545:"The Enemy took Juniata Creek, and came under its Bank to a Gutt (said to be about 12 Feet deep) and crept up till they came within about 30 or 40 Feet of the Fort, where the Shot from our Men could not hurt them: That into that Gutt they carried a Quantity of Pine Knots, and other combustible Matter, which they threw against the Fort, till they made a Pile and Train from the Fort to the Gutt, to which they set Fire, and by that Means the Logs of the Stockade catched, and a Hole was made, through which the Lieutenant and a Soldier were shot, and three others wounded, while they were endeavouring to extinguish the Flames: That the Enemy then called to the Besieged, and told them, they should have Quarter, if they would surrender; upon which, it is said, one John Turner immediately opened the Gates, and they took Possession of the Fort."
590:. There, Captain Jacobs ordered that the sergeant be put to death. They tied him to a stake and "after having heated several old gun barrels red-hot, they danced around him, and every minute or two, seared and burned his flesh... After tormenting him almost to death, they scalped him, and then held up a lad, who ended his sufferings by laying open his skull with a hatchet." The reasons for Turner's execution are unclear. One source says that it was due to a personal feud with an Indian named Fish whom Turner had killed, but a French report of Fort Granville's capture, found after the capture of Fort Duquesne in 1758, says that Turner was accused of murdering Simon Girty Sr., (Simon Girty's father) in order to marry his widow.
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420:"15 miles northeast of Fort Shirley, near the mouth of a Branch of the Juniata called Kishequokilis, a third Fort is erected, which I have called Fort Granville. This Fort commands a narrow pass...which is so circumscribed that a few men can maintain it against a much greater number, as the rocks are very High on each side, not above a gunshot assunder, and thus extended for 6 miles, and leads to a considerable settlement upon the Juniata, between Fort Granville and where that River falls into the Susquehanna."
42:
438:, reported to Governor Morris that "Fort Granville...is so Badly stor'd with Amunition, not having three rounds per man...Great part of the Souldiers have left their posts & Come to the Inhabitants, particularly from Fort Granville." Soon after this, Captain Burd was promoted to major and transferred to the Third Battalion of the Pennsylvania Provincial Regiment, to begin construction of
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ordered a suspension of hostilities. Several times, Coulon offered quarter to the defenders for their surrender, but
Armstrong refused. He was later shot a second time and died. Shortly after Armstrong's death, Sergeant John Turner surrendered the fort by opening the gates. Following orders from the French commander, Fort Granville was burnt by
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to construct the fort, however by
February the garrison was reduced to 41 as detachments were sent to various locations to obtain supplies. Food and ammunition were in short supply, with Burd writing to his lieutenant on 27 February, "Write to Mr. Buchannan to send...one whole barrel of Gun poudder,
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wrote from Fort
Augusta on 14 August that he was "well Assured that this Loss was entirely occasioned by a Want of Ammunition, having receiv'd a Letter two or three days ago from Colonel John Armstrong, that they had in that Fort only one Pound of Powder & fourteen Pounds of Lead." In response,
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Information in the French report is only slightly inconsistent with
British reports. Dated 23 August 1756, it reports that 27 prisoners were taken and four of the fort's garrison were killed and scalped. It states that the attacking force consisted of 32 Native Americans and 23 French soldiers. On
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Fort
Granville was not rebuilt, as it was decided that the western line of defense was too widely spaced and difficult to supply. Plans to build Fort Pomfret Castle were scrapped and Fort Shirley and Fort Patterson were abandoned. The line of defense withdrew to Fort Augusta, Fort Hunter, and Fort
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About midnight, Coulon's men succeeded in setting Fort
Granville on fire. In his diary account of the fort's capture, Joseph Shippen wrote that "they were putting out the Fire with Clay, having no Water in the Fort." Armstrong was shot while trying to extinguish the fire, and the French commander
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Around 22 July, some 60 to 70 Indian warriors, including
Shawnee, Delaware, and Illinois, appeared outside the fort ready for battle, but the commanding officer declined to engage in hopes they would leave. The Native Americans fired at one man and wounded him but he was able to get back into the
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on two of the corners, and a
Barracks within, capable of lodging fifty men. You are also desired to agree with some proper Person or Persons to oversee the workmen at each Place, who shall be allowed such Wages as you shall agree to give, not exceeding one Dollar per day; and the workmen shall be
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By the summer of 1756, the local settlers only left the fort when absolutely necessary due to an increase in the number of sightings of Native
Americans intent on reclaiming their land. The combined Native American forces had driven most settlers in the area to Fort Granville. Assistance for the
562:"Don't think that ever I will have any Regard for You, & don't expect ever to get any Mercy from me, for I do not want to see You after You vex me so much...Go away, it is not expedient that you should remain here...think not that I shall cease to persecute you."
558:, with a written Paper in it." The pouch containing the letter, written in French, was prominently displayed so that it would be found by any British troops sent to the fort. The letter appeared to be from a French woman, saying goodbye to her lover:
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with Native
American Nations who distrusted the Iroquois, the British, and Pennsylvania. The Shawnee and Delaware sought to drive settlers off of land sold out from under the Shawnee by the British and Iroquois in western Pennsylvania. In late 1755,
450:. Captain Edward Ward was given command of the fort. On 20 May, Ward wrote to Major Burd, "I have but 30 men to garrison This fort at present." By 3 June, there were 39 men listed in the garrison, although some of these were untrained recruits.
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tactics on the Pennsylvania frontier. The Native American tribes whose land was underhandedly sold by the Iroquois and the Province of Pennsylvania then entered in alliances with Native Americans from present-day Ohio. This led to the
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Sir:—You are desired to proceed to Cumberland County and fix on proper places for erecting three stockades, viz.: One back of Patterson's, one upon Kishecoquillas, and one near Sideling Hill; each of them fifty feet square, with
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on 9 July 1755, English settlers, who set up farms on Native American lands that they had illegally squatted on drew in hostilities from Native Americans. Native Americans who never legally ceded their land, resorted to
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to the temporary line, can secure the lives and property of the inhabitants of this country." The provincial government of Pennsylvania decided that a string of forts should be constructed across the province from the
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fort with no serious injury. A short distance from the river they killed a man named Baskins, burned his house, and took his wife and children captive. They also took Hugh Carrol and his family prisoners.
601:, where they were ransomed from the Indians by the French officers and local inhabitants. Escorted to New Orleans, they were then repatriated to England and eventually returned to the American colonies.
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warriors, along with a small group of French soldiers, joined the Shawnee in their effort to drive off the new interlopers by attacking recently established farms.
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Analysis of the factors leading to the fort's capture focused on the lack of ammunition and the ravine which allowed French forces to approach the fort unseen.
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destroyed the spring around 1829. According to historian Walter O'Meara, "This fort was an important link in the chain of strongpoints on the west side of the
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374:, commanding the point where the Juniata falls through the mountains." Governor Morris planned the construction of Fort Pomfret Castle, Fort Granville,
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One prisoner, a man named Barnhold, managed to escape and provided the first eyewitness account of the fort's capture. The other captives were taken to
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warriors. The fort’s garrison surrendered the strongpoint to these attackers, who celebrated their victory and destroyed the stockade.
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capturing the fort, the report says that the French found two swivel guns and 100 barrels of gunpowder, along with six months' rations.
628:. Thomas Girty, stepson of Sergeant John Turner, was rescued during the raid and provided additional details about the fort's capture.
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On 30 July, Captain Edward Ward, commandant at Fort Granville, took all but 24 men out of the fort to protect settlers in
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Waddell, Louis M. "Defending the Long Perimeter: Forts on the Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia. Frontier, 1755-1765.”
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History and Topography of Northumberland, Huntingdon, Mifflin, Centre, Union, Columbia, Juniata and Clinton Counties, PA
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James P. Myers, "The Fall of Fort Granville, 'The French Letter,' and Gallic Wit on the Pennsylvania Frontier, 1756."
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696:"Fort Patterson & Fort Granville ~ French & Indian War in Pennsylvania," video by The Wandering Woodsman
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263:. The fort was attacked on August 2, 1756, by a mixed force of French troops and Native Americans, mostly
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Before leaving, the French commandant had his troops set up a flagpole with a French flag on it, and "a
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At least one historian believes that the letter was intended as a joke, mocking the British military.
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to a site near a spring. The exact location can no longer be determined, as the construction of the
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501:) with a militia force to protect them during the harvest. Some of this militia was sent south to
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Croghan began construction in December 1755, and in January 1756, the fort was named by Governor
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The captives (22 soldiers, 3 women, and 5 or 6 children) were divided, and some were taken to
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617:: "It was a scandalous thing to leave the Gully near Fort Granville just as Nature left it."
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allowed at the rate of six Dollars per month and their Provisions, till the work is finished.
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Gilbert Din, "Francois Coulon de Villiers: More Light on an Illusive Historical Figure,"
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letting him know that we have not one ounce in store here." On 28 March, Elisha Saltar,
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255:. Active from 1755 until 1756, the stockade briefly sheltered pioneer settlers in the
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William Fischer, "Fort Granville plaque," Historical Marker Database, February 8, 2012
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A brass plaque on a stone plinth memorializing the fort's destruction was erected in
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recent settlers arrived under the command of Lieutenant Edward Armstrong (brother of
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William Fischer, "Fort Granville marker," Historical Marker Database, June 16, 2016
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Report of the Commission to Locate the Site of the Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania,
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Report of the Commission to Locate the Site of the Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania,
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at each of the four corners. An important natural feature of the fort site was a
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Possible representation of François Coulon de Villiers attacking Fort Granville.
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Earl Nicodemus, "The Mostly True Story of Simon Girty," September 11, 2017
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393:. The final construction was square, with sides measuring eighty-three
1047: vol 1. Illinois Centennial Commission: A. C. McClurg, 1922.
846:. New York, NY: Lewis Historical Publishing Company. pp. 247–250.
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Benjamin Franklin reported that the fort had "50 Pound of Powder, and
298:: "I am of the opinion that no other means of defense than a chain of
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481:. In response, the Shawnee called on Indian allies from across the
409:, provided cover for the enemy forces who later captured the fort.
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The French and Indian raid led to retaliation in the form of the
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as the westernmost line of defense of the Pennsylvania frontier.
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In February 1756, Governor Morris described the fort to General
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Two separate reports state that the fort was equipped with two
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Governor Morris assigned 75 men under the command of Captain
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had sold lands traditionally recognized as belonging to the
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which, since the fort's slope had not been graded to form a
1043:"The Illinois Country, 1673-1818." in Clarence Alvord, ed.
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Map of Fortifications on the Pennsylvania frontier in 1756
934:. Harrisburg, PA: Harrisburg Publishing Company. p.
582:, including Sergeant John Turner, his wife and stepsons
524:, as is often written incorrectly) attacked the fort.
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Legends of America: Fort Granville, Pennsylvania, 2023
774:"Commerce and Conflict on the 18th-Century frontier,"
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Legends of America: Fort Granville, Pennsylvania, 2023
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of Lead." Captain Joseph Shippen wrote to his father,
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Approximate location of Fort Granville in Pennsylvania
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History of the Early Settlement of the Juniata Valley
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Instead of constructing the fort at the mouth of the
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vol 1, Harrisburg, PA: W.S. Ray, state printer, 1916
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315:to the Maryland line. On 17 December 1755, Capt.
16:18th century fort in colonial Pennsylvania, U. S.
928:Jones, Uriah James; Egle, William Henry (1889).
759:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. p.
651:A historical marker was erected in 1947 by the
886:Forts on the Pennsylvania Frontier: 1753–1758,
843:A History of the Juniata Valley and Its People
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653:Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission
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991:. Lancaster, PA: Gilbert Hills. p. 105.
910:Vol. 1, State Printer of Pennsylvania, 1896
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1019:History of Armstrong County, Pennsylvania.
888:(Classic Reprint). Fb&c Limited, 2018.
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397:(between 207.5 and 415 feet), with a
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302:along or near the south side of the
1806:1756 establishments in Pennsylvania
1045:The Centennial History of Illinois,
971:vol. 79, Winter 1996-97; pp. 154-59
1841:British forts in the United States
1483:Municipalities and communities of
586:, Thomas Girty, George Girty, and
578:and then to the Lenape village of
243:. Its site was about a mile from
46:1916 state historical marker near
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1021:Chicago: Waterman, Watkins, 1883.
953:vol. 41, no. 3, 2000; pp. 345–357
391:John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville
182:Lieutenant Edward Armstrong
1811:Infrastructure completed in 1756
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1004:Simon Girty: Wilderness Warrior.
275:After the French victory in the
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1821:Colonial forts in Pennsylvania
776:American Archaeology Magazine,
682:"The Fall of Fort Granville,"
208:Pennsylvania Historical Marker
1:
789:Thomas Lynch Montgomery, ed.
1831:Mifflin County, Pennsylvania
1486:Mifflin County, Pennsylvania
985:Rupp, Israel Daniel (1846).
646:Mifflin County, Pennsylvania
505:to help the settlers there.
1826:French and Indian War forts
1131:Battle of the Great Meadows
840:Jordan, John Woolf (1913).
518:Francois Coulon de Villiers
457:, mounted on the bastions.
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535:A report published in the
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1161:Battle of the Monongahela
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1126:Battle of Jumonville Glen
473:In 1754, the British and
354:Location and construction
277:Battle of the Monongahela
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884:Hunter, William Albert.
778:Fall 2013, Vol. 17 No. 3
665:Province of Pennsylvania
522:Louis Coulon de Villiers
241:Province of Pennsylvania
239:located in the colonial
1244:Battle of Fort Ligonier
1239:Battle of Fort Duquesne
1223:Bloody Springs massacre
1197:Battle of Sideling Hill
606:Colonel William Clapham
461:Siege and capture, 1756
110:40.58833°N 77.6016361°W
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1017:Smith, Robert Walter.
1006:Canada: Dundurn, 2011.
626:Colonel John Armstrong
499:Colonel John Armstrong
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362:, Croghan went up the
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292:Colonel John Armstrong
287:Franco-Indian alliance
1816:Forts in Pennsylvania
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1442:Heinrich Zeller House
1332:Fort Juniata Crossing
1202:Kittanning Expedition
1181:Gnadenhütten massacre
1166:Penn's Creek massacre
1112:French and Indian War
820:Pennsylvania History,
684:Pennsylvania Rambler,
670:Kittanning Expedition
622:Kittanning Expedition
541:on 19 August stated:
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425:Garrison and supplies
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261:French and Indian War
159:French and Indian War
115:40.58833; -77.6016361
1784:United States portal
1218:Hochstetler massacre
538:Pennsylvania Gazette
387:Robert Hunter Morris
360:Kishacoquillas Creek
304:Kittatinny Mountains
296:Robert Hunter Morris
165:Garrison information
150:January-August, 1756
1777:Pennsylvania portal
1171:Great Cove massacre
1156:Braddock Expedition
969:Pittsburgh History,
906:Clarence M. Busch,
822:62:2(1995):171-195.
180:Captain Edward Ward
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951:Louisiana History,
615:Edward Shippen III
520:(not his brother,
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294:wrote to Governor
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249:Granville Township
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1357:Fort Loudoun
1347:Light's Fort
1337:Fort Lebanon
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155:Battles/wars
134:Site history
101:77°36′5.89″W
1750:communities
1723:Siglerville
1693:Lumber City
1673:Church Hill
1668:Cedar Crest
1648:Allensville
1501:County seat
1377:Fort McCord
1372:Fort Manada
1322:Fort Hunter
1287:Fort Bigham
1110:during the
588:James Girty
584:Simon Girty
483:Ohio Valley
455:swivel guns
440:Fort Hunter
372:Susquehanna
330:Block House
308:Susquehanna
300:blockhouses
282:hit-and-run
147:In use
113: /
89:Coordinates
1800:Categories
1738:Yeagertown
1718:Reedsville
1688:Longfellow
1663:Belleville
1317:Fort Henry
1292:Fort Depuy
1272:Fort Allen
728:References
611:100 Weight
580:Kittanning
556:Shot Pouch
442:and later
431:James Burd
343:blockhouse
271:Background
215:Designated
177:James Burd
172:commanders
98:40°35′18″N
1703:Mattawana
1678:Granville
1658:Barrville
1605:Granville
1572:Townships
1546:McVeytown
1541:Lewistown
1508:Lewistown
1397:Fort Pitt
642:Lewistown
632:Halifax.
570:Aftermath
503:Tuscarora
306:from the
245:Lewistown
48:Lewistown
1698:Maitland
1643:Alfarata
1518:Boroughs
1263:Frontier
751:(1965).
659:See also
491:Illinois
487:Delaware
475:Iroquois
347:stockade
237:stockade
194:Garrison
175:Captain
1595:Decatur
1585:Bratton
1536:Kistler
1526:Burnham
597:in the
479:Shawnee
399:bastion
186:†
1733:Wagner
1708:Milroy
1615:Oliver
1580:Armagh
636:Legacy
407:glacis
403:ravine
378:, and
265:Lenape
197:75 men
1763:Snook
1625:Wayne
1620:Union
1610:Menno
1600:Derry
1590:Brown
1265:Forts
707:Notes
395:paces
139:Built
1635:CDPs
1232:1758
1211:1757
1190:1756
1149:1755
1119:1754
489:and
446:and
345:and
218:1916
170:Past
142:1756
129:Fort
126:Type
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