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819:) secret to the Duma. In May Guchkov initiated the War Industries Committees in order to unite industrialists who were supplying the army with ammunition and military equipment, to mobilize industry for war needs and prolonged military action, to put political pressure on the tsarist government. On 17 July 1915 the Duma reconvened for six weeks. Its former members became increasingly displeased with Tsarist control of military and governmental affairs and demanded its own reinstatement. When the tsar refused its call for the replacement of his cabinet on 21 August with a "Ministry of National Confidence", roughly half of the deputies formed a "Progressive Bloc", which in 1917 became a focal point of political resistance. On 3 September 1915 the Duma prorogued.
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portion of the members of the second Duma did not justify Our expectations. Many of those sent by the people to work did not go with a pure heart, with a desire to strengthen Russia and to improve its system, but with an explicit intention to increase unrest and to promote the disintegration of the state.” The new Duma, according to the Tsar (and
Stolypin), “must be Russian in spirit,” and the electoral law for the Third Duma reduced the size of the assembly, cutting the representatives in non-Russian regions and cities to prevent the election of Liberals, Socialists, and local Nationalists.
66:
479:
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control the tsar. The tsar, his cabinet, Alexandra, and
Rasputin discussed when to open the Duma, on 12 or 19 January, 1 or 14 February, or never. Rasputin suggested to keep the Duma closed until February; Alexandra and Protopopov supported him. On Friday, 16 December Milyukov stated in the Duma: "maybe dismissed to 9 January, maybe until February", but in the evening the Duma was closed until 12 January, by a decree prepared on the day before. A military guard had been on duty at the building.
215:
587:
756:
721:, with a fear of the empire breaking up being prevalent. Since the dissolution of the Second Duma a very large proportion of the empire was either under martial law, or one of the milder forms of the state of siege. It was forbidden, for instance, at various times and in various places, to refer to the dissolution of the Second Duma, to the funeral of the Speaker of the First Duma, Muromtsev, and the funeral of
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266:. It convened four times between 27 April 1906 and the collapse of the empire in February 1917. The first and the second dumas were more democratic and represented a greater number of national types than their successors. The third duma was dominated by gentry, landowners, and businessmen. The fourth duma held five sessions; it existed until 2 March 1917, and was formally dissolved on 6 October 1917.
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776:. The third session gathered from 27 to 29 January 1915, the fourth from 19 July 1915 to 3 September, the fifth from 9 February to 20 June 1916, and the sixth from 1 November to 16 December 1916. No one exactly knew when they would resume their deliberations. It seems the last session was never opened (on 14 February), but kept closed on 27 February 1917.
439:, which gave him the title of "supreme autocrat". Although no law could be made without the Duma's assent, neither could the Duma pass laws without the approval of the noble-dominated State Council (half of which was to be appointed directly by emperor), and the emperor himself retained a veto. The laws stipulated that
1008:
In the seventeen months of the "Tsarina's rule", from
September 1915 to February 1917, Russia had four Prime Ministers, five Ministers of the Interior, three Foreign Ministers, three War Ministers, three Ministers of Transport and four Ministers of Agriculture. This "ministerial leapfrog", as it came
712:
composition, the third Duma, like the first, was also given a nickname, "The Duma of the Lords and
Lackeys" or "The Master's Duma". The Octobrist party were the largest, with around one-third of all the deputies. This Duma, less radical and more conservative, left clear that the new electoral system
707:
This ensured the third Duma (7 November 1907 – 3 June 1912) would be dominated by gentry, landowners and businessmen. The number of deputies from non-Russian regions was greatly reduced. The system facilitated better, if hardly ideal, cooperation between the
Government and the Duma; consequently, the
683:
On June 3, 1907, the Second Duma was dissolved. The reason was an alleged insurrection attempt planned by Social
Democrat members of the Duma based on dubious evidence. In the manifesto dissolving the Duma, Nicholas II went into considerable detail to explain his action: “To Our regret, a significant
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at the executive level. Furthermore, Nicholas II had the power to dismiss the Duma and announce new elections whenever he wished; article 87 allowed him to pass temporary (emergency) laws by decrees. All these powers and prerogatives assured that, in practice, the
Government of Russia continued to be
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On the 27th the Duma delegates received an order from his
Majesty that he had decided to prorogue the Duma until April, leaving it with no legal authority to act. The Duma refused to obey, and gathered in a private meeting. According to Buchanan: "It was an act of madness to prorogue the Duma at a
771:
The Fourth Duma of 15 November 1912 – 6 October 1917, elected in
September/October, was also of limited political influence. The first session was held from 15 November 1912 to 25 June 1913, and the second session from 15 October 1913 to 14 June 1914. On 1 July 1914 the tsar suggested that the Duma
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The Kadets (by this point the most moderate and centrist party), found themselves outnumbered two-to-one by their more radical counterparts. Even so, Stolypin and the Duma could not build a working relationship, being divided on the issues of land confiscation (which the socialists and, to a lesser
916:
ascended the tribune in the Duma to read the government programme. The deputies shouted "down with the
Ministers! Down with Protopopov!" The prime minister was not allowed to speak and had to leave the rostrum three times. Trepov threatened to shut the troublesome Duma completely in its attempt to
822:
On the eve of the war the government and the Duma were hovering round one another like indecisive wrestlers, neither side able to make a definite move. The war made the political parties more cooperative and practically formed into one party. When the tsar announced he would leave for the front at
716:
In terms of legislation, the Duma supported an improvement in Russia's military capabilities, Stolypin's plans for land reform, and basic social welfare measures. The power of Nicholas' hated land captains was consistently reduced. It also supported more regressive laws, however, such as on the
509:
The Kadets were among the only political parties capable of consistently drawing voters due to their relatively moderate political stance. The Kadets drew from an especially urban population, often failing to draw the attention of rural communities who were instead committed to other parties.
814:
The Duma "met on 8 August for three hours to pass emergency war credits, it was not asked to remain in session because it would only be in the way." The Duma volunteered its own dissolution until 14 February 1915. A serious conflict arose in January as the government kept information on the
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as prime minister and on the condition not to mention Rasputin. The deputies were disappointed when Stürmer held his speech. Because of the war, he said, it was not the time for constitutional reforms. For the first time in his life, the tsar made a visit to the
889:
For the Octobrists and the Kadets, who were the liberals in the parliament, Rasputin, and his support of autocracy and absolute monarchy, was one of their main obstacles. The politicians tried to bring the government under control of the Duma. "To the
572:, which called for civil disobedience and a revolution. Largely ignored, it ended in their arrest and the closure of Kadet Party offices. This, among other things, helped pave the way for an alternative makeup for the second Duma.
644:) and the Socialist Revolutionaries all abandoned their policies of boycotting elections to the Duma, and consequently won a number of seats. The election was an overall success for Russian left-wing parties: the
688:
The tsar was unwilling to be rid of the State Duma, despite these problems. Instead, using emergency powers, Stolypin and the tsar changed the electoral law and gave greater electoral value to the votes of
713:
would always generate a landowners-controlled Duma in which the tsar would have vast amounts of influence over, which in turn would be under complete submission to the Tsar, unlike the first two Dumas.
936:, an end to Russian food shortages, and the end of World War I. Although all gathering on the streets were absolutely forbidden, on 25 February, some 250,000 people were on strike. The tsar ordered
960:
and Bloc spokesman, expressed his opinion that the resignation of all members of the Council of Ministers was needed, "to make it clear that they want to go in a new way." On Monday soldiers of the
862:
in the State Duma, not assembled since February. In his speech he spoke of "Dark Forces", and highlighted numerous governmental failures with the famous question "Is this stupidity or treason?"
667:
On 1 June 1907, prime minister Stolypin accused Social Democrats of preparing an armed uprising and demanded that the Duma exclude 55 Social Democrats from Duma sessions and strip 16 of their
602:
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were keen to keep it in check, and reluctant to share power; the Duma, on the other hand, wanted continuing reform, including electoral reform, and, most prominently, land reform.
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to be known, not only removed competent men from power, but also disorganized the work of government since no one remained long enough in office to master their responsibilities.
1900:
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to persuade the tsar to abdicate. The committee sent commissars to take over ministries and other government institutions, dismissing Tsar-appointed ministers and formed the
980:. The Provisional Committee ordered the arrest of all the ex-ministers and senior officials." The Tauride Palace was occupied by the crowd and soldiers. "On the evening the
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and owners of city properties, and less value to the votes of the peasantry, whom he accused of being "misled", and, in the process, breaking his own Fundamental Laws.
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held a famous speech. Scared by this liberalism, emperor dissolved the parliament, reportedly saying "Curse the Duma. It is all Witte's doing". The same day,
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2020:
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Vol. V. M. Volkonsky (moderately right), bar. A. F. Meyendorff (Octobrist), C. J. Szydlowski (Octobrist), M. Kapustin (Octobrist), I. Sozonovich (right).
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416:, provide for broad participation in a new "State Duma", and endow the Duma with legislative and oversight powers. The State Duma was to be the
1944:Ф.А. Гайда, к.и.н., исторический факультет МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова Министр внутренних дел Н.А. Маклаков: политическая карьера русского Полиньяка
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1901:"Государственная Дума. 16 (29) декабря 1916 года - История. События и люди. - История. События и люди. - Каталог статей - Персональный сайт"
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Duma lasted a full five-year term, and succeeded in 200 pieces of legislation and voting on some 2500 bills. Due to its more noble, and
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909:, gave a speech in the Duma. He declared the monarchy had become discredited because of what he called the "ministerial leapfrog".
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called the ministers "hired assassins" and "cowards" and said they were "guided by the contemptible Grishka Rasputin!" Stürmer and
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extent, the Kadets, supported but the tsar and Stolypin vehemently opposed) and Stolypin's brutal attitude towards law and order.
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of 1904–1905) issued a manifesto about the convocation of the Duma, initially thought to be a purely advisory body, the so-called
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On February 8, 1917 on request of the emperor, N. Maklakov and Protopopov drafted the text of a manifesto to dissolve the Duma.
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1150:
1045:
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2031:
1772:"Thirteen Years at the Russian Court – Chapter Thirteen – Tsar at the Duma – Galacia – Life at G.Q.H. – Growing Disaffection"
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began on 22 February when the tsar had left for the front, and strikes broke out in the Putilov workshops. On 23 February (
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Thatcher, Ian (2011). "The First State Duma, 1906: The View from the Contemporary Pamphlet and Monograph Literature".
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believed that "no one neither the Duma, nor the government cannot do anything one without the other one." The liberal
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Kröner, A.W. (1998) "The Debate Between Miliukov and Maklakov on the Chances for Russian Liberalism", pp. 130, 138
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and formally submitted its resignation to the tsar when they were cut off from the telephone. Guchkov, along with
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should be reduced to merely a consultative body, but an extraordinary session was held on 26 July 1914 during the
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1618:
Kröner, A.W. (1998) "The Debate Between Miliukov and Maklakov on the Chances for Russian Liberalism", pp. 120–121
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However, Nicholas II was determined to retain his autocratic power (in which he succeeded). On April 23, 1906 (
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498:(Kadets) with the most deputies (around 184). Second came an alliance of slightly more radical leftists, the
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2514:
2494:
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asked in vain for the dissolution of the Duma. Stürmer's resignation looked like a concession to the Duma.
502:(Laborites) with around 100 deputies. To the right of both were a number of smaller parties, including the
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2574:
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refused to fall in on parade when commanded, shot two officers, and joined the protesters on the streets.
898:
Duma project was superfluous, and that the only two options left were repression or a social revolution."
668:
565:
513:
The Duma ran for 73 days until 8 July 1906, with little success. The emperor and his loyal prime minister
444:
1640:
1013:
On 2 March 1917 the Provisional government decided that the Duma would not be reconvened. Following the
902:
883:
879:
625:
506:. Together, they had around 45 deputies. Other deputies, mainly from peasant groups, were unaffiliated.
440:
393:
214:
1971:
1756:
741:. It enabled Count Kokovtsov to balance the budget regularly and even to spend on productive purposes.
337:
1411:
1025:
was convened on 20th October 1917 as a provisional parliament, in preparation to the election of the
895:
867:
2083:
1639:(1939) Features and Figures of the Past. Government and Opinion in the Reign of Nicholas II, p. 8.
921:
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The Second Duma (from 20 February 1907 to 3 June 1907) lasted 103 days. One of the new members was
607:
595:
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586:
863:
780:
738:
538:
401:
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The first Duma was established with around 500 deputies; most radical left parties, such as the
2029:
Speech from the Throne by Nicholas II at Opening of the State Duma, photo essay with commentary
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2301:
2040:
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1341:
1314:
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800:
676:
629:
530:
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409:
405:
159:
1814:
O. Antrick, (1938) "Rasputin und die politischen Hintergründe seiner Ermordung", pp. 79, 117.
1501:
1653:"Vasily Shulgin (1878–1976): The Grandfather of Russian Nationalism | illiberalism.org"
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88:
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1918:
452:. It was in this context that the first Duma opened four days later, on April 27, 1906.
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2010:
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2015:
1966:
1864:"Official Statements of War Aims and Peace Proposals, December 1916 to November 1918"
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718:
569:
542:
471:
1986:
1791:: Documents, Volume 1, p. 16 by Robert Paul Browder, Aleksandr Fyodorovich Kerensky
1771:
811:. The leading party of the Octobrists divided itself into three different sections.
948:) to suppress the rioting by force. Mutinous soldiers of the fourth company of the
737:. Stolypin was assassinated in September 1911 and replaced by his finance minister
709:
389:
120:
2028:
1021:, the State Duma was dissolved on 6 October 1917 by the Provisional Government; a
1425:
1345:
1335:
1001:
773:
722:
613:
425:
417:
279:
251:
243:
83:
30:
This article is about the historical body. For the modern Russian assembly, see
556:
as a mock-constitution, and approximately 200 deputies mostly from the liberal
443:
could not be appointed by, and were not responsible to, the Duma, thus denying
796:
734:
618:
503:
31:
2024:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 875–912.
858:) the Duma reconvened and the government under Boris Stürmer was attacked by
671:. When this ultimatum was rejected by Duma, it was dissolved on 3 June by an
1360:
1204:
1112:
855:
792:
763:
690:
645:
637:
633:
499:
376:
17:
851:, which made it practically impossible to hiss at the new prime minister.
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878:
declared in the Duma that they had confidence in the Russian people, the
784:
891:
824:
726:
304: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2078:
1850:
The Cambridge History of Russia: Volume 2, Imperial Russia, 1689–1917
1740:
The Russian constitutional experiment: Government and Duma, 1907–1914
808:
561:
1919:"Letters from Tsar Nicholas to Tsaritsa Alexandra – February 1917"
1606:
Mikhail Larionov and the Cultural Politics of Late Imperial Russia
1567:
Historically Inevitable?: Turning Points of the Russian Revolution
1036:
993:
762:
754:
672:
612:
601:
585:
557:
477:
465:
375:
470:
Tsar Nicholas II's opening speech before the two chambers in the
1592:
P. A. Stolypin: The Search for Stability in Late Imperial Russia
795:
who was a double agent for the secret police. In March 1913 the
2049:
521:, Professor of Law at Moscow University, was elected Chairman.
273:
2009:
1685:
Harold Whitmore Williams (1915) Russia of the Russians, p. 78
940:, an inexperienced and extremely indecisive commander of the
590:
A group of Muslim deputies of the State Duma. Seated left is
976:
moment like the present." "The delegates decided to form a
838:
The Duma gathered on 9 February 1916 after the 76-year-old
803:, President of the Duma, commissioned an investigation on
568:, to discuss the way forward. From there, they issued the
482:
Members of the State Duma with two Russian police officers
1847:
Maureen Perrie, Dominic Lieven, and Ronald Grigor Suny.
1835:
A People's Tragedy: A History of the Russian Revolution
767:
State Duma of the Russian Empire of the 4th convocation
831:
was formed, fearing Rasputin's influence over Tsarina
1382:+ Prince V. M. Volkonsky (Centrum-Right) (1912–1913)
972:Regiments out on the street to join the rebellion.
2630:
2450:
2300:
2150:
2090:
529:was named as the new prime minister who promoted a
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183:
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136:
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100:
95:
77:
72:
39:
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494:had boycotted the election, leaving the moderate
1431:Count V. A. Bobrinsky (Nationalist) (1916–1917)
1006:
681:
675:(imperial decree) in what became known as the
2061:
8:
412:, the emperor promised to introduce further
1957:, p. 84. Hutchinson Penguin Random House UK
1023:Provisional Council of the Russian Republic
894:it was obvious by the end of 1916 that the
131:Provisional Council of the Russian Republic
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2054:
2046:
1720:J. H. Cockfield (2002) White Crow, p. 159.
1495:
1493:
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1489:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
652:65 (47 Mensheviks and 18 Bolsheviks), the
213:
191:Indirect elections, divided into 4 curiae.
36:
27:Legislative assembly in the Russian Empire
2688:1905 establishments in the Russian Empire
703:October 1907 Russian legislative election
582:January 1907 Russian legislative election
364:Learn how and when to remove this message
1955:Caught in the Revolution: Petrograd 1917
1789:The Russian Provisional Government, 1917
1051:
1463:
1443:
1379:Prince D. D. Urusov (Progressive Bloc)
978:Provisional Committee of the State Duma
606:Members of the Russian State Duma from
779:There was one promising new member in
642:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
492:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
992:, came to the army headquarters near
7:
1473:(1915) Russia of the Russians, p. 82
807:to research the allegations being a
302:adding citations to reliable sources
2084:Elections and referendums in Russia
1974:: The Russian Revolution: 1891–1924
1881:Wartime Correspondence, pp. 673–675
1759:: The Russian Revolution, 1891–1924
488:Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries
396:to manage peace negotiations with
25:
1506:. Anthem Press. pp. 97–106.
1322:Deputy Chairmen of the State Duma
751:1912 Russian legislative election
717:question of Finnish autonomy and
462:1906 Russian legislative election
2703:Government of the Russian Empire
2693:1917 disestablishments in Russia
2077:
2008:Phillips, Walter Alison (1911).
1694:Harold Whitmore Williams (1915)
422:State Council of Imperial Russia
313:"State Duma" Russian Empire
278:
64:
2698:Defunct unicameral legislatures
1503:A History Of Russia: Since 1855
1422:Nikolai Vissarionovich Nekrasov
1151:Constitutional Democratic Party
1073:Russian Social Democratic Party
640:(that is, both factions of the
384:Coming under pressure from the
289:needs additional citations for
2667:By-elections to the State Duma
1890:Wartime Correspondence, p. 681
1709:Rasputin. The saint who sinned
962:Volhynian Life Guards Regiment
950:Pavlovsky Life Guards Regiment
258:. It held its meetings in the
1:
2708:Defunct national legislatures
2041:Four Dumas of Imperial Russia
1094:Socialist-Revolutionary Party
984:held its last meeting in the
932:joined the strike, demanding
905:, one of the founders of the
1356:N. N. Podznansky (Left) 1907
1170:Non-Russian National Groups
1033:Seats held in Imperial Dumas
1027:Russian Constituent Assembly
1017:and the proclamation of the
554:Russian Constitution of 1906
388:, on August 6, 1905 (O.S.),
1536:Canadian Journal of History
1500:Walter Gerald Moss (2004).
1387:Nikolay Nikolayevich Lvov (
942:Petrograd military district
938:Sergey Semyonovich Khabalov
2724:
1802:
1285:Chairman of the State Duma
1282:
1279:Chairmen of the State Duma
1044:, seat of the State Duma (
748:
700:
628:, strongly opposed to the
579:
459:
386:Russian Revolution of 1905
246:of the legislature in the
144:Chairman of the State Duma
29:
2661:
1580:– via Google Books.
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
926:International Women's Day
815:battlefield (in April at
725:, to the fanatical monk
654:Socialist Revolutionaries
420:of a parliament, and the
408:-Duma. In the subsequent
221:
212:
63:
58:
1823:O. Figes (1996), p. 811.
1594:, Stanford, 2001, p. 102
1471:Harold Whitmore Williams
886:; the war could be won.
496:Constitutional Democrats
2302:Gubernatorial elections
2021:Encyclopædia Britannica
1923:www.alexanderpalace.org
1776:www.alexanderpalace.org
946:Nikolay Iudovich Ivanov
596:Khalil bey Khasmammadov
2092:Presidential elections
1738:G. A. Hosking (1973),
1696:Russia of the Russians
1674:The Revolution of 1905
1564:Brenton, Tony (2016).
1049:
1011:
998:Provisional Government
964:brought the Litovsky,
768:
760:
729:, or to the notorious
686:
669:parliamentary immunity
621:
610:
599:
483:
475:
445:responsible government
381:
2152:Legislative elections
1040:
903:Vladimir Purishkevich
842:had been replaced by
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626:Vladimir Purishkevich
616:
605:
589:
481:
469:
379:
51:Gosudarstvennaya Duma
1953:H. Rappaport (2016)
1548:10.3138/cjh.46.3.531
1412:Alexander Protopopov
1404:S. T. Varun-Sekret (
982:Council of Ministers
868:Alexander Protopopov
854:On 1 November 1916 (
298:improve this article
238:, also known as the
45:Государственная дума
1987:"Figes on Rasputin"
1862:James Brown Scott.
1707:B. Moynahan (1997)
1395:Aleksandr Konovalov
922:February Revolution
648:won 104 seats, the
592:Fatali Khan Khoyski
552:, who regarded the
2452:Regional elections
2034:2008-11-21 at the
1991:www.johndclare.net
1972:A People's Tragedy
1869:2020-03-26 at the
1757:A People's Tragedy
1651:Savino, Giovanni.
1050:
864:Alexander Kerensky
781:Alexander Kerensky
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739:Vladimir Kokovtsov
658:Popular Socialists
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560:party decamped to
539:Alexander Izvolsky
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402:Russo-Japanese War
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1832:O. Figes (1997).
1577:978-1-84765-859-3
1570:. Profile Books.
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1342:Nikolay Gredeskul
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1309:Alexander Guchkov
1303:Nikolay Khomyakov
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731:agent provocateur
677:Coup of June 1907
630:October Manifesto
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1019:Russian Republic
914:Alexander Trepov
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1775:
1766:
1755:
1747:
1739:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1708:
1703:
1695:
1690:
1681:
1673:
1668:
1656:. Retrieved
1646:
1632:
1623:
1614:
1605:
1599:
1591:
1586:
1566:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1517:. Retrieved
1502:
1466:
1446:
1258:
1113:Labour group
1067:Fourth Duma
1061:Second Duma
1046:modern image
1012:
1007:
974:
928:), women in
919:
911:
900:
888:
853:
837:
821:
813:
778:
770:
730:
715:
706:
687:
682:
666:
662:
623:
617:Stolypin by
547:
512:
508:
485:
430:
390:Sergei Witte
383:
380:Sergei Witte
360:
351:
341:
334:
327:
320:
308:
296:Please help
291:verification
288:
250:, while the
239:
235:
233:
121:Zemsky Sobor
50:
2631:Referendums
1838:, p. 278.
1672:A. Ascher,
1426:Cadet Party
1414:(Left Wing
1346:Cadet Party
1336:Cadet Party
1317:(1911–1917)
1311:(1910–1911)
1305:(1907–1910)
1064:Third Duma
1058:First Duma
1002:Georgi Lvov
787:, but also
774:July Crisis
745:Fourth Duma
723:Leo Tolstoy
656:37 and the
576:Second Duma
426:upper house
418:lower house
394:Nicholas II
252:upper house
244:lower house
84:Lower House
18:Fourth Duma
2682:Categories
2665:See also:
2648:1993 (Dec)
2643:1993 (Apr)
2170:1907 (Oct)
2165:1907 (Jan)
1676:, 352–355
1458:References
1241:Rightists
882:, and the
797:Octobrists
735:Yevno Azef
697:Third Duma
691:landowners
638:Mensheviks
634:Bolsheviks
523:Lev Urusov
504:Octobrists
456:First Duma
400:after the
354:April 2017
324:newspapers
242:, was the
236:State Duma
137:Leadership
41:State Duma
32:State Duma
1853:, p. 668.
1805:, p. 392.
1761:, p. 270.
1742:, p. 205.
1361:Trudoviki
1205:Octobrist
1153:(Kadets)
970:Moskovsky
930:Petrograd
856:Old Style
833:Alexandra
799:, led by
793:Bolshevik
646:Trudoviks
533:, as did
500:Trudoviks
441:ministers
179:Elections
109:Disbanded
2032:Archived
1969:(2006).
1867:Archived
1752:O. Figes
1658:17 March
1609:, p. 64.
1391:) (1913)
785:Trudovik
490:and the
254:was the
2370:2004–05
2310:1991–92
2018:(ed.).
1754:(1996)
1330:Prince
896:liberal
892:Okhrana
825:Mogilev
817:Gorlice
727:Iliodor
406:Bulygin
338:scholar
270:History
174:434–518
156:(first)
101:Founded
96:History
87:of the
1574:
1519:24 May
1510:
1363:) 1907
1348:) 1906
1338:) 1906
1299:(1907)
1293:(1906)
1207:Party
1055:Party
1000:under
968:, and
827:, the
809:Khlyst
632:. The
598:, 1907
562:Vyborg
558:Kadets
474:(1906)
340:
333:
326:
319:
311:
162:(last)
2014:. In
1803:Pares
1438:Notes
1259:TOTAL
994:Pskov
944:(and
673:ukase
619:Repin
398:Japan
345:JSTOR
331:books
171:Seats
2653:2020
2638:1991
2621:2025
2615:2024
2610:2023
2605:2022
2600:2021
2595:2020
2590:2019
2585:2018
2580:2017
2575:2016
2570:2015
2565:2014
2560:2013
2555:2012
2550:2011
2545:2010
2540:2009
2535:2008
2530:2007
2525:2006
2520:2005
2515:2004
2510:2003
2505:2002
2500:2001
2495:2000
2490:1999
2485:1998
2480:1997
2475:1996
2470:1995
2465:1994
2460:1993
2441:2025
2435:2024
2430:2023
2425:2022
2420:2021
2415:2020
2410:2019
2405:2018
2400:2017
2395:2016
2390:2015
2385:2014
2380:2013
2375:2012
2365:2003
2360:2002
2355:2001
2350:2000
2345:1999
2340:1998
2335:1997
2330:1996
2325:1995
2320:1994
2315:1993
2291:2026
2285:2021
2280:2016
2275:2011
2270:2007
2265:2003
2260:1999
2255:1995
2250:1993
2245:1990
2240:1985
2235:1980
2230:1975
2225:1971
2220:1967
2215:1963
2210:1959
2205:1955
2200:1951
2195:1947
2190:1938
2185:1921
2180:1917
2175:1912
2160:1906
2141:2030
2135:2024
2130:2018
2125:2012
2120:2008
2115:2004
2110:2000
2105:1996
2100:1991
1660:2023
1572:ISBN
1521:2010
1508:ISBN
1272:434
1269:509
1266:518
1263:497
1236:120
1216:154
1156:184
1120:104
1117:105
920:The
884:army
880:navy
874:and
791:, a
783:, a
660:16.
636:and
433:O.S.
424:the
317:news
234:The
112:1917
104:1905
78:Type
73:Type
1544:doi
1253:65
1250:50
1247:22
1233:97
1219:98
1213:32
1210:38
1199:33
1182:21
1179:45
1176:93
1173:32
1165:59
1162:54
1159:98
1145:48
1142:28
1139:28
1136:27
1126:10
1123:13
1101:37
1088:14
1085:19
300:by
262:in
2684::
1989:.
1921:.
1903:.
1774:.
1556:^
1540:46
1538:.
1478:^
1244:7
1230:–
1227:–
1196:–
1193:–
1190:–
1107:–
1104:–
1098:2
1048:).
1029:.
1004:.
733:,
679:.
541:,
537:,
428:.
225:,
2069:e
2062:t
2055:v
1993:.
1925:.
1907:.
1778:.
1662:.
1550:.
1546::
1523:.
1424:(
1397:(
1344:(
1334:(
367:)
361:(
356:)
352:(
342:·
335:·
328:·
321:·
294:.
34:.
20:)
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