1875:
40:
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393:, adding Oracle compatibility features), Supported PostgreSQL with their proprietary ESM storage system, and Netezza's proprietary highly scalable derivative of PostgreSQL. Some of these vendors contribute back changes to the community project, while some keep their changes as their own competitive advantages.
964:
Where practitioners have previously had rather narrow definitions of a fork, the term now appears to be used much more broadly. Actions that would traditionally have been called a branch, a new distribution, code fragmentation, a pseudo-fork, etc. may all now be called forks by some developers. This
330:
Forks often restart version numbering from numbers typically used for initial versions of programs like 0.0.1, 0.1, or 1.0 even if the original software was at another version such as 3.0, 4.0, or 5.0. An exception is sometimes made when the forked software is designed to be a drop-in replacement for
425:
computers. Generally, such internal forks will concentrate on having the same look, feel, data format, and behavior between platforms so that a user familiar with one can also be productive or share documents generated on the other. This is almost always an economic decision to generate a greater
204:
In free software, forks often result from a schism over different goals or personality clashes. In a fork, both parties assume nearly identical code bases, but typically only the larger group, or whoever controls the web site, will retain the full original name and the associated user community.
233:
Forking is considered a Bad Thing—not merely because it implies a lot of wasted effort in the future, but because forks tend to be accompanied by a great deal of strife and acrimony between the successor groups over issues of legitimacy, succession, and design direction. There is serious social
326:
provide free DVCS hosting expressly supporting independent branches, such that the technical, social and financial barriers to forking a source code repository are massively reduced, and GitHub uses "fork" as its term for this method of contribution to a project.
770:
178:
The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others (freedom 3). By doing this, you can give the whole community a chance to benefit from your changes. Access to the source code is a precondition for
405:, the copyright is usually held by the employing entity, not by the individual software developers. Proprietary code is thus more commonly forked when the owner needs to develop two or more versions, such as a
314:, the normal way to contribute to a project, is to first create a personal branch of the repository, independent of the main repository, and later seek to have your changes integrated with it. Sites such as
361:
proponents say that commercial incentives thus make proprietisation almost inevitable. (Copyleft licenses can, however, be circumvented via dual-licensing with a proprietary grant in the form of a
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225:, stated that "The most important characteristic of a fork is that it spawns competing projects that cannot later exchange code, splitting the potential developer community". He notes in the
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3. Derived Works: The license must allow modifications and derived works, and must allow them to be distributed under the same terms as the license of the original software.
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1095:"Understanding Code Forking in Open Source Software – An examination of code forking, its effect on open source software, and how it is viewed and practiced by developers"
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2002:
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The death of the fork. This is by far the most common case. It is easy to declare a fork, but considerable effort to continue independent development and support.
1302:
1285:
100:
The word "fork" has been used to mean "to divide in branches, go separate ways" as early as the 14th century. In the software environment, the word evokes the
664:"The term fork is derived from the POSIX standard for operating systems: the system call used so that a process generates a copy of itself is called fork()."
205:
Thus, there is a reputation penalty associated with forking. The relationship between the different teams can be cordial or very bitter. On the other hand, a
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system call, which causes a running process to split itself into two (almost) identical copies that (typically) diverge to perform different tasks.
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Forks are a natural part of the open development model—so much so that GitHub famously plasters a "fork your own copy" button on almost every page.
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group into three daughter projects, and the short-lived GCC/EGCS split) are rare enough that they are remembered individually in hacker folklore.
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306:(DVCS) tools have popularised a less emotive use of the term "fork", blurring the distinction with "branch". With a DVCS such as
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and start independent development on it, creating a distinct and separate piece of software. The term often implies not merely a
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is that which, by definition, may be forked from the original development team without prior permission, and without violating
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may be legally forked without prior approval of those currently developing, managing, or distributing the software per both
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150:. However, "fork" was in use in the present sense by 1995 to describe the XEmacs split, and was an understood usage in the
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75:. Grounds for forking are varying user preferences and stagnated or discontinued development of the original software.
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134:"Fork" is not known to have been used in the sense of a community schism during the origins of Lucid Emacs (now
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appears to be in no insignificant part due to the broad definition and use of the term fork by GitHub.
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In the context of software development, "fork" was used in the sense of creating a revision control "
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30:"Fork (software)" redirects here. For the operation whereby a process creates a copy of itself, see
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Why Open Source
Software / Free Software (OSS/FS, FLOSS, or FOSS)? Look at the Numbers!: Forking
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is a fork that does not intend to compete, but wants to eventually merge with the original.
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Years, where available, indicate the date of first stable release. Systems with names
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A notable proprietary fork not of this kind is the many varieties of proprietary
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by 1983 for the process of creating a subgroup to move topics of discussion to.
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and thus pay back the associated extra development costs created by the fork.
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used the term "shattering" for this sort of fork in 1993, attributing it to
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New program, and line of software development, derived from an existing one
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2014:
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David A. Wheeler notes four possible outcomes of a fork, with examples:
71:, but also a split in the developer community; as such, it is a form of
675:. OSS 2012 The Eighth International Conference on Open Source Systems.
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A Comprehensive Study of
Software Forks: Dates, Reasons and Outcomes
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version, or versions for differing operating systems, such as a
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pressure against forking. As a result, major forks (such as the
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994:
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are no longer maintained or have planned end-of-life dates.
721:
Project Ingres, University of
California at Berkeley, 1980.
622:"To Fork Or Not To Fork: Lessons From Ubuntu and Debian"
123:
Creating a branch "forks off" a version of the program.
666:
Robles, Gregorio; González-Barahona, Jesús M. (2012).
287:
Successful branching, typically with differentiation (
85:
law. However, licensed forks of proprietary software (
47:, with each split in the diagram being called "a fork"
1149:
Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
977:
Forked a project, where do my version numbers start?
712:"An Introduction to the Source Code Control System."
526:"Schism", with its connotations, is a common usage,
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952:Understanding Code Forking in Open Source Software
773:(Marcus G. Daniels, gnu.misc.discuss, 7 June 1996)
761:(Bill Dubuque, cu.cs.macl.info, 21 September 1995)
749:(Russell Nelson, gnu.misc.discuss, 1 October 1993)
357:permit forks to become proprietary software, and
954:(PhD). Hanken School of Economics. p. 57.
567:"Copyright assignment – once bitten, twice shy"
231:
190:
176:
121:
1765:
1114:
8:
1154:Comparison of source-code-hosting facilities
837:. The Open Source Initiative. 7 July 2006.
647:Entry 'fork' in Online Etymology Dictionary
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43:A timeline chart showing the evolution of
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731:Can somebody fork off a "net.philosophy"?
680:
265:becoming "blessed" as the new version of
158:Forking of free and open-source software
519:
59:happens when developers take a copy of
925:"An "open governance" fork of Node.js"
865:"Promiscuous Theory, Puritan Practice"
7:
1677:Microsoft Open Specification Promise
875:from the original on 6 October 2006.
841:from the original on 15 October 2013
815:from the original on 14 October 2013
759:Re: Hey Franz: 32K Windows SUCK!!!!!
692:from the original on 2 December 2013
115:as early as 1980, in the context of
1144:Alternative terms for free software
1484:Python Software Foundation License
935:from the original on 21 April 2015
923:Willis, Nathan (15 January 2015).
25:
1547:Definition of Free Cultural Works
1164:Free software project directories
464:Downstream (software development)
1873:
1734:
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1723:
1184:Open-source software development
1542:Debian Free Software Guidelines
1374:Free Software Movement of India
140:Berkeley Software Distributions
809:"The Free Software Definition"
747:Shattering — good or bad?
1:
1532:Contributor License Agreement
1346:Open-source-software movement
1130:Free and open-source software
363:Contributor License Agreement
242:split, the fissioning of the
79:Free and open-source software
1703:The Cathedral and the Bazaar
1557:The Free Software Definition
1058:– An essay about forking in
1013:Fujitsu Supported PostgreSQL
835:"The Open Source Definition"
811:. Free Software Foundation.
737:, net.misc, 18 January 1983)
397:Forking proprietary software
304:Distributed revision control
185:The Free Software Definition
168:The Free Software Definition
2334:Software project management
1607:Mozilla software rebranding
1572:Permissive software license
682:10.1007/978-3-642-33442-9_1
601:"The Great Software Schism"
533:"the Lemacs/FSFmacs schism"
272:The death of the original (
2350:
1612:Proprietary device drivers
1562:The Open Source Definition
550:"Behind the KOffice split"
369:(based on the proprietary
257:A re-merging of the fork (
222:Homesteading the Noosphere
198:The Open Source Definition
172:The Open Source Definition
117:Source Code Control System
29:
2287:
1871:
1787:
1719:
1697:Source-available software
1597:Digital rights management
1084:A PhD examining forking:
1781:Version control software
1692:Shared Source Initiative
1489:Shared Source Initiative
1442:Free Software Foundation
1379:Free Software Foundation
1229:Configuration management
1054:17 December 2012 at the
1036:13 November 2006 at the
1000:13 November 2006 at the
627:26 February 2012 at the
589:29 February 2012 at the
538:30 November 2009 at the
421:compatible machines and
2009:Software Change Manager
1627:SCO/Linux controversies
906:14 January 2012 at the
891:8 November 2011 at the
717:6 November 2014 at the
267:GNU Compiler Collection
127:The term was in use on
1527:Comparison of licenses
1336:Free software movement
1062:projects, by Rick Moen
1018:20 August 2006 at the
982:26 August 2011 at the
606:6 January 2012 at the
584:"Forking is a feature"
454:List of software forks
385:(proprietary forks of
331:the original project,
248:
202:
189:
125:
48:
1602:License proliferation
950:Nyman, Linus (2015).
572:30 March 2012 at the
469:Group decision-making
42:
1687:Open-source hardware
1622:Proprietary software
1617:Proprietary firmware
1318:Formerly open-source
1313:Formerly proprietary
1179:Open-source software
1091:16 July 2023 at the
793:5 April 2006 at the
576:(Richard Hillesley,
403:proprietary software
373:and the open source
365:.) Examples include
164:open-source software
142:(BSDs) (1993–1994);
53:software engineering
1567:Open-source license
1169:Gratis versus libre
807:Stallman, Richard.
652:25 May 2012 at the
555:6 July 2013 at the
474:Modular programming
45:Linux distributions
899:), first added to
863:(15 August 2002).
797:(David A. Wheeler)
633:Benjamin Mako Hill
496:Team effectiveness
69:development branch
49:
32:fork (system call)
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2046:Visual SourceSafe
1899:(1986, 1990 in C)
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1647:Trusted Computing
1637:Software security
1585:
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1266:Operating systems
1174:Long-term support
910:, 20 August 2000)
561:Linux Weekly News
559:(Joe Brockmeier,
154:Project by 1996.
16:(Redirected from
2341:
2173:(via Git) (2014)
2167:(via Git) (2013)
2070:Free/open-source
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1890:Free/open-source
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557:Wayback Machine
540:Wayback Machine
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491:Personalization
486:Custom software
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280:succeeding and
219:, in his essay
217:Eric S. Raymond
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92:) also happen.
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2033:Team Concert
2021:Surround SCM
1982:
1968:
1857:
1790:
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1701:
1669:
1664:
1552:Free license
1298:Android apps
1044:
1026:
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995:EnterpriseDB
990:
972:
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960:10138/153135
951:
944:
937:. Retrieved
928:
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868:
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843:. Retrieved
829:
817:. Retrieved
802:
766:
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742:
735:John Gilmore
726:
706:
694:. Retrieved
668:
660:
642:
615:
577:
560:
527:
522:
438:
432:
428:market share
411:command line
400:
355:BSD licenses
352:
332:
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288:
278:X.Org Server
273:
258:
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177:
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148:John Gilmore
133:
126:
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57:project fork
56:
50:
36:
2247:Interleaved
2187:Plastic SCM
2155:Proprietary
2062:Distributed
1932:AccuRev SCM
1925:Proprietary
1832:Proprietary
1642:Tivoization
1281:Video games
1256:Mathematics
897:Jargon File
508:ROM Hacking
459:Source port
344:LibreOffice
227:Jargon File
144:Russ Nelson
113:Eric Allman
61:source code
2323:Categories
2300:Comparison
2274:Repository
2133:GNU Bazaar
2092:Code Co-op
1915:Subversion
1799:Local only
1791:in italics
1590:Challenges
1308:Commercial
1291:E-commerce
1276:Television
939:15 January
845:15 October
819:15 October
696:20 October
612:Glyn Moody
514:References
391:PostgreSQL
2225:Changeset
2139:Mercurial
2078:BitKeeper
1991:Integrity
1963:ClearCase
1520:standards
1518:Types and
1499:Unlicense
1494:Sleepycat
1328:Community
948:See also
595:Anil Dash
442:Unix wars
423:Macintosh
383:CrossOver
324:Launchpad
320:Bitbucket
308:Mercurial
236:Gnu-Emacs
211:soft fork
162:Free and
96:Etymology
83:copyright
63:from one
2293:Category
2269:Monorepo
2208:Baseline
2201:Concepts
2180:TeamWare
2171:Services
2145:Monotone
2126:GNU arch
2015:StarTeam
2005:(1980s?)
1957:) (2014)
1951:Services
1947:) (2005)
1846:Panvalet
1739:Category
1656:Related
1537:Copyleft
1457:GNU LGPL
1452:GNU AGPL
1417:Beerware
1412:Artistic
1389:Licenses
1356:Advocacy
1303:iOS apps
1244:Wireless
1239:Graphics
1206:packages
1204:Software
1194:Timeline
1089:Archived
1052:Archived
1034:Archived
1016:Archived
998:Archived
980:Archived
933:Archived
904:Archived
889:Archived
873:Archived
869:catb.org
839:Archived
813:Archived
791:Archived
715:Archived
687:Archived
650:Archived
635:, 2005).
625:Archived
604:Archived
587:Archived
578:H-Online
570:Archived
553:Archived
536:Archived
448:See also
407:windowed
371:NeXTSTEP
359:copyleft
195:—
182:—
2027:Synergy
2011:(1970s)
1979:(1980s)
1848:(1970s)
1665:Forking
1447:GNU GPL
1341:History
1271:Routing
1234:Drivers
1189:Outline
1137:General
1031:Netezza
929:LWN.net
771:Lignux?
546:, 2000)
479:Modding
375:FreeBSD
336:MariaDB
293:OpenBSD
284:dying.)
282:XFree86
2230:Commit
2213:Branch
2189:(2006)
2183:(1992)
2165:Server
2147:(2003)
2141:(2005)
2135:(2005)
2129:(2001)
2121:(2005)
2115:(2007)
2113:Fossil
2109:(2002)
2101:(2002)
2095:(1997)
2087:(2017)
2085:Breezy
2081:(2000)
2049:(1994)
2041:(2003)
2035:(2008)
2029:(1990)
2023:(2002)
2017:(1995)
1999:(1995)
1993:(2001)
1987:(1984)
1973:(1994)
1965:(1992)
1941:Server
1934:(2002)
1917:(2000)
1911:(1998)
1905:(1998)
1862:(1991)
1854:(1985)
1842:(1969)
1823:(1973)
1817:(1982)
1729:Portal
1658:topics
1479:Python
1402:Apache
1351:Events
1251:Health
1224:Codecs
901:v4.2.2
886:Forked
419:IBM PC
379:Cedega
316:GitHub
297:NetBSD
244:386BSD
240:XEmacs
136:XEmacs
129:Usenet
109:branch
73:schism
2264:Merge
2235:Gated
2218:Trunk
2099:Darcs
2039:Vault
1953:(via
1943:(via
1903:CVSNT
1504:WTFPL
1214:Audio
690:(PDF)
673:(PDF)
367:macOS
340:MySQL
209:or a
179:this.
111:" by
2307:List
2259:Fork
2106:DCVS
2003:SCLM
1984:DSEE
1970:CMVC
1955:TFVC
1945:TFVC
1859:QVCS
1852:PVCS
1821:SCCS
1509:zlib
1432:CDDL
1407:APSL
941:2015
920:e.g.
847:2013
821:2013
698:2012
528:e.g.
435:Unix
417:for
387:Wine
381:and
353:The
346:for
338:for
333:e.g.
322:and
295:and
289:e.g.
276:the
274:e.g.
263:egcs
259:e.g.
170:and
102:fork
90:Unix
87:e.g.
55:, a
2279:Tag
2119:Git
1897:CVS
1815:RCS
1474:MPL
1469:MIT
1464:ISC
1437:EPL
1422:BSD
1397:AFL
1078:at
956:hdl
677:doi
439:See
401:In
377:),
342:or
312:Git
310:or
152:GNU
51:In
2325::
962:.
943:.
931:.
927:.
871:.
867:.
778:^
685:.
614:,
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350:.
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299:.)
291:,
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958::
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849:.
823:.
733:(
700:.
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631:(
610:(
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34:.
20:)
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