407:
309:
201:
526:
240:, which is unique to the US, and encourages spreading out the load. If axle distances are too tight, the maximum load allowance is reduced. For COEs operated at maximum weight in the US, this required an axle directly behind the front bumper. This cab design caused an awkward climb into the cab for the driver, forcing them to climb up behind the front wheel, then moving to the front and into the cab. European or Chinese or Japanese truckers enter their cab in a straight fashion with handrails left and right.
550:
617:
298:
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40:
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564:" being the most significant heavy truck accident causing occupant casualties. In the 1950s, when many truck cabs were still wooden structures, knowledge about the most common accidents was already established, and led to the first mechanized truck cab crash test in 1959, performed by Volvo. The test became a Swedish standard, and was adopted by the
197:, stopped production in 2005 due to a decline in sales to less than 1000 units worldwide, with European sales declining by 50% and sales in South America by 90%, within one decade. In addition, Asian regulations are typically stricter, and the relatively shorter journey distances allow trucks to forgo sleepers to save even more length.
368:(MBC). The company produced a wide variety of truck and commercial bodies for several vehicle manufacturers such as Chevrolet, Ford, Dodge Bros., and International Harvester until 1948 when they were purchased by the latter. MBC was instrumental in the development of COE route delivery bodies in the 1930s.
571:
Motor placement before or under the cab does not have much influence on the results of rollovers. Behind the danger of a rollover, heavy truck on heavy truck crashes are the second most relevant reason for occupant casualties. With a 1980s US conventional, the result of such a crash was: Frame, front
517:. Vehicles without a tilting cab will usually be equipped with removable floor panels through which mechanics can access and service the engine. In Europe, Mercedes-Benz was the last manufacturer to use such panels instead of a tilting cab, with the last non-tilting cabs produced well into 1983.
446:
In both class 8 tractors and light- and medium-duty vocational trucks, the cab-over-engine design gives the COE model an advantage in maneuverability over a conventional model. And since COEs are generally lighter than conventionals, they can often haul heavier loads, given equal
174:
This truck configuration is currently common among
European and Asian truck manufacturers. European regulations set restrictions for both the total length and the length of the load area, which allow a cab length of 2.35 m (7 ft
332:
produced cab-over trucks as early as 1907, though by 1914 only their seven-ton model was a cab-over. They reintroduced the cab-over layout in 1933 with their "Camel Back" model, which allowed the cab to be tilted to access the engine.
375:
shaved several feet off the length of the tractor, feet which could then be added to the length of the trailer while keeping the dimensions of the entire truck within the permissible limit. Schreckengost patented the design in 1934.
575:
Both conventionals and cabovers need structural protection against rollovers, and special protection against massive objects at the height of another truck body. The survival space should be able to move backward on the frame.
442:
to be used. For light- and medium-duty solid- or rigid-axle trucks, the cab-over design requires less length for the cab and engine, in a given wheelbase, and therefore allows a greater length for the truck body or load area.
455:(GCWRs). Despite the COE designs' being smaller in general, over-the-road tractors can still be fully equipped with single or bunk beds. Also, lack of a hood gives better visibility to the driver and a tighter
502:
than conventional tractors. Modern cab-over designs, in both semi-trucks and light- and medium-duty models, have improved aerodynamics significantly over early models, but often still have higher
328:(3.7 or 6.0 kilowatts) motors. Although early Autocar trucks were not exactly "cab-over", since the truck did not have a cab, per se, they were the fore-runners to COEs. The Sternberg company of
379:
Autocar reintroduced the engine-under-the-seat format with their Model U in 1933, which became a staple of U.S. roads and the U.S. military through World War II and well into the 1950s.
193:
with a narrow bunk, or a bonneted (hooded) day cab. Nonetheless, no manufacturer in Europe produces such day cabs with bonnets. The last manufacturer of a conventional truck in Europe,
236:
during the 1970s because of strict length laws in many states, when those length laws were repealed, most heavy-truck makers moved to other body styles. One of the reasons is the
289:
are common. Cab over engine types dominate urban and light duty use, with conventional trucks predominating in remote and off-road areas. Both types are common for highway use.
509:
Although the tilting cab gives comparatively unobstructed access to the engine, its deployment causes unsecured items in the cab and sleeper (if equipped) to fall onto the
925:
470:. In the 1970s, COEs used to be noisier, because the engine is directly below. This was an important consideration back then: Interior noise in the cab was between
243:
Cabovers are also very popular in the US's light- and medium-duty truck segment where compact size is required for urban mobility without sacrificing payload;
466:
One critique is that the shorter wheelbase in the COE semi-trucks gives a rougher ride than those with conventional cabs, as the driver's seat is above the
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in simplified form as ECE R-29 in 1974. During the early 1980s, the safest place for a truck driver was a
European truck, usually a cabover.
232:, the oldest surviving motor vehicle manufacturer in America, produces primarily cabover trucks. Although cabover trucks were popular among
1997:
1869:
1848:
572:
axle and wheels would go under the truck in front, while the motor got pushed into the cab (which was very small in a 1980s conventional).
430:, wherein the engine is placed in front of the cab, covered by a horizontal or sloping hood that opens to allow engine access. Its shorter
1876:
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Herbst, Brian R.; Forrest, Stephen M.; Meyer, Steven E.; Clarke, Christopher C.; Bell, Lauren D.; Oliver Nelson, Arin (2015).
200:
1976:
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introduced its first tilting cab-over design in 1958, which allowed the entire cab to tilt forward for access to the engine.
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The laws of the time limited overall truck length to 42 feet (12.8 m) on highways. Setting the cab over the engine and
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1105:
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was the first
European serial produced truck with a hydraulically tiltable cabin, enabling easy access to the engine.
278:
2022:
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1695:
525:
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228:, and other vocational applications requiring a tight turning radius or frequent ingress/egress by the driver.
336:
The introduction of the first modern cab-over layout in the United States is credited to industrial designer
2017:
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In military use, the COE design increases the chance of crew injury or death in the event of running over a
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in 1899 using a format then called "engine-under-the-seat" and was available with optional 5 or 8
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1801:
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at highway speed, while
European long-distance trucks, all built as a COE, provide a level of
439:
221:
1743:
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728:. Vehicle Noise Regulation and Reduction Session. Detroit: Society of Automotive Engineers.
2012:
1933:
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583:. This is because the tire that detonates the mine is directly below/beside the driver.
2002:
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Because of their flat front design, early COE semi-trucks had significantly worse
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779:"Castro Valley: Lanes reopen after big-rig fatal wreck blocks I-580 for hours"
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Ramasamy, A.; Hill, A.M.; Hepper, A.E.; Bull, A.M.J.; Clasper, J.C. (2009).
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Reif, Zygmunt F.; Moore, Thomas N.; Steevensz, Arthur E. (February 1980).
189: in) in combination with the maximum load area length. This allows a
39:
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481:. As of 2017, US long-distance trucks provide an interior noise level of
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brands) still manufactures traditional cab over engine designs for the
560:
Truck occupant safety depends on survival space within the cab, with "
1605:
422:(using the US designation), the cab-over design allows the vehicle's
256:
795:
Photo 5 shows the engine pushed into the cab on a conventional truck
340:, who, with engineer Ray Spiller, designed a cab-over truck for the
344:
in 1932. Schreckengost was later joined by other designers such as
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836:"Blast Mines: Physics, Injury Mechanisms And Vehicle Protection"
275:
markets where length restrictions still make them advantageous.
907:
364:. The bodies for these vehicles were initially produced by the
281:, both American (cab over axle) and European/Japanese/Chinese (
1639:
1209:
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934:
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to have a shorter overall length, thereby allowing for longer
353:
152:
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903:
255:
models are a regular sight for this reason. American company
816:
from the original on 19 December 2021 – via YouTube.
702:"Metropolitan Auto and Carriage Co., Metropolitan Body Co"
753:
Test
Methods for Occupant Safety in Heavy Truck Rollovers
220:
Cabover trucks are widely used in the United States for
506:
than their modern conventional-design counterparts.
171:
where the engine is mounted in front of the driver.
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and the low cab height eases driver entry and exit.
104:
94:
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81:
73:
65:
57:
52:
641:
639:
320:The first truck in the United States was built by
163:of the truck sitting above (or forward of) the
919:
8:
155:that has a vertical front, "flat face" or a
948:
926:
912:
904:
679:. MBI Publishing Company. pp. 82–85.
670:
668:
234:U.S. heavy truckers and trucking companies
38:
34:
818:COE crash tests from the 1970s on a 1975
204:The cab-over configuration is common for
1330:Cabriolet / Convertible / Drophead coupe
459:, and significantly reduces the forward
1676:Homogeneous charge compression ignition
739:Richards Award Winning Kenworth Cabover
635:
7:
27:Vehicle with cabin above the engine
312:Preserved International Harvester
25:
1340:Coupé de Ville / Sedanca de Ville
615:
725:Noise Exposure of Truck Drivers
453:gross combination weight rating
285:of axle) types, as well as the
1977:Template:EC car classification
608:List of low cab forward trucks
554:Land Rover 101 Forward Control
545:Kolos 8x8 Drive Military Truck
1:
843:JR Army Med Corps Journal.com
1998:Automotive styling features
449:gross vehicle weight rating
316:in Portland, Oregon in 2012
2039:
1666:Gasoline / petrol
1430:Roadster / Spider / Spyder
479:unhealthy work environment
426:to be shorter than in the
1962:
1806:(engine / drive)
366:Metropolitan Body Company
143:(UK), is a body style of
37:
1445:Sedan delivery/Panel van
428:conventional arrangement
167:. This contrasts with a
100:Light, medium, and heavy
1706:Liquified petroleum gas
1518:Driverless (autonomous)
855:10.1136/jramc-155-04-06
785:. US. 14 September 2017
675:Holtzman, Stan (1995).
556:with radio-vehicle body
362:International Harvester
247:(a Toyota subsidiary),
1611:Compressed natural gas
1538:Personal rapid transit
557:
546:
535:
415:
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317:
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238:Federal Bridge Formula
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1877:Dual motor-four-wheel
1475:Town (Coupé de Ville)
552:
541:
528:
409:
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311:
300:
203:
1888:Engine configuration
809:Old Truck Crash Test
677:American Semi Trucks
338:Viktor Schreckengost
69:COE, forward control
1894:internal combustion
1696:Internal combustion
1503:All-terrain vehicle
1425:Retractable hardtop
342:White Motor Company
759:. RCOBI Conference
653:on 8 February 2015
566:European Community
558:
547:
536:
416:
404:
318:
306:
301:Vintage COE: 1942
218:
169:conventional truck
2023:Cab over vehicles
1985:
1984:
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1050:Compact executive
504:drag coefficients
348:who designed the
287:conventional type
226:terminal tractors
222:refuse collection
114:
113:
16:(Redirected from
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1856:Front-four-wheel
1807:
1670:direct injection
1581:Alternative fuel
1395:Multi-stop truck
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881:. Archived from
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649:. Archived from
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623:Transport portal
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593:Terminal tractor
515:instrument panel
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434:allows cab-over
420:Class 8 tractors
259:(which owns the
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119:, also known as
90:Body and chassis
66:Also called
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1111:Crossover (CUV)
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472:80 and 90
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400:Sisu KB-112/117
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253:Mitsubishi Fuso
212:allows a tight
208:, as the short
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141:forward control
121:cab over engine
110:Cab over engine
106:Body style
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888:on 10 May 2012
849:(4): 258–264.
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521:Safety aspects
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477:, creating an
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390:Design aspects
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214:turning radius
206:garbage trucks
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1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1455:Station wagon
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
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1418:
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1411:
1408:
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1403:
1401:
1398:
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1388:
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1383:
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1378:
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1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1345:Coupé utility
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
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1298:
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1234:
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1211:
1208:
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1191:
1188:
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1175:
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1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1159:Sport compact
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1122:
1119:
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1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1070:Minivan / MPV
1067:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1030:
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1023:
1020:
1018:
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985:
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977:
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947:
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941:
936:
929:
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922:
917:
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906:
884:
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868:
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848:
844:
837:
830:
827:
823:
821:
815:
811:
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803:
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796:
784:
780:
774:
771:
755:
754:
746:
743:
740:
735:
732:
727:
726:
718:
715:
703:
696:
693:
688:
686:0-7603-0038-0
682:
678:
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669:
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648:
642:
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636:
629:
624:
618:
613:
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573:
569:
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563:
555:
551:
544:
540:
534:
531:
527:
520:
518:
516:
513:or under the
512:
507:
505:
501:
496:
493:
486:
480:
475:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
444:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
413:
412:Mack F series
408:
401:
396:
389:
387:
385:
380:
377:
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:Raymond Loewy
343:
339:
334:
331:
327:
323:
315:
310:
304:
299:
292:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
274:
273:South African
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
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246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
215:
211:
207:
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172:
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158:
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150:
146:
142:
139:(Canada), or
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
109:
107:
103:
99:
97:
93:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
32:Motor vehicle
30:
19:
1764:Twelve-wheel
1721:Drive wheels
1494:Specialized
1415:Pickup truck
1324:
1320:Cabrio coach
1164:Sports sedan
1139:Grand tourer
890:. Retrieved
883:the original
863:10044/1/6074
846:
842:
829:
817:
808:
802:
794:
787:. Retrieved
782:
773:
761:. Retrieved
752:
745:
734:
724:
717:
705:. Retrieved
695:
676:
655:. Retrieved
651:the original
598:Tractor unit
578:
574:
570:
559:
508:
500:aerodynamics
497:
465:
451:(GVWRs) and
445:
417:
384:Freightliner
381:
378:
370:
350:Metro series
335:
319:
279:In Australia
277:
242:
219:
173:
140:
136:
132:
124:
120:
116:
115:
77:1899–present
58:Manufacturer
29:
1914:Four-stroke
1814:Front-front
1754:Eight-wheel
1729:Front-wheel
1661:Natural gas
1646:Fossil fuel
1601:Biogasoline
1287:Body styles
1215:Vintage car
707:14 December
490:60–65
483:60–70
461:blind spots
436:semi-trucks
283:cab forward
191:sleeper cab
159:, with the
129:cab forward
1992:Categories
1939:Two-stroke
1835:Front-rear
1828:Rear-front
1744:Four-wheel
1734:Rear-wheel
1573:Propulsion
1563:Voiturette
1548:Flying car
1543:Police car
1508:Amphibious
1420:Quad coupé
1310:Berlinetta
1027:Street rod
969:Subcompact
820:Volvo F609
789:6 November
763:7 November
630:References
511:windshield
468:front axle
373:front axle
326:horsepower
269:Australian
165:front axle
74:Production
1849:Rear-rear
1759:Ten-wheel
1749:Six-wheel
1739:Two-wheel
1651:Fuel cell
1591:Biodiesel
1558:Tow truck
1533:Pedal car
1513:Connected
1485:Vis-Ă -vis
1460:Targa top
1405:Panel van
1400:Notchback
1380:Limousine
1370:Landaulet
1360:Hatchback
1305:Barchetta
1273:S-segment
1268:M-segment
1263:J-segment
1258:F-segment
1253:E-segment
1248:D-segment
1243:C-segment
1238:B-segment
1233:A-segment
1144:Hot hatch
1121:Coupe SUV
1055:Executive
1017:Lead sled
994:Full-size
974:Supermini
657:23 August
647:"Company"
603:Kei truck
543:Tatra 813
533:Box truck
530:Isuzu Elf
432:wheelbase
424:wheelbase
398:The 1962
330:Wisconsin
314:Metro Van
303:Chevrolet
265:Peterbilt
210:wheelbase
157:semi-hood
137:flat nose
133:flat face
85:Worldwide
1972:Category
1949:W engine
1934:Straight
1691:Hydrogen
1656:Fuel gas
1621:Electric
1496:vehicles
1435:Runabout
1385:Microvan
1375:Liftback
1365:Kammback
1350:Fastback
1325:Cab over
1315:Brougham
1060:Personal
1032:T-bucket
1022:Lowrider
989:Mid-size
879:15023180
871:20397600
814:Archived
587:See also
581:landmine
562:rollover
440:trailers
261:Kenworth
135:(U.S.),
117:Cab-over
82:Assembly
53:Overview
47:cab-over
45:Volvo FH
1944:V (Vee)
1919:H-block
1685:plug-in
1683: (
1668: (
1638: (
1636:Ethanol
1625:battery
1623: (
1596:Biofuel
1586:Autogas
1553:Taxicab
1528:Gyrocar
1523:Go-kart
1470:Touring
1465:Torpedo
1410:Phaeton
1390:Minibus
1355:Hardtop
1200:Economy
1195:Classic
1190:Antique
1174:Go-kart
1106:Compact
1083:Leisure
1078:Compact
1012:Hot rod
984:Compact
952:By size
892:20 June
700:Staff.
322:Autocar
293:History
230:Autocar
184:⁄
61:Various
2013:Trucks
1967:Portal
1954:Wankel
1879:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1802:Layout
1681:Hybrid
1616:Diesel
1606:Biogas
1300:Baquet
1149:Muscle
1131:Sports
1042:Luxury
1004:Custom
979:Family
937:design
877:
869:
683:
382:White-
358:trucks
257:Paccar
251:, and
195:Scania
2003:Buses
1904:Boxer
1782:Front
1711:Steam
1480:T-top
1335:Coupe
1183:Other
1169:Super
959:Micro
886:(PDF)
875:S2CID
839:(PDF)
757:(PDF)
492:dB(A)
485:dB(A)
474:dB(A)
414:truck
249:Isuzu
151:, or
145:truck
96:Class
2008:Vans
1909:Flat
1792:Rear
1154:Pony
1116:Mini
1088:Mini
894:2012
867:PMID
791:2017
765:2017
709:2013
681:ISBN
659:2016
360:for
356:and
354:vans
271:and
263:and
245:Hino
1787:Mid
1640:E85
1630:NEV
1295:2+2
1210:Van
1205:Ute
1098:SUV
964:Kei
935:Car
859:hdl
851:doi
847:155
822:COE
418:In
352:of
161:cab
153:van
149:bus
131:or
127:),
125:COE
1994::
1225:EU
873:.
865:.
857:.
845:.
841:.
812:.
793:.
781:.
667:^
638:^
495:.
463:.
410:A
224:,
147:,
1896:)
1892:(
1687:)
1672:)
1642:)
1632:)
927:e
920:t
913:v
896:.
861::
853::
767:.
711:.
689:.
661:.
186:2
182:1
179:+
177:8
123:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
