179:
456:
496:
325:, influence protein adsorption and immune cell interactions with the implant. Generally, surface roughness induces greater protein adsorption and triggers greater immune response. Thicker cylindrical implants on the millimeter scale were shown to produce greater fibrous encapsulation. However, there may not be an absolute relationship between the modification of the biomaterial and the associated foreign body response, because some biomaterials intrinsically induce a stronger foreign body response than other biomaterials would.
67:
484:
32:
283:
The end-stage healing response is the fibrous encapsulation of the biomaterial. Macrophages and foreign body giant cells release cytokines that attract fibroblasts. Fibroblasts create a collagenous fibrous capsule to separate the biomaterial from the surrounding tissue. The fibrous capsule may hinder
241:
further recruits macrophages to the biomaterial. Macrophages adhere to the biomaterial surface based on the surface protein deposits and produce cytokines that further recruit macrophages. Foreign body granuloma forms as immune cells accumulate on the biomaterial surface in an attempt to eliminate
401:
Zwitterionic polymers have the ability to reduce nonspecific adsorption of proteins and cells at biological interfaces. Zwitterionic coatings are often used to minimize the negative effects of foreign body response for implanted devices and improve the device's biocompatibility. The mechanism is
216:
The composition and conformation of adsorbed proteins on the implant surface is critical to the foreign body reaction. For the first two days, neutrophils are the primary cell type that deposit on the implant surface. Neutrophils release degradative enzymes and reactive oxygen intermediates that
304:
The foreign body giant cell formation and the fibrous encapsulation of the implanted device can affect the function of the implanted device and lead to its failure. Reducing the foreign body reaction can promote better device performance and durability. Even though many types of implants cannot
409:
Several “grafting to” methods have been used to covalently attach zwitterionic polymers to surfaces. Anderson group developed attachment to the surface via polydopamine conjugation. In this case, copolymer should contain a thiol group. Nazarova and coworkers synthesized MPC copolymers with
405:
Zwitterionic coatings can be covalently attached by “grafting to” and “grafting from” methods. With “grafting to” methods, the surface is modified with the polymer after synthesis, whereas with “grafting from” methods, polymer is directly synthesized on a modified surface.
410:
2-methacrylamido-D-glucose, N-vinylpyrrolidone, and N-vinyl-N-methyl-acetamide and grafted them onto the surface of carbon fibre biosorbent using Îł-radiation. MPC copolymers with trimethoxysilylpropyl methacrylate can be thermally cured and self-crosslinked.
333:
Implanted biomaterial can be loaded with different drugs to perform anti-inflammatory functions or promote angiogenesis to further integrate the implant with the host. The sustained release of certain anti-inflammatory drugs from the biomaterial, such as
1697:
305:
completely escape the foreign body reaction, there are many ways to engineer biomaterials to reduce the foreign body reaction. Reducing nonspecific protein adsorption is one important method to prevent fibrous encapsulation of the implant.
1469:
Xie, Xi; Doloff, Joshua C.; Yesilyurt, Volkan; Sadraei, Atieh; McGarrigle, James J.; Omami, Mustafa; Veiseh, Omid; Farah, Shady; Isa, Douglas; Ghani, Sofia; Joshi, Ira; Vegas, Arturo; Li, Jie; Wang, Weiheng; Bader, Andrew (December 2018).
1756:
385:
polymers are widely used in surface modification because they can inhibit non-specific protein adhesion. Zwitterionic hydrogels also promote angiogenesis in surrounding tissues. Commonly used zwitterionic materials include
250:
Adherent macrophages at the implant site can fuse into a multinucleated cell called foreign body giant cell. Foreign body giant cell formation depends on the biomaterial surface properties and on the presence of
199:
can describe the time-dependent behavior of this protein adsorption. Surface-adsorbed proteins regulate inflammatory cell interaction and adhesion. The deposited proteins allow inflammatory cells to attach via
1749:
455:
1742:
362:
Developing materials that resist protein adsorption, fibrous encapsulation, or foreign body giant cell formation is important to resist the foreign body reaction. Commonly used biomaterials like
1621:
Vegas, Arturo J.; Veiseh, Omid; Doloff, Joshua C.; Ma, Minglin; Tam, Hok Hei; Bratlie, Kaitlin; Li, Jie; Bader, Andrew R.; Langan, Erin; Olejnik, Karsten; Fenton, Patrick (March 2016).
2238:
927:
Wei, Qiang; Becherer, Tobias; Angioletti-Uberti, Stefano; Dzubiella, Joachim; Wischke, Christian; Neffe, Axel T.; Lendlein, Andreas; Ballauff, Matthias; Haag, Rainer (2014-07-28).
2087:
2077:
163:
follow the initial blood protein deposition and matrix formation. Macrophages at the implant site fuse to form foreign body giant cells. Following the inflammatory response,
2286:
441:
195:
adsorb to the biomaterial surface. The biomaterial surface properties affect the types, concentrations, and conformation of proteins that adsorb to the surface. The
433:
that remain clear of fibrotic deposition in mice, but more studies are required to explore the relationship between triazole groups and the inflammatory response.
1527:
Nazarova, Olga; Chernova, Eugenia; Dobrodumov, Anatoliy; Zolotova, Yulia; Bezrukova, Marina; Nekrasova, Tatyana; Vlasova, Elena; Panarin, Eugeniy (2021-05-05).
119:. It has also been proposed that the mechanical property of the interface between an implant and its surrounding tissues is critical for the host response.
1850:
2091:
2062:
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1936:
1921:
422:
483:
2221:
2383:
1108:
1000:
605:
314:
1911:
690:
Spitz, Werner U.; Spitz, Daniel J., eds. (2006). "Chapter III: Time of Death and
Changes after Death. Part 1: Anatomical Considerations.".
2351:
182:
Protein adsorption on the surface of the implant attracts immune cells that ultimately result in the fibrous encapsulation of the implant.
2363:
178:
1378:
Zhang, Lei; Cao, Zhiqiang; Bai, Tao; Carr, Louisa; Ella-Menye, Jean-Rene; Irvin, Colleen; Ratner, Buddy D.; Jiang, Shaoyi (June 2013).
99:. Tissue-encapsulation of an implant is an example, as is inflammation around a splinter. Foreign body granuloma formation consists of
2465:
2358:
2296:
1268:"Decellularized allogeneic and xenogeneic tissue as a bioscaffold for regenerative medicine: factors that influence the host response"
2406:
2040:
2346:
495:
2499:
2214:
1855:
2421:
2411:
2393:
2035:
692:
Spitz and Fisher's medicolegal investigation of death : guidelines for the application of pathology to crime investigation
271:
the biomaterial for degradation. Adherent macrophages and foreign body giant cells degrade biomaterials and can lead to device
2030:
2025:
1845:
699:
2378:
2248:
2233:
2050:
1926:
2225:
2045:
1793:
1623:"Combinatorial hydrogel library enables identification of materials that mitigate the foreign body response in primates"
517:
367:
39:
2368:
2209:
2072:
1971:
1840:
1835:
1817:
374:
environment. Therefore, scientists are looking for new materials that intrinsically resist the foreign body reaction.
175:
of the device affects the severity of the foreign body reaction. The foreign body reaction can lead to device failure.
1788:
1472:"Reduction of measurement noise in a continuous glucose monitor by coating the sensor with a zwitterionic polymer"
2243:
2189:
1860:
1783:
1574:
Lewis, A. L.; Cumming, Z. L.; Goreish, H. H.; Kirkwood, L. C.; Tolhurst, L. A.; Stratford, P. W. (January 2001).
1158:"Dealing with the Foreign-Body Response to Implanted Biomaterials: Strategies and Applications of New Materials"
2416:
1805:
1800:
1717:
789:"A review of the biocompatibility of implantable devices: current challenges to overcome foreign body response"
1045:"Immune responses to implants – A review of the implications for the design of immunomodulatory biomaterials"
2373:
2161:
260:
108:
275:. Foreign body giant cells remain on the surface of the implanted device throughout the device's lifetime.
2101:
1906:
289:
1096:
444:
and zwitterionic peptides have immunomodulatory functions that help to resist the foreign body reaction.
2504:
2276:
2057:
1989:
1916:
354:
can significantly reduce the inflammatory response as well as reduce foreign body giant cell formation.
322:
218:
1734:
1044:
2439:
2301:
2253:
2082:
2067:
1946:
1896:
1879:
1830:
1156:
Zhang, Donghui; Chen, Qi; Shi, Chao; Chen, Minzhang; Ma, Kaiqian; Wan, Jianglin; Liu, Runhui (2021).
862:
470:
425:. However, implantation of only alginate will trigger serious foreign body reaction. There are a few
351:
350:
may reduce the foreign body reaction and reduce the device failure rate. Biomaterials that mimic the
849:
Sheikh, Zeeshan; Brooks, Patricia J.; Barzilay, Oriyah; Fine, Noah; Glogauer, Michael (2015-08-28).
391:
66:
2431:
2291:
2198:
2129:
2109:
1901:
1529:"New water-soluble copolymers of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine for surface modification"
787:
Onuki, Yoshinori; Bhardwaj, Upkar; Papadimitrakopoulos, Fotios; Burgess, Diane J. (November 2008).
363:
347:
192:
137:
47:
122:
In the long term, the foreign body reaction results in encapsulation of the foreign body within a
2311:
2124:
2020:
1556:
1415:
1323:"Zwitteration: coating surfaces with zwitterionic functionality to reduce nonspecific adsorption"
1303:
1185:
1157:
672:
293:
264:
164:
152:
100:
2281:
2167:
2114:
1984:
1966:
1956:
1660:
1642:
1603:
1595:
1548:
1509:
1491:
1407:
1399:
1360:
1342:
1295:
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1245:
1227:
1177:
1104:
1072:
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996:
956:
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826:
808:
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601:
578:
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395:
205:
89:
55:
2455:
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2119:
1951:
1650:
1634:
1587:
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1499:
1483:
1449:
1391:
1350:
1334:
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1235:
1219:
1169:
1056:
988:
940:
888:
870:
816:
800:
759:
743:
646:
568:
550:
387:
172:
1438:"Surface hydration: Principles and applications toward low-fouling/nonfouling biomaterials"
272:
1528:
1208:"Biomaterials/tissue interactions: possible solutions to overcome foreign body response"
866:
1941:
1875:
1655:
1622:
1504:
1471:
1355:
1322:
1240:
1207:
1060:
893:
850:
821:
788:
764:
731:
573:
538:
256:
1591:
851:"Macrophages, Foreign Body Giant Cells and Their Response to Implantable Biomaterials"
2493:
2474:
2460:
2401:
1931:
1560:
1189:
430:
335:
285:
252:
230:
226:
196:
156:
123:
1307:
676:
2328:
2144:
1419:
1206:
Morais, Jacqueline M.; Papadimitrakopoulos, Fotios; Burgess, Diane J. (June 2010).
512:
268:
160:
116:
85:
1454:
1437:
474:
267:, and acid onto the biomaterial surface. Foreign body giant cells also attempt to
1722:
1043:
Franz, Sandra; Rammelt, Stefan; Scharnweber, Dieter; Simon, Jan C. (2011-10-01).
992:
555:
2263:
2134:
1999:
1779:
987:. Results and Problems in Cell Differentiation. Vol. 62. pp. 317–351.
149:
128:
112:
104:
60:
804:
747:
539:"Classification of Foreign Body Reactions due to Industrial Silicone Injection"
402:
related to surface charge balancing and creation of a strong hydration sphere.
2341:
1771:
1706:
1487:
1283:
1223:
382:
217:
damages the implant. Platelets from the blood-biomaterial interaction release
43:
1646:
1599:
1552:
1495:
1403:
1346:
1291:
1231:
1181:
1068:
1010:
952:
884:
812:
755:
660:
564:
370:
resist nonspecific protein adsorption but are easily degraded in the in vivo
338:, is shown to increase implant life by preventing inflammation and fibrosis.
159:
adsorb onto the implant surface and a fibrin matrix forms. Acute and chronic
2012:
2003:
1826:
1811:
1575:
1379:
1267:
980:
928:
709:
418:
238:
234:
95:
31:
1664:
1607:
1513:
1411:
1380:"Zwitterionic hydrogels implanted in mice resist the foreign-body reaction"
1364:
1299:
1249:
1173:
1076:
1018:
960:
944:
902:
830:
773:
668:
582:
466:
426:
318:
222:
201:
168:
1689:
2323:
2268:
694:(4th ed.). Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas. pp. 87–127.
1544:
1338:
875:
2470:
2183:
2139:
1979:
1891:
1701:
1638:
1395:
730:
Anderson, James M.; Rodriguez, Analiz; Chang, David T. (April 2008).
651:
634:
1436:
Chen, Shenfu; Li, Lingyan; Zhao, Chao; Zheng, Jie (October 2010).
371:
177:
133:
596:
Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007).
1961:
1710:
462:
1738:
167:
tissue form. The end stage of the foreign body reaction is the
1576:"Crosslinkable coatings from phosphorylcholine-based polymers"
929:"Protein interactions with polymer coatings and biomaterials"
140:, is too large to be reabsorbed by the body, and calcifies.
300:
Engineering biomaterial to resist the foreign body reaction
155:, blood and body fluids contact the implant surface. Host
489:
Foreign body giant cell reaction to nylon suture material
204:. The biomaterial surface can also recruit and activate
981:"Activation of Macrophages in Response to Biomaterials"
639:
Journal of Tissue
Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
132:
is a rare phenomenon which occurs most commonly when a
421:
are widely used for their low cost, low toxicity, and
191:
During blood-biomaterial interaction, blood proteins
1765:
Cutaneous keratosis, ulcer, atrophy, and necrobiosis
1679:
2448:
2430:
2392:
2322:
2262:
2197:
2182:
2153:
2100:
2078:
Palisaded neutrophilic and granulomatous dermatitis
2011:
1998:
1770:
1683:
54:
24:
16:
Bodily response to the presence of a foreign object
2239:Lupus erythematosus–lichen planus overlap syndrome
1327:Langmuir: The ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
979:Rayahin, Jamie E.; Gemeinhart, Richard A. (2017).
933:Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English
635:"A new and evolving paradigm for biocompatibility"
284:the device's function, such as drug diffusion for
144:Foreign body reaction to biomaterial implantation
171:formation around the implanted biomaterial. The
633:Hilborn, Jöns; Bjursten, Lars M. (March 2007).
317:of the implant's surface, such as size, shape,
42:showing a foreign body granuloma at right as a
2287:Morphea–lichen sclerosus et atrophicus overlap
537:Harlim, Ago; Kanoko, Mpu; Aisah, Siti (2018).
1750:
8:
1095:Li, Jiao Jiao; Zreiqat, Hala (2019-01-01),
2194:
2008:
1757:
1743:
1735:
1680:
793:Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology
65:
30:
21:
1851:Seborrheic keratosis with squamous atypia
1654:
1503:
1453:
1354:
1239:
892:
874:
820:
763:
650:
623:Second edition, Ratner et al. Pp. 296-304
572:
554:
92:. It usually includes the formation of a
2092:Interstitial granulomatous drug reaction
2063:Annular elastolytic giant-cell granuloma
1885:Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis
1868:Keratosis punctata of the palmar creases
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1937:Multiple minute digitate hyperkeratosis
1922:Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
732:"Foreign body reaction to biomaterials"
529:
451:
1794:Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex
1103:, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 270–277,
1101:Encyclopedia of Biomedical Engineering
1090:
1088:
1086:
974:
972:
970:
725:
723:
721:
719:
2384:Atrophia maculosa varioliformis cutis
2088:Interstitial granulomatous dermatitis
1431:
1429:
1261:
1259:
1201:
1199:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
912:
229:and migrate to the implant site. The
7:
1912:Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans
844:
842:
840:
342:Incorporation of bioactive molecules
84:) is a typical tissue response to a
2364:Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans
1321:Schlenoff, Joseph B. (2014-08-19).
329:Delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs
309:Modification of physical properties
259:. Foreign body giant cells release
2466:Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans
2359:Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini
2297:Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini
1533:Journal of Applied Polymer Science
1061:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.05.078
600:. St. Louis: Mosby. p. 1443.
14:
2407:Reactive perforating collagenosis
2041:Granuloma annulare in HIV disease
1266:Badylak, Stephen F. (July 2014).
1097:"Tissue Response to Biomaterials"
346:Coating the implant surface with
1856:Reticulated seborrheic keratosis
1272:Annals of Biomedical Engineering
494:
482:
454:
429:-containing alginate derivative
46:(dark) area around a perforated
2422:Acquired perforating dermatosis
2412:Elastosis perforans serpiginosa
2352:Jadassohn–Pellizzari anetoderma
1846:Irritated seborrheic keratosis
1:
2379:Linear atrophoderma of Moulin
2051:Patch-type granuloma annulare
1927:Inverted follicular keratosis
1592:10.1016/s0142-9612(00)00083-1
1476:Nature Biomedical Engineering
1455:10.1016/j.polymer.2010.08.022
1162:Advanced Functional Materials
261:reactive oxygen intermediates
2347:Schweninger–Buzzi anetoderma
2046:Localized granuloma annulare
993:10.1007/978-3-319-54090-0_13
556:10.1097/DSS.0000000000001531
518:List of cutaneous conditions
442:Polyethylene glycol peptides
368:polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate
40:Transvaginal ultrasonography
2073:Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma
1972:Waxy keratosis of childhood
1841:Common seborrheic keratosis
1836:Clonal seborrheic keratosis
1818:Keratoderma blennorrhagicum
1099:, in Narayan, Roger (ed.),
461:A foreign-body response to
2521:
1789:Paraneoplastic keratoderma
805:10.1177/193229680800200610
748:10.1016/j.smim.2007.11.004
1861:Dermatosis papulosa nigra
1784:Keratoderma climactericum
1488:10.1038/s41551-018-0273-3
1284:10.1007/s10439-013-0963-7
1224:10.1208/s12248-010-9175-3
598:Dermatology: 2-Volume Set
279:Fibrous capsule formation
38:
29:
2417:Perforating folliculitis
2369:Semicircular lipoatrophy
1806:Drug-induced keratoderma
109:foreign body giant cells
50:. The uterus is at left.
2500:Immune system disorders
2374:Follicular atrophoderma
2162:eosinophilic dermatosis
501:Foreign body granuloma
2102:Foreign body granuloma
2013:Necrobiotic/palisading
1907:Chronic scar keratosis
1174:10.1002/adfm.202007226
945:10.1002/anie.201400546
736:Seminars in Immunology
414:Modian field alginates
378:Zwitterionic materials
348:biomimetic biomaterial
219:inflammatory cytokines
183:
126:shell. For example, a
25:Foreign body granuloma
2277:Localized scleroderma
2058:Necrobiosis lipoidica
1990:Cutis verticis gyrata
1917:Hydrocarbon keratosis
1801:Aquagenic keratoderma
437:Polypeptide materials
286:drug delivery systems
181:
111:(macrophage fusion),
78:foreign body reaction
2440:Pyoderma gangrenosum
2302:Pansclerotic morphea
2083:Rheumatoid nodulosis
2068:Granuloma multiforme
1947:Reactional keratosis
1897:Ichthyosis acquisita
1880:Acanthosis nigricans
1831:Seborrheic keratosis
1772:Epidermal thickening
1627:Nature Biotechnology
1384:Nature Biotechnology
621:Biomaterials Science
543:Dermatologic Surgery
471:intravenous drug use
352:extracellular matrix
2292:Generalized morphea
2130:Zirconium granuloma
2110:Beryllium granuloma
1978:other hypertrophy:
1932:Lichenoid keratosis
1902:Arsenical keratosis
867:2015Mate....8.5671S
364:polyethylene glycol
315:physical properties
290:tissue regeneration
265:degradative enzymes
225:and macrophages to
206:complement proteins
138:abdominal pregnancy
48:intrauterine device
2312:Linear scleroderma
2125:Silicone granuloma
2021:Granuloma annulare
358:Novel biomaterials
294:tissue engineering
212:Immune recruitment
187:Protein adsorption
184:
101:protein adsorption
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2282:Localized morphea
2254:Rowell's syndrome
2178:
2177:
2168:Granuloma faciale
2115:Mercury granuloma
1985:Hypertrophic scar
1967:Warty dyskeratoma
1957:Thermal keratosis
1732:
1731:
1545:10.1002/app.50272
1448:(23): 5283–5293.
1339:10.1021/la500057j
1333:(32): 9625–9636.
1110:978-0-12-805144-3
1055:(28): 6692–6709.
1002:978-3-319-54089-4
939:(31): 8004–8031.
876:10.3390/ma8095269
607:978-1-4160-2999-1
396:phosphorylcholine
246:Macrophage fusion
242:the biomaterial.
107:, multinucleated
90:biological tissue
74:
73:
19:Medical condition
2512:
2456:Calcinosis cutis
2337:Lichen sclerosus
2307:Morphea profunda
2195:
2120:Silica granuloma
2009:
1952:Stucco keratosis
1759:
1752:
1745:
1736:
1681:
1669:
1668:
1658:
1639:10.1038/nbt.3462
1618:
1612:
1611:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1507:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1433:
1424:
1423:
1396:10.1038/nbt.2580
1375:
1369:
1368:
1358:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1278:(7): 1517–1527.
1263:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1212:The AAPS Journal
1203:
1194:
1193:
1153:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1092:
1081:
1080:
1040:
1023:
1022:
976:
965:
964:
924:
907:
906:
896:
878:
861:(9): 5671–5701.
846:
835:
834:
824:
799:(6): 1003–1015.
784:
778:
777:
767:
727:
714:
713:
687:
681:
680:
654:
630:
624:
618:
612:
611:
593:
587:
586:
576:
558:
549:(9): 1174–1182.
534:
498:
486:
458:
173:biocompatibility
70:
69:
34:
22:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2479:
2444:
2426:
2388:
2327:
2318:
2267:
2258:
2200:
2199:Cutaneous lupus
2187:
2174:
2154:Other/ungrouped
2149:
2096:
1994:
1962:Viral keratosis
1766:
1763:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1692:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1482:(12): 894–906.
1468:
1467:
1463:
1435:
1434:
1427:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1265:
1264:
1257:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1155:
1154:
1123:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1094:
1093:
1084:
1042:
1041:
1026:
1003:
978:
977:
968:
926:
925:
910:
848:
847:
838:
786:
785:
781:
729:
728:
717:
702:
689:
688:
684:
632:
631:
627:
619:
615:
608:
595:
594:
590:
536:
535:
531:
526:
509:
502:
499:
490:
487:
478:
459:
450:
439:
416:
380:
360:
344:
331:
311:
302:
281:
248:
233:and release of
214:
189:
169:fibrous capsule
146:
136:dies during an
64:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2518:
2516:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2492:
2491:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2273:
2271:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2229:
2228:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2205:
2203:
2192:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2017:
2015:
2006:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1942:PUVA keratosis
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1876:hyperkeratosis
1871:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1714:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:Classification
1677:
1676:External links
1674:
1671:
1670:
1633:(3): 345–352.
1613:
1566:
1519:
1461:
1425:
1390:(6): 553–556.
1370:
1313:
1255:
1218:(2): 188–196.
1195:
1168:(6): 2007226.
1121:
1109:
1082:
1024:
1001:
966:
908:
836:
779:
715:
700:
682:
652:10.1002/term.4
645:(2): 110–119.
625:
613:
606:
588:
528:
527:
525:
522:
521:
520:
515:
508:
505:
504:
503:
500:
493:
491:
488:
481:
479:
460:
453:
449:
446:
438:
435:
415:
412:
392:carboxybetaine
379:
376:
359:
356:
343:
340:
330:
327:
310:
307:
301:
298:
280:
277:
257:interleukin-13
247:
244:
213:
210:
188:
185:
157:blood proteins
145:
142:
72:
71:
58:
52:
51:
36:
35:
27:
26:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2517:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2476:
2475:Pseudo-ainhum
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2461:Sclerodactyly
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2402:Kyrle disease
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2201:erythematosus
2196:
2193:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1586:(2): 99–111.
1585:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1539:(17): 50272.
1538:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
975:
973:
971:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
909:
904:
900:
895:
890:
886:
882:
877:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
845:
843:
841:
837:
832:
828:
823:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
783:
780:
775:
771:
766:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
742:(2): 86–100.
741:
737:
733:
726:
724:
722:
720:
716:
711:
707:
703:
697:
693:
686:
683:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
653:
648:
644:
640:
636:
629:
626:
622:
617:
614:
609:
603:
599:
592:
589:
584:
580:
575:
570:
566:
562:
557:
552:
548:
544:
540:
533:
530:
523:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
506:
497:
492:
485:
480:
476:
475:H&E stain
472:
468:
464:
457:
452:
447:
445:
443:
436:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
397:
393:
389:
384:
377:
375:
373:
369:
365:
357:
355:
353:
349:
341:
339:
337:
336:dexamethasone
328:
326:
324:
320:
316:
308:
306:
299:
297:
295:
291:
287:
278:
276:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:interleukin-4
245:
243:
240:
236:
232:
231:degranulation
228:
224:
220:
211:
209:
207:
203:
198:
197:Vroman effect
194:
193:spontaneously
186:
180:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
151:
143:
141:
139:
135:
131:
130:
125:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
97:
94:foreign body
91:
87:
83:
79:
68:
62:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
28:
23:
2505:Foreign body
2329:atrophoderma
2215:Panniculitis
2160:
2145:Carbon stain
2036:Subcutaneous
1810:
1716:
1696:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1583:
1580:Biomaterials
1579:
1569:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1479:
1475:
1464:
1445:
1441:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1275:
1271:
1215:
1211:
1165:
1161:
1114:, retrieved
1100:
1052:
1049:Biomaterials
1048:
984:
936:
932:
858:
854:
796:
792:
782:
739:
735:
691:
685:
642:
638:
628:
620:
616:
597:
591:
546:
542:
532:
513:Foreign body
440:
431:microspheres
417:
408:
404:
400:
388:sulfobetaine
383:Zwitterionic
381:
361:
345:
332:
312:
303:
282:
249:
215:
190:
161:inflammation
153:implantation
147:
127:
121:
117:angiogenesis
93:
86:foreign body
81:
77:
75:
2394:Perforating
2264:Scleroderma
2232:ungrouped:
2135:Soot tattoo
2031:Generalized
2026:Perforating
2000:Necrobiosis
1780:keratoderma
985:Macrophages
227:extravasate
221:that cause
165:granulation
150:biomaterial
129:lithopedion
113:fibroblasts
105:macrophages
61:Dermatology
2494:Categories
2432:Skin ulcer
2342:Anetoderma
2208:chronic:
2188:localized
1116:2021-11-18
701:0398075441
524:References
423:tunability
296:implants.
288:or normal
239:mast cells
148:Following
44:hypoechoic
2249:Verrucous
2234:Chilblain
2004:granuloma
1827:keratosis
1812:psoriasis
1647:1546-1696
1600:0142-9612
1561:229428647
1553:0021-8995
1496:2157-846X
1404:1546-1696
1347:1520-5827
1292:1573-9686
1232:1550-7416
1190:226316065
1182:1616-3028
1069:0142-9612
1011:0080-1844
953:1521-3773
885:1996-1944
855:Materials
813:1932-2968
756:1044-5323
661:1932-6254
565:1076-0512
469:) due to
419:Alginates
372:oxidative
235:histamine
223:monocytes
202:integrins
124:calcified
96:granuloma
56:Specialty
2324:Atrophic
2226:Neonatal
2222:subacute
1713:L92.300)
1665:26807527
1608:11101155
1514:30931173
1412:23666011
1365:24754399
1308:16050710
1300:24402648
1250:20143194
1077:21715002
1019:28455715
961:25045074
903:28793529
831:19885290
774:18162407
710:56614481
677:44559859
669:18038399
583:29757858
507:See also
467:talcosis
427:triazole
323:strength
319:topology
2269:Morphea
2210:Discoid
1723:D015745
1656:4904301
1505:6436621
1442:Polymer
1420:5373694
1356:4140545
1241:2844517
894:5512621
863:Bibcode
822:2769826
765:2327202
574:6112849
448:Gallery
273:failure
88:within
2471:Ainhum
2184:Dermis
2140:Tattoo
1980:Keloid
1892:Callus
1874:other
1663:
1653:
1645:
1606:
1598:
1559:
1551:
1512:
1502:
1494:
1418:
1410:
1402:
1363:
1353:
1345:
1306:
1298:
1290:
1248:
1238:
1230:
1188:
1180:
1107:
1075:
1067:
1017:
1009:
999:
959:
951:
901:
891:
883:
829:
819:
811:
772:
762:
754:
708:
698:
675:
667:
659:
604:
581:
571:
563:
394:, and
321:, and
269:engulf
115:, and
63:
2449:Other
2244:Tumid
1707:L92.3
1557:S2CID
1416:S2CID
1304:S2CID
1186:S2CID
673:S2CID
237:from
134:fetus
1718:MeSH
1711:ILDS
1661:PMID
1643:ISSN
1604:PMID
1596:ISSN
1549:ISSN
1510:PMID
1492:ISSN
1408:PMID
1400:ISSN
1361:PMID
1343:ISSN
1296:PMID
1288:ISSN
1246:PMID
1228:ISSN
1178:ISSN
1105:ISBN
1073:PMID
1065:ISSN
1015:PMID
1007:ISSN
997:ISBN
957:PMID
949:ISSN
899:PMID
881:ISSN
827:PMID
809:ISSN
770:PMID
752:ISSN
706:OCLC
696:ISBN
665:PMID
657:ISSN
602:ISBN
579:PMID
561:ISSN
463:talc
366:and
313:The
292:for
255:and
2190:CTD
1698:ICD
1651:PMC
1635:doi
1588:doi
1541:doi
1537:138
1500:PMC
1484:doi
1450:doi
1392:doi
1351:PMC
1335:doi
1280:doi
1236:PMC
1220:doi
1170:doi
1057:doi
989:doi
941:doi
889:PMC
871:doi
817:PMC
801:doi
760:PMC
744:doi
647:doi
569:PMC
551:doi
398:.
82:FBR
2496::
2224::
1878::
1829::
1782::
1721::
1705::
1702:10
1659:.
1649:.
1641:.
1631:34
1629:.
1625:.
1602:.
1594:.
1584:22
1582:.
1578:.
1555:.
1547:.
1535:.
1531:.
1508:.
1498:.
1490:.
1478:.
1474:.
1446:51
1444:.
1440:.
1428:^
1414:.
1406:.
1398:.
1388:31
1386:.
1382:.
1359:.
1349:.
1341:.
1331:30
1329:.
1325:.
1302:.
1294:.
1286:.
1276:42
1274:.
1270:.
1258:^
1244:.
1234:.
1226:.
1216:12
1214:.
1210:.
1198:^
1184:.
1176:.
1166:31
1164:.
1160:.
1124:^
1085:^
1071:.
1063:.
1053:32
1051:.
1047:.
1027:^
1013:.
1005:.
995:.
983:.
969:^
955:.
947:.
937:53
935:.
931:.
911:^
897:.
887:.
879:.
869:.
857:.
853:.
839:^
825:.
815:.
807:.
795:.
791:.
768:.
758:.
750:.
740:20
738:.
734:.
718:^
704:.
671:.
663:.
655:.
641:.
637:.
577:.
567:.
559:.
547:44
545:.
541:.
473:.
390:,
263:,
208:.
103:,
76:A
2473:/
2326:/
2266:/
2186:/
2090:/
2002:/
1758:e
1751:t
1744:v
1709:(
1700:-
1690:D
1667:.
1637::
1610:.
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1563:.
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1516:.
1486::
1480:2
1458:.
1452::
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1367:.
1337::
1310:.
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1252:.
1222::
1192:.
1172::
1079:.
1059::
1021:.
991::
963:.
943::
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873::
865::
859:8
833:.
803::
797:2
776:.
746::
712:.
679:.
649::
643:1
610:.
585:.
553::
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465:(
80:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
