20:
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Forked tongues have evolved multiple times in squamates. It is unclear, based on the morphological and genetic evidence, where the exact points of change are from a notched tongue to a forked tongue, but it is believed that the change has happened two to four times. A common behavioral characteristic
63:
reptiles (lizards and snakes) for various purposes. The advantage to having a forked tongue is that more surface area is available for the chemicals to contact and the potential for tropotaxis. The tongue is flicked out of the mouth regularly to sample the chemical environment. This form of chemical
94:
tribes, "speaking with a forked tongue" has meant lying, and a person was no longer considered worthy of trust, once he had been shown to "speak with a forked tongue." This phrase was also adopted by
Americans around the time of the Revolution, and may be found in abundant references from the early
64:
sampling allows these animals to sense non-volatile chemicals, which cannot be detected by simply using the olfactory system. This increased ability to sense chemicals has allowed for heightened abilities to identify prey, recognize kin, choose mates, locate shelters, follow trails, and more.
123:"And he hath the art of cleaving. He shewed it in the beginning, when he made the Serpent, linguam bisulcam, a forked tongue, to speake that, which was contrarie to his knowledge and meaning, They should not die; and as he did the Serpent's, so he can doe others."
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told the Creek Nation in 1829). According to one 1859 account, the native proverb that the "white man spoke with a forked tongue" originated as a result of the French tactic of the 1690s, in their war with the
95:
19th century—often reporting on
American officers who sought to convince the tribal leaders with whom they negotiated that they "spoke with a straight and not with a forked tongue" (as for example, President
51:
using the tip of their tongue, and a forked tongue allows them to sense from which direction a smell is coming. Sensing from both sides of the head and following trails based on chemical cues is called
90:
The phrase "speaks with a forked tongue" means to deliberately say one thing and mean another or, to be hypocritical, or act in a duplicitous manner. In the longstanding tradition of many
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Speech on the Bill to
Provide for the Removal of the Indians, West of the Mississippi: Delivered in the House of Representatives of the United States, May 17, 1830
355:
Cooper, W.E. (April 1995). "Evolution and function of lingual shape in lizards, with emphasis on elongation, extensibility, and chemical sampling".
398:
Baxi, K.N.; Dorries, K.M.; Eisthen, H.L. (January 2006). "Is the vomeronasal organ system really specialized for detecting pheromones?".
738:
91:
512:"Molecular phylogenetics of Squamata: the position of snakes, Amphisbaenians, and Dibamids, and the root of the squamate tree"
168:
680:
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Shine, R.; Bonnet, X.; et al. (February 2004). "A novel foraging mode in snakes: browsing by the sea snake
56:. It is unclear whether forked-tongued reptiles can actually follow trails or if this is just a hypothesis.
116:, either in reference to actual snakes' tongues, or as a metaphor for untruthfulness, such as a sermon by
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Parker, M.R.; Young, B.A.; Kardong, K.V. (2008). "The forked tongue and edge detection in snakes (
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Cooper, W.E. (1995). "Foraging mode, prey chemical discrimination, and phylogeny in lizards".
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104:, of inviting their enemies to attend a peace conference, only to be slaughtered or captured.
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Schwenk, K. (January 1995). "Of tongues and noses, chemoreception in lizards and snakes".
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Kubie, J.L.; Halpen, M. (1979). "Chemical senses involved in garter snake prey training".
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split into two distinct tines at the tip; this is a feature common to many species of
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that has evolved in those with forked tongues is that they tend to be wide foragers.
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Waters, R.M. (1993). "Odorized air current trailing by garter snakes,
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equipped with a second, pointy tongue underneath their normal one
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Paradise Lost ... With notes of various authors, by John Rice
199:
Schwenk, K. (March 1994). "Why snakes have forked tongues".
510:
Townsend, T.M.; Larson, A.; et al. (October 2004).
160:, family of frogs commonly called the fork-tongued frogs
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There are appearances of the phrase "forked tongue" in
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603:The tongue itself splits in the floor of the mouth
141:To forked Tongue, for now were all transform'd...
594:. Hilton Pond Center for Piedmont Natural History
82:, used for grooming, hidden under their first.
16:Natural bifurcation that occurs in some animals
623:. Monkeyland Primate Sanctuary. Archived from
592:Operation RubyThroat: The Hummingbird Project
588:"Hummingbird Internal Anatomy and Physiology"
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139:But Hiss for Hiss return'd with forked Tongue
8:
137:According to his Doom: He would have spoke,
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78:(bushbabies) have a secondary tongue, or
74:also have tongues that split at the tip.
710:Milton, John; Rice, John (1766-01-01).
186:
59:Forked tongues have evolved in these
7:
126:The phrase also appears in Milton's
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693:Andrewes, Lancelot (1632-01-01).
477:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
322:Journal of Comparative Psychology
660:Foster, Thomas Flournoy (1830).
459:10.1046/j.0269-8463.2004.00803.x
86:Usage as an idiomatic expression
169:Silver tongue (disambiguation)
1:
586:Bill Hilton Jr (2007-06-12).
489:10.1016/S0169-5347(00)88953-3
283:Brain, Behavior and Evolution
221:10.1126/science.263.5153.1573
565:10.1016/0003-3472(95)80098-0
445:(Serpentes, Hydrophiidae)".
357:Journal of Chemical Ecology
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617:"Bushbaby - Galago moholi"
412:10.1016/j.tins.2005.10.002
334:10.1037/0735-7036.122.1.35
320:): an experimental test".
739:Sensory organs in animals
529:10.1080/10635150490522340
29:Morelia spilota mcdowelli
666:. D. Green. p. 11.
443:Emydocephalus annulatus
400:Trends in Neurosciences
176:(a surgical procedure)
144:
32:
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22:
120:, who died in 1626:
279:Thamnophis sirtalis
213:1994Sci...263.1573S
207:(5153): 1573–1577.
23:Forked tongue of a
516:Systematic Biology
447:Functional Ecology
369:10.1007/BF02036744
114:English literature
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679:, Vol. 19, 1859,
621:Meet Our Primates
318:Crotalus oreganus
295:10.1159/000113841
118:Lancelot Andrewes
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25:carpet python
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629:. Retrieved
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72:Hummingbirds
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483:(1): 7–12.
164:Doublespeak
47:. Reptiles
728:Categories
631:2008-02-13
598:2008-02-13
406:(1): 1–7.
181:References
54:tropotaxis
734:Deception
716:. London.
80:sublingua
573:53189324
538:15545252
497:21236937
420:16271402
385:33016552
377:24234178
342:18298279
237:28010522
229:17744784
147:See also
102:Iroquois
61:squamate
45:reptiles
428:6487660
303:8477343
209:Bibcode
201:Science
76:Galagos
744:Tongue
681:p. 230
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41:tongue
569:S2CID
424:S2CID
381:S2CID
233:S2CID
49:smell
39:is a
534:PMID
493:PMID
416:PMID
373:PMID
338:PMID
299:PMID
225:PMID
561:doi
524:doi
485:doi
455:doi
408:doi
365:doi
330:doi
326:122
291:doi
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260:doi
217:doi
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