53:
33:
45:
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489:- the right to privacy. He believes that filming must be a "proportionate and reasonable" response to a crime and that this does not appear to be the case as people are being targeted over what they might do in the future. It is uncertain as to how long data collected by the unit is to be kept but GMP currently anticipate it will be stored for five years.
281:, the chief inspector of constabulary, stated that the routine use of FITs at protests "raises fundamental privacy issues and should be reviewed". He also said that there was "confusion" over the role of FITs and advised that the Home Office should issue guidance over the legality of the surveillance of protesters and the retention of images.
311:
database, which is used daily by police officers to catalogue criminal intelligence. People are listed by name allowing police to determine which events individuals have attended. Photographs obtained by FITs are used to produce "spotter cards" consisting of people's photographs which allows officers
269:
said that the police presence had a "chilling effect" on people who were protesting lawfully. FITs have not been banned but they must now justify the retention of photographs on a case-by-case basis. As a result of the ruling the
Metropolitan Police's public order unit, CO11 was forced to delete 40%
331:
calculated that the use of FITs at mass gatherings involves gathering intelligence on roughly 1,200 people to record the actions of one person. The report also noted that most of the people on "spotter cards", used by the police photographers, were those involved in the organisation of protests and
381:
training manual". He claimed that "anybody who is politically active is filmed, identified, monitored, logged, and cross-checked". A police debrief into the operation at
Kingsnorth praised the deployment of FITs saying that they were "highly effective and gained good intelligence and disruption".
163:
and police forces throughout the UK now have their own FITs. Despite the implication in their name that their function is to merely gather intelligence, they are also intended to have a deterrent effect. This approach has been reported to work in reducing reports of anti-social behaviour at times
155:
and audio recorders to conduct overt surveillance of the public. The police officers wear full uniform, and are intended to be a highly visible presence. Their uniform is sometimes different from normal police officers in that the upper half of their yellow fluorescent jackets is blue. Civilian
472:
on the streets. The aim is to give other police officers up to date information on the appearance of people who have broken the law. Video footage thus collected is constantly replayed on TV screens in rooms where officers complete their paperwork. Footage that they have recorded has also been
477:
in an attempt to catch people they believe have reoffended. This has resulted in several offenders being sent back to prison after breaching licence conditions. Since the unit was launched in 2006 more than 900 people have been filmed by the unit. Not all of these people are suspects in crime
199:
In June 2010, the Home Office announced it would review the use of FITs during public order policing. The move was influenced by the discovery that information collected by FITs, included that which was unrelated to suspected crimes, for example recording who made speeches at demonstrations.
110:
Political activists have criticised FITs and said that they feel the aim of FIT deployment during protests is to prevent legal protests. Journalists have also complained that FITs attempt to stop them photographing protests and that they conduct surveillance of journalists. A campaign group,
361:, as at least four officers had not displayed them. The women attempted to photograph the police officers for evidence, but were forced to the ground, restrained with handcuffs, and had their legs bound with straps. They were then placed in restraint positions, arrested, charged and
435:, who is in charge of public order policing at the Metropolitan Police, said in a statement to the NUJ in 2008 that journalists, "on the production of a valid form of accreditation will be able to continue with their work". The NUJ are to make a formal complaint to the
102:
of the public. An unsuccessful legal challenge has been made against their use of overt surveillance, but in 2009 the Court of Appeal ruled that they must justify retention of photographs on a case-by-case basis. Any retained information is recorded on the
400:, which advised students of actions they should take if they were concerned that they were photographed at the demonstration, such as cutting their hair and disposing of clothing they were wearing. Emily Apple, one of the founders of the site told
216:
that it was necessary to deploy plain-clothed officers to "gather information to provide us with a relevant and up-to-date intelligence picture of what to expect". It was the first time that FITs are known to have been deployed in plain clothes.
156:
photographers are also employed by the police to work alongside FITs. According to
Scotland Yard, the aim of FIT teams at protests is to record evidence of protesters in case disorder occurs later on at a protest.
211:
telling a parliamentary committee in May 2009, that only uniformed officers distinguishable by their blue and yellow jackets were involved in gathering intelligence at protests. The
Metropolitan Police told
467:
operate a Video
Intelligence Unit, whose plainclothes officers confront and video certain freed prisoners as they leave prison after serving their sentences. They also record footage of people involved in
232:
of the overt surveillance practices in May 2008, which was decided in favour of the police, however the police were asked to clarify their evidence to the Court of Appeal, following an investigation by
389:
meeting in London. In July 2010 the Inner London Crown Court overturned the men's convictions, with the judge stating that the protesters' human rights may have been violated by the FIT officers.
1663:
184:"Operation Leopard is exactly the sort of intensive policing that can bring persistent offenders to their senses... Relentless filming of them and their associates throughout the day and night"
478:
however, people can be filmed if they are thought to associate with prolific offenders or if they have been stopped in an area of high crime under suspicious circumstances. Kieran Walsh, a
690:
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to identify people at future events that they attend. For ÂŁ10, people are able to obtain a list of protests that they have attended from the data held on
Crimint under laws in the
1454:
635:
486:
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192:, has suggested that their tactics are "designed to intimidate people and prevent lawful dissent". This view is echoed by a police debriefing of their operations at the 2008
340:
Fitwatch (formed in early 2007) campaign against FITs by actively obstructing their operations, and by passively opposing their operations by photographing units (a form of
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820:
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ruled that photographs collected by FITs of people who have not committed a criminal offence can no longer be kept. The ruling was made after Andrew Wood, an
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produced an episode entitled "What ever happened to people power?" in July 2009 which discussed the use of FITs in targeting activists and journalists.
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370:
902:
Taking and retaining photographs of someone engaged in a political protest or demonstration was not unlawful and did not infringe his human rights.
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404:, "Nothing in that post has not been said before on our blog or on other sites". On 17 November 2010, the Fitwatch website returned, hosted on a
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commented on this case, saying that "the police are turning activism into a crime" and that "the FITs' methods appear to have been lifted from a
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369:, before they were released on bail. The police later retracted all the charges against the women. The women lodged a complaint with the
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to take down the website due to it "being used to undertake criminal activities". The request came after a post on the blog after the
385:
Three members of
Fitwatch were convicted for obstructing FIT officers in June 2008 as they attempted to photograph those attending a
278:
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447:) despite journalists needing to prove that they are bona-fide newsgatherers to an independent authority before they are issued.
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Police are targeting thousands of political campaigners in surveillance operations and storing their details on a database
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Metropolitan police have been asked to clarify evidence they submitted to the court of appeal about the use of the tactic
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393:
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of alleged police brutality against two female members of
Fitwatch. The women had asked police officers to reveal their
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443:. Bob Broadhurst told photographers at an NUJ conference that he had no faith in the National Press Card (a form of
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In
October 2010, FIT officers in plain clothes were spotted by a press photographer at a protest against companies
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A "spotter card" used by FITs at protests and political meetings. This was dropped by a police officer at the
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415:(NUJ) has criticised FITs for their surveillance and sometimes violent harassment of working journalists.
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over them organising arms trade exhibitions. Wood argued that police had harassed him and infringed his
160:
127:. In June 2010, the Home Office announced it would review the use of FITs during public order policing.
84:
833:
439:
due to the
Metropolitan Police failing to provide details on the surveillance of journalists under the
1408:"Editorial Photographers UK - Injured photographer wins settlement, costs and apology from Met Police"
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More recently the teams' purpose has been extended to routine police work on low-level crime and
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419:, who was hospitalised by police after documenting a protest, has said that the teams limit
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FITs were first formed in the early 1990s, as part of the Public Order Intelligence Unit (
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1435:. National Union of Journalists. 28 May 2008. Archived from the original on 6 March 2009
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704:"Harass a hoodie: how Essex police take surveillance to the streets | UK news"
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1283:"Fit Watch campaigners describe how they were arrested and bundled to the ground"
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Police footage obtained by the Guardian has revealed the crude monitoring methods
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1151:. The Fifth Workshop on the Economics of Information Security (WEIS 2006).
858:
Paul Lewis; Adam Gabbatt; Matthew Taylor; Simon Jeffery (3 December 2010).
1005:"Caught on film and stored on database: how police keep tabs on activists"
250:
189:
96:
83:
on the ground and in some circumstances, to disrupt activists and deter
1605:
1469:"Police contradictions over 'journalists database' spark NUJ complaint"
792:"Police tactics seek to 'intimidate people and prevent lawful dissent'"
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http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ERORecords/HO/421/2/hmic/disord3.pdf
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On 15 November 2010, the hosts of the Fitwatch blog were asked by the
942:"We were wrong to film journalists covering protest, say Kent police"
916:"Wood v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis EWHC 1105 (Admin)"
485:, said the unit's work "could have implications" for the force under
482:
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88:
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on the officers. Two members of the group were arrested at the 2008
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that FITs also attend meetings where demonstrations are organised.
378:
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1064:"'Aggressive' policing of protests condemned in post-G20 inquiry"
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to confirm that the police had no right to restrict the work of
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on obstruction charges. A similar police surveillance unit, the
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Fitwatch, formed in 2007 that aim to obstruct FITs and conduct
1634:
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praised Operation Leopard that used FITs to target youths, in
920:
England and Wales High Court (Administrative Court) Decisions
196:
which praised FITs at the event for disrupting activists.
832:
Peel, Michael; James Boxell; Marc Vallée (30 June 2010).
616:. 25 May 2006. Archived from the original on 20 June 2006
253:, was photographed after challenging the management of
1093:"Spotter cards: What they look like and how they work"
975:"Revealed: police databank on thousands of protesters"
353:
released video evidence recorded by a FIT at the 2008
147:
and political protesters (since at least 1996), using
75:) are two or more police officers who are deployed by
1256:"Surveillance protesters bundled to ground by police"
860:"UK Uncut protesters spied upon by undercover police"
1227:"Magazine When all video all Tuesday, 21 April 2009"
683:
Protesters' rights were violated by Met surveillance
487:
Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights
307:The information that FITs collect is stored on the
164:when FITs are deployed in specific neighbourhoods.
730:"Practice Advice on Police Use of Digital Images"
27:UK uniformed police who surveil public gatherings
1453:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1062:Lewis, Paul; Sandra Laville (25 November 2009).
634:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1249:
1247:
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834:"Police use of protest photos will face review"
139:), a section of the Public Order Branch of the
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8:
758:Crackdown sees drop in antisocial behaviour
1746:Types of police unit of the United Kingdom
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1650:
1642:
1471:. Editorial Photographers UK. 16 June 2009
1310:"Police are turning activism into a crime"
1144:Danezis, George; Bettina Wittnebe (2006).
270:of the photos of protesters that it held.
1383:"Police-baiting website Fitwatch returns"
1281:Lewis, Paul; Marc Vallée (21 June 2009).
1198:Lewis, Paul; Marc Vallée (21 June 2009).
968:
966:
678:
676:
554:"Is this what a police state looks like?"
297:arms fair in 2005 and later published by
143:. They initially targeted football fans,
56:A FIT photographer and protesters at the
1003:Paul Lewis; Marc Vallée (7 March 2009).
973:Paul Lewis; Marc Vallée (7 March 2009).
1690:Criminal Investigation Department (CID)
597:
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365:for four days, including three days in
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780:Paul Lewis and Simon Green 30 May 2008
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273:In a report about the policing of the
36:Forward Intelligence Team outside the
1158:from the original on 16 November 2010
7:
1146:"The Economics of Mass Surveillance"
651:"LONDON LIVES: The police paparazzi"
1572:"Police have filmed 900 'suspects'"
1540:Dowling, Nicola (8 December 2008).
1521:from the original on 7 October 2008
1490:What Ever Happened to People Power?
649:Salusbury, Matt (19 October 2003).
514:political organizations within the
48:A Forward Intelligence Team officer
1511:"Putting criminals in the picture"
1433:"NUJ takes protest to Home Office"
1356:"Met closes down anti-police blog"
1200:"Fit Watch: watching the watchers"
373:over the incident. The journalist
25:
1035:"Court curtails Met surveillance"
1033:Casciani, Dominic (21 May 2009).
539:Chapter 3 Responding to disorder
510:which investigated and disrupted
1308:Monbiot, George (22 June 2009).
1118:Salusbury, Matt (11 June 2009).
275:2009 G-20 London summit protests
1617:All about my 'BIG BROTHER'...!!
1552:from the original on 5 May 2013
1509:Dowling, Nicola (1 July 2008).
1381:John Oates (17 November 2010).
1354:Paul Lewis (16 November 2010).
1225:Rohrer, Finlo (21 April 2009).
914:Justice McCombe (22 May 2008).
579:Defective Inspectors (archived)
95:and audio recorders to conduct
886:"Retaining photographs lawful"
603:"FIT Policing is Here to Stay"
552:Provost, Claire (3 May 2008).
398:2010 student protest in London
1:
790:Catt, Linda (13 March 2009).
760:Daily Gazette 26 August 2009
413:National Union of Journalists
1254:Lewis, Paul (23 June 2009).
940:Paul Lewis (10 March 2009).
394:Police National E-Crime Unit
1496:First broadcast 6 Jul 2009
1335:P43 Operation Oasis Debrief
819:Kent Police 9 October 2008
817:P21 Operation Oasis Debrief
702:Lewis, Paul (30 May 2008).
1767:
1542:"Cops issue video of thug"
1344:Kent Police 9 October 2008
441:Freedom of Information Act
69:Forward Intelligence Teams
1700:Forward Intelligence Team
1680:
1099:. London. 25 October 2009
655:The Independent on Sunday
465:Greater Manchester Police
267:Lord Collins of Mapesbury
125:Greater Manchester Police
18:Forward Intelligence Team
1672:Specialist units of the
1011:. London. pp. 14–15
437:Information Commissioner
314:Data Protection Act 1998
1546:Manchester Evening News
1515:Manchester Evening News
1120:"Get yourself a record"
687:London Evening Standard
194:Camp for Climate Action
121:Video Intelligence Unit
58:Camp for Climate Action
1626:". 15 September 2003,
1179:Cite journal requires
981:. London. pp. 1–2
892:. London. 13 June 2008
773:5.00 Operation Leopard
304:
285:Information processing
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161:anti-social behaviour
85:anti-social behaviour
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460:Similar police units
421:freedom of the press
207:, despite Commander
1710:Police Support Unit
838:The Financial Times
581:". 29 August 1996,
506:– a project by the
499:Police intelligence
408:outside of the UK.
141:Metropolitan Police
131:History and purpose
1715:Road Policing Unit
1685:Basic Command Unit
1340:2009-08-24 at the
739:. 17 December 2007
661:on 26 October 2012
450:The BBC TV series
423:and called on the
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66:
50:
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1622:Matt Salusbury, "
1613:Alan Lodge (Tash)
577:George Monbiot, "
328:Mass Surveillance
326:The Economics of
320:Academic response
242:In May 2009, the
16:(Redirected from
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1635:Fitwatch website
1624:Caught on camera
1619:". January 1999.
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1578:. 24 July 2009
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620:6 September
537:Home Office
425:Home Office
417:Marc Vallée
239:newspaper.
87:. They use
1740:Categories
1724:Met Police
1417:24 October
1103:26 October
870:3 December
522:References
504:COINTELPRO
445:press pass
406:web server
387:No Borders
248:arms trade
228:brought a
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251:activist
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1601:WANTED!
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475:YouTube
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226:Liberty
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168:, then
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