1025:
1750:
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720:
123:
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714:
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1084:, some pieces use additional markings of further emphasis. Extreme dynamic markings imply either a very large dynamic range or very small differences of loudness within a normal range. This kind of usage is most common in orchestral works from the late 19th century onward. Generally, these markings are supported by the
731:
101:, often in some detail. However, dynamics markings require interpretation by the performer depending on the musical context: a specific marking may correspond to a different volume between pieces or even sections of one piece. The execution of dynamics also extends beyond loudness to include changes in
1519:("filling"), which consisted of creating a contrast between a small number of elements and then a larger number of elements (usually in a ratio of 2:1 or more) to increase the mass of sound. This practice was pivotal to the structuring of instrumental forms such as the
1739:
230:
will naturally be played louder than others, for instance, to emphasize the melody and the bass line, even if a whole passage is marked at one dynamic level. Some instruments are naturally louder than others – for instance, a
1774:
1793:
key velocity values associated with these indications, but more sophisticated programs allow users to change these as needed. These defaults are listed in the following table for some applications, including Apple's
1740:
1770:
measurement of the speed that the key travels from its rest position to completely depressed, with 127, the largest value in a 7-bit number, being instantaneous, and meaning as strong as possible.
1734:. The fast scurrying quavers played pianissimo by the second violins form a sharply differentiated background to the incisive thematic statement played fortissimo by the firsts.
743:), though they may appear above, especially in vocal music or when a single performer plays multiple melody lines. They denote dynamic changes over a short duration (up to a few
1488:
in the first century AD, suggests that ancient Greek musical performance included dynamic transitions – though dynamics receive far less attention in the text than does
759:
signify more gradual changes. Word directions can be extended with dashes to indicate the temporal span of the change, which can extend across multiple pages. The term
2899:
3712:
179:. Used effectively, dynamics help musicians sustain variety and interest in a musical performance, and communicate a particular emotional state or feeling.
2150:
of a recording, or a single instrument. This can affect loudness variations, both at the micro- and macro scale. In many contexts, the meaning of the term
3959:
3109:
3022:
841:
dynamic symbol, performers have slight interpretive leeway, allowing variations based on the preceding loudness or character of the piece. Likewise,
4209:
1738:
1238:
1046:
2134:
The velocity effect on volume depends on the particular instrument. For instance, a grand piano has a much greater volume range than a recorder.
727:
or wedges. The following notation indicates music starting moderately strong, then becoming gradually stronger and then gradually quieter:
1790:
1741:
2347:
2940:
1610:
wrote that "Light and shade must be constantly introduced ... by the incessant interchange of loud and soft." In addition to this, the
2404:
2314:
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2883:
2782:
2250:
162:
140:
214:
will normally be played louder than the beginning or end, to ensure the phrase is properly shaped, even where a passage is marked
3705:
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2172:
1226:
1042:
260:
3102:
3015:
2532:
2472:
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144:
1511:. However, much of the use of dynamics in early Baroque music remained implicit and was achieved through a practice called
830:
range, often employed to subvert listener expectations, signaling a more intimate expression. Although it incorporates the
1028:
4235:
3047:
1617:
In the
Romantic period, composers greatly expanded the vocabulary for describing dynamic changes in their scores. Where
1187:
1166:
975:
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1614:
in fact becomes louder or softer depending on the thickness of the musical texture (four notes are louder than two).
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37:
33:
711:
Dynamic changes can be indicated by angled symbols. A crescendo symbol consists of two lines that open to the right (
4240:
4059:
2581:
1749:
660:
210:- "loud"). There are many factors affecting the interpretation of a dynamic marking. For instance, the middle of a
133:
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3679:
3570:
3545:
3336:
3095:
3008:
2143:
1555:, often used together) variously alternate or join to create greater contrasts. This practice is usually called t
2142:
The introduction of modern recording techniques has provided alternative ways to control the dynamics of music.
4148:
3580:
3530:
3419:
3326:
1285:
1146:
1814:
X2 Pro (2016) and 64 Pro. (2021). MIDI specifies the range of key velocities as an integer between 0 and 127:
2394:
3951:
3669:
3540:
1622:
1365:
1254:
4001:
3916:
3219:
2522:
2462:
2419:
2497:
4097:
3651:
3515:
3214:
2631:
2213:
1607:
1575:
1312:
211:
60:
2914:
2158:
can be used to refer to the aspects of music dynamics that is controlled exclusively by the performer.
2154:
is therefore not immediately clear. To distinguish between the different aspects of dynamics, the term
2566:
4105:
3873:
3735:
3346:
3144:
2955:
1642:
1092:
passages brought to life by having many loud instruments like brass and percussion playing at once.
4011:
3984:
3848:
3765:
3585:
3565:
2689:
1799:
2437:
4034:
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3785:
3755:
3237:
3067:
2893:
2752:
2722:
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1730:
1666:
1031:
176:
2396:
Essential
Dictionary of Music Notation: The Most Practical and Concise Source for Music Notation
1385:
2606:
4168:
3926:
3760:
3721:
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3379:
2971:
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2778:
2538:
2528:
2478:
2468:
2400:
2355:
2246:
1807:
1504:
1500:
1307:
951:). The interpretation and execution of these markings are at the performer's discretion, with
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3964:
3863:
3810:
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3795:
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3394:
3321:
3194:
3118:
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1446:
1361:
1274:
1140:
248:
198:; it merely indicates that music in a passage so marked should be considerably quieter than
98:
2322:
2292:
1762:
1665:
used a range of terms to describe the dynamics he wanted. In the slow movement of Brahms's
251:
can sound loud even when its actual decibel level is lower than that of other instruments.
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1724:
An example of how effective contrasting dynamics can be may be found in the overture to
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3615:
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3209:
3042:
2941:"Predicting the perception of performed dynamics in music audio with ensemble learning"
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2167:
1528:
1508:
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882:
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94:
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relative to the prevailing dynamics. A sharper and briefer emphasis is denoted with a
4224:
4087:
3883:
3646:
3505:
3424:
3296:
3252:
3189:
3169:
3126:
2147:
1524:
1250:
1182:
1085:
822:) ("suddenly soft") implies a quick, almost abrupt reduction in volume to around the
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51:
4174:
4125:
4115:
3936:
3815:
3560:
3550:
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3436:
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3301:
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3279:
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3179:
2815:
Spreadbury, Daniel; Eastwood, Michael; Finn, Ben; and Finn, Jonathan (March 2008).
2238:
1683:
1618:
1281:
1122:
1097:
1063:. The top two staves are both played by the right hand, the bottom two by the left.
227:
106:
90:
1687:
to express different qualities of quiet. Many
Romantic and later composers added
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4039:
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3740:
3636:
3510:
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3199:
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3149:
3052:
1786:
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744:
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122:
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719:
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2714:
2273:(4th ed.). Cambridge, MA, US: Harvard University Press Reference Library.
1811:
713:
717:); a decrescendo symbol starts open on the left and closes toward the right (
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3991:
3979:
3974:
3800:
3775:
3605:
3595:
3555:
3520:
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3164:
1803:
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223:
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2542:
2482:
2467:. New York: Dover Publications. First movement, just before Allegro vivo.
2245:, p.250. 2nd edition. Crescendo Publishing, part of Taplinger Publishing.
763:("dying") may also denote a gradual reduction in both dynamics and tempo.
17:
4191:
4006:
3893:
3780:
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3441:
3284:
3259:
1485:
195:
86:
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3414:
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2795:
1725:
1594:(although written out as full words), and in some cases it may be that
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1480:
1114:
occurs twice in "Mars" and once in "Uranus", often punctuated by organ.
724:
244:
147: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
55:
2967:
4021:
3690:
3446:
3384:
3311:
3139:
3134:
3057:
2844:
Finale (Version 26), Expression Dialog Box, Note
Expression Selection
1544:
1489:
1339:
797:
Sudden dynamic changes are often indicated by prefixing or suffixing
102:
3087:
1006:, translating to "a little loud", but according to Brahms, implies
3903:
3600:
3306:
3204:
3184:
1748:
1736:
1548:
1198:
893:
above the note. If a specific emphasis is required, variations of
2745:"György Ligeti – Études for Piano (Book 2), No. 13 [7/9]"
32:"Fortissimo" and "Pianissimo" redirect here. For other uses, see
4079:
3154:
2715:"György Ligeti – Études for Piano (Book 2), No. 9 [3/9]"
1767:
1552:
1532:
670:
Three
Italian words are used to show gradual changes in volume:
659:"Crescendo" and "Diminuendo" redirect here. For other uses, see
232:
3694:
3091:
3004:
3077:
484:
More subtle degrees of loudness or softness are indicated by:
116:
3000:
2399:. Van Nuys, CA: Alfred Music Publishing. pp. 37–38.
2191:
So stark anreißen, daß die Saiten an das Holz anschlagen.
1030:
Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can
2580:
Rachmaninoff, Sergei (1911). Thümer, Otto Gustav (ed.).
1527:, where a few or one instrument, supported by harmonic
1010:, although rarely used due to potential confusion with
786:
indicate gentler changes, with "poco" translating to
1776:
Play a C major chord at each dynamic from fff to ppp
1068:
While the typical range of dynamic markings is from
4184:
4139:
4096:
4078:
4020:
3950:
3902:
3839:
3728:
3624:
3498:
3465:
3345:
3228:
3125:
2499:
P.I. Tchaikovsky: Complete
Collected Works, Vol. 25
2796:"Logic Pro X: Use step input recording techniques"
2527:. New York: Dover Publications. pp. 18, 65 .
2442:. London: Goodwin & Tabb. pp. 29, 42, 159
801:(meaning "suddenly") to the new dynamic notation.
683:) translates as "increasing" (literally "growing")
1288:, marked a passage for woodwinds a diminuendo to
867:, typically accentuating a single note or chord.
2948:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
2524:Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Symphonies in Full Score
2464:Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Symphonies in Full Score
881:placed above or below the note, emphasizing the
451:The two basic dynamic indications in music are:
723:). These symbols are sometimes referred to as
3706:
3103:
3016:
1507:was one of the first to indicate dynamics in
194:- "soft") never indicates a precise level of
8:
919:signifies a forceful accent, abbreviated as
735:Hairpins are typically positioned below the
239:will likely be louder than a guitar playing
2243:Music Notation: A Manual of Modern Practice
2218:Grove Music Online (subscriber-only access)
1753:Smetana Bartered Bride overture, bars 30-36
1745:Smetana Bartered Bride overture, bars 30-36
1705:, making for a total of ten levels between
1275:pluck so hard that the strings hit the wood
845:can mark sudden increases in volume, as in
243:, while a high-pitched instrument like the
3960:Bowed string instrument extended technique
3713:
3699:
3691:
3665:
3110:
3096:
3088:
3023:
3009:
3001:
2939:Elowsson, Anders; Friberg, Anders (2017).
2898:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1257:, gives the celli and basses a marking of
264:
2675:"Extremes of Conventional Music Notation"
2352:Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary
2319:Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary
2289:Virginia Tech Multimedia Music Dictionary
2261:
2259:
1667:trio for violin, horn and piano (Opus 40)
163:Learn how and when to remove this message
2915:"'Dynamic Range' & The Loudness War"
2630:Nielsen, Carl. Fjeldsøe, Michael (ed.).
1816:
1761:
1364:uses extreme dynamics in his music: the
4210:Category:Musical performance techniques
2204:
2184:
2891:
2381:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music
1574:, tended to use more varied dynamics.
182:Dynamic markings are always relative.
2864:Musitek Corp. Smartscore 64 Software.
2855:Musitek Corp. Smartscore X2 Software.
2342:
2340:
1273:s), along with a footnote directing '
97:. Dynamics are indicated by specific
7:
2755:from the original on 2 November 2021
2725:from the original on 2 November 2021
1547:, and low register strings, such as
1338:, in Scene 5 (Act II from his opera
1008:a forte character with a piano sound
145:adding citations to reliable sources
2913:Deruty, Emmanuel (September 2011).
2555:See imslp- p.88, Andante non tanto.
2461:Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilyitch (1979).
1758:Interpretation by notation programs
1578:used some dynamic terms, including
2878:. Amsterdam: Boston. p. 109.
2521:Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilyich (1979).
1661:(the latter less frequently), and
25:
2819:. Edition 5.2. Sibelius Software.
2611:. Leipzig: Eulenburg. p. 229
1570:Later baroque musicians, such as
1215:, though the same spot is marked
955:typically seen as a variation of
4205:
4204:
3675:
3674:
3664:
3076:
2690:"György Ligeti – Cello Concerto"
2393:Gerou, Tom; Lusk, Linda (1996).
1284:, in the second movement of his
739:(or between the two staves in a
718:
712:
121:
85:of a piece are the variation in
2846:. Finale (26.1.0.397) Software.
2271:The Harvard Dictionary of Music
2173:Glossary of musical terminology
1802:5 (2007–2009), musescore.org's
1466:s) with a stroke of the hammer.
1253:, in the third movement of his
766:For pronounced dynamic shifts,
547:Use of up to three consecutive
261:Glossary of musical terminology
132:needs additional citations for
50:The beginning of the principal
2751:. Event occurs at 5:12–5:14.
2424:Violoncello Society Newsletter
2420:An Enigmatic Marking Explained
1810:26 (2018-2021), and Musitek's
1484:attributed to the philosopher
707:) translates as "diminishing".
614:and meaning "very very quiet".
1:
2583:Album Book I. Op. 3, Nos. 1–5
1368:begins with a passage marked
873:are generally marked with an
695:) translates as "decreasing".
636:and meaning "very very loud".
499:, meaning "moderately quiet".
2586:. London: Augener. p. 5
2496:Nikolayev, Aleksandr (ed.).
1412:) contains a passage marked
1392:) ends with a diminuendo to
1027:
794:meaning "little by little".
778:meaning "much". Conversely,
513:, meaning "moderately loud".
177:expressive elements of music
3475:History of music publishing
2655:Ferneyhough, Brian (1982).
665:Diminuendo (disambiguation)
480:, meaning "loud or strong".
38:Pianissimo (disambiguation)
34:Fortissimo (disambiguation)
4257:
2138:Relation to audio dynamics
1669:, he uses the expressions
1559:, i.e. the alternation of
661:Crescendo (disambiguation)
658:
466:, meaning "soft or quiet".
266:Scale of dynamic markings
258:
222:throughout. Similarly, in
113:Purpose and interpretation
31:
4200:
3912:Piano extended techniques
3680:Category:Musical notation
3660:
3546:Numbered musical notation
3337:Scientific pitch notation
3074:
3038:
2721:. Event occurs at 3:34.
2383:(1996), entry "Hairpins".
2220:. Oxford University Press
2144:Dynamic range compression
2017:MakeMusic Finale dynamics
1606:in this period. In 1752,
1143:at the end of the Finale.
1055:showing dynamic markings
927:. To enhance the effect,
578:and meaning "very quiet".
54:to the third movement of
27:Volume of a sound or note
4149:Extended vocal technique
3952:Bowed string instruments
3327:Helmholtz pitch notation
2830:"Handbook 3.0, Dynamics"
2777:(1982) WW Norton, 1982.
2633:Vaerker, Series II, No.5
1806:3.0 (2019), MakeMusic's
1428:s) that progresses to a
1408:s), while Étude No. 13 (
1088:of the work, with heavy
1018:Extreme dynamic markings
990:followed immediately by
774:are commonly used, with
592:and meaning "very loud".
175:Dynamics are one of the
3670:List of musical symbols
3541:Nashville Number System
2605:Mahler, Gustav (1909).
2146:is used to control the
1787:music notation programs
1602:was considered to mean
1515:("doubling") and later
1032:download the audio file
961:subito forzando/forzato
941:subito forzato/forzando
3220:Transposing instrument
2436:Holst, Gustav (1921).
2095:SmartScore 64 dynamics
2056:SmartScore X2 dynamics
1977:MuseScore 3.0 dynamics
1798:9 (2009–2013), Avid's
1782:
1754:
1746:
1625:specified six levels (
1280:On the other extreme,
1193:The baritone passage "
528:and meaning "quieter".
2874:Katz, Robert (2002).
1765:
1752:
1744:
1608:Johann Joachim Quantz
1149:marks a bassoon solo
931:often precedes it as
543:and meaning "louder".
247:playing in its upper
61:Symphonie fantastique
4106:Snare drum technique
3927:Three-hand technique
2817:Sibelius 5 Reference
2570:, Vol. 106. Novello.
2422:, by Jeffrey Solow,
1903:Logic Pro 9 dynamics
1789:, there are default
1531:instruments (organ,
1410:L'Escalier du Diable
141:improve this article
64:showing examples of
4236:Musical terminology
3874:Harmonica technique
3849:Saxophone technique
3766:Finger substitution
3566:Percussion notation
2960:2017ASAJ..141.2224E
2773:Donington, Robert:
2688:Kirzinger, Robert.
2379:and Bourne, Joyce:
2267:Randel, Don Michael
2212:Thiemel, Matthias.
1940:Sibelius 5 dynamics
1766:Note Velocity is a
1227:Sergei Rachmaninoff
1180:in passages of his
1043:Sergei Rachmaninoff
790:, or alternatively
267:
3854:Circular breathing
3756:Extended technique
3722:Musical techniques
2985:on 17 January 2018
2657:Lemma-Icon-Epigram
2325:on 20 October 2014
2295:on 22 October 2014
2156:performed dynamics
1783:
1755:
1747:
1731:The Bartered Bride
1313:Lemma-Icon-Epigram
1223:in the full score.
1135:is marked for the
1124:The Firebird Suite
563:s is also common:
265:
4241:Elements of music
4218:
4217:
3688:
3687:
3632:Mensural notation
3085:
3084:
2968:10.1121/1.4978245
2567:The Musical Times
2132:
2131:
1742:
1505:Giovanni Gabrieli
1444:s) and his opera
1308:Brian Ferneyhough
1036:
994:. Contrastingly,
858:subito fortissimo
648:
647:
628:"), standing for
606:"), standing for
449:
448:
382:moderately quiet
173:
172:
165:
16:(Redirected from
4248:
4231:Musical notation
4208:
4207:
4185:Related articles
4164:Overtone singing
3965:Violin technique
3864:Flutter-tonguing
3841:Wind instruments
3715:
3708:
3701:
3692:
3678:
3677:
3668:
3667:
3531:Graphic notation
3195:Rehearsal letter
3119:Musical notation
3112:
3105:
3098:
3089:
3080:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3002:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2984:
2978:. Archived from
2954:(3): 2224–2242.
2945:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2910:
2904:
2903:
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2889:
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2862:
2856:
2853:
2847:
2842:MakeMusic, Inc.
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2813:
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2792:
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2447:
2433:
2427:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2390:
2384:
2377:Kennedy, Michael
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2354:. Archived from
2344:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2321:. Archived from
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2291:. Archived from
2281:
2275:
2274:
2263:
2254:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2209:
2192:
2189:
1897:
1890:
1883:
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1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
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1817:
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1777:
1743:
1720:
1712:
1703:
1694:
1676:
1660:
1652:
1640:
1632:
1601:
1557:erraced dynamics
1465:
1457:
1447:Le Grand Macabre
1443:
1435:
1427:
1419:
1407:
1399:
1383:
1375:
1357:
1349:
1331:
1323:
1303:
1295:
1272:
1264:
1255:Seventh Symphony
1244:
1243:
1236:
1222:
1214:
1179:
1164:
1156:
1134:
1113:
1083:
1075:
1062:
1052:
1051:
1041:Two measures of
1001:
985:
953:forzato/forzando
938:
926:
866:
855:
840:
829:
821:
812:
805:(abbreviated as
722:
716:
691:(abbreviated to
642:
641:
634:forte fortissimo
623:
612:piano pianissimo
601:
587:
573:
562:
554:
537:
522:
508:
494:
475:
461:
445:very very quiet
442:
421:
400:
379:
361:moderately loud
358:
337:
316:
295:
268:
255:Dynamic markings
224:multi-part music
221:
205:
189:
168:
161:
157:
154:
148:
125:
117:
99:musical notation
75:
21:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4221:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4196:
4180:
4135:
4092:
4074:
4070:Prepared guitar
4016:
3970:Cello technique
3946:
3898:
3835:
3724:
3719:
3689:
3684:
3656:
3620:
3494:
3485:Music publisher
3480:Music engraving
3461:
3341:
3332:Letter notation
3224:
3121:
3116:
3086:
3081:
3072:
3034:
3029:
2999:
2998:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2923:
2921:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2890:
2886:
2876:Mastering Audio
2873:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2841:
2837:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2814:
2810:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2772:
2768:
2758:
2756:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2612:
2608:Symphonie No. 7
2604:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2535:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2475:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2375:
2371:
2361:
2359:
2358:on 7 April 2014
2346:
2345:
2338:
2328:
2326:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2296:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2265:
2264:
2257:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2164:
2140:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1775:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1760:
1737:
1714:
1706:
1698:
1689:
1670:
1654:
1646:
1634:
1626:
1595:
1572:Antonio Vivaldi
1521:concerto grosso
1473:
1459:
1451:
1437:
1429:
1421:
1413:
1401:
1393:
1377:
1369:
1351:
1343:
1325:
1317:
1297:
1289:
1266:
1258:
1241:
1240:
1230:
1216:
1208:
1173:
1158:
1150:
1128:
1107:
1077:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1056:
1049:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1020:
995:
979:
932:
920:
860:
849:
834:
823:
815:
807:
733:
732:
668:
655:
617:
595:
588:, standing for
581:
574:, standing for
567:
556:
548:
539:, standing for
532:
524:, standing for
517:
509:, standing for
502:
495:, standing for
488:
469:
455:
436:
433:
415:
412:
394:
391:
373:
370:
352:
349:
331:
328:
310:
307:
298:very very loud
289:
286:
263:
257:
215:
199:
183:
169:
158:
152:
149:
138:
126:
115:
79:
78:
77:
76:) and hairpins.
69:
48:
47:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4254:
4252:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4223:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4212:
4201:
4198:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4188:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4145:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4102:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4084:
4082:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4055:String bending
4052:
4050:Hybrid picking
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4026:
4024:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3956:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3932:Prepared piano
3929:
3924:
3919:
3917:Finger tapping
3914:
3908:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3845:
3843:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3821:Thumb position
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3771:Finger vibrato
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3695:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3672:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3351:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3234:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3210:Time signature
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3092:
3083:
3082:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3020:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2996:
2931:
2919:Sound on Sound
2905:
2884:
2866:
2857:
2848:
2835:
2821:
2808:
2787:
2766:
2736:
2706:
2680:
2666:
2661:Edition Peters
2647:
2622:
2597:
2572:
2557:
2548:
2533:
2513:
2488:
2473:
2453:
2428:
2412:
2406:978-0882847306
2405:
2385:
2369:
2336:
2306:
2276:
2255:
2231:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2168:Accent (music)
2163:
2160:
2139:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1759:
1756:
1553:viola da gamba
1529:basso continuo
1509:music notation
1472:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1366:Cello Concerto
1359:
1336:Giuseppe Verdi
1333:
1305:
1286:Fifth Symphony
1278:
1248:
1224:
1191:
1188:Fifth Symphony
1144:
1115:
1040:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1016:
871:Accented notes
730:
729:
709:
708:
696:
684:
654:
651:
650:
649:
646:
645:
638:
637:
615:
593:
579:
545:
544:
529:
514:
500:
482:
481:
467:
447:
446:
443:
434:
429:
426:
425:
422:
413:
408:
405:
404:
401:
392:
387:
384:
383:
380:
371:
366:
363:
362:
359:
350:
345:
342:
341:
338:
329:
324:
321:
320:
317:
308:
303:
300:
299:
296:
287:
282:
279:
278:
275:
272:
256:
253:
212:musical phrase
171:
170:
129:
127:
120:
114:
111:
105:and sometimes
81:In music, the
49:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4253:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4211:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4088:Prepared harp
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3884:Slap tonguing
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3716:
3711:
3709:
3704:
3702:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3681:
3673:
3671:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3653:
3652:Transcription
3650:
3648:
3647:Sight-reading
3645:
3643:
3642:Perfect pitch
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3576:Ancient Greek
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3516:Chord diagram
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3506:Braille music
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:Other systems
3497:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3230:Musical notes
3227:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3215:Transposition
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3170:Key signature
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3108:
3106:
3101:
3099:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3079:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3026:
3021:
3019:
3014:
3012:
3007:
3006:
3003:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2932:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2906:
2901:
2895:
2887:
2885:0-240-80545-3
2881:
2877:
2870:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2809:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2784:
2783:0-393-30052-8
2780:
2776:
2775:Baroque Music
2770:
2767:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2707:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2648:
2636:. p. 128
2635:
2634:
2626:
2623:
2610:
2609:
2601:
2598:
2585:
2584:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2558:
2552:
2549:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2517:
2514:
2501:
2500:
2492:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2457:
2454:
2441:
2440:
2432:
2429:
2426:, Spring 2000
2425:
2421:
2416:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2370:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2341:
2337:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2280:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2251:0-8008-5453-5
2248:
2244:
2241:(1969/1979).
2240:
2239:Read, Gardner
2235:
2232:
2219:
2215:
2208:
2205:
2198:
2188:
2185:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2148:dynamic range
2145:
2137:
2135:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1769:
1764:
1757:
1751:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1711:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1695:
1693:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1651:
1650:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1631:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1525:solo concerto
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1478:, one of the
1477:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1456:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1433:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1397:
1391:
1388:Étude No. 9 (
1387:
1382:
1381:
1374:
1373:
1367:
1363:
1362:György Ligeti
1360:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1322:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1301:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1251:Gustav Mahler
1249:
1246:
1245:, Op. 3 No. 2
1235:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1213:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1183:1812 Overture
1178:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1155:
1154:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1086:orchestration
1082:
1081:
1074:
1073:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1044:
1033:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
999:
993:
989:
984:
983:
977:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
936:
930:
925:
924:
918:
914:
910:
909:can be used.
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
865:
864:
859:
854:
853:
848:
844:
839:
838:
833:
828:
827:
820:
819:
813:
811:
804:
800:
795:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
728:
726:
721:
715:
706:
703:(abbreviated
702:
701:
697:
694:
690:
689:
685:
682:
679:(abbreviated
678:
677:
673:
672:
671:
666:
662:
657:
652:
644:
643:
640:
639:
635:
631:
630:fortississimo
627:
622:
621:
616:
613:
609:
608:pianississimo
605:
600:
599:
594:
591:
586:
585:
580:
577:
572:
571:
566:
565:
564:
561:
560:
553:
552:
542:
538:
536:
530:
527:
523:
521:
515:
512:
507:
506:
501:
498:
493:
492:
487:
486:
485:
479:
474:
473:
468:
465:
460:
459:
454:
453:
452:
444:
441:
440:
435:
432:
431:pianississimo
428:
427:
423:
420:
419:
414:
411:
407:
406:
402:
399:
398:
393:
390:
386:
385:
381:
378:
377:
372:
369:
365:
364:
360:
357:
356:
351:
348:
344:
343:
339:
336:
335:
330:
327:
323:
322:
318:
315:
314:
309:
306:
302:
301:
297:
294:
293:
288:
285:
284:fortississimo
281:
280:
276:
273:
270:
269:
262:
254:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
225:
220:
219:
213:
209:
204:
203:
197:
193:
188:
187:
180:
178:
167:
164:
156:
146:
142:
136:
135:
130:This section
128:
124:
119:
118:
112:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
74:
73:
67:
63:
62:
57:
53:
39:
35:
30:
19:
4175:Sprechgesang
4173:
4126:Stevens grip
4116:Cymbal choke
4065:Third bridge
3985:Bartók pizz.
3937:String piano
3816:Stopped note
3736:Articulation
3551:Klavarskribo
3526:Figured bass
3400:Appoggiatura
3369:
3347:Articulation
3145:Abbreviation
3031:
2987:. Retrieved
2980:the original
2951:
2947:
2934:
2922:. Retrieved
2918:
2908:
2875:
2869:
2860:
2851:
2843:
2838:
2824:
2816:
2811:
2799:. Retrieved
2790:
2774:
2769:
2757:. Retrieved
2748:
2739:
2727:. Retrieved
2718:
2709:
2697:. Retrieved
2693:
2683:
2669:
2656:
2650:
2638:. Retrieved
2632:
2625:
2613:. Retrieved
2607:
2600:
2588:. Retrieved
2582:
2575:
2565:
2560:
2551:
2523:
2516:
2504:. Retrieved
2502:. p. 79
2498:
2491:
2463:
2456:
2444:. Retrieved
2438:
2431:
2423:
2415:
2395:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2360:. Retrieved
2356:the original
2351:
2327:. Retrieved
2323:the original
2318:
2309:
2297:. Retrieved
2293:the original
2288:
2279:
2270:
2242:
2234:
2222:. Retrieved
2217:
2207:
2187:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2133:
2094:
2055:
2016:
1976:
1939:
1902:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1784:
1729:
1723:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1684:quasi niente
1682:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1656:
1655:
1648:
1647:
1636:
1635:
1628:
1627:
1616:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1516:
1512:
1498:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1422:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1386:Piano Études
1379:
1378:
1371:
1370:
1353:
1352:
1345:
1344:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1290:
1282:Carl Nielsen
1268:
1267:
1260:
1259:
1239:Prelude in C
1232:
1231:
1218:
1217:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1195:Era la notte
1194:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1159:
1152:
1151:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1089:
1079:
1078:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1058:
1057:
1047:Prelude in C
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:abbreviates
997:
996:
991:
987:
981:
980:
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
934:
933:
928:
922:
921:
916:
912:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
878:
874:
869:
862:
861:
857:
851:
850:
847:subito forte
846:
842:
836:
835:
831:
825:
824:
817:
816:
809:
806:
803:Subito piano
802:
798:
796:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
768:cresc. molto
767:
765:
760:
756:
752:
748:
734:
710:
704:
699:
698:
692:
687:
686:
680:
675:
674:
669:
656:
633:
629:
625:
619:
618:
611:
607:
603:
597:
596:
589:
583:
582:
575:
569:
568:
558:
557:
550:
549:
546:
540:
534:
531:
525:
519:
516:
510:
504:
503:
496:
490:
489:
483:
477:
471:
470:
463:
457:
456:
450:
438:
437:
430:
417:
416:
409:
396:
395:
388:
375:
374:
367:
354:
353:
346:
333:
332:
325:
312:
311:
304:
291:
290:
283:
240:
236:
217:
216:
207:
201:
200:
191:
185:
184:
181:
174:
159:
150:
139:Please help
134:verification
131:
107:tempo rubato
82:
80:
71:
70:
65:
59:
29:
4159:Death growl
4141:Human voice
4111:Burton grip
4040:Flatpicking
4035:Fingerstyle
4030:Downpicking
3997:Free bowing
3879:Overblowing
3791:Multiphonic
3751:Double stop
3637:Music stand
3511:Chord chart
3490:Scorewriter
3467:Sheet music
3265:Dotted note
3200:Repeat sign
3175:Ledger line
3053:Hauptstimme
2699:12 December
2640:11 February
2615:11 February
2590:11 February
2506:11 February
2446:11 February
2439:The Planets
1679:molto piano
1612:harpsichord
1541:harpsichord
1501:Renaissance
1384:s), in his
1147:Tchaikovsky
1103:The Planets
967:with added
792:poco a poco
780:poco cresc.
747:), whereas
741:grand staff
688:decrescendo
511:mezzo-forte
497:mezzo-piano
424:very quiet
368:mezzo-piano
347:mezzo-forte
237:mezzo-piano
4225:Categories
4154:Beatboxing
4098:Percussion
3942:Tack piano
3889:Split tone
3859:Embouchure
3786:Intonation
3611:Shakuhachi
3586:Ekphonetic
3571:Simplified
3536:Lead sheet
3410:Grace note
3275:Note value
3270:Grace note
3238:Accidental
3068:Sotto voce
3048:Fortepiano
2989:16 January
2924:16 January
2785:. Page 33.
2659:. London:
2534:048623861X
2474:048623861X
2348:"Dynamics"
2214:"Dynamics"
2199:References
1812:SmartScore
1645:used also
1604:pianissimo
1592:pianissimo
1454:ffffffffff
1168:Pathétique
1165:s) in his
1119:Stravinsky
1012:pianoforte
1004:poco forte
986:denotes a
976:fortepiano
907:fortepiano
772:dim. molto
700:diminuendo
590:fortissimo
576:pianissimo
410:pianissimo
319:very loud
305:fortissimo
259:See also:
153:April 2023
66:pianissimo
18:Fortissimo
4169:Screaming
4121:Drum roll
3992:Col legno
3980:Pizzicato
3975:Bariolage
3801:Pizzicato
3781:Harmonics
3776:Glissando
3761:Fingering
3606:Swaralipi
3596:Kunkunshi
3556:Tablature
3521:Eye music
3405:Glissando
3380:Fingering
3165:Dal segno
2894:cite book
1804:MuseScore
1796:Logic Pro
1728:’s opera
1643:Beethoven
1588:più piano
1576:J.S. Bach
1513:raddoppio
1503:composer
1310:, in his
1201:'s opera
1172:and uses
1141:woodwinds
978:notation
945:sforzando
784:poco dim.
676:crescendo
624:("triple
602:("triple
541:più forte
526:più piano
4012:Two bows
4007:Spiccato
3894:Tonguing
3869:Growling
3811:Slapping
3806:Position
3796:Phrasing
3616:Znamenny
3457:Tonguing
3442:Staccato
3395:Ornament
3370:Dynamics
3322:Interval
3285:Notehead
3260:Cue note
3032:Dynamics
2976:28372147
2759:26 April
2753:Archived
2729:26 April
2723:Archived
2694:allmusic
2564:(1965).
2362:19 March
2329:19 March
2299:19 March
2269:(2003).
2162:See also
2152:dynamics
1820:Symbols
1800:Sibelius
1785:In some
1523:and the
1486:Plutarch
1476:On Music
1432:ffffffff
1396:pppppppp
1372:pppppppp
1342:), uses
1242:♯
1186:and his
1170:Symphony
1050:♯
949:sforzato
913:forzando
899:forzando
788:a little
753:decresc.
725:hairpins
693:decresc.
249:register
235:playing
196:loudness
89:between
87:loudness
83:dynamics
4131:Rimshot
4060:Tambour
4045:Picking
4002:Martelé
3922:Luthéal
3831:Vibrato
3826:Tremolo
3746:Damping
3729:General
3625:Related
3591:Gamelan
3581:Chinese
3561:Parsons
3432:Portato
3415:Mordent
3390:Marcato
3375:Fermata
3365:Damping
3360:Caesura
3317:Tremolo
3248:natural
3160:Da capo
3063:Pensato
2956:Bibcode
2801:29 July
2749:YouTube
2719:YouTube
2543:6414366
2483:6414366
2315:"Forte"
2285:"Piano"
1726:Smetana
1537:theorbo
1517:ripieno
1494:harmony
1481:Moralia
1471:History
1390:Vertige
1346:ppppppp
1316:, uses
1237:in his
1197:" from
1137:strings
965:marcato
957:marcato
917:forzato
903:forzato
887:marcato
761:morendo
653:Changes
274:Letters
245:piccolo
226:, some
95:phrases
56:Berlioz
4022:Guitar
3741:Bowing
3447:Tenuto
3385:Legato
3355:Accent
3312:Tuplet
3058:Niente
3043:Accent
2974:
2882:
2781:
2541:
2531:
2481:
2471:
2403:
2249:
2224:7 July
1808:Finale
1681:, and
1663:Brahms
1623:Mozart
1590:, and
1545:lirone
1490:rhythm
1416:ffffff
1340:Otello
1320:ffffff
1204:Otello
1153:pppppp
969:tenuto
929:subito
895:subito
883:attack
875:accent
843:subito
799:subito
755:, and
749:cresc.
681:cresc.
403:quiet
277:Level
228:voices
103:timbre
4192:Étude
3904:Piano
3601:Neume
3425:Trill
3420:Slide
3307:Tacet
3297:Pitch
3253:sharp
3205:Tempo
3190:Scale
3185:Ossia
3127:Staff
2983:(PDF)
2944:(PDF)
2663:7233.
2179:Notes
1825:ppppp
1619:Haydn
1584:piano
1580:forte
1565:forte
1561:piano
1549:cello
1292:ppppp
1261:fffff
1233:sffff
1229:uses
1207:uses
1199:Verdi
1098:Holst
1090:forte
1059:sffff
1053:minor
992:piano
988:forte
963:as a
905:, or
889:mark
877:sign
832:piano
808:sub.
776:molto
737:staff
626:forte
604:piano
555:s or
478:forte
464:piano
389:piano
340:loud
326:forte
241:forte
208:forte
192:piano
91:notes
52:theme
4080:Harp
3437:Slur
3302:Rest
3290:stem
3280:beam
3243:flat
3180:Mode
3155:Clef
2991:2018
2972:PMID
2926:2018
2900:link
2880:ISBN
2803:2013
2779:ISBN
2761:2018
2731:2018
2701:2018
2642:2023
2617:2023
2592:2023
2539:OCLC
2529:ISBN
2508:2023
2479:OCLC
2469:ISBN
2448:2023
2401:ISBN
2364:2012
2331:2012
2301:2012
2247:ISBN
2226:2017
2128:120
2089:106
2050:127
2011:127
1895:ffff
1832:pppp
1791:MIDI
1768:MIDI
1713:and
1699:più
1696:and
1690:più
1653:and
1621:and
1567:.
1563:and
1533:lute
1499:The
1458:(10
1450:has
1304:s).΄
1211:pppp
1176:ffff
1139:and
1131:ffff
1110:ffff
974:The
959:and
879:>
782:and
770:and
757:dim.
745:bars
705:dim.
663:and
533:più
518:più
271:Name
233:tuba
36:and
3452:Tie
3150:Bar
2964:doi
2952:141
2125:110
2122:100
2047:114
2044:101
2008:126
2005:112
1969:127
1966:113
1932:127
1929:112
1888:fff
1839:ppp
1717:fff
1709:ppp
1673:ppp
1657:fff
1649:ppp
1641:),
1633:to
1598:ppp
1551:or
1492:or
1436:(8
1420:(6
1400:(8
1376:(8
1358:s).
1350:(7
1332:s).
1324:(6
1296:(5
1265:(5
1219:ppp
1157:(6
1121:'s
1117:In
1100:'s
1096:In
1080:fff
1076:to
1072:ppp
1045:'s
935:sfz
863:sff
856:or
814:or
632:or
620:fff
610:or
598:ppp
476:or
462:or
439:ppp
292:fff
143:by
93:or
58:'s
4227::
3140:15
2970:.
2962:.
2950:.
2946:.
2917:.
2896:}}
2892:{{
2747:.
2717:.
2692:.
2537:.
2477:.
2350:.
2339:^
2317:.
2287:.
2258:^
2216:.
2119:90
2116:80
2113:70
2110:60
2107:50
2104:40
2101:30
2086:97
2083:89
2080:80
2077:72
2074:63
2071:55
2068:46
2065:38
2062:29
2041:88
2038:75
2035:62
2032:49
2029:36
2026:23
2023:10
2002:96
1999:80
1996:64
1993:49
1990:33
1987:16
1984:10
1963:98
1960:84
1957:71
1954:61
1951:39
1948:20
1926:96
1923:80
1920:64
1917:48
1914:32
1911:16
1881:ff
1867:mf
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