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932:'Logging emits three times as much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere per acre as wildfire alone. Most of the tree parts unusable for lumber – the branches, tops, bark and sawdust from milling – are burned for energy, sending large amounts of carbon into the atmosphere. In contrast, wildfire releases a surprisingly small amount of the carbon in trees, less than 2 percent. Logging in U.S. forests is now responsible for as much annual greenhouse gas emissions as burning coal.' Chad Hanson, Michael Dorsey,
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In
British Columbia, Canada, the BC Forest Safety Council was created in September 2004 as a not-for-profit society dedicated to promoting safety in the forest sector. It works with employers, workers, contractors, and government agencies to implement fundamental changes necessary to make it safer to
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Clearcutting, or clearfelling, is a method of harvesting that removes essentially all the standing trees in a selected area. Depending on management objectives, a clearcut may or may not have reserve trees left to attain goals other than regeneration, including wildlife habitat management, mitigation
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and used for the production of electricity or heat. Full-tree harvesting also refers to utilization of the entire tree including branches and tops. This technique removes both nutrients and soil cover from the site and so can be harmful to the long-term health of the area if no further action is
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to cut the tree down, top, and delimb a tree in the same process. This ability is due to the advancement in the style felling head that can be used. The trees are then delimbed, topped, and bucked at the landing. This method requires that slash be treated at the landing. In areas with access to
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In 2008, the logging industry employed 86,000 workers and accounted for 93 deaths. This resulted in a fatality rate of 108.1 deaths per 100,000 workers that year. This rate is over 30 times higher than the overall fatality rate. Forestry/logging-related injuries (fatal and non-fatal) are often
473:. When felled logs sit adjacent to a road, heavy machinery may simply lift logs onto trucks. Most often, special heavy equipment is used to gather the logs from the site and move them close to the road to be lifted on trucks. Many methods exist to transport felled logs lying away from roads.
457:, which was a set of wheels over ten feet tall that the log or logs were strapped beneath. Oxen were at first used with the high-wheel loaders,but in the 1930s tractors replaced the oxen. In 1960 the largest high wheel loader was built for service in California. Called the
461:, the unit was self-propelled and had wheels 24 feet (7.3 m) high and a front dozer blade that was 30 feet (9.1 m) across and 6 feet (1.8 m) high. Log transportation can be challenging and costly since trees are often far from roads or watercourses.
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difficult to track through formal reporting mechanisms. Thus, some programs have begun to monitor injuries through publicly available reports such as news media. The logging industry experiences the highest fatality rate of 23.2 per 100,000
177:, including the use of corrupt means to gain access to forests; extraction without permission or from a protected area; the cutting of protected species; or the extraction of timber in excess of agreed limits. It may involve the so-called "
204:(or "block cutting") is not necessarily considered a type of logging but a harvesting or silviculture method. Cutting trees with the highest value and leaving those with lower value, often diseased or malformed trees, is referred to as
564:" for timber, typically a limb or branch that is no longer attached to a tree, but is still in the canopy either wedged in a crotch, tangled in other limbs, or miraculously balanced on another limb demonstrates another emphasis on
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212:, the practice of managing stands by harvesting a proportion of trees. Logging usually refers to above-ground forestry logging. Submerged forests exist on land that has been flooded by damming to create
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Traditionally, the cry of "Timber!" developed as a warning alerting fellow workers in an area that a tree is being felled, so they should be alert to avoid being struck. The term "
557:. Loggers also deal with severe environmental conditions, such as inclement weather and severe heat or cold. An injured logger is often far from professional emergency treatment.
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taken, however, depending on the species, many of the limbs are often broken off in handling so the result may not be as different from tree-length logging as it might seem.
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The risks experienced in logging operations can be somewhat reduced, where conditions permit, by the use of mechanical tree harvesters, skidders, and forwarders.
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Trees and plants are felled and transported to the roadside with top and limbs intact. There have been advancements to the process which now allows a logger or
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Keifer, Matthew; Casanova, Vanessa; Garland, John; Smidt, Mathew; Struttmann, Tim (2019-04-03). "Foreword by the Editor-in-Chief and Guest
Editors".
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437:, or for other uses, for example, as fence posts. Many methods have been used to move logs from where they were cut to a rail line or directly to a
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Logging is a dangerous occupation. In the United States, it has consistently been one of the most hazardous industries and was recognized by the
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521:(FTE) workers and a non-fatal incident rate of 8.5 per 100 FTE workers. The most common type of injuries or illnesses at work include
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The above operations can be carried out by different methods, of which the following three are considered industrial methods:
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Costa, F.; Magnusson, W. (2002). "Selective effects on abundance, diversity, and composition of tropical understory herbs".
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Rodriguez, Anabel; Casanova, Vanessa; Levin, Jeffrey L.; Porras, David Gimeno Ruiz de; Douphrate, David I. (2019-04-03).
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1269:"Supplemental surveillance: a review of 2015 and 2016 agricultural injury data from news reports on AgInjuryNews.org"
330:(and the nutrients it contains) in the cut area, where it must be further treated if wild land fires are of concern.
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in
Nuniong is the only one of its kind in Australia, with donkey engine, spars, and cables still rigged for work.
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disorders (MSDs), which include an extensive list of "inflammatory and degenerative conditions affecting the
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fell the tree, delimb, and buck it, and place the resulting logs in bunks to be brought to the landing by a
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objectives for clearcutting, (for example, healthy regeneration of new trees on the site) and a focus on
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This article is about cutting, processing, and moving trees. For electronic recording of events, see
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Felled logs are then generally transported to a sawmill to be cut into lumber, to a paper mill for
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Pinard, M. A.; Putz, F. E. (1996). "Retaining forest biomass by reducing logging damage".
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Shukla, J.; Sellers, P.; Nobre, C. (1990). "Amazon deforestation and climate change".
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Cut-to-length logging is the process of felling, delimbing, bucking, and sorting (
1803:– Logging and Lumber Mining Photographs from the University of Washington Library
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and topped at the stump. The log is then transported to the landing, where it is
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1324:"Work-Related Musculoskeletal Symptoms among Loggers in the Ark-La-Tex Region"
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Animal logging in the US South and its application in the developing countries
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Logging; the principles and general methods of operation in the United States
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Kinsey
Brothers Photography of the Lumber Industry in the Pacific Northwest
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functions, though their efficiency for these purposes has been challenged.
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Logging frequently has negative impacts. The harvesting procedure itself
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181:". Excess logging can lead to irreparable harm to ecosystems, such as
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1249:. United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
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external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into
1416:"Forestry: Guide to Managing Risks of Timber Harvesting Operations"
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549:." Loggers work with heavy, moving weights, and use tools such as
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1615:"Long-term impacts of logging on forest diversity in Madagascar"
1099:
934:'The Case Against Commercial Logging in Wildfire-Prone Forests,'
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1403:
993:
Putz, Francis E.; Dykstra, Dennis P.; Heinrich, Rudolf (2000).
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Industries and
Occupation Photographs in the Pacific Northwest
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and heavy equipment on uneven and sometimes steep or unstable
208:. It is sometimes called selective logging, and confused with
1222:"CDC – NORA Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Sector Council"
138:
Logging is the beginning of a supply chain that provides raw
861:
Society of
American Foresters, 1998. Dictionary of Forestry.
1831:
1797:– A visual history from the UBC Library Digital Collections
1474:
10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0807:SLEOAD]2.0.CO;2
244:
Clearing 150,000 trees at
Cwmcarn Forest, Ebbw Valle, Wales
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Putz, F.; Sist, P.; Frederickson, T.; Dykstra, D. (2008).
856:
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1870–1930, northern foothills of the
Adirondack Mountains
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or other wilderness areas since it can cause erosion in
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may not follow
Knowledge (XXG)'s policies or guidelines
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1522:"Reduced-impact logging: challenges and opportunities"
610:
Log transportation by rail in British Columbia in 1920
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can lift logs off the ground vertically, similar to a
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1742:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
507:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1168:"Huge Logging Tractor Moves on Wheels 24 Feet High."
189:. Infrastructure for logging can also lead to other
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2016:
1926:
1122:"Fire-Silviculture Relationships in Sierra Forests"
995:"Why Poor Logging Practices Persist in the Tropics"
193:. These negative environmental impacts can lead to
1748:Publications on timber harvesting in Minnesota, US
1613:Sokal, R. R.; Gurevitch, J.; Brown, K. A. (2004).
1077:Forest Matters: Just Say No to High Grading page 8
158:products. Logging systems are also used to manage
91:is the process of cutting, processing, and moving
978:msnbc.com – Guilty pleas in cedar tree theft
1813:Man to Machine: Logging in the Pacific Northwest
249:of potential erosion or water quality concerns.
84:Lumber under snow in Montgomery, Colorado, 1880s
27:Process of cutting, processing, and moving trees
1157:, July 1930, pp. 66–70, see p. 67 middle photo
142:for many products societies worldwide use for
103:, on-site processing, and loading of trees or
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1847:
1267:Weichelt, Bryan; Gorucu, Serap (2018-02-17).
509:(NIOSH) as a priority industry sector in the
429:Logging with Belarus MTZ-82-L in Estonia 2021
8:
1790:Naturally:wood Sustainable Forest Management
877:
875:
1785:Pictorial history of logging from 1880–1920
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1854:
1840:
1832:
365:cogeneration facilities, the slash can be
1728:Learn how and when to remove this message
1650:
1640:
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497:and the use of oxen, or balloon logging.
960:Virginia Tech: Dealing with Timber Theft
3668:
1795:Logging in North Vancouver in the 1910s
850:
580:
326:and loaded on a truck. This leaves the
1756:: Investigations into illegal logging.
511:National Occupational Research Agenda
465:and maintenance may be restricted in
7:
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1135:. pp. 1167–1176. Archived from
1060:"Environmental hazards from logging"
1054:
1052:
988:
986:
356:in French Alps (cable grue Larix 3T)
3577:
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697:Hardwood logs transported down the
51:) being felled using springboards,
1815:– University of Washington Library
1809:– University of Washington Library
1183:Helicopter logging or Heli-logging
25:
2128:Global Forest Information Service
670:Bucked old growth wood in Finland
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1750:. Many are applicable elsewhere.
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1019:10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99137.x
748:Deforestation and climate change
706:
690:
675:
663:
637:
615:
603:
583:
412:Timber floating in Vilnius, 1873
2885:
1526:Forest Ecology & Management
200:Logging can take many formats.
1819:North American forest industry
1443:Bryant, Ralph Clement (1913).
1285:10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042671
1:
1580:10.1126/science.247.4948.1322
1381:"Avoiding Widowmakers - Grit"
1340:10.1080/1059924X.2019.1567423
1279:(3): injuryprev–2017–042671.
896:10.1080/1059924X.2019.1596697
786:Lumberjack World Championship
653:
299:Washington Iron Works Skidder
220:, a form of timber recovery.
71:
52:
1538:10.1016/j.foreco.2008.03.036
1133:United States Forest Service
803:Logging in the Sierra Nevada
1082:September 26, 2007, at the
572:earn a living in forestry.
3727:
2239:Growth and yield modelling
1120:Weatherspoon, C. Phillip.
791:World Logging Championship
377:
318:Trees are felled and then
227:
29:
3528:
3065:Hemispherical photography
3014:
2813:Earth sciences portal
2799:Climate change portal
2774:
2380:Great Green Wall (Africa)
1869:
1828:online information portal
1772:Life in Logging Camps in
1155:Popular Mechanics Monthly
701:in South America in 1955
191:environmental degradation
3625:Machine and metalworking
3370:Lombard Steam Log Hauler
2385:Great Green Wall (China)
1958:Close to nature forestry
1780:BC Forest Safety Council
1404:BC Forest Safety Council
261:. Other methods include
66:McGiffert Log Loader in
3635:Measuring and alignment
2419:Million Tree Initiative
1642:10.1073/pnas.0401456101
1461:Ecological Applications
1328:Journal of Agromedicine
1173:, June 1960, pp. 96–98.
884:Journal of Agromedicine
838:World Forestry Congress
713:Logs in Mexico in 2018
568:as a safety principle.
2841:Environment portal
2273:Sustainable management
2168:Trillion Tree Campaign
1247:"NIOSH Logging Safety"
1153:"Wanted An-Inventor!"
1142:on September 26, 2006.
598:Horse Logging in Wales
430:
413:
357:
346:
314:/ stem-only harvesting
302:
245:
195:environmental conflict
85:
77:
59:
34:. For other uses, see
2766:Wood process engineer
2470:Urban forest inequity
644:Log transport in the
566:situational awareness
501:Safety considerations
428:
411:
390:Mechanical harvesters
380:Cut-to-length logging
374:Cut-to-length logging
352:
341:
296:
243:
162:, reduce the risk of
83:
65:
44:
3711:Forestry occupations
3600:Cutting and abrasive
3582:WikiProject Forestry
2429:Shifting cultivation
2370:Forest fragmentation
2340:Carbon sequestration
2210:Woodland Carbon Code
2175:Forest certification
2083:Even-aged management
1998:Sustainable forestry
1698:improve this article
999:Conservation Biology
949:Illegal Logging.Info
683:Mechanical harvester
519:full-time equivalent
257:distinguish it from
36:Log (disambiguation)
3125:Aerial firefighting
2234:Formally designated
2078:Ecological thinning
1988:Plantation forestry
1896:Research institutes
1710:footnote references
1633:2004PNAS..101.6045B
1572:1990Sci...247.1322S
1497:1996Biotr..28..278P
1451:J. Wiley & Sons
1129:Redding, California
1011:2000ConBi..14..951P
980:September 23, 2008
757:or logging railroad
311:Tree-length logging
263:shelterwood cutting
32:Logging (computing)
3465:Hydraulic debarker
3440:Firewood processor
2827:Ecology portal
2360:Forest degradation
2355:Ecosystem services
1963:Community forestry
1824:2016-01-23 at the
1754:EIA forest reports
1188:2009-06-04 at the
965:2008-10-17 at the
866:2011-07-25 at the
632:, Finland, in 2009
431:
414:
358:
347:
334:Whole-tree logging
303:
246:
218:underwater logging
99:. It may include
95:to a location for
86:
78:
60:
3659:
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3470:Log house moulder
2996:Tree planting bar
2971:Groasis Waterboxx
2898:
2897:
2855:Plants portal
2641:green woodworking
1762:Reports and info.
1738:
1737:
1730:
1627:(16): 6045–6049.
1273:Injury Prevention
646:Dutch East Indies
593:
545:, and supporting
543:peripheral nerves
455:high-wheel loader
426:
404:Transporting logs
283:retention cutting
275:seed-tree cutting
241:
210:selection cutting
187:biodiversity loss
16:(Redirected from
3718:
3688:
3687:
3676:
3675:
3667:
3580:
3579:
3558:
3557:
3536:
3535:
3515:Wood-drying kiln
3450:Forestry mulcher
3400:Washington Winch
3302:Portable sawmill
3117:Fire suppression
3020:
2925:
2918:
2911:
2902:
2888:
2887:
2878:
2877:
2869:Trees portal
2867:
2866:
2853:
2852:
2839:
2838:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2782:
2781:
2503:Forest gardening
2460:Timber recycling
2407:Invasive species
2295:Tree measurement
1856:
1849:
1842:
1833:
1744:– Logging safety
1733:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1681:
1680:
1673:
1664:
1654:
1644:
1609:
1591:
1566:(7): 1322–1325.
1552:
1550:
1549:
1540:. Archived from
1532:(7): 1427–1433.
1516:
1477:
1454:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1412:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1359:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1234:
1233:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1199:
1193:
1180:
1174:
1165:
1159:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1126:
1117:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1107:
1098:. Archived from
1096:"Triton Logging"
1092:
1086:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1056:
1047:
1046:
990:
981:
975:
969:
957:
951:
946:
940:
930:
924:
923:
879:
870:
858:
729:Ark (river boat)
710:
694:
679:
667:
658:
655:
641:
619:
607:
595:
594:
467:National Forests
427:
313:
312:
271:single selective
242:
76:
73:
57:
56: 1884–1917
54:
21:
18:Forestry company
3726:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3682:
3670:
3662:
3660:
3655:
3654:
3524:
3423:
3321:
3270:safety features
3265:safety clothing
3236:
3177:
3111:
3075:Increment borer
3021:
3012:
2950:
2941:
2929:
2899:
2894:
2861:
2847:
2833:
2821:
2819:
2807:
2805:
2793:
2791:
2770:
2647:
2624:spruce-pine-fir
2597:Christmas trees
2479:
2395:Illegal logging
2327:
2321:
2036:Controlled burn
2021:
2012:
1993:Social forestry
1973:Energy forestry
1953:Bamboo forestry
1948:Analog forestry
1922:
1865:
1860:
1826:Wayback Machine
1767:Reynoldston, NY
1734:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1695:
1686:This section's
1682:
1678:
1671:
1612:
1555:
1547:
1545:
1519:
1505:10.2307/2389193
1480:
1457:
1442:
1439:
1437:Further reading
1434:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1398:
1389:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1252:
1250:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1231:
1229:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1190:Wayback Machine
1181:
1177:
1171:Popular Science
1166:
1162:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1105:
1103:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1084:Wayback Machine
1075:
1071:
1058:
1057:
1050:
992:
991:
984:
976:
972:
967:Wayback Machine
958:
954:
947:
943:
931:
927:
881:
880:
873:
868:Wayback Machine
859:
852:
847:
842:
808:Salvage logging
738:Skyline logging
724:
719:
718:
717:
714:
711:
702:
695:
686:
680:
671:
668:
659:
656:
642:
633:
620:
611:
608:
599:
596:
584:
523:musculoskeletal
503:
416:
406:
382:
376:
336:
316:
310:
309:
291:
289:Logging methods
267:group selective
234:
232:
226:
154:, and consumer
74:
55:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3724:
3722:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3692:
3680:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3590:Types of tools
3586:
3585:
3584:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3445:Forest railway
3442:
3437:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3409:
3404:
3403:
3402:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3340:Feller buncher
3337:
3331:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3232:Splitting maul
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3187:
3185:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3164:
3159:
3157:Fire retardant
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3121:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3045:Biltmore stick
3042:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2943:
2942:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2905:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2882:
2872:
2858:
2844:
2830:
2816:
2802:
2788:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2756:Timber cruiser
2753:
2751:Shingle weaver
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2589:
2587:Rail transport
2584:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2528:pulp and paper
2525:
2520:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2498:Forest farming
2495:
2489:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2448:
2446:slash-and-char
2443:
2441:slash-and-burn
2438:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2365:Forest dieback
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2025:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2008:Urban forestry
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1774:Reynoldston NY
1770:
1763:
1760:EIA in the USA
1757:
1751:
1745:
1736:
1735:
1690:external links
1685:
1683:
1676:
1670:
1669:External links
1667:
1666:
1665:
1610:
1553:
1517:
1491:(3): 278–295.
1478:
1468:(3): 807–819.
1455:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1407:
1396:
1379:Love, Joseph.
1371:
1334:(2): 167–176.
1314:
1259:
1238:
1213:
1194:
1192:, Forestry.com
1175:
1160:
1145:
1112:
1087:
1069:
1048:
1005:(4): 951–956.
982:
970:
952:
941:
939:30 July 2022.
937:New York Times
925:
890:(2): 119–120.
871:
849:
848:
846:
843:
841:
840:
835:
830:
825:
823:Timber rafting
820:
815:
813:Shovel logging
810:
805:
800:
799:
798:
793:
788:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
755:Forest railway
752:
751:
750:
740:
731:
725:
723:
720:
716:
715:
712:
705:
703:
699:Suriname River
696:
689:
687:
681:
674:
672:
669:
662:
660:
643:
636:
634:
623:Timber rafting
621:
614:
612:
609:
602:
600:
597:
582:
579:
578:
577:
502:
499:
471:riparian zones
451:timber rafting
405:
402:
378:Main article:
375:
372:
335:
332:
315:
307:
290:
287:
228:Main article:
225:
222:
175:may be illegal
166:, and restore
45:A Eucalyptus (
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3723:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3553:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3510:Whoopie sling
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3495:Chainsaw mill
3493:
3491:
3490:Stump grinder
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3060:Diameter tape
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2952:afforestation
2948:
2947:Tree planting
2944:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2926:
2921:
2919:
2914:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2891:
2883:
2881:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:Rubber tapper
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2674:Choker setter
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2513:Manufacturing
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2350:Deforestation
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2326:Environmental
2324:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2227:reforestation
2225:
2223:
2222:afforestation
2220:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2031:Arboriculture
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2019:
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1983:Permaforestry
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1706:inappropriate
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1544:on 2021-01-26
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1102:on 2011-02-08
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1066:. 2020-10-04.
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828:Wood industry
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769:
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764:
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744:
743:Deforestation
741:
739:
735:
734:Cable logging
732:
730:
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709:
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548:
547:blood vessels
544:
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536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
514:
512:
508:
500:
498:
496:
495:horse logging
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
475:Cable logging
472:
468:
464:
463:Road building
460:
459:Bunyan Buggie
456:
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436:
410:
403:
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355:
354:Cable logging
351:
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343:Horse logging
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308:
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259:deforestation
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231:
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184:
183:deforestation
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136:
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113:skeleton cars
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
82:
69:
64:
50:
49:
43:
37:
33:
19:
3559:
3537:
3455:Hand compass
3407:Steam donkey
3326:
3292:Lumber edger
3277:Crosscut saw
3222:Log splitter
3147:Fire flapper
3102:Tree caliper
3070:Inclinometer
3055:Cruising rod
3004:(Tuley tube)
3002:Tree shelter
2998:(dibble bar)
2986:Root trainer
2860:
2846:
2832:
2818:
2804:
2790:
2783:
2761:Tree planter
2741:Resin tapper
2721:Truck driver
2716:River driver
2507:
2465:Tree hugging
2450:
2433:
2400:timber mafia
2390:High grading
2375:Ghost forest
2345:Clearcutting
2268:Silviculture
2244:Horticulture
2088:Fire ecology
2003:Urban forest
1978:Mycoforestry
1938:
1934:Agroforestry
1915:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1882:Forest areas
1880:
1873:
1724:
1715:
1700:by removing
1687:
1624:
1618:
1563:
1557:
1546:. Retrieved
1542:the original
1529:
1525:
1488:
1482:
1465:
1459:
1449:. New York:
1445:
1423:. Retrieved
1419:
1410:
1399:
1388:. Retrieved
1385:www.grit.com
1384:
1374:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1276:
1272:
1262:
1251:. Retrieved
1241:
1230:. Retrieved
1228:. 2019-02-10
1225:
1216:
1203:
1197:
1178:
1170:
1163:
1154:
1148:
1137:the original
1115:
1104:. Retrieved
1100:the original
1090:
1072:
1063:
1002:
998:
973:
955:
944:
928:
887:
883:
833:Wood economy
818:Silviculture
796:Logging camp
766:Heli-logging
761:Logging road
574:
570:
559:
515:
504:
491:Heli-logging
458:
454:
432:
383:
359:
317:
304:
251:Silviculture
247:
230:Clearcutting
224:Clearcutting
206:high grading
202:Clearcutting
199:
179:timber mafia
172:
148:construction
137:
135:activities.
133:silviculture
123:, usually a
88:
87:
46:
3650:Woodworking
3520:Woodchipper
3312:Two-man saw
3227:Marking axe
3208:(shake axe)
3107:Wedge prism
3080:Rangefinder
3040:Angle gauge
3027:Mensuration
2960:Caulk boots
2785:WikiProject
2709:smokejumper
2689:Firefighter
2652:Occupations
2636:Woodworking
2217:Forestation
2148:restoration
2103:informatics
1968:Ecoforestry
1765:Logging in
1226:www.cdc.gov
771:Log driving
657: 1870
477:involves a
447:log driving
129:lumber yard
75: 1907
58:, Australia
3700:Categories
3538:Categories
3360:Helicopter
3201:Brush hook
3035:3D scanner
3008:Tree spade
2981:Pottiputki
2731:Lumberjack
2726:Log scaler
2609:engineered
2560:non-timber
2533:sawmilling
2485:Industries
2452:svedjebruk
2163:transition
2143:protection
2133:old-growth
2118:governance
2073:Dendrology
2023:management
1889:Ministries
1589:10535/2838
1548:2018-04-29
1484:Biotropica
1425:2023-04-20
1390:2024-02-27
1253:2010-04-19
1232:2019-03-14
1106:2011-04-25
845:References
781:Lumberjack
776:Log scaler
562:widowmaker
443:paper mill
435:paper pulp
214:reservoirs
68:East Texas
48:Eucalyptus
3570:equipment
3548:equipment
3500:Tree tyer
3480:Log flume
3460:Hand hook
3390:Skid cone
3385:Pike pole
3380:Pickaroon
3365:Log truck
3355:Harvester
3345:Forwarder
3335:Cant hook
3169:(rakehoe)
3152:Fire rake
3142:Driptorch
3097:Relascope
3092:Microtome
2991:Seed trap
2939:equipment
2679:Ecologist
2592:Tree farm
2493:Coppicing
2435:chitemene
2335:Acid rain
2283:allometry
2205:SmartWood
2153:secondary
2138:pathology
2113:inventory
2051:driftwood
1917:Arbor Day
1776:1870–1930
1702:excessive
1348:1059-924X
1293:1353-8047
1027:0888-8892
920:150081506
904:1059-924X
650:Indonesia
551:chainsaws
535:ligaments
398:forwarder
362:harvester
345:in Poland
279:patch cut
168:ecosystem
164:wildfires
97:transport
3690:Business
3605:Forestry
3595:Cleaning
3475:Log pond
3435:Denailer
3350:Go-devil
3287:Head saw
3260:Chainsaw
3196:Broadaxe
3191:Billhook
3162:Helitack
2967:(hoedag)
2932:Forestry
2880:Category
2694:handcrew
2664:Arborist
2659:Forester
2619:mahogany
2565:palm oil
2555:charcoal
2540:Products
2475:Wildfire
2288:breeding
2249:GM trees
2098:dynamics
1910:Journals
1903:Colleges
1863:Forestry
1822:Archived
1718:May 2018
1661:15067121
1598:17843795
1366:30624156
1301:29386372
1186:Archived
1080:Archived
1043:40156577
963:Archived
912:30890041
864:Archived
722:See also
487:ski lift
386:pulpwood
320:delimbed
255:forestry
140:material
117:forestry
101:skidding
3706:Logging
3664:Portals
3630:Masonry
3620:Kitchen
3560:Commons
3485:Machete
3395:Skidder
3327:Logging
3317:Whipsaw
3297:Polesaw
3282:Dragsaw
3255:Bucksaw
3250:Bow saw
3212:Hatchet
3173:Pulaski
2976:Mattock
2890:Outline
2704:lookout
2699:hotshot
2580:tanbark
2550:biomass
2545:biochar
2523:plywood
2508:Logging
2412:wilding
2061:log jam
2018:Ecology
1696:Please
1688:use of
1629:Bibcode
1606:8361418
1568:Bibcode
1559:Science
1513:2389193
1493:Bibcode
1357:7008449
1309:3371442
1035:2641994
1007:Bibcode
685:at work
627:Joensuu
555:terrain
531:tendons
527:muscles
483:skyline
439:sawmill
394:skidder
367:chipped
160:forests
144:housing
125:sawmill
89:Logging
3640:Mining
3610:Garden
3505:Tsakat
3412:Yarder
3375:Peavey
3217:Labrys
3167:McLeod
2965:Hoedad
2736:Ranger
2684:Feller
2669:Bucker
2575:rubber
2518:lumber
2328:topics
2315:volume
2310:height
2256:i-Tree
2093:Forest
2046:coarse
2041:Debris
1940:dehesa
1659:
1652:395920
1649:
1604:
1596:
1511:
1364:
1354:
1346:
1307:
1299:
1291:
1041:
1033:
1025:
918:
910:
902:
539:joints
479:yarder
324:bucked
281:, and
152:energy
121:forest
109:trucks
70:, US,
3678:Trees
3645:Power
3565:tools
3543:tools
3428:Other
3417:swing
3307:Resaw
3130:DC-10
3085:laser
3050:Chain
2935:tools
2570:rayon
2305:girth
2300:crown
2261:urban
2158:stand
2066:slash
2056:large
1927:Types
1875:Index
1602:S2CID
1509:JSTOR
1420:Trove
1305:S2CID
1140:(PDF)
1125:(PDF)
1039:S2CID
1031:JSTOR
916:S2CID
648:(now
630:canal
328:slash
156:paper
127:or a
115:. In
107:onto
93:trees
3615:Hand
3242:Saws
3206:Froe
3183:Axes
3135:UAVs
2937:and
2629:teak
2614:fuel
2604:Wood
2424:REDD
2278:Tree
2195:PEFC
2180:ATFS
1657:PMID
1620:PNAS
1594:PMID
1362:PMID
1344:ISSN
1297:PMID
1289:ISSN
1023:ISSN
908:PMID
900:ISSN
297:The
185:and
105:logs
2200:SFI
2190:FSC
2185:CFS
2123:law
2108:IPM
2020:and
1704:or
1647:PMC
1637:doi
1625:101
1584:hdl
1576:doi
1564:247
1534:doi
1530:256
1501:doi
1470:doi
1352:PMC
1336:doi
1281:doi
1209:FAO
1015:doi
892:doi
625:in
449:or
441:or
396:or
111:or
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1017::
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