2014). 4238:10.1111/j.1467-9701.2004.00600.x 3868:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 3862:Hotez, Peter J. (26 June 2014). 3765:Abduazimov, Muzaffar S. (2021). 3277:Collier, Paul (September 2006). 3039:Competitive Enterprise Institute 2988:Chinese aid and local corruption 2752:"US Food Aid and Civil Conflict" 1839: 1738:This section is an excerpt from 1724:Political bias in aid allocation 1517: 1308:This section is an excerpt from 1178:Development Assistance Committee 1122: 1082: 1068: 1054: 1040: 1026: 1012: 998: 984: 970: 956: 944:Official development assistance 930: 916: 902: 888: 874: 860: 846: 832: 818: 804: 790: 751: 733: 715: 697: 679: 661: 643: 625: 607: 576:Development Assistance Committee 216: 186:Development Assistance Committee 4776:The Development Executive Group 4602:The Journal of Developing Areas 4585:. Brookings Institution Press. 4014:. MIT Press. pp. 189–230. 3979:Raymond H. Geselbracht (2015). 1528:needs additional citations for 1213:Official Development Assistance 1133:needs additional citations for 1114:Official development assistance 1108:Official development assistance 572:official development assistance 447:Official Development Assistance 291:By urgency and intended purpose 227:needs additional citations for 174:Official Development Assistance 64:official development assistance 4822:Foreign Aid Projects 1955–2010 4730:Congressional Research Service 4699:Overseas Development Institute 4652:University of Colorado–Boulder 4176:10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.07.025 3295:10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.01.002 2820:"Aid Dependenceand Governance" 1931:Arab countries as "New Donors" 1796:Overseas Development Institute 1481:Chinese aid projects in Africa 1473:A 2018 study published in the 525:Sector-wide Approaches (SWAPs) 1: 4529:Center for Global Development 4325:10.1080/21665095.2021.1883453 3731:Deng, Chao (17 August 2020). 1815:Center for Global Development 1628:Norwegian School of Economics 441:, and by individuals through 141:approval, or to strengthen a 4817:Advance Integral Development 4689:EuropeAid Cooperation Office 4547:. 1 May 2005. Archived from 4313:Development Studies Research 4114:10.1080/13629395.2014.966983 3931:. April 2009. Archived from 3881:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002808 2797:. 1833–1856 (6): 1833–1856. 2758:. 1630–1666 (6): 1630–1666. 2624:Council on Foreign Relations 1445:A 2020 article published in 283:, such as the World Bank or 152:for behavior desired by the 4267:International Monetary Fund 4261:van den Boogaerde, Pierre. 2992:Journal of Public Economics 2750:Nunn and Qian (June 2014). 1713:International Monetary Fund 1640:Effects depend on geography 1476:Journal of Public Economics 1303:Improving aid effectiveness 1221:international organizations 1219:(on the "Part I" list) and 559:philanthropic organizations 384:by state-supported actors. 317:. It is distinguished from 130:. It is distinguished from 4865: 4468:Easterly, William (2006). 4074:DARPE (24 November 2021). 3638:Journal of Economic Growth 3413:"Farm Subsidies That Kill" 3318:Journal of Economic Growth 3200:International Organization 2970:10.1007/s12116-020-09315-4 1982:Transparency International 1822:Common Agricultural Policy 1756:Amsterdam Airport Schiphol 1754:from the United States at 1737: 1624:Global Financial Integrity 1570: 1407: 1392: 1349: 1307: 1272:foreign direct investments 1247:at one point in time, but 1111: 773: 585: 431:international aid agencies 410: 339: 36: 29: 4288:Villanger, Espen (2007). 4096:Challand, Benoit (2014). 4035:Lancaster, Carol (2008). 3330:10.1007/s10887-008-9032-8 3212:10.1017/S0020818316000345 2036:United States foreign aid 1500:Death of local industries 437:institutions such as the 378:humanitarian intervention 313:or social development in 281:Multilateral institutions 126:or social development in 88:foreign aid, economic aid 4797:11 February 2013 at the 4669:templates for discussion 4307:Cochrane, Logan (2021). 3588:American Economic Review 3236:. New York:Random House. 2795:American Economic Review 2756:American Economic Review 2693:: CS1 maint: location ( 2026:Saudi foreign assistance 545:Catholic Relief Services 196:Carol Lancaster defines 37:Not to be confused with 4849:International relations 4704:6 December 2008 at the 4516:millionssaved.cgdev.org 4220:Neumayer, Eric (2004). 4189:Neumayer, Eric (2003). 4158:Shushan, Debra (2011). 3650:10.1023/A:1009874203400 3528:Asante, S.K.B. (1985). 3448:. GFIntegrity.org. 2016 2714:The Journal of Politics 2418:www.consilium.europa.eu 2244:Development Initiatives 1774:diplomatic relationship 1772:to improve a country's 1346:Unintended consequences 537:Faith-based foreign aid 180:Definitions and purpose 72:international relations 4102:Mediterranean Politics 3600:10.1257/AER.102.7.3516 3581:"Political Aid Cycles" 2929:Moyo, Dambisa (2009). 2803:10.1257/aer.104.6.1833 2764:10.1257/aer.104.6.1630 2463:Hunt, Michael (2014). 2224:: CS1 maint: others ( 1826:Doha Development Round 1759: 1707: 1662:international politics 1637: 1620: 1607:agricultural subsidies 1223:with the clear aim of 601:US dollars (billions) 480:approval, to reward a 426: 395:give a mandate to the 355: 202:UN Development Program 67: 4826:International Aid at 4739:Brookings Institution 4716:23 March 2021 at the 4624:10.1353/jda.2008.0016 4344:IMF Occasional Papers 3234:The Life You Can Save 3232:Singer, Peter. 2009. 3194:Briggs, Ryan (2017). 1749: 1702: 1632: 1615: 1276:portfolio investments 948:gross national income 443:development charities 425:in 2009. Source: OECD 420: 353: 61: 43:Aide (disambiguation) 4754:www.realityofaid.org 4497:www.globalissues.org 4294:CMI Report R 2007: 2 3959:www.academic.oup.com 3771:Indonesian Quarterly 3360:"The Bottom Billion" 2316:"DAC members - OECD" 1537:improve this article 1464:institutionalization 1367:Nicolas van de Walle 1237:Other Official Flows 1225:economic development 1217:developing countries 1142:improve this article 633:Syrian Arab Republic 453:Technical assistance 315:developing countries 311:economic development 236:improve this article 128:developing countries 124:economic development 39:Ade (disambiguation) 32:Aid (disambiguation) 4810:7 July 2022 at the 4766:at GlobalIssues.org 4749:Aid Workers Network 4711:Aid Reform Campaign 4434:on 25 November 2009 3737:Wall Street Journal 3504:Scientific American 3089:on 23 November 2015 3035:"Foreign Aid Kills" 2885:on 23 November 2015 2058:Lancaster, pp. 4–5. 1897:Council of Piacenza 1875:, which began when 946:as a percentage of 594: 387:The United Nations 4787:How Food Aid Work. 4388:10.1017/XPS.2017.6 4145:10.1111/twec.13139 3417:The New York Times 3138:10.1111/obes.12012 3129:10.1111/obes.12012 2571:on 2 December 2011 2565:asiafoundation.org 2518:data.worldbank.org 2395:data.worldbank.org 2265:"A/RES/46/182 - E" 1992:Effective altruism 1881:Alexios I Komnenos 1851:. You can help by 1790:Policy incoherence 1760: 1752:Salk Polio Vaccine 1708: 1611:Mark Malloch Brown 1492:Chinese impact on 1479:investigated with 1389:Promoting conflict 592: 427: 401:Geneva Conventions 393:Geneva Conventions 356: 92:foreign assistance 68: 4592:978-0-8157-5113-7 4483:978-1-59420-037-3 4353:978-1-55775-180-5 4226:The World Economy 4207:10.1080/713869429 4170:(11): 1969–1980. 4164:World Development 4133:The World Economy 4046:978-0-226-47045-0 4021:978-0-262-04136-2 3815:978-0-19-045681-8 3283:World Development 2918:on 22 April 2011. 2858:Moyo, D. (2009). 2845:Moyo, D. (2009). 2077:Carol Lancaster. 2010:China foreign aid 1916:Barry Eichengreen 1869: 1868: 1813:published by the 1779:COVID-19 vaccines 1766:medical diplomacy 1762:Vaccine diplomacy 1740:Vaccine diplomacy 1733:Vaccine diplomacy 1573:Aid effectiveness 1569: 1568: 1561: 1317:Aid effectiveness 1310:Aid effectiveness 1174: 1173: 1166: 767: 766: 367:man-made disaster 302:natural disasters 268: 267: 260: 120:natural disasters 80:international aid 16:(Redirected from 4856: 4635: 4617: 4596: 4577: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4553: 4540: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4512:"Millions Saved" 4507: 4505: 4503: 4487: 4475: 4464: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4430:. Archived from 4408: 4407: 4373: 4364: 4358: 4357: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4186: 4180: 4179: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4139:(8): 2460–2495. 4124: 4118: 4117: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4032: 4026: 4025: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3921: 3912: 3911: 3901: 3883: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3842:The Conversation 3833: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3685:The Wire Science 3676: 3670: 3669: 3629: 3620: 3619: 3594:(7): 3516–3530. 3585: 3576: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3525: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3496: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3408: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3362:. Archived from 3356: 3350: 3349: 3313: 3307: 3306: 3289:(9): 1482–1497. 3274: 3268: 3267: 3265: 3263: 3243: 3237: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3191: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3165: 3159: 3158: 3140: 3114: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3088: 3082:. Archived from 3081: 3073: 3064: 3063: 3057: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3004: 2995: 2984: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2948: 2935: 2934: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2914:. Archived from 2901: 2895: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2884: 2878:. Archived from 2877: 2869: 2863: 2856: 2850: 2843: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2824: 2816: 2807: 2806: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2747: 2738: 2737: 2705: 2699: 2698: 2692: 2684: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2655: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2616: 2610: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2600:. 8 October 2009 2590: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2535: 2529: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2485: 2479: 2478: 2460: 2454: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2410: 2399: 2398: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2376: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2312: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2296:. 9 October 2013 2286: 2280: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2223: 2215: 2190: 2184: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2170: 2162: 2156: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2112: 2095: 2091: 2082: 2075: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2056: 2017:(United Kingdom) 1952:Public attitudes 1864: 1861: 1843: 1836: 1783:smallpox vaccine 1768:, is the use of 1652:Ulterior agendas 1599:less competitive 1590:William Easterly 1564: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1544: 1521: 1513: 1325:humanitarian aid 1169: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1149: 1126: 1118: 1088: 1086: 1085: 1074: 1072: 1071: 1060: 1058: 1057: 1046: 1044: 1043: 1032: 1030: 1029: 1018: 1016: 1015: 1004: 1002: 1001: 990: 988: 987: 976: 974: 973: 962: 960: 959: 936: 934: 933: 922: 920: 919: 908: 906: 905: 894: 892: 891: 880: 878: 877: 870:– $ 12.2 billion 866: 864: 863: 856:– $ 15.5 billion 852: 850: 849: 842:– $ 19.4 billion 838: 836: 835: 828:– $ 23.8 billion 824: 822: 821: 814:– $ 34.6 billion 810: 808: 807: 800:– $ 75.8 billion 796: 794: 793: 757: 755: 754: 739: 737: 736: 721: 719: 718: 703: 701: 700: 687:Congo, Dem. Rep. 685: 683: 682: 667: 665: 664: 649: 647: 646: 631: 629: 628: 613: 611: 610: 595: 363:natural disaster 359:Humanitarian aid 346:Humanitarian aid 319:humanitarian aid 263: 256: 252: 249: 243: 220: 212: 132:humanitarian aid 21: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4853: 4834: 4833: 4832: 4812:Wayback Machine 4801:at OneWorld.net 4799:Wayback Machine 4718:Wayback Machine 4706:Wayback Machine 4672: 4650:resources from 4643: 4638: 4615:10.1.1.614.3911 4599: 4593: 4580: 4567: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4538: 4534: 4520: 4518: 4510: 4501: 4499: 4490: 4484: 4467: 4461: 4446: 4437: 4435: 4421: 4417: 4412: 4411: 4371: 4366: 4365: 4361: 4354: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4306: 4305: 4301: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4219: 4218: 4214: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4080: 4078: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4059: 4058: 4054: 4047: 4034: 4033: 4029: 4022: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3993: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3963: 3961: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3938: 3936: 3923: 3922: 3915: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3846: 3844: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3749: 3747: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3715: 3713: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3689: 3687: 3678: 3677: 3673: 3631: 3630: 3623: 3583: 3578: 3577: 3570: 3560: 3558: 3548: 3527: 3526: 3519: 3509: 3507: 3498: 3497: 3488: 3478: 3476: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3451: 3449: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3429: 3427: 3410: 3409: 3405: 3395: 3393: 3392:on 27 July 2009 3384: 3383: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3366:on 11 July 2019 3358: 3357: 3353: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3261: 3259: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3231: 3227: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3178: 3176: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3112: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3079: 3075: 3074: 3067: 3050: 3043: 3041: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3017: 3015: 3006: 3005: 2998: 2985: 2978: 2950: 2949: 2938: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2904:Dambisa, Moyo. 2903: 2902: 2898: 2888: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2857: 2853: 2844: 2837: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2818: 2817: 2810: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2749: 2748: 2741: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2685: 2681: 2668: 2667: 2663: 2653: 2651: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2628: 2626: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2603: 2601: 2592: 2591: 2584: 2574: 2572: 2559: 2558: 2554: 2544: 2542: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2522: 2520: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2497: 2495: 2487: 2486: 2482: 2475: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2447: 2445: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2422: 2420: 2412: 2411: 2402: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2374: 2372: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2349: 2347: 2339: 2338: 2334: 2324: 2322: 2314: 2313: 2309: 2299: 2297: 2288: 2287: 2283: 2273: 2271: 2263: 2262: 2258: 2248: 2246: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2216: 2204: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2177: 2175: 2168: 2164: 2163: 2159: 2149: 2147: 2139: 2138: 2134: 2124: 2122: 2114: 2113: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2098: 2092: 2085: 2076: 2072: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2050: 2045: 2040: 1963: 1954: 1933: 1895:, when, at the 1865: 1859: 1856: 1849:needs expansion 1834: 1792: 1787: 1786: 1743: 1735: 1726: 1654: 1642: 1575: 1565: 1554: 1548: 1545: 1534: 1522: 1511: 1502: 1457:market openness 1443: 1412: 1406: 1397: 1391: 1363: 1358: 1348: 1343: 1342: 1321:development aid 1313: 1305: 1284:migrant workers 1268: 1196:Committee. The 1170: 1159: 1153: 1150: 1139: 1127: 1116: 1110: 1105: 1103:Quantifying aid 1083: 1081: 1069: 1067: 1055: 1053: 1041: 1039: 1027: 1025: 1013: 1011: 999: 997: 985: 983: 971: 969: 957: 955: 940:– $ 4.3 billion 931: 929: 926:– $ 4.7 billion 917: 915: 912:– $ 4.9 billion 903: 901: 898:– $ 5.3 billion 889: 887: 884:– $ 5.4 billion 875: 873: 861: 859: 847: 845: 833: 831: 819: 817: 805: 803: 791: 789: 778: 772: 752: 750: 734: 732: 716: 714: 698: 696: 680: 678: 662: 660: 644: 642: 626: 624: 608: 606: 590: 584: 568: 498: 462: 415: 413:Development aid 409: 407:Development aid 348: 340:Main articles: 338: 306:development aid 293: 264: 253: 247: 244: 233: 221: 210: 182: 109:development aid 78:(also known as 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4862: 4860: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4830: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4802: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4732: 4724: 4708: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4680: 4656: 4654: 4644: 4642: 4641:External links 4639: 4637: 4636: 4608:(1): 127–142. 4597: 4591: 4578: 4565: 4554:on 1 June 2005 4532: 4508: 4488: 4482: 4465: 4459: 4444: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4382:(2): 119–128. 4359: 4352: 4330: 4299: 4280: 4253: 4232:(2): 281–300. 4212: 4201:(4): 134–147. 4181: 4150: 4119: 4108:(3): 281–298. 4088: 4066: 4052: 4045: 4027: 4020: 3998: 3991: 3971: 3946: 3935:on 29 May 2018 3913: 3854: 3828: 3814: 3784: 3757: 3723: 3697: 3671: 3621: 3568: 3546: 3517: 3486: 3459: 3437: 3403: 3377: 3351: 3324:(3): 169–194. 3308: 3269: 3238: 3225: 3206:(1): 187–206. 3186: 3160: 3123:(2): 153–184. 3100: 3065: 3025: 3007:Bandow, Doug. 2996: 2976: 2963:(4): 481–515. 2936: 2921: 2896: 2864: 2851: 2835: 2808: 2785: 2739: 2726:10.1086/679021 2720:(1): 249–267. 2700: 2679: 2661: 2636: 2611: 2582: 2552: 2530: 2505: 2480: 2473: 2455: 2430: 2400: 2382: 2357: 2332: 2307: 2281: 2256: 2231: 2202: 2185: 2157: 2132: 2106: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2096: 2083: 2070: 2060: 2047: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2012: 2007: 2001: 1995: 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19: 4828:Islamic Help 4662: 4605: 4601: 4582: 4573: 4570:The Humanist 4569: 4556:. 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