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467:, offering to spare the lives of the fort's defenders, and let them return to Paris with their belongings and weapons, if they surrendered the fort. On the evening on 26 April 1871 the army attacked Issy-les-Moulineaux, which commanded the road from the fort to Billancourt Island on the Seine, with an intensive bombardment. Inside the fort a company of utterly demoralized engineers refused to continue their work and the next morning the 92nd insisted on being relieved. The fort was almost ruined.
497:
Paris by four gateways near the northwestern side of the Seine. South of the river engineers of De Cissey's troops broke through the fortifications at the Sèvres entrance. The defenders seem to have abandoned these defenses due to the heavy bombardment from Fort Issy and elsewhere. After bitter fighting the
Commune was finally defeated by the government troops late in May 1871. The civil war left a legacy of profound distrust between the right and the left in France.
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13 °C (55 °F), is returned in full to the aquifer by a well 635 metres (2,083 ft) deep. The two wells are 580 metres (1,900 ft) apart at their feet to avoid thermal recycling, and the system is sealed to prevent any contamination of the water. Within the buildings heat pumps deliver water at 35 °C (95 °F) to heat the floors and hot tap water at 60 °C (140 °F).
359:
destroyed. The
Germans did not attempt systematic breaching operations, so the damage to the fort was caused by random shots. However, the "Park Battery" of Issy, outside the fort, was very hard to hit, and it was impossible to silence a mortar battery behind the railway embankment between Fort Issy and Fort Vanves. The guns outside the fort had proved to be more secure than those within it.
90:
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directed fire against targets inside Paris. On 11 January the barracks in Fort Issy were set on fire. Three of the four barracks in the interior of the fort were burnt and one was breached and made uninhabitable. By 14 January 1871 Fort Issy had almost stopped firing. On 16 January a
Prussian battery began to demolish the
521:. This was a panoramic painting on the inside of a large cylinder designed to provide a viewer standing in the middle of the cylinder with a 360° view of the painting. The painting was three dimensional, with different canvasses and landscaping details, and was meant to immerse the viewer in the battle scene.
573:
Albian aquifer. The Albian has a temperature of 28 °C (82 °F), which is ideal for low-temperature heat networks like that of Fort d'Issy. One well, almost 650 metres (2,130 ft) deep, is used to pump up the water to a heat exchange substation. The water, now with a temperature of about
553:
The fort was returned to civilian use in 2009, and the town began a major project to build a "digital eco-district". The eco-district was completed in 2013. It contains 1,623 dwellings of which 330 are social housing, a 3,267 square metres (35,170 sq ft) bowling alley, 2,300 square metres
487:
directed the 2nd Corps of the Army of
Versailles in the sieges of Fort d'Issy, Fort de Vanves and Fort de Montrouge. The army resumed the intense bombardment of Fort d'Issy. The army troops dug a trench through the Park of Issy between the fort and the city, and then sapped from this trench towards
474:
told him to wait for reinforcements, but MĂ©gy telegraphed that he was spiking the guns and evacuating the fort, which he did without delay. He appeared at headquarters in Paris soon after. MĂ©gy claimed he had left the fort because he had only seventeen men left, but he had left a man with orders to
350:
The
Prussian artillery opened its bombardment on 5 January 1871. It continued for 22 days. On 6 January the fire from Fort Issy was temporarily silenced. On 7–8 January the revetments and buildings inside the fort started to be demolished, while the fort's return fire was feeble. The Prussians also
273:
The planners ignored the observation in 1840 by
General Noizet that even the smooth-bore guns of that time could bombard Paris from the Châtillon plateau further to the south. The planners considered that the Châtillon hills to the south of the fort, with their scattered villages, parks and country
496:
MacMahon's army worked its way systematically forward to the walls of Paris. On 20 May 1871 MacMahon's artillery batteries at
Montretout, Mont-Valerian, Boulogne, Issy, and Vanves opened fire on the western neighborhoods of the city. Early in the morning of 22 May 1871 the Versailles army entered
306:
in 1812. At the time of the siege of Paris the fort, including detached outworks, mounted 64 guns. The effective range of the guns was about 3,500 metres (11,500 ft). The fort was an expensive structure that was very vulnerable to siege batteries, and that exposed long faces to enfilade fire.
206:
was one of the fortifications of the city of Paris, France, built between 1841 and 1845. It was one of six forts built to the south of the main wall around the city. The fort was placed too close to the city to be effective, and had a poor design that did not take into account recent experience of
282:
Fort Issy was typical of the detached forts surrounding Paris, and presumably represented consensus on the ideal fortification. The neighboring forts at Vanves and
Montrouge were very similar, but had a square plan. The fort was given a geometrical form in which the bastions included all standard
358:
By the end of the bombardment the powder magazines had not been breached, although in one place the arch was exposed. 5 of the 19 casemates in the southwest curtain had been breached and the others damaged by fire from the short 24 pounder guns. 17 guns were dismounted. The embrasures had been
211:
of 1870–71. After the armistice of
February 1871 the fort was defended by National Guards of the Paris Commune against the French regular army in April–May 1871. The defense was irresolute and the fort was soon occupied. Today the site of the fort is an "eco-district", an ecologically friendly
376:
During the bombardment the garrison of Fort Issy suffered on average 8 casualties per day. The greatest number of casualties in one day was three killed and eight wounded, but there were also losses from desertion. Bad mounting of the guns, poor gunnery and poor overall handling of the forts'
479:
reached Issy, where a battalion of about 200 men were occupying the village. The generals led them back to the fort, which the besiegers had not yet occupied since they suspected it was mined. When
Cluseret returned to the city he was arrested. The fort was held for several more days.
261:
and Paris. It commanded the Seine. It was the furthest west of a line of six detached forts that defended the south of Paris. Each fort was large and powerful, with high escarps, large interiors and ample accommodation for their garrisons. However, they were so close to the
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houses, was out of range. However, a besieger could place his batteries on the wooded and irregular heights without interference from the forts. The long-range rifled guns of 1870, placed on elevated parts of the hills, could easily reach the fort and the city.
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today marks the general course of the wall. Several of the forts survived, and became centers for more modern military installations. The Ministry of Defense occupied Fort Issy until the early 2000s. The 12 hectares (30 acres) site was acquired by the city of
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of Versailles. A three-day armistice was declared on 28 January 1871, under which all the Paris forts would be surrendered and the main enceinte disarmed. On the morning of 29 January Fort Issy was occupied by the Prussian V corps. In February 1871
240:
was appointed overall director of the program. A continuous wall would encircle the city, protected by detached forts. After debates over the plans in Parliament, a law of 3 April 1841 approved funding for the project and defined a clear zone
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was an outwork in front of a curtain wall that provided a parapet for defense of the ditch by musketry, and protected a space in front of the curtain from which the defenders could make sorties against besiegers trying to storm a breach.
291:, redoubt of the covered way and so on. All the faces were the same despite the fact that an attack from the area between the fort and the walls of Paris could only be done by parties of infantry who had infiltrated between the forts.
458:
The Versailles army had huge resources to overcome Fort Issy, including 53 batteries of guns, 60 naval guns, 70 battalions of infantry, cavalry, gendarmes and chasseurs, 10 engineer companies and a large reserve. General
492:
abandoned Fort Issy on 8 May 1871 after fighting for two weeks. Fort Vanves fell on 13 May. The Versailles forces could now cause even greater damage to Paris and its defenses with gunfire from Forts Issy and Vanves.
409:
In March 1871 there was mounting tension between the conservative National Assembly and the working class Parisians. On 18 March 1871 an attempt by the government to remove cannons from the hill of
266:
of Paris that they served as outworks rather than independent forts. The decision about where to place the southern line of forts may have been influenced by the fact that in 1815 Field Marshal
447:(1839–1921) and saved from the death sentence on a technicality. Instead he was sentenced to 15 years hard labour. He managed to obtain his freedom, and after trying to start uprisings in
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began on 18 September 1870 when the Prussians encircled the city, and would last for five months. On 16 December 1870 two companies advanced from Fort Issy to occupy the village of
36:
421:, which was largely composed of working-class volunteers. The Communards fought the superior forces of the Versailles army for control of Paris throughout April and May 1871.
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On the morning on 29 April 1871 MĂ©gy telegraphed that the fort had been outflanked on the right and could not be held without a reinforcement of 2,000 men. General
1783:
347:. They encountered Prussian outposts, lost five casualties and retreated. When they were ready, the Germans had little difficulty in silencing the Paris forts.
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artillery, meant that on the entire southern front the Germans lost just 50 men killed and 281 wounded, while they fired about 60,000 rounds.
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Biographie universelle, ancienne et moderne, ouvrage rédigé par une société de gens de lettres. Michaud, [and E. Desplaces].
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as a reliable man of action. MĂ©gy had shot dead a policeman who tried to arrest him for conspiracy. He was defended at his trial in
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in the fort. On 25 January 1871 the French tried to build earthworks in and around Fort Issy under cover of fog, but were stopped.
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558:. The buildings are surrounded by trees, walks, squares and playgrounds. An underground network is used for waste collection.
397:, Prime Minister of Prussia. The agreement was ratified by the National Assembly in March 1871 and in May 1871 signed as the
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In 1814 and 1815 Paris was twice occupied by a coalition of British, Austrian, Russian and Prussian forces at the end of the
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was authorized by the cabinet in September 1840 to begin construction of the defense system, and was given funding. General
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emissions. The complex uses a geothermal heat network with two wells over 600 metres (2,000 ft) deep that reach the
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came to power in 1830, there was growing demand for construction of fortifications around Paris. Tension rose during the
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417:. Soon after the radical Paris Commune was formed. Civil war began when Thiers ordered the dissolution of the Paris
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returned to Paris on 13 April 1871. He was promoted to colonel and given command of Fort d'Issy on 18 April 1871.
1337:"French Sculpture Following the Franco-Prussian War, 1870?0 ": Realist Allegories and the Commemoration of Defeat
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Opération de géothermie intermédiaire à l’Albien pour le quartier du Fort Numérique d’Issy-les-Moulineaux(92)
554:(25,000 sq ft) of shops and public facilities, two schools, a swimming pool and a multi-use space,
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229:
1311:
La sociale en Amérique: dictionnaire biographique du mouvement social francophone aux Etats-Unis, 1848–1922
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A ravelin is a smaller fortification outside the fort's curtain wall, between the curtain and the ditch.
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the north salient. The defenders abandoned the fort before the sap could reach the covered way. The
565:: Low Consumption Building) and use thermal insulation and renewable geothermal heat to minimise CO
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Fort d'Issy surroundings during the Siege of Paris. The German line is in the southwest of the map
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Conscription, Family, and the Modern State: A Comparative Study of France and the United States
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were very exposed and could easily have been breached by a siege train of the type used by
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was a militant railway engineer who had influence among the workers and was seen by the
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The Cult of the Revolutionary Tradition: The Blanquists in French Politics, 1864–1893
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The "covered way" was a passage about 11 metres (36 ft) wide between the
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Fortification: Its Past Achievements, Recent Development, and Future Progress
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1667:(in French), ADEME: Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie
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224:. After the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy, and particularly after the
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accepted the title of Emperor on 18 January 1871 in a ceremony in the
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Les Jésuites sous la troisième République: 29 mars-29 juin-14 juillet
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Tyler, Major E.S. (1876), "The New Works for the Defence of Paris",
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triggered riots and the National Assembly withdrew to the suburb of
335:. Two days later the mob in Paris declared a republic, with General
393:, head of the French national government, signed an armistice with
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1554:, H.M. Stationery Office / Royal Military Academy (Great Britain)
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blow the fort up. Meanwhile, the Communard generals Cluseret and
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sent a message to Colonel MĂ©gy, with the permission of Marshal
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had arrived on the Issy and Vanves heights, overlooking Paris.
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1678:
SĂ©guin, Leo (1872), "The Ministry of War Under the Commune",
1361:"Eco-quartier du Fort d'Issy-Les-Moulineaux (Hauts de Seine)"
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The Siege Operations in the Campaign Against France, 1870–71
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Opération de géothermie intermédiaire à l’Albien ... ADEME
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Hoisting the German Flag at Fort Vanves on 29 January 1871
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Officer of the Royal Engineers (1844), "Fortification",
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Text Book of Fortification and Military Engineering ...
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528:(1914–18), and the wall was pulled down in 1919. The
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Edmond MĂ©gy, who commanded the fort under the Commune
537:in 2006. The site was fully demilitarized in 2009.
207:siege warfare. It was quickly silenced during the
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1585:Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune
1248:"La lente naissance d'un quartier au fort d'Issy"
257:Fort Issy was located on the heights overlooking
1715:Journal of the Royal United Service Institution
1731:"Le général Raymond Adolphe Séré de Rivières"
1627:L'année terrible: La Commune (mars–juin 1871)
1268:The Paris Zone: A Cultural History, 1840-1944
8:
1568:The History of the Paris Commune of 1871 ...
1423:Drawing the War, Part 6: Paul Philippoteaux
327:began on 19 July 1870. On 2 September 1870
1779:Military installations established in 1840
1206:Eco-quartier du Fort d'Issy-Les-Moulineaux
524:The fortifications were not needed during
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1784:Military installations closed in 2009
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1511:, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group,
1314:(in French), Editions de l'Atelier,
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767:Officer of the Royal Engineers 1844
752:Officer of the Royal Engineers 1844
549:Japanese garden in the eco-district
1442:, University of California Press,
507:Henri FĂ©lix Emmanuel Philippoteaux
249:were built between 1841 and 1845.
25:
1735:La fortification Séré de Rivières
1701:, Her majesty's stationery office
681:Fort d'Issy – Bouygues Immobilier
1774:2009 disestablishments in France
1383:(in French), Bouygues Immobilier
1291:Clarke, George Sydenham (1890),
485:Raymond Adolphe Séré de Rivières
88:
81:
65:
53:
1537:(in French), Librairie générale
1479:Jellinek, Frank (2013-04-16),
1420:Groeling, Meg (16 July 2012),
1400:, Cambridge University Press,
1334:Dorsch, Michael (2017-07-05),
519:The Defence of the Fort d'Issy
102:Location to the south of Paris
1:
1769:1840 establishments in France
1759:Former military installations
1695:Tiedemann, Benno von (1877),
1582:Merriman, John (2014-12-09),
1508:Paris: The Collected Traveler
1505:Kerper, Barrie (2011-07-12),
1465:L'Éco-Quartier du Fort d'Issy
561:The buildings are rated BBC (
238:Guillaume Dode de la Brunerie
71:Plan of Fort Issy around 1870
1629:(in French), Paris: Perrin,
1265:Cannon, James (2016-02-24),
1436:Hutton, Patrick H. (1981),
563:Bâtiment Basse Consommation
1800:
1548:Lewis, J. F., ed. (1893),
1531:Le Poil, Constant (1880),
1394:Geva, Dorit (2013-08-12),
1308:Cordillot, Michel (2002),
1482:The Paris Commune of 1871
1367:(in French), 23 June 2014
331:ordered surrender at the
76:
64:
52:
42:
34:
1340:, Taylor & Francis,
1271:, Taylor & Francis,
461:Ernest Courtot de Cissey
245:) around the walls. The
1764:Fortifications of Paris
1365:GĂ©othermie Perspectives
1246:A. M. (1 August 2014),
304:Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo
230:Oriental Crisis of 1840
59:Entrance to Fort d'Issy
37:Fortifications of Paris
1625:Milza, Pierre (2009),
1565:March, Thomas (1896),
1485:, Read Books Limited,
550:
530:Boulevard Périphérique
429:
373:
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132:48.817176°N 2.268391°E
1718:, W. Mitchell and Son
556:Le Temps des Cerises
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472:Gustave Paul Cluseret
427:
365:
318:
247:Thiers fortifications
1608:Michaud, M. (1855),
617:and the edge of the
243:zone non aedificandi
1079:, pp. 327–330.
535:Issy-les-Moulineaux
477:Napoléon La Cécilia
465:Patrice de MacMahon
399:Treaty of Frankfurt
325:Franco-Prussian War
259:Issy-les-Moulineaux
209:Franco-Prussian War
137:48.817176; 2.268391
128: /
45:Issy-les-Moulineaux
1684:, Chapman and Hall
551:
511:Paul Philippoteaux
443:in August 1870 by
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382:William of Prussia
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337:Louis-Jules Trochu
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212:residential area.
1729:Vaubourg, Julie,
1636:978-2-262-03073-5
1595:978-0-465-05682-8
1518:978-0-307-73932-2
1492:978-1-4474-8662-6
1449:978-0-520-04114-1
1407:978-1-107-32850-1
1347:978-1-351-56641-4
1321:978-2-7082-3543-4
1278:978-1-317-02172-8
395:Otto von Bismarck
232:. Prime Minister
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603:
599:
589:
585:
580:
568:
543:
503:
407:
386:Hall of Mirrors
333:Battle of Sedan
313:
280:
255:
222:Napoleonic Wars
218:
163:the public
162:
136:
134:
130:
127:
122:
119:
117:
115:
114:
106:
105:
104:
103:
100:
99:
98:
97:
93:
72:
60:
43:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1797:
1795:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1726:
1709:
1692:
1675:
1656:
1640:
1635:
1622:
1605:
1594:
1579:
1562:
1545:
1528:
1517:
1502:
1491:
1476:
1459:
1448:
1433:
1417:
1406:
1391:
1375:
1357:
1346:
1331:
1320:
1305:
1288:
1277:
1262:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1222:
1210:
1195:
1180:
1168:
1166:, p. 256.
1156:
1144:
1132:
1130:, p. 198.
1120:
1108:
1106:, p. 145.
1093:
1091:, p. 144.
1081:
1066:
1051:
1049:, p. 305.
1047:Cordillot 2002
1039:
1027:
1015:
1003:
988:
973:
961:
959:, p. 172.
957:Tiedemann 1877
949:
947:, p. 171.
945:Tiedemann 1877
937:
925:
923:, p. 169.
921:Tiedemann 1877
913:
911:, p. 168.
909:Tiedemann 1877
898:
896:, p. 296.
881:
879:, p. 167.
877:Tiedemann 1877
869:
867:, p. 166.
865:Tiedemann 1877
857:
855:, p. 165.
853:Tiedemann 1877
842:
830:
807:
805:, p. 142.
803:Tiedemann 1877
795:
793:, p. 134.
791:Tiedemann 1877
783:
771:
769:, p. 138.
756:
754:, p. 139.
744:
742:, p. 128.
740:Tiedemann 1877
729:
712:
697:
695:, p. 126.
693:Tiedemann 1877
685:
670:
655:
653:, p. 134.
643:
627:
624:
623:
606:
597:
582:
581:
579:
576:
566:
542:
539:
502:
499:
419:National Guard
406:
403:
391:Adolphe Thiers
341:Siege of Paris
312:
311:Siege of Paris
309:
283:elements, the
279:
276:
254:
251:
234:Adolphe Thiers
217:
214:
199:
198:
196:Siege of Paris
193:
189:
188:
185:
181:
180:
177:
173:
172:
168:
167:
164:
158:
157:
153:
152:
149:
145:
144:
112:
108:
107:
101:
95:
94:
87:
86:
80:
79:
78:
77:
74:
73:
70:
62:
61:
58:
50:
49:
47:in France
40:
39:
32:
31:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1796:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1717:
1716:
1710:
1700:
1699:
1693:
1683:
1682:
1676:
1663:
1662:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1641:
1638:
1632:
1628:
1623:
1613:
1612:
1606:
1597:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1580:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1553:
1552:
1546:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1520:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1434:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1409:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1392:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1349:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1306:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1280:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1263:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1176:Groeling 2012
1172:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1157:
1153:
1148:
1145:
1141:
1140:Merriman 2014
1136:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1062:Jellinek 2013
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1040:
1037:, p. 76.
1036:
1031:
1028:
1025:, p. 89.
1024:
1019:
1016:
1013:, p. 29.
1012:
1007:
1004:
1001:, p. 47.
1000:
995:
993:
989:
986:, p. 12.
985:
980:
978:
974:
971:, p. 46.
970:
965:
962:
958:
953:
950:
946:
941:
938:
935:, p. 62.
934:
929:
926:
922:
917:
914:
910:
905:
903:
899:
895:
890:
888:
886:
882:
878:
873:
870:
866:
861:
858:
854:
849:
847:
843:
840:, p. 10.
839:
834:
831:
828:, p. 61.
827:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
808:
804:
799:
796:
792:
787:
784:
781:, p. 60.
780:
775:
772:
768:
763:
761:
757:
753:
748:
745:
741:
736:
734:
730:
727:, p. 59.
726:
721:
719:
717:
713:
710:, p. 80.
709:
704:
702:
698:
694:
689:
686:
682:
677:
675:
671:
667:
662:
660:
656:
652:
647:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
620:
616:
610:
607:
601:
598:
593:
587:
584:
577:
575:
572:
564:
559:
557:
547:
540:
538:
536:
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
501:Later history
500:
498:
494:
491:
486:
481:
478:
473:
468:
466:
462:
456:
454:
450:
446:
445:Eugène Protot
442:
438:
434:
426:
422:
420:
416:
412:
405:Paris Commune
404:
402:
400:
396:
392:
387:
383:
378:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
354:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
317:
310:
308:
305:
301:
297:
292:
290:
286:
277:
275:
271:
269:
265:
260:
252:
250:
248:
244:
239:
235:
231:
227:
226:July Monarchy
223:
215:
213:
210:
205:
197:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
169:
165:
159:
154:
150:
146:
141:
113:
109:
84:
75:
68:
63:
56:
51:
46:
41:
38:
33:
28:
19:
1739:, retrieved
1734:
1720:, retrieved
1714:
1703:, retrieved
1697:
1686:, retrieved
1680:
1669:, retrieved
1660:
1650:, retrieved
1645:
1626:
1616:, retrieved
1610:
1599:, retrieved
1584:
1573:, retrieved
1567:
1556:, retrieved
1550:
1539:, retrieved
1533:
1522:, retrieved
1507:
1496:, retrieved
1481:
1470:, retrieved
1464:
1453:, retrieved
1438:
1427:, retrieved
1422:
1411:, retrieved
1396:
1385:, retrieved
1379:
1369:, retrieved
1364:
1351:, retrieved
1336:
1325:, retrieved
1310:
1299:, retrieved
1293:
1282:, retrieved
1267:
1256:, retrieved
1251:
1225:
1213:
1171:
1159:
1147:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1084:
1042:
1035:Le Poil 1880
1030:
1018:
1006:
964:
952:
940:
928:
916:
872:
860:
833:
798:
786:
774:
747:
688:
651:Michaud 1855
646:
619:counterscarp
609:
600:
591:
586:
562:
560:
555:
552:
541:Eco-district
523:
518:
509:and his son
504:
495:
489:
483:In May 1871
482:
469:
457:
431:
408:
379:
375:
366:
357:
349:
329:Napoleon III
322:
293:
284:
281:
272:
256:
242:
219:
203:
202:
192:Battles/wars
179:Stone, brick
171:Site history
161:Open to
1737:(in French)
1614:(in French)
1468:(in French)
1380:Fort d'Issy
1297:, J. Murray
1254:(in French)
1104:SĂ©guin 1872
1089:SĂ©guin 1872
1023:Hutton 1981
1011:Hutton 1981
984:Dorsch 2017
933:Clarke 1890
894:Clarke 1890
838:Dorsch 2017
826:Clarke 1890
779:Clarke 1890
725:Clarke 1890
666:Kerper 2011
639:Cannon 2016
526:World War I
513:produced a
433:Edmond MĂ©gy
204:Fort d'Issy
135: /
111:Coordinates
96:Fort d'Issy
30:Fort d'Issy
1753:Categories
1741:2017-12-24
1722:2017-12-24
1705:2017-12-26
1688:2017-12-24
1671:2017-12-24
1652:2017-12-26
1618:2017-12-26
1601:2017-12-26
1575:2017-12-24
1558:2017-12-26
1541:2017-12-24
1524:2017-12-26
1498:2017-12-26
1472:2018-10-23
1462:Issy.com,
1455:2017-12-24
1429:2017-12-24
1413:2017-12-24
1387:2017-12-24
1371:2017-12-24
1353:2017-12-26
1327:2017-12-24
1301:2017-12-26
1284:2017-12-26
1258:2017-12-24
1230:A. M. 2014
1164:March 1896
1152:Milza 2009
1128:Lewis 1893
1077:Milza 2009
708:Tyler 1876
517:depicting
437:Blanquists
415:Versailles
411:Montmartre
371:Eugen Adam
300:Wellington
296:revetments
216:Background
120:48°49′02″N
1252:Les Echos
999:Geva 2013
969:Geva 2013
592:tennaille
515:cyclorama
453:Marseille
353:casemates
285:tennaille
278:Structure
176:Materials
123:2°16′06″E
18:Fort Issy
1218:Issy.com
1142:, PT161.
1116:Vaubourg
1064:, PT191.
668:, PT476.
505:In 1871
449:Bordeaux
264:enceinte
253:Location
187:Obsolete
35:Part of
1239:Sources
641:, PT29.
490:fédérés
302:at the
289:ravelin
268:Blucher
1633:
1592:
1515:
1489:
1446:
1404:
1344:
1318:
1275:
615:glacis
345:Meudon
1665:(PDF)
578:Notes
441:Blois
380:King
1631:ISBN
1590:ISBN
1513:ISBN
1487:ISBN
1444:ISBN
1402:ISBN
1342:ISBN
1316:ISBN
1273:ISBN
451:and
323:The
294:The
184:Fate
151:Fort
148:Type
369:by
166:yes
1755::
1733:,
1363:,
1250:,
1198:^
1183:^
1096:^
1069:^
1054:^
991:^
976:^
901:^
884:^
845:^
810:^
759:^
732:^
715:^
700:^
673:^
658:^
631:^
590:A
401:.
287:,
1232:.
1220:.
1208:.
1193:.
1178:.
1118:.
683:.
567:2
241:(
20:)
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