884:
1444:
192:
they lack in aggregate structural power. Small states can, therefore, develop power disproportionate relative to their size on the few issues of utmost importance to them. In addition to prioritization, small states have successfully employed the strategies of coalition-building and image-building. Even though small state administrations lack the resources of their larger counterparts, their informality, flexibility, and the autonomy of their diplomats can prove advantageous in negotiations and within institutional settings."
1179:
217:
diplomats. Third, and most critically small states had by tradition been proportionally under-represented in the principal organs of the UN and boards of the UN specialised agencies. This came about because it was difficult for small states to be elected to these organs and agencies. I had observed at the 1991 Economic and Social
Council (ECOSOC) elections that the big regional countries were easily elected at the first round of voting. The smaller countries were then left to fight over the remaining seats.
1808:
2004:
1403:
983:
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800:
1948:
1724:
647:
1319:
1276:
386:
1136:
1892:
1683:
660:
1612:
1431:
1416:
1207:
1080:
759:
1963:
1864:
1836:
1599:
1584:
1500:
1235:
1123:
996:
828:
731:
716:
296:
1640:
1108:
856:
688:
401:
120:
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1487:
1375:
1304:
1151:
1067:
1011:
968:
815:
744:
416:
371:
326:
281:
266:
251:
2075:
2060:
2047:
2032:
1976:
1879:
1851:
1823:
1795:
1655:
1627:
1543:
1528:
1459:
1347:
1263:
1095:
1024:
955:
912:
843:
787:
703:
675:
619:
604:
591:
461:
446:
431:
341:
236:
2088:
2019:
1935:
1907:
1711:
1556:
1360:
1291:
1248:
1164:
1039:
940:
927:
871:
1920:
1739:
1571:
1472:
1220:
1052:
899:
772:
632:
356:
311:
1332:
1991:
1515:
1192:
1780:
489:, resource-rich and resource-scarce countries, and both island and landlocked states. The diversity of small states is significant, in terms of their circumstances, interests, policy priorities, and resources. These significant differences limit the extent to which small states can cooperate on policy issues or come together as a single negotiating bloc.
569:
Singapore hosted a study visit by 12 Permanent
Representatives to the UN in New York from 19 to 23 February 2024 under the 12th FOSS Fellowship Programme. These Permanent Representatives were from Botswana, Burundi, Cabo Verde, Fiji, Grenada, Kyrgyzstan, Lesotho, Micronesia, Nauru, Senegal, Suriname
544:
We can respond more nimbly and adapt more easily to changing circumstances. Our sense of insecurity and even paranoia are also constructive as they motivate us to deal more decisively with challenges and threats. With our options more constrained, our collective minds are more readily focussed, and
191:
According to a 2017 review study, "What scholars can agree on is that small states generally prefer multilateralism as both a path to influence and a means to restrain larger states. Studies of influential small states indicate that they are able to develop issue-specific power to make up for what
501:
Small developing States face special challenges. Landlocked developing countries find themselves marginalized from the world economy, cut-off from global flows of knowledge, technology, capital and innovations, and unable to benefit substantially from external trade. The small island developing
216:
First, small states particularly those which do not belong to a recognised grouping were often excluded from the inner sanctums of negotiations... Second, and related to the first, small countries often lacked in-depth information on what went on in the UN; unless they had a team of very active
527:
Over the past 20 years, more than 90 percent of disasters - droughts, floods, hurricanes and fires - were climate-related. Economic losses alone are estimated at more than $ 2.2 trillion and the human toll falls largely on low-income countries. These disasters constitute a major impediment to
481:
Small states face structural and capacity barriers to their participation in diplomacy and policymaking at the UN because their foreign ministries and missions are smaller than their larger counterparts, the relative costs of engagement are higher for small states and they often face capacity
195:
Small states make up the majority of United
Nations member states and they have served as key drafters, negotiators, and thought leaders on a variety of issues at the UN. However, small states face significant structural and capacity barriers to their effective participation in diplomacy and
566:-based nonprofit that observes and independently reports on activities at and involving the UN, launched a series on multi-lateralism and small states. Articles focused on the challenges to small states in general, as well as profiles of specific challenges for Armenia and Gambia.
531:
For small states, recovery and reconstruction bills, including the cost of restoring people’s livelihoods, can total more than 100 per cent of Gross
Domestic Product. Successive storms can trap small island states in particular in an accelerating cycle of disaster and debt...
535:
Many small states, including middle-income countries, are highly vulnerable to external shocks of all kinds. As a result, the debt levels of small states are on average higher than other developing countries. Many are currently under debt distress or face a high risk of debt
505:
From telecommunications and electricity to education and health, many of the problems faced by the small island developing States, located deep in the middle of oceans, are similar to the transportation challenges faced by the landlocked countries of the
156:. Since then, Singapore has served as Chair of FOSS. The Forum of Small States is open to countries with a population of fewer than 10 million, although the population of some members has exceeded that level since they joined the group.
554:
In 2022, “FOSS for Good” was launched, a technical assistance package to provide a peer-learning platform for FOSS members to share experiences, best practices, and solutions to tackle common challenges.
2157:
188:. While a small power in the international system may never equal or surpass the effect of larger powers, they can nevertheless influence the workings of the international system together with others.
199:
FOSS now comprises 108 countries across all geographical regions and at various levels of development and members meet several times a year to discuss issues of concern to small states.
2449:
2260:
2454:
2425:"Visit to Singapore Under the 12th Forum of Small States Fellowship Programme by Permanent Representatives to the United Nations, 19 to 23 February 2024"
173:
having a very small population or land area, usually both. However, the meanings of "state" and "very small" are not well-defined in international law.
2341:
211:
of
Singapore to the UN, Chew Tai Soo, assumed his role in 1991 and said he was struck by three shortcomings which small member states of the UN faced:
2326:"Secretary-General Tells Forum of Small States Their Size Does Not Mean Absence of Big Ideas as They Are Well-Placed to Be Bridge-Builders, Mediators"
2186:
545:
we are less hampered by regional interests and differences, or multiple levels of government, that bigger countries have to grapple with.
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84:
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States continue to be on the frontlines in dealing with the adverse effects of climate change and sea level rise.
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1184:
208:
486:
988:
94:
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2009:
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But small states also have certain advantages, as noted by
Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong:
1953:
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1729:
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2261:"Informal High-level roundtable on "Small States, Multilateralism and International Law""
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problems in filtering and processing the vast quantities of information they do receive.
222:
Following discussions, the core group that was convened by
Singapore to form FOSS were:
2286:
1324:
516:
149:
136:
66:
2443:
2362:"Welcome remarks by PM Lee Hsien Loong at the Forum of Small States (FOSS) Reception"
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In 2012, at the 20th anniversary of the formation of FOSS, then UN Secretary-General
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185:
181:
2405:
2325:
2229:"Small States at the United Nations: Diverse Perspectives, Shared Opportunities"
2114:
1813:
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1421:
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764:
493:
1968:
1869:
1841:
1604:
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1505:
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833:
736:
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161:
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is a voluntary, informal and non-ideological grouping of countries at the
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609:
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511:
In 2019 in his remarks to the Small States Forum, UN Secretary-General
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451:
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346:
241:
76:
To provide a forum for small states to promote their economic interests
485:
The countries designated as small states include some of the most and
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1716:
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1365:
1296:
1253:
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571:
2391:"Ministry of Public Administration, Republic of Trinidad and Tobago"
2160:. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Singapore. 2017-02-26.
2109:
1925:
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904:
777:
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361:
316:
2310:
1996:
1897:
1520:
1197:
2301:
Koh, Tommy; Li Lin Chang; Joanna Koh, eds. (September 2015).
2185:
Thorhallsson, Baldur; Steinsson, Sverrir (24 May 2017).
2342:"Secretary-General's remarks to the Small States Forum"
515:
noted that small states are especially vulnerable to
132:
110:
100:
90:
80:
72:
61:
50:
32:
24:
496:noted some of the reasons the group was formed:
2450:United Nations coalitions and unofficial groups
2171:Warrington, E. (1994). "Lilliputs Revisited".
519:and should not be expected to pay for climate
159:The term "small state" is similar to the term
2384:"Members of the Forum of Small States (FOSS)"
8:
2303:50 Years of Singapore and the United Nations
2280:
2278:
19:
2378:
2376:
2152:
2150:
581:
18:
2259:H.E. Mr. Abdulla Shahid (28 April 2022).
2429:"Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Singapore"
2254:
2252:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2191:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics
224:
2360:"Lee Hsien Loong" (25 September 2019).
2146:
2340:"AntĂłnio Guterres" (19 October 2019).
2199:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.484
2173:Asian Journal of Public Administration
7:
65:Informal grouping of nations at the
2227:Ó Súilleabháin, Andrea (May 2014).
2305:. World Scientific Publishing Co.
2135:Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation
14:
2455:Organizations established in 1992
2328:. United Nations. 1 October 2012.
2289:. World Scientific Publishing Co.
16:Coalition of developing countries
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2073:
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2017:
2002:
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180:is for the most part made up by
118:
2130:Small Island Developing States
1:
2236:International Peace Institute
2187:"Small State Foreign Policy"
146:Forum of Small States (FOSS)
477:Challenges for small states
85:United Nations Headquarters
2486:
2460:Politics of climate change
2470:International development
2366:"Government of Singapore"
2120:Least developed countries
528:sustainable development.
232:
2162:, accessed June 17, 2016
1185:Central African Republic
209:Permanent Representative
196:policymaking at the UN.
2433:, accessed= 28 Mar 2024
2414:, accessed= 28 Mar 2024
2395:, accessed= 28 Mar 2024
2370:, accessed= 28 Mar 2024
2350:, accessed= 28 Mar 2024
2315:, accessed 28 June 2024
2291:, accessed 28 June 2024
487:least developed nations
2330:, accessed 28 Mar 2024
2285:Soo, Chew Tai (2015).
989:Bosnia and Herzegovina
547:
538:
509:
220:
95:International politics
38:; 31 years ago
2125:Pacific Islands Forum
1954:Trinidad & Tobago
1394:Saint Kitts and Nevis
653:Antigua & Barbuda
542:
525:
498:
213:
152:, founded in 1992 by
20:Forum of Small States
2465:Economic development
2010:United Arab Emirates
178:international system
2431:. 18 February 2024.
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36:1 October 1992
21:
2412:. 11 January 2024.
1409:Dominican Republic
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55:New York, New York
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558:In January 2024,
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106:108 member states
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2346:"United Nations"
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2263:. United Nations
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1282:Papua New Guinea
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806:Marshall Islands
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513:AntĂłnio Guterres
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1730:Solomon Islands
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578:Current members
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2302:
2296:
2265:. Retrieved
2239:. Retrieved
2190:
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1811:
1618:Sierra Leone
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221:
215:
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206:
198:
194:
190:
186:small states
182:small powers
175:
166:
160:
158:
145:
143:
133:Affiliations
102:Membership
81:Headquarters
25:Abbreviation
2393:. May 2022.
2115:Group of 77
1870:Timor-Leste
1814:Switzerland
1437:El Salvador
1422:Saint Lucia
1086:New Zealand
494:Ban Ki-moon
2444:Categories
2410:"PassBlue"
2141:References
1969:Kyrgyzstan
1842:Tajikistan
1590:Seychelles
1506:San Marino
1241:Costa Rica
1129:Cabo Verde
1002:Montenegro
890:Micronesia
834:Mauritania
737:Azerbaijan
722:Luxembourg
550:Activities
506:Himalayas.
302:Cape Verde
162:microstate
51:Founded at
43:1992-10-01
1646:Singapore
1114:Nicaragua
862:Mauritius
694:Lithuania
536:distress.
521:disasters
407:Singapore
167:ministate
154:Singapore
126:Singapore
33:Formation
2175:, 16(1).
2104:See also
1773:Honduras
1758:Suriname
1702:Slovenia
1674:Slovakia
1493:Eswatini
1381:Djibouti
1310:Paraguay
1157:Cambodia
1073:Bulgaria
1017:Botswana
974:Mongolia
821:Barbados
750:Maldives
583:Members
560:PassBlue
422:Suriname
377:Mongolia
332:Honduras
287:Djibouti
272:Botswana
257:Barbados
203:Founding
2241:Mar 25,
2081:Lesotho
2066:Vanuatu
2053:Lebanon
2038:Uruguay
1997:Lao PDR
1982:Tunisia
1885:Jamaica
1857:Ireland
1829:Iceland
1801:Hungary
1661:Grenada
1633:Georgia
1549:Finland
1534:Senegal
1465:Estonia
1353:Denmark
1269:Croatia
1213:Comoros
1101:Burundi
1030:Namibia
961:Bolivia
918:Moldova
849:Belarus
793:Bahrain
765:Bahamas
709:Austria
681:Armenia
625:Andorra
610:Liberia
597:Albania
467:Vanuatu
452:Uruguay
437:Tunisia
347:Jamaica
242:Bahrain
73:Purpose
41: (
2267:25 Mar
2205:
2094:Zambia
2091:
2078:
2063:
2050:
2035:
2025:Latvia
2022:
2007:
1994:
1979:
1966:
1951:
1941:Kuwait
1938:
1923:
1913:Jordan
1910:
1895:
1882:
1867:
1854:
1839:
1826:
1798:
1786:Sweden
1783:
1770:
1755:
1742:
1727:
1717:Guyana
1714:
1699:
1686:
1671:
1658:
1643:
1630:
1615:
1605:Gambia
1602:
1587:
1574:
1562:Serbia
1559:
1546:
1531:
1518:
1503:
1490:
1475:
1462:
1447:
1434:
1419:
1406:
1391:
1378:
1366:Rwanda
1363:
1350:
1335:
1322:
1307:
1297:Cyprus
1294:
1279:
1266:
1254:Panama
1251:
1238:
1223:
1210:
1195:
1182:
1170:Norway
1167:
1154:
1139:
1126:
1111:
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1083:
1070:
1055:
1045:Brunei
1042:
1027:
1014:
999:
986:
971:
958:
946:Monaco
943:
933:Bhutan
930:
915:
902:
887:
877:Belize
874:
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790:
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762:
747:
734:
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691:
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622:
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594:
572:Tuvalu
523:alone:
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123:
91:Fields
2387:(PDF)
2232:(PDF)
2110:ASEAN
1926:Tonga
1745:Haiti
1577:Gabon
1478:Samoa
1338:Qatar
1226:Palau
1058:Nauru
905:Benin
778:Malta
638:Libya
362:Malta
317:Gabon
112:Chair
2269:2024
2243:2024
2203:ISBN
1898:Togo
1521:Fiji
1198:Oman
570:and
562:, a
207:The
176:The
169:, a
144:The
62:Type
28:FOSS
2307:doi
2195:doi
184:or
165:or
2446::
2427:.
2408:.
2389:.
2375:^
2364:.
2344:.
2277:^
2251:^
2234:.
2217:^
2201:.
2193:.
2189:.
2149:^
574:.
67:UN
2368:.
2348:.
2313:.
2309::
2271:.
2245:.
2211:.
2197::
45:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.