281:
67:
39:
272:" after the Kalina chief who sold it. The first wooden Fort Cépérou was built on the hill, and a village was built below it. Bretigny was ruthless and despotic, and terrorized both the colonists and the indigenous people. He persecuted and enslaved the Kalinas, who responded by revolting and slaughtering many of the colonists. In 1644 a Carib killed Bretigny with an axe to the head. Twenty-five Frenchmen survived, but none left Guiana alive.
361:
74:
186:
rivers, with a channel connecting the two rivers and separating the island from the coast. The fort is located on Mont Cépérou, with a panoramic view over the land, the sea and the entrance to the
Cayenne River. The fort was first named Fort Cépérou, then Fort Saint Michel and then Fort Saint Louis
296:
landed 800 men at the tip of the Pointe du Mahury, where they found the 25 survivors of the
Compagnie de Rouen. Jean de Laon, a king' engineer, replaced the wooden walls of the fort with a stone bastion called Fort Saint Michel. The purpose was to guard against attacks from the Caribs across the
248:
An official government memoir written after 1765 says that "establishments were made at
Cayenne itself in 1634 and 1636 where a fort was built near the western extremity of the island, at the mouth where the river formed the port, and above the fort, a town which has remained the capital of the
383:
huts of the city. The
Portuguese occupied Guiana from 1809 to 1817 and destroyed all the defenses of Cayenne Island. The remains of the town's walls were torn down, the fort's bastions were destroyed, and only three dilapidated buildings remained of the fort. In 1862 governor
51:
312:
sent a force of 1,200 to recapture
Cayenne from the Dutch. The town was rebuilt with 200 huts, and had 350 French settlers and 50 slaves. In 1666 the English commanded by Captain Peter Wroth visited the colony of Cayenne but did not harm the governor
395:
rang for eight days during the fire until it split on 12 August 1888. A public clock was installed on the site in the first half of the 20th century. Some walls and a bell tower are all that remain. The pagoda holding the bell is classified as a
368:
A 1677 map, still using the Dutch name of Bourg Louis, shows a watchtower, some small batteries and a miniature star-shaped fort on Morne Cépérou. A report that year says the small (
158:
Between 1689 and 1693 the whole town of
Cayenne, including the fort, was surrounded by a classic line of fortifications by Vauban. The town was occupied by the Portuguese during the
376:, the king's engineer. Vauban's fortifications were built between 1689 and 1693. The original Fort Cépérou remained, surrounded by the much more extensive ramparts of Vauban.
174:
The remains of Fort Cépérou are at the western edge of the present city of
Cayenne, French Guiana. A map from 1769 shows the fort and town in the north west of the Island of
402:. In 2016 work was done to rehabilitate the pagoda, which was in danger of collapse. The site was transferred from the armed forces to the city of Cayenne in February 2009.
336:
arrived at
Cayenne on 4 May 1676 and landed 900 troops near Fort Saint Louis (Fort Cépérou) the next day. Lefebvre soon surrendered. Binckes left shortly after for
155:
in 1643. Over the years that followed the French temporarily lost the site to the Dutch, English and
Portuguese. The fort was torn down and rebuilt several times.
987:
66:
385:
280:
915:
889:
863:
746:
720:
694:
293:
931:
208:(France équinoxiale). The Spanish and Portuguese had not settled this section of the coast, although it was thought to lead to the land of
302:
373:
438:
297:
river, and attacks by the
English and Dutch. All of the settlers had soon been killed by the Caribs or had escaped to Barbados.
992:
326:
100:
450:
260:
of the Compagnie du Cap du Nord, or Compagnie de Rouen, arrived with 400 settlers. He bought the hill at the mouth of the
257:
761:
778:
325:. After they left, from December 1667 the Jesuit father Jean Morellet was the de facto governor until the new governor
836:
372:) fort had walls that were so thin they were disintegrating. In 1689 new fortifications for the town were laid out by
55:
1760 map of fortifications of Cayenne. Fort Cépérou rises above the NW walls along the river, lower right in this map.
314:
982:
955:, Brill on behalf of the KITLV, Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies: 535–540,
305:
and established a Dutch colony on Cayenne Island around 1656. By 1660 there were no Frenchmen left in Guiana.
686:
The Jewish Nation of the Caribbean: The Spanish-Portuguese Jewish Settlements in the Caribbean and the Guianas
233:
345:
200:
In 1604 Captain Daniel de La Touche, seigneur de la Ravardière, was the first Frenchman to make a serious
187:
before returning to its original name. The town of Cayenne grew around the protective walls of the fort.
318:
309:
38:
179:
398:
956:
905:
352:, but it failed to prosper. In 1685 the total population of colonists and slaves was just 1,682.
229:
205:
911:
885:
879:
859:
853:
742:
716:
712:
Architecture and Urbanism in the French Atlantic Empire: State, Church, and Society, 1604-1830
690:
446:
344:, leaving a small force to hold Cayenne. On 18 December 1676 French troops under vice-admiral
818:
736:
710:
684:
977:
391:
A great fire destroyed the southeast part of Cayenne in August 1888. The bell on the fort's
240:. Captain Bontemps was tasked with colonizing the new territories with 1,200 French people.
360:
298:
237:
213:
159:
225:
221:
201:
418:
Some sources say Spranger founded the Cayenne colony in 1656, while others give 1657.
348:
took the city back from the Dutch. After this the colony was French until the time of
50:
971:
337:
333:
265:
261:
217:
175:
152:
141:
269:
145:
511:
509:
507:
505:
503:
501:
499:
497:
495:
493:
388:
had a lighthouse built on Mount Cépérou. By 1864 the fort was almost abandoned.
379:
In 1701 the structures in the fort were destroyed by a fire that spread to the
317:. Cayenne was sacked by an English fleet under the command of Rear-Admiral Sir
795:
Hulsman, Lodewijk; Van den Bel, Martjin; Cazaelles, Nathalie (December 2015),
162:
between 1809 and 1817 and Vauban's fortifications were destroyed, as were the
115:
102:
797:""Cayenne hollandaise" Jan Claes Langedijck et Quirijn Spranger (1654-1664)"
590:
588:
380:
212:. Between 1616 and 1626 Dutch colonies were founded on the estuaries of the
209:
526:
524:
151:
The original wooden fort was built on a hill looking over the mouth of the
349:
253:
built the first fort on the northwestern shore of the island of Cayenne.
960:
322:
178:, which lies on the Atlantic coast of Guiana between the mouths of the
163:
137:
28:
392:
341:
183:
796:
738:
Cayenne, ville créole et polyethnique: essai d'anthropologie urbaine
515:
359:
321:
in August 1667. Harman's fleet destroyed the fort and the town of
279:
250:
907:
Loyola: L'Habitation des Jésuites de Rémire en Guyane Française
904:
Roux, Yannick Le; Auger, Réginald; Cazelles, Nathalie (2009),
530:
594:
881:
In Search of Empire: The French in the Americas, 1670-1730
933:
Land-kaart van het eiland en de volksplanting van Cayenne
468:
466:
464:
462:
249:
colony." Another source says that in 1638 merchants from
224:
rivers. In 1630 the English settled at the mouth of the
838:
Les origines du Fort Cépérou et de la ville de Cayenne
551:
549:
547:
545:
543:
541:
539:
236:
ordered a colony to be installed on the shores of the
204:
of what would become French Guiana, originally called
16:
Fort that protected the city of Cayenne, French Guiana
947:
Van Panhuys, L. C. (1930–1931), "Quijrijn Spranger",
148:, a celebrated indigenous chief who ceded the land.
855:
The French Atlantic: Travels in Culture and History
94:
21:
618:
579:
284:1769 map of Cayenne Island and the fort (inset)
166:of the fort. Little remains of the fort today.
8:
232:authorized colonization of Guiana. In 1630
18:
630:
606:
595:Hulsman, Van den Bel & Cazaelles 2015
472:
709:Bailey, Gauvin Alexander (2018-06-06),
516:Les origines du Fort Cépérou ... Mairie
430:
411:
386:Louis-Marie-François Tardy de Montravel
666:
654:
642:
567:
555:
484:
445:. London: Bell and Daldy. p. 46.
136:was a fort that protected the city of
31:, French Guiana in French Guiana
7:
73:
988:Buildings and structures in Cayenne
276:Fresh settlement attempts (1652–76)
878:Pritchard, James S. (2004-01-22),
294:Compagnie de la France équinoxiale
14:
531:Fort Cépérou – WorldEventListings
303:States General of the Netherlands
741:(in French), KARTHALA Editions,
72:
65:
49:
37:
619:Roux, Auger & Cazelles 2009
884:, Cambridge University Press,
858:, Liverpool University Press,
841:(in French), Mairie de Cayenne
689:, Gefen Publishing House Ltd,
374:Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban
1:
825:(in French), 11 February 2016
288:In September 1652 the twelve
268:(Caribs) and named it "Morne
327:Antoine Lefèbvre de La Barre
735:Chérubini, Bernard (1988),
443:The Indian Tribes of Guiana
1009:
301:obtained a grant from the
258:Charles Poncet de Brétigny
244:First settlement (1634–45)
683:Arbell, Mordehay (2002),
86:Location in French Guiana
60:
48:
36:
26:
364:Renovated pagoda in 2017
315:Cyprien Lefebvre de Lézy
852:Marshall, Bill (2009),
332:The Dutch vice admiral
993:Forts in French Guiana
930:Tirion, Isaak (1769),
365:
285:
116:4.937630°N 52.336843°W
949:De West-Indische Gids
580:Van Panhuys 1930–1931
363:
310:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
283:
823:Fier d’être Guyanais
807:, Association AIMARA
439:Brett, William Henry
196:Background (1604–34)
144:. It is named after
121:4.937630; -52.336843
399:monument historique
112: /
43:Remains of the fort
910:(in French), PUQ,
783:WorldEventListings
366:
356:Zenith and decline
286:
234:Constant d'Aubigné
230:Cardinal Richelieu
206:Equinoctial France
917:978-2-7605-2451-4
891:978-0-521-82742-3
865:978-1-84631-051-5
819:"Le fort Cépérou"
748:978-2-86537-200-3
722:978-0-7735-5376-7
696:978-965-229-279-7
346:Jean II d'Estrées
131:
130:
1000:
963:
943:
942:
941:
926:
925:
924:
900:
899:
898:
874:
873:
872:
848:
847:
846:
832:
831:
830:
814:
813:
812:
791:
790:
789:
774:
773:
772:
757:
756:
755:
731:
730:
729:
705:
704:
703:
670:
664:
658:
652:
646:
640:
634:
628:
622:
616:
610:
604:
598:
592:
583:
577:
571:
565:
559:
553:
534:
528:
519:
513:
488:
482:
476:
470:
457:
456:
435:
419:
416:
127:
126:
124:
123:
122:
117:
113:
110:
109:
108:
105:
76:
75:
69:
53:
41:
32:
19:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
997:
983:Forts in France
968:
967:
966:
946:
939:
937:
929:
922:
920:
918:
903:
896:
894:
892:
877:
870:
868:
866:
851:
844:
842:
835:
828:
826:
817:
810:
808:
794:
787:
785:
777:
770:
768:
760:
753:
751:
749:
734:
727:
725:
723:
708:
701:
699:
697:
682:
678:
673:
665:
661:
653:
649:
641:
637:
629:
625:
617:
613:
605:
601:
593:
586:
578:
574:
566:
562:
554:
537:
529:
522:
514:
491:
483:
479:
471:
460:
453:
437:
436:
432:
428:
423:
422:
417:
413:
408:
358:
299:Guerin Spranger
278:
264:from the local
246:
198:
193:
172:
160:Napoleonic wars
120:
118:
114:
111:
106:
103:
101:
99:
98:
90:
89:
88:
87:
84:
83:
82:
81:
77:
56:
44:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1006:
1004:
996:
995:
990:
985:
980:
970:
969:
965:
964:
944:
927:
916:
901:
890:
875:
864:
849:
833:
815:
792:
779:"Fort Cépérou"
775:
762:"Fort Cépérou"
758:
747:
732:
721:
706:
695:
679:
677:
674:
672:
671:
669:, p. 225.
659:
657:, p. 224.
647:
635:
633:, p. 288.
631:Pritchard 2004
623:
611:
607:Chérubini 1988
599:
584:
582:, p. 535.
572:
560:
535:
520:
489:
477:
475:, p. 226.
458:
451:
429:
427:
424:
421:
420:
410:
409:
407:
404:
357:
354:
277:
274:
245:
242:
226:Suriname River
202:reconnaissance
197:
194:
192:
189:
171:
168:
129:
128:
96:
92:
91:
85:
79:
78:
71:
70:
64:
63:
62:
61:
58:
57:
54:
46:
45:
42:
34:
33:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1005:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
973:
962:
958:
954:
950:
945:
935:
934:
928:
919:
913:
909:
908:
902:
893:
887:
883:
882:
876:
867:
861:
857:
856:
850:
840:
839:
834:
824:
820:
816:
806:
803:(in French),
802:
798:
793:
784:
780:
776:
767:
766:Lonely Planet
763:
759:
750:
744:
740:
739:
733:
724:
718:
714:
713:
707:
698:
692:
688:
687:
681:
680:
675:
668:
663:
660:
656:
651:
648:
645:, p. 89.
644:
639:
636:
632:
627:
624:
621:, p. 48.
620:
615:
612:
609:, p. 35.
608:
603:
600:
597:, p. 38.
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
576:
573:
570:, p. 45.
569:
564:
561:
558:, p. 31.
557:
552:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
512:
510:
508:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
490:
486:
481:
478:
474:
473:Marshall 2009
469:
467:
465:
463:
459:
454:
448:
444:
440:
434:
431:
425:
415:
412:
405:
403:
401:
400:
394:
389:
387:
382:
381:palm-thatched
377:
375:
371:
362:
355:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
338:Marie-Galante
335:
334:Jacob Binckes
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
306:
304:
300:
295:
291:
282:
275:
273:
271:
267:
266:Kalina people
263:
262:Cayenne River
259:
254:
252:
243:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
195:
190:
188:
185:
181:
177:
169:
167:
165:
161:
156:
154:
153:Cayenne River
149:
147:
143:
142:French Guiana
139:
135:
125:
97:
93:
68:
59:
52:
47:
40:
35:
30:
25:
20:
952:
951:(in Dutch),
948:
938:, retrieved
932:
921:, retrieved
906:
895:, retrieved
880:
869:, retrieved
854:
843:, retrieved
837:
827:, retrieved
822:
809:, retrieved
804:
800:
786:, retrieved
782:
769:, retrieved
765:
752:, retrieved
737:
726:, retrieved
711:
700:, retrieved
685:
662:
650:
638:
626:
614:
602:
575:
563:
480:
442:
433:
414:
397:
390:
378:
370:peu spacieux
369:
367:
331:
307:
289:
287:
255:
247:
199:
173:
157:
150:
134:Fort Cépérou
133:
132:
80:Fort Cépérou
22:Fort Cépérou
667:Bailey 2018
655:Bailey 2018
643:Bailey 2018
568:Arbell 2002
556:Bailey 2018
485:Tirion 1769
319:John Harman
119: /
95:Coordinates
972:Categories
940:2018-07-26
936:(in Dutch)
923:2018-07-25
897:2018-07-25
871:2018-07-26
845:2018-07-26
829:2018-07-26
811:2018-07-25
788:2018-07-25
771:2018-07-25
754:2018-07-25
728:2018-07-26
702:2018-07-27
452:0332505170
228:. In 1626
107:52°20′13″W
426:Citations
329:arrived.
290:seigneurs
238:Sinnamary
214:Essequibo
210:El Dorado
104:4°56′15″N
961:41847925
715:, MQUP,
441:(1868).
350:Napoleon
308:In 1664
256:In 1643
222:Demerara
170:Location
164:bastions
978:Cayenne
676:Sources
323:Cayenne
292:of the
270:Cépérou
218:Berbice
191:History
180:Cayenne
176:Cayenne
146:Cépérou
138:Cayenne
29:Cayenne
959:
914:
888:
862:
801:Karapa
745:
719:
693:
449:
393:pagoda
342:Tobago
184:Mahury
957:JSTOR
406:Notes
251:Rouen
912:ISBN
886:ISBN
860:ISBN
743:ISBN
717:ISBN
691:ISBN
447:ISBN
340:and
220:and
182:and
974::
953:12
821:,
799:,
781:,
764:,
587:^
538:^
523:^
492:^
461:^
216:,
140:,
805:4
533:.
518:.
487:.
455:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
