1777:, fought earlier in 1333. The siege began inauspiciously with a disastrous landing by Castilian forces on the west side of Gibraltar, before developing into a stalemate in which neither side had the strength to capture Gibraltar, nor to break out or lift the siege. Both sides faced acute shortages of food â the Gibraltar garrison was cut off from resupply, while the Castilians, deep within enemy territory, could only be resupplied via an unreliable sea route. After two months of inconclusive siege warfare, the Castilians and Moors reached a truce agreement that allowed both sides to make an honourable exit from the siege. Although the Moors managed to keep Gibraltar, the truce cost Muhammed IV his life when he was assassinated by disgruntled nobles the day after signing it.
1879:, using every small boat at their disposal to carry soldiers, crossbowmen and even cavalry with their horses. As the crossbowmen laid down covering fire, the knights saddled up and drove the Moorish forces on the beach back within the town walls. At the same time, Admiral Jofre sought to destroy the Moorish galleys anchored in Gibraltar's dockyard. His move failed, as the Moors had built a heavy roof over the dockyard to protect ships there from bombardment and had emplaced massive wooden booms across the entrance to prevent enemies from gaining access. The naval attack was beaten back with heavy loss of life, but Jofre did succeed in establishing an effective blockade of Gibraltar's sea routes.
1901:
was in short supply for both sides. Some
Castilians tried to defect to the Moorish side but were enslaved and sold on at Algeciras for a price equivalent to an eighth of the value of a cow. Matters worsened for the Castilians when the army of Muhammed IV marched towards Gibraltar with the apparent intention of relieving the besieged garrison. Alfonso pulled back his own army to the isthmus immediately north of Gibraltar and had a defensive ditch dug right across it. This successfully deterred Muhammed IV from attacking, but cut the Castilians off from their supply of firewood in the hills of the Sierra Carbonera; henceforth, they had to eat their food raw.
155:
117:
1871:
to give them." However, the situation changed again only a few miles into the retreat from their base at
Carteia. Accounts differ as to what happened; some say that Alfonso persuaded his nobles that it would be dishonorable to abandon the trapped men, while others say that the winds changed at the last minute and permitted the resupply vessels to enter the bay after all. Whichever happened, it is evident that the Castilians marched back to their original position to resume the assault on Gibraltar.
1929:. As the Castilians prepared to withdraw, Abd al-Malik's forces returned to Algeciras and Muhammed IV made preparations to go back to Granada. On the night after the peace agreement was signed, Muhammed IV was murdered by two of his nobles who were angry that the sultan had eaten with a Christian and feared that he had converted to Christianity. The assassination did not prevent the Castilians from withdrawing safely but resulted in renewed hostilities for a while as the new Granadan king,
145:
107:
48:
1376:
2189:
1712:
165:
127:
1834:
working their way through the woods on the sides of the mountain. Alfonso anticipated that the Moors would seek to gain the crest, from where they would descend to attack the rear guard. His flankers would in turn occupy the newly vacated crest, sandwiching the Moors between two
Castilian forces. The king's prediction of the Moors' strategy proved accurate and they were routed, losing 500 men.
1841:. The Castilians nearly ran into disaster when a fresh Moorish force emerged from Algeciras but were saved by Alfonso's naval force, which rowed up the Palmones to block the Moors. As night fell, the two sides disengaged with the Moors returning to Algeciras and the Castilians encamping on the east side of the Guadarranque.
1862:
and caught the
Castilians landing on the beach. Many were killed there, forcing the remainder to retreat and cutting off around 1,500 men still on the upper slopes. The Moors positioned themselves to block any further landings, raining arrows on approaching boats and cavalry lined up to deal with any
1789:
ruler Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Othman allied with his
Granadan counterpart, Muhammed IV, to mount a siege of the fortified town between FebruaryâJune 1333. The Castilian garrison held out for over four months but starvation forced it to capitulate only a few days before a relief force under the Castilian
1874:
It was decided that the same plan of attack would be used again, but more competently executed this time. More experienced commanders â Don Jaime de Jerica and the brothers Laso and Sancho de Rojas â were put in charge of a fresh assault on the Red Sands. The
Castilians sought to overwhelm the Moors
1904:
The siege now developed into a stalemate. The Moors were not strong enough to break out of
Gibraltar, nor to assault the Castilians from the north across their ditch. They also did not have the naval power required to outflank the Castilians by sea or to break the naval blockade of Gibraltar, which
1900:
Both sides faced harsh conditions in the siege. The Moors were being progressively starved by the
Castilians, but the Castilians also had supply problems. They were deep within enemy territory and relied entirely on resupply from the sea, which was dependent on the winds and tides being right. Food
1870:
wind had prevented his resupply ships from entering the bay and his army now had only a day's rations left. He reluctantly agreed to his nobles' insistence that they had to withdraw to
Castilian territory, abandoning the men left on the Rock, who were to "take their stand on whatever God might wish
1849:
Indiscipline was also to doom
Alfonso's first attempt to assault Gibraltar. His troops were transported by Admiral Jofre's galleys to the Red Sands on the poorly fortified southern side of Gibraltar. However, Alfonso's field commanders â Rui Lopez and Fernan Yañez de Meira â failed to control their
1924:
to be paid to Castile. In return, the Moors were to be allowed to purchase oil and cattle from Castilian territory, and Alfonso and his army would be given safe conduct through Moorish territory on their way home. The Castilian king accepted and sealed the agreement in person with Muhammed IV at a
1833:
from which the Moors sought to lure him into an ambush as his army descended the slope towards Gibraltar. The Castilian king realised the Moors' intentions and set a trap for them in turn. He sent his rear guard directly down the slope while his cavalry, archers and lancers outflanked the Moors by
1801:
had been held up by squabbles with his nobles, whom he had to persuade to continue on after the news of Gibraltar's fall arrived on 20 June. He pointed out that the Moors would not yet have secured their position in the fortress; they would still be taking stock, repairing the damage that they had
1887:
The Castilians dug in around Gibraltar to lay siege from the south, from the high ground of the Upper Rock and from the isthmus to the north, where Alfonso remained with his main force. The Castilian king had hoped to retake the town in a quick counter-attack but now faced a lengthy siege.
1850:
troops or coordinate their landings. The first wave of Castilians were meant to cover the landing of the second wave, whereupon the entire force would take up siege positions on both sides of the town. Instead, the first wave ignored their orders and charged up the side of the
1925:
lavish dinner in which he exchanged gifts with his Moorish counterpart. Muhammed is said to have given Alfonso a sword with gold sheath studded with emeralds, rubies and sapphires and a helmet with two rubies "the size of chestnuts" while Alfonso gave Muhammed a type of
1905:
was bringing the garrison close to starvation. The Castilians did not have the strength either to storm Gibraltar or to drive away Mohammad IV's troops on the Sierra Carbonera. Alfonso XI also received the news that three powerful nobles â
1595:
1933:, sought to establish his authority. The inconclusive outcome of the siege meant that the struggle for control of Gibraltar remained unresolved, and Alfonso was to make another attempt to recapture it in the
1892:, three of which were hoisted by ropes up from the isthmus to the Upper Rock where they could overlook the whole of the town. The Moorish Castle was heavily bombarded and seriously damaged, while Castilian
1896:
sought to undermine its structure from below. The defenders inflicted casualties by throwing stones over the parapets and burning pitch at the attackers, destroying some of the Castilian siege machines.
831:
1837:
Despite Alfonso's orders that his men were not to pursue the retreating Moors beyond the Guadarranque, a large contingent disobeyed and pressed on to the next river, the
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198:
2411:
2406:
1740:
2177:
1273:
1268:
641:
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1917:â had revolted against him and were ravaging the king's own lands. Both sides thus found that they had pressing reasons to reach a peace agreement.
1920:
The agreement which was eventually signed on 24 August 1333 was based on a Moorish proposal for a four-year truce and an annual tribute of 10,000
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1648:
1609:
367:
191:
1702:
362:
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1162:
1035:
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1733:
801:
529:
2401:
2170:
2135:
2116:
1658:
1614:
1045:
891:
671:
1785:
Gibraltar was ruled by the Kingdom of Castile between 1309 and 1333, after having been in Muslim hands for almost 600 years. The
184:
1060:
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285:
154:
116:
1914:
1762:
1338:
995:
295:
158:
1619:
372:
2321:
1802:
caused to the fortifications and reprovisioning the new garrison. There was no time to lose in pressing a counter-attack.
1726:
1542:
1522:
1355:
1112:
923:
636:
340:
382:
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1427:
1192:
1117:
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1906:
943:
2193:
1691:
656:
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20:
866:
826:
2381:
2316:
2265:
1930:
1532:
1477:
1224:
1102:
1075:
1065:
980:
928:
796:
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571:
357:
335:
258:
238:
1375:
836:
2270:
2227:
1766:
1497:
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1397:
1313:
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1229:
1187:
1107:
1097:
1070:
1050:
726:
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666:
586:
330:
169:
2326:
2293:
2288:
2260:
2255:
2232:
2209:
1934:
1814:
1774:
1547:
1507:
1502:
1472:
1467:
1457:
1447:
1323:
1239:
1214:
1167:
1137:
1127:
1092:
741:
706:
696:
290:
280:
233:
1810:
990:
906:
861:
534:
499:
429:
1888:
Consequently, he set about demolishing the town's fortifications with six catapults that he had brought from
2391:
1653:
1517:
1219:
1157:
1147:
1005:
1000:
960:
933:
918:
816:
786:
766:
746:
651:
621:
611:
559:
554:
484:
454:
444:
412:
377:
315:
305:
1910:
1301:
1296:
1209:
896:
881:
876:
791:
736:
596:
519:
494:
402:
320:
243:
1829:
under Abd al-Malik followed them on lower ground near the coast. Alfonso stuck to the high ground of the
761:
1758:
1318:
1040:
1030:
938:
731:
711:
310:
148:
970:
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2298:
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2242:
2219:
2201:
1798:
1641:
1580:
1560:
1527:
1490:
1420:
1385:
1364:
1291:
1204:
1025:
953:
821:
811:
781:
771:
626:
581:
576:
514:
459:
325:
268:
253:
35:
144:
106:
1333:
1010:
948:
846:
631:
549:
544:
474:
397:
228:
1926:
1392:
1328:
1152:
1080:
985:
841:
751:
504:
469:
392:
387:
120:
110:
2131:
2112:
1851:
1628:
1624:
1537:
1512:
1437:
1308:
1286:
1182:
1172:
1142:
975:
901:
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851:
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591:
539:
489:
464:
434:
424:
300:
263:
1859:
1830:
1794:
1716:
1567:
1249:
1177:
1055:
1020:
691:
439:
47:
1604:
965:
776:
701:
509:
479:
449:
407:
248:
131:
2146:
1855:
1122:
886:
871:
721:
1797:
under the command of Admiral Alfonso Jofre de Tenorio. His army's overland march from
2375:
1867:
352:
1818:
1858:. As the second wave was landing without cover, the Moorish garrison launched a
1813:, taking the direct but mountainous route to Gibraltar. On 26 June they reached
1442:
1407:
1402:
1244:
210:
39:
1893:
1825:
at the head of the Bay of Gibraltar. A 6,000-strong Moorish force from nearby
1432:
2355:
2342:
176:
2188:
1826:
1806:
73:
1821:
river and marched down the river's left bank towards the old Roman city of
2148:
The History of Gibraltar and of its Political Relation to Events in Europe
1921:
1838:
1757:, fought from June until August 1333, pitted a Christian army under King
1889:
1822:
1786:
164:
126:
1863:
Castilians who made it ashore. Both Lopez and de Meira were killed.
2159:
180:
1770:
52:
Map of military movements in the fourth siege of Gibraltar
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
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2073:
2071:
2058:
2056:
2043:
2041:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1966:
1964:
1951:
1949:
16:
Conflict between Castilian and Moorish forces (1333)
2307:
2279:
2241:
2218:
2200:
1596:Evacuation of the Gibraltarian civilian population
1866:Alfonso now faced a severe dilemma. A persistent
1589:Military history of Gibraltar during World War II
2130:. Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses.
28:
2171:
1734:
192:
8:
1805:The Castilians left their encampment by the
2178:
2164:
2156:
2109:Rock of Contention: A history of Gibraltar
1741:
1727:
1349:
199:
185:
177:
25:
2412:Sieges involving the Emirate of Granada
2008:
1945:
1701:
1363:
1352:
2407:Sieges involving the Marinid Sultanate
1809:river near Jerez and marched first to
1773:. It followed on immediately from the
2111:. London: Robert Hale & Company.
2091:
2079:
2062:
2047:
2032:
2020:
1989:
1970:
1955:
1790:king, Alfonso XI, was due to arrive.
7:
1761:against a large Moorish army led by
89:Morocco retains control of Gibraltar
1793:Alfonso already had a fleet in the
1677:History of nationality in Gibraltar
19:For similarly titled battles, see
14:
2187:
1710:
1374:
163:
153:
143:
125:
115:
105:
46:
2126:Jackson, William G. F. (1986).
1915:Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena
1:
2128:The Rock of the Gibraltarians
1649:Second sovereignty referendum
1543:Thirteenth Siege of Gibraltar
1523:War of the Spanish Succession
1845:Attempt to land on Gibraltar
1817:on the upper reaches of the
1610:First sovereignty referendum
1428:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
1854:in an attempt to reach the
1692:Fortifications of Gibraltar
1263:Post-Reconquista Rebellions
21:List of sieges of Gibraltar
2433:
1533:Twelfth Siege of Gibraltar
1478:Seventh Siege of Gibraltar
18:
2417:Sieges of the Reconquista
2397:14th century in Gibraltar
2145:Sayer, Frederick (1865).
1883:Bombardment and stalemate
1767:Abd al-Malik Abd al-Wahid
1755:fourth siege of Gibraltar
1683:Political development in
1498:Eighth Siege of Gibraltar
1463:Fourth Siege of Gibraltar
1453:Second Siege of Gibraltar
1398:Neanderthals of Gibraltar
373:2nd San Esteban de Gormaz
368:1st San Esteban de Gormaz
219:
170:Abd al-Malik Abd al-Wahid
137:
99:
56:
45:
33:
29:Fourth siege of Gibraltar
2402:Sieges involving Castile
1935:fifth siege of Gibraltar
1815:Castellar de la Frontera
1775:third siege of Gibraltar
1548:Great Siege of Gibraltar
1508:Tenth Siege of Gibraltar
1503:Ninth Siege of Gibraltar
1473:Sixth Siege of Gibraltar
1468:Fifth Siege of Gibraltar
1458:Third Siege of Gibraltar
1448:First Siege of Gibraltar
1654:Cordoba Agreement, 2006
1518:Marquisate of Gibraltar
2281:Castilian/Spanish rule
2107:Hills, George (1974).
1907:Juan NĂșñez III de Lara
1763:Muhammed IV of Granada
159:Muhammed IV of Granada
138:Commanders and leaders
86:Castilian siege lifted
1811:AlcalĂĄ de los Gazules
1759:Alfonso XI of Castile
363:Pallars and Ribagorza
149:Alfonso XI of Castile
1911:Juan Alfonso de Haro
1799:Jerez de la Frontera
1717:Gibraltar portal
1528:Capture of Gibraltar
1245:2nd Granada campaign
642:2nd Balearic Islands
617:1st Balearic Islands
132:Sultanate of Morocco
36:Battle of the Strait
2387:Sieges of Gibraltar
2352: /
2194:Sieges of Gibraltar
2151:. Chapman and Hall.
1659:Second constitution
1598:during World War II
924:Las Navas de Tolosa
2356:36.1456°N 5.3577°W
1781:Start of the siege
1615:First constitution
1393:Prehistoric Iberia
1118:Shepherds' Crusade
929:3rd AlcĂĄcer do Sal
892:2nd AlcĂĄcer do Sal
802:1st AlcĂĄcer do Sal
296:2nd Roncevaux Pass
234:1st Roncevaux Pass
121:Emirate of Granada
111:Kingdom of Castile
64:June â August 1333
2382:Conflicts in 1333
2335:
2334:
1852:Rock of Gibraltar
1751:
1750:
1629:Death on the Rock
1625:Operation Flavius
1538:Treaty of Utrecht
1513:Catholic Monarchs
1438:Moorish Gibraltar
1347:
1346:
525:AlmodĂłvar del RĂo
175:
174:
95:
94:
2424:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
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2361:36.1456; -5.3577
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2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
1993:
1987:
1974:
1968:
1959:
1953:
1875:by rushing them
1831:Sierra Carbonera
1795:Bay of Gibraltar
1743:
1736:
1729:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1686:
1685:modern Gibraltar
1642:Modern Gibraltar
1599:
1568:Royal Calpe Hunt
1378:
1368:
1350:
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1885:
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1711:
1709:
1697:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1644:
1634:
1633:
1605:Operation Felix
1601:
1597:
1591:
1583:
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1563:
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1423:
1413:
1412:
1388:
1366:
1359:
1348:
1343:
1278:
1230:Los Alporchones
1113:Vega de Granada
215:
208:Battles in the
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76:
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11:
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2392:1333 in Europe
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1944:
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1939:
1884:
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1856:Moorish Castle
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1274:2nd Alpujarras
1271:
1269:1st Alpujarras
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1138:Vega de Pagana
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1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1036:Mudéjar revolt
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
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973:
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946:
944:Aragonese raid
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832:Central Iberia
829:
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769:
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629:
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619:
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592:Norwegian raid
589:
584:
579:
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568:
567:
563:
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196:
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151:
140:
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113:
102:
101:
97:
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54:
53:
43:
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31:
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15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2429:
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2240:
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2199:
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2190:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2158:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2139:
2137:0-8386-3237-8
2133:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2118:0-7091-4352-4
2114:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2094:, p. 66.
2093:
2088:
2085:
2082:, p. 65.
2081:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2065:, p. 64.
2064:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2050:, p. 63.
2049:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2035:, p. 26.
2034:
2029:
2026:
2023:, p. 25.
2022:
2017:
2014:
2011:, p. 45.
2010:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1992:, p. 62.
1991:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1973:, p. 61.
1972:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1958:, p. 60.
1957:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
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1243:
1241:
1240:9th Gibraltar
1238:
1236:
1235:8th Gibraltar
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1225:7th Gibraltar
1223:
1221:
1220:La Higueruela
1218:
1216:
1215:6th Gibraltar
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1188:5th Algeciras
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1168:5th Gibraltar
1166:
1164:
1163:4th Algeciras
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
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1136:
1134:
1133:4th Gibraltar
1131:
1129:
1128:3rd Gibraltar
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1108:2nd Gibraltar
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1098:3rd Algeciras
1096:
1094:
1093:1st Gibraltar
1091:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1071:2nd Algeciras
1069:
1067:
1066:1st Algeciras
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
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1049:
1047:
1044:
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845:
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835:
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533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
485:Piedra Pisada
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
445:Aqbat al-Bakr
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
418:
417:
414:
413:3rd Barcelona
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
378:Valdejunquera
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
353:Day of Zamora
351:
350:
346:
345:
342:
341:2nd Barcelona
339:
337:
336:2nd Cellorigo
334:
332:
331:1st Cellorigo
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
316:Monte Laturce
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
281:1st Barcelona
279:
278:
274:
273:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
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221:
218:
213:
212:
202:
197:
195:
190:
188:
183:
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160:
156:
152:
150:
146:
142:
141:
136:
133:
128:
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118:
114:
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108:
104:
103:
98:
88:
85:
84:
83:
80:
79:
75:
71:
68:
67:
63:
60:
59:
55:
49:
44:
41:
37:
32:
27:
22:
2369:
2337:
2309:British rule
2250:
2243:Moorish rule
2202:Moorish rule
2147:
2127:
2108:
2101:Bibliography
2087:
2028:
2016:
2009:Jackson 1986
1919:
1903:
1899:
1886:
1876:
1873:
1865:
1848:
1836:
1819:Guadarranque
1804:
1792:
1784:
1754:
1752:
1581:20th century
1561:19th century
1491:Early modern
1281:North Africa
1199:15th century
1132:
1087:14th century
991:4th Valencia
913:13th century
867:4th Santarém
827:3rd Santarém
767:2nd Santarém
687:3rd Valencia
657:2nd Zaragoza
637:1st Santarém
572:2nd Valencia
566:12th century
530:1st Valencia
500:1st Zaragoza
419:11th century
403:Torrevicente
347:10th century
244:Orbieu River
239:Burbia River
209:
100:Belligerents
34:Part of the
2359: /
1443:Reconquista
1408:Gibraltar 2
1403:Gibraltar 1
1365:History of
1339:2nd Tangier
1324:1st Tangier
1183:2nd Montiel
1103:3rd AlmerĂa
1021:3rd Seville
949:2nd Majorca
852:2nd Seville
817:2nd Badajoz
797:2nd AlmerĂa
787:2nd Tortosa
757:1st AlmerĂa
742:1st Montiel
697:1st Badajoz
672:1st Granada
430:Calatañazor
358:1st Majorca
311:Guadalacete
286:1st Tortosa
275:9th century
223:8th century
211:Reconquista
40:Reconquista
38:during the
2376:Categories
2344:36°08âČ44âłN
2092:Hills 1974
2080:Hills 1974
2063:Hills 1974
2048:Hills 1974
2033:Sayer 1865
2021:Sayer 1865
1990:Hills 1974
1971:Hills 1974
1956:Hills 1974
1941:References
1894:Almogavars
1433:Al-Andalus
1386:Prehistory
1205:Collejares
1193:2nd Murcia
1158:GuadalmesĂ
1148:RĂo Salado
1046:1st Murcia
1006:2nd XĂ tiva
1001:1st XĂ tiva
897:2nd Silves
882:2nd Silves
877:1st Silves
792:2nd Lleida
777:5th Lisbon
737:4th Lisbon
667:1st Lleida
627:Candespina
622:6th Toledo
607:Formentera
597:3rd Lisbon
577:Mollerussa
560:5th Toledo
555:4th Toledo
535:2nd Lisbon
520:3rd Toledo
495:2nd Toledo
383:1st Toledo
326:Polvoraria
269:1st Lisbon
259:RĂo QuirĂłs
254:Las Babias
2347:5°21âČ28âłW
2327:1779â1783
2256:1349â1350
1937:in 1349.
1922:doubloons
1827:Algeciras
1807:Guadalete
1367:Gibraltar
1319:4nd Ceuta
1309:3nd Ceuta
1302:2nd Ceuta
1297:1st Ceuta
1210:Antequera
1061:Andalusia
1041:3rd Jerez
1031:2nd Jerez
966:1st Jerez
939:PenĂscola
907:Talamanca
862:2nd Ăvora
847:Calatrava
837:Tarragona
822:Juromenha
812:1st Ăvora
762:Al-Ludjdj
732:2nd Coria
712:1st Coria
647:Martorell
632:Vatalandi
550:Consuegra
475:Golpejera
460:Barbastro
398:Estercuel
229:Covadonga
74:Gibraltar
1877:en masse
1868:Levanter
1839:Palmones
1703:Timeline
1671:See also
1421:Medieval
1356:a series
1354:Part of
1153:Estepona
1081:Iznalloz
1016:3rd Jaén
976:Burriana
961:2nd Jaén
934:1st Jaén
919:Al-DÄmĆ«s
857:Abrantes
752:Albacete
727:Trancoso
602:Talavera
582:Balaguer
505:Sagrajas
470:Llantada
393:Simancas
388:Alhandic
321:Morcuera
291:Pancorbo
69:Location
1931:Yusuf I
1927:doublet
1890:Seville
1823:Carteia
1787:Marinid
1334:Melilla
1314:TĂ©touan
1173:Linuesa
1143:Getares
996:Algarve
986:El Puig
981:CĂłrdoba
954:PortopĂ
902:Alarcos
807:Palmela
782:Sacavém
772:Sacavém
717:Ourique
677:Corbins
662:Cutanda
652:Coimbra
540:Alcoraz
490:Morella
465:Paterna
455:Coimbra
425:Cervera
306:Albelda
301:Clavijo
2134:
2115:
1358:on the
1329:Asilah
1292:Strait
1255:MĂĄlaga
1250:Lucena
1178:Guadix
1076:MoclĂn
1056:Martos
842:Cuenca
707:Leiria
682:AlcalĂĄ
545:Bairén
510:Tudela
440:Albesa
264:Oviedo
81:Result
1860:sally
1051:Ăcija
887:Tomar
872:Alvor
747:Soure
722:Oreja
702:Fraga
692:Aceca
612:Ibiza
587:Uclés
515:TĂ©var
480:Cabra
450:Graus
408:Rueda
249:Lutos
2322:1727
2317:1704
2299:1704
2294:1506
2289:1467
2271:1462
2266:1436
2261:1411
2251:1333
2233:1333
2228:1316
2210:1309
2132:ISBN
2113:ISBN
1913:and
1765:and
1753:The
1287:Salé
1123:Teba
1026:Faro
1011:Biar
971:Ares
435:TorĂ
61:Date
1771:Fes
1769:of
2378::
2070:^
2055:^
2040:^
1997:^
1978:^
1963:^
1948:^
1909:,
2179:e
2172:t
2165:v
2140:.
2121:.
1742:e
1735:t
1728:v
1627:/
200:e
193:t
186:v
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
