578:. The reform's advocates, threatened with violence from their opponents, managed to move debate on the new constitution forward by two days from the original 5 May, while many opposed deputies were still away on Easter recess. The ensuing debate and adoption of the Constitution of 3 May took place in a quasi-coup d'état: recall notices were not sent to known opponents of reform, while many pro-reform deputies arrived early and in secret, and the royal guard were positioned about the Royal Castle, where the Sejm was gathered, to prevent Russian supporters from disrupting the proceedings. On 3 May the Sejm met with only 182 members present, about a half of its "dual" number (or a third, if one was to count all individuals eligible to take part in the proceedings, including the Senate and the king). The bill was read out and adopted overwhelmingly, to the enthusiasm of the crowds gathered outside.
386:
2769:
31:
526:
2336:
3063:
2463:
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206:, only a century earlier a major European power and indeed the largest state on the continent. By the 18th century the Commonwealth's state machinery became increasingly dysfunctional; the government was near collapse, giving rise to the term "Polish anarchy", and the country was managed by provincial assemblies and magnates. Many historians hold that a major cause of the Commonwealth's downfall was the peculiar parliamentary institution of the
2538:
188:
544:). As Małachowski was seen as associated with the reformers, Sapieha was initially seen as a conservative, although he would later switch sides and join the reformers. The doubled number of deputies exceeded the capacity of the parliament chambers, and not all of the deputies could secure a seat; public interest also grew and the entire building and the observation galleries were often overcrowded.
3193:
3013:
633:, regarded as the first Polish political party, and including many participants of the Great Sejm, was formed to defend the reforms already enacted and to promote further ones. The response to the new Constitution was less enthusiastic in the provinces, where the Hetmans' Party exerted stronger influence. The Great Sejm's reforms were brought down by the
571:
one in
England, with strong central government based upon a strong monarch. Potocki wanted to make the parliament (Sejm) the most powerful of the state's institutions, and Kołłątaj, for a "gentle" social revolution, enfranchising other classes in addition to the till-then dominant nobility, but doing so without a violent overthrow of the old order.
559:, demonstrating their desire to be part of the political process. Taking a cue from similar events in France, and with the fear that if burghers' demands were not met, their peaceful protests could turn violent, the Sejm on 18 April 1791 adopted a law addressing the status of the cities and the rights of the burghers (the
570:
The new
Constitution had been drafted by the king, with contributions from others, including Ignacy Potocki and Hugo Kołłątaj. The king is credited with authoring the general provisions, and Kołłątaj, with giving the work its final shape. Poniatowski aimed for a constitutional monarchy similar to the
505:
seeming to provide security against
Russian intervention, King Poniatowski drew closer to leaders of the reform-minded Patriotic Party. This alliance was also helped as the 1790 elections were more supportive of the royal faction then Potocki's; and the conservative faction gained enough new seats to
393:
A major opportunity for reform seemed to present itself during the sejm of 1788–92, which opened on 6 October 1788 with 181 deputies, and from 1790 – in the words of the 3 May
Constitution's preamble – met "in dual number", when 171 newly elected Sejm deputies joined the earlier-established Sejm. On
252:
that eventually removed Poland from the map of Europe, shocked the inhabitants of the
Commonwealth, and made it clear to progressive minds that the Commonwealth must either reform or perish. In the last three decades preceding the Great Sejm, there was a rising interest among progressive thinkers in
2236:
Ostatnim było Zaręczenie
Wzajemne Obojga Narodów przy Konstytucji 3 Maja, stanowiące część nowych paktów konwentów – zdaniem historyka prawa Bogusława Leśnodorskiego: "zacieśniające unię, ale utrzymujące nadal federacyjny charakter Rzeczypospolitej Obojga
581:
The work of the Great Sejm did not end with the passing of the
Constitution. The Sejm continued to debate and pass legislation building on and clarifying that document. Among the most notable acts passed after the 3 May was the
224:
around the start of the 18th century, nor by neighboring countries, which were content with the deteriorated state of the
Commonwealth's affairs and abhorred the thought of a resurgent and democratic power on their borders.
290:
in 1772, when the First
Partition was already underway. Notable works advocating the need to reform and presenting specific solutions were published in the Commonwealth itself by Polish-Lithuanian thinkers such as:
406:
had issued the approval for the sejm confederation a while ago, at a point she was considering that the successful conclusion of this Sejm may be necessary if Russia would need Polish aid in the fight against the
602:) of 22 October 1791, affirming the unity and indivisibility of Poland and the Grand Duchy within a single state, and their equal representation in state-governing bodies. The Mutual Declaration strengthened the
493:, seeing a war with the Ottomans as an opportunity to strengthen the Commonwealth. Due to internal Russian politics, this plan was not implemented. Spurned by Russia, Poland turned to another potential ally, the
1342:
The Origin of human rights: the constitution of 3 May 1791, the French declaration of rights, the Bill of Rights : proceedings at the seminar held at the
Nicolaus Copernicus University, 3–5 May 1991
3311:
2669:
3376:
3371:
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3361:
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1376:Żywot Tomasza Ostrowskiego, ministra rzeczypospolitej póżniej,prezesa senatu xięstwa warszawskiego i królestwa polskiego: obejmujacy rys wypadḱow krajowych od 1765 roku do 1817
385:
2768:
212:("free veto"), which since 1652 had in principle permitted any Sejm deputy to nullify all the legislation that had been adopted by that Sejm. By the early 18th century, the
450:
and advocated opposing King Poniatowski. The Patriotic Party's centrists, including Stanisław Małachowski, wished accommodation with the King. The liberal left wing (the
216:
of Poland and Lithuania controlled the state – or rather, they managed to ensure that no reforms would be carried out that might weaken their privileged status (the "
2654:
83:
3288:
2313:
3062:
477:. Poland's neighbors were too occupied with wars to intervene forcibly in Poland, with Russia and Austria engaged in hostilities with the Ottoman Empire (the
426:. This group received support from all strata of Polish-Lithuanian society, from societal and political elites, including some aristocratic magnates, through
3280:
2729:
2562:
2930:
286:
2954:
2335:
1520:
2994:
517:
Overall, the first two years of the Sejm passed with few major reforms, and it was the second half of the Sejm duration that brought major changes.
2248:
Juliusz Bardach, Boguslaw Lesnodorski, and Michal Pietrzak, Historia panstwa i prawa polskiego (Warsaw: Paristwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1987, p.309
2462:
2166:
2132:
2092:
2017:
1977:
1940:
1903:
1866:
1822:
1785:
1751:
1717:
1683:
1649:
1615:
1581:
1457:
1350:
1316:
1270:
1226:
1176:
1139:
1099:
1065:
1031:
997:
960:
926:
892:
855:
815:
781:
741:
707:
466:. While King Poniatowski also supported some reforms, he was initially not allied with this faction, represented by Potocki, who preferred a
3272:
3264:
3256:
3248:
2649:
1302:
304:
540:
The elections of autumn 1790 resulted in a new group of deputies joining those already elected. A second Marshal of the Sejm was elected (
591:
2778:
2345:
489:). At first, King Poniatowski and some reformers hoped to gain Russian support for the reforms; they attempted to draw Poland into the
482:
203:
86:
2219:
650:
93:
between 1788 and 1792. Its principal aim became to restore sovereignty to, and reform, the Commonwealth politically and economically.
2739:
486:
2487:
2306:
1554:
501:. This line of reasoning gained support from Polish politicians such as Ignacy Potocki and Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski. With the new
2897:
1417:
258:
525:
342:
30:
2986:
2970:
2707:
237:
2978:
2962:
2626:
3072:
348:
1549:, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, Tom XXVIII, Zakład Narodowy Imenia Ossolińskich I Wydawnictwo Polskieh Akademii Nauk, 1983,
320:
3036:
2753:
2266:
Polska wobec wielkich konfliktów w Europie nowożytnej, z dziejów dyplomacji i stosunków międzynarodowych w XV-XVII wieku,
360:
3323:
2610:
2299:
478:
459:
337:
280:
2881:
2618:
2578:
586:(Declaration of the Assembled Estates) of 5 May 1791, confirming the Government Act adopted two days earlier, and the
533:
299:
439:
412:
191:
2586:
2519:
2503:
443:
101:
97:
35:
3044:
2659:
2602:
2594:
2570:
2511:
2495:
614:
245:
221:
677:, lists 484 participants. Those include the king, members of the Senate, and deputies elected in 1788 and 1790.
3022:
2804:
2364:
599:
541:
502:
3150:
3126:
3110:
3094:
2889:
2812:
2436:
2372:
634:
603:
511:
490:
271:
241:
172:
165:
100:, often described as Europe's first modern written national constitution, and the world's second, after the
3166:
3158:
3142:
3134:
3118:
3102:
1517:
431:
3086:
2940:
2537:
674:
494:
315:
39:
1641:
Disorderly liberty: the political culture of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the eighteenth century
1091:
Disorderly liberty: the political culture of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the eighteenth century
455:
333:
560:
474:
275:
254:
3192:
3012:
326:
295:
3240:
3224:
278:
to offer suggestions on a new constitution for a new Poland. Mably had submitted his recommendations (
3232:
3216:
2868:
2472:
1808:
529:
434:, to the radical left. The Party's conservative, or right, wing, led by progressive magnates such as
355:
249:
229:
564:
3346:
3319:
2905:
2700:
416:
403:
195:
135:
71:
1487:
2051:
618:
498:
2664:
847:
171:
The reforms instituted by the Great Sejm and the Constitution of 3 May 1791 were undone by the
2162:
2128:
2088:
2013:
1973:
1936:
1899:
1862:
1818:
1812:
1781:
1747:
1713:
1679:
1645:
1639:
1611:
1605:
1577:
1550:
1529:
1453:
1447:
1346:
1312:
1266:
1222:
1172:
1166:
1135:
1095:
1089:
1061:
1055:
1027:
1021:
993:
956:
922:
888:
851:
811:
805:
777:
737:
703:
575:
507:
395:
262:
236:
had gained great influence in certain Commonwealth circles during the reign of its last king,
233:
1374:
1306:
950:
916:
731:
2913:
2444:
2118:
2078:
2003:
1963:
1926:
1889:
1852:
1567:
1256:
1212:
1162:
1125:
983:
878:
693:
556:
311:
2223:
773:
368:
Also seen as crucial to giving the upcoming reforms their moral and political support were
1814:
The price of freedom: a history of East Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the present
1524:
733:
The price of freedom: a history of East Central Europe from the Middle Ages to the present
595:
451:
423:
369:
217:
59:
2262:
Rzeczpospolita wobec wojny wschodniej (1787–1792) i wojny szwedzko-rosyjskiej (1788–1790)
2124:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
2084:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
2009:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
1969:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
1932:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
1895:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
1858:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
1573:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
1262:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
1218:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
1131:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
989:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
918:
The Russian empire and the world, 1700–1917: the geopolitics of expansion and containment
884:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
699:
Constitutions, elections, and legislatures of Poland, 1493–1977: a guide to their history
641:
annulled all the enactments of the Great Sejm, including the Constitution of 3 May 1791.
104:. The Polish Constitution was designed to redress long-standing political defects of the
2041:
1481:
2828:
2693:
2674:
2428:
2388:
840:
435:
408:
176:
158:
147:
109:
202:
The reforms of the Great Sejm responded to the increasingly perilous situation of the
187:
3340:
3174:
467:
17:
2222:[We, Lithuania] (in Polish). Podkowiański Magazyn Kulturalny. Archived from
208:
130:
766:
2190:
2156:
2122:
2082:
2007:
1967:
1930:
1893:
1856:
1775:
1741:
1707:
1673:
1571:
1340:
1260:
1216:
1129:
987:
882:
697:
2844:
2820:
2796:
2404:
2380:
2356:
638:
552:
151:
139:
138:
who might choose, or be bribed by an interest or foreign power, to undo all the
113:
128:. The Constitution abolished pernicious parliamentary institutions such as the
2277:
Jerzy Kowecki (ed.), Konstytucja 3 Maja 1791 (Warsaw: PWN, 4th edn 1991), p.51
607:
267:
105:
613:
The Sejm was disbanded on 29 May 1792. On that day, soon after learning that
2547:
2326:
2158:
The constitutions of Poland and of the United States: kinships and genealogy
162:
124:
under the protection of the government, thus mitigating the worst abuses of
506:
threaten the reformers if they were to stay divided. With the mediation of
673:
dedicated to the genealogy of the Great Sejm participants, maintained by
548:
117:
567:
of 24 March 1791), it became incorporated into the final constitution.
447:
427:
213:
154:
125:
121:
2291:
3315:
3202:
2720:
2322:
463:
90:
43:
2792:
Only a limited number of individual sejms of this era is listed here
637:
and the intervention of the Russian Empire. On 23 November 1793 the
1308:
Democratic government in Poland: constitutional politics since 1989
807:
The new Cambridge modern history: The ascendancy of France, 1648–88
2685:
415:, a statesman respected both by most factions, was elected as the
384:
186:
29:
2716:
2689:
2295:
1168:
The solitary self: Jean-Jacques Rousseau in exile and adversity
510:, Potocki and Poniatowski begun to reach a consensus on a more
1094:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 123–124.
497:, represented on the Polish diplomatic scene primarily by the
670:
574:
Reforms were opposed by conservative elements, including the
1446:
J. K. Fedorowicz; Maria Bogucka; Henryk Samsonowicz (1982).
220:"). The matters were not helped by the inefficient monarchs
2199:] (in Polish). Państwowe Wydawn. Nauk. pp. 105–107
1412:
Juliusz Bardach, Bogusław Leśnodorski and Michał Pietrzak,
563:). Together with the legislation on the voting rights (the
485:); the Russians also found themselves fighting Sweden (the
514:
approach, and started to draft a constitutional document.
134:, which at one time had placed a sejm at the mercy of any
1644:. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 226.
146:. The 3 May Constitution sought to supplant the existing
112:. The Constitution introduced political equality between
1441:
1439:
1449:
A Republic of nobles: studies in Polish history to 1864
2113:
2111:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1120:
1118:
1054:
Matthew P. Romaniello; Charles Lipp (March 1, 2011).
555:(townspeople), who in the Autumn of 1789 organized a
547:
While the Sejm comprised representatives only of the
305:
On the Effective Conduct of Debates in Ordinary Sejms
96:
The Sejm's great achievement was the adoption of the
34:
Great, or Four-Year, Sejm (1788–92) and Senate adopt
2161:. American Institute of Polish Culture. p. 40.
1383:] (in Polish). Nakł. K. Ostrowskiego. p. 73
621:
position to the king, and voted to end the session.
422:
Many supporters of the reforms were gathered in the
248:, the earliest of the three successive 18th-century
3201:
3190:
3071:
3060:
3021:
3010:
2939:
2928:
2867:
2860:
2777:
2766:
2738:
2727:
2546:
2535:
2471:
2460:
2427:
2420:
2344:
2333:
1057:
Contested spaces of nobility in early modern Europe
257:. Even before the First Partition, a Polish noble,
2073:
2071:
2069:
1998:
1996:
1780:. Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. p. 55.
1604:Robert Bideleux; Ian Jeffries (January 28, 1998).
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
839:
765:
394:its second day the Sejm transformed itself into a
1433:, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, T.41, 2011, p. 623
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
179:at the invitation of the Targowica Confederates.
108:Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and its system of
810:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 561–562.
551:and clergy, the reformers were supported by the
1416:(History of the Polish State and Law), Warsaw,
1607:A history of eastern Europe: crisis and change
955:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 96–99.
2701:
2307:
8:
2218:Maria Konopka-Wichrowska (August 13, 2003).
2050:] (in Polish). Druk. Narodowa. pp.
1541:
1539:
1537:
1171:. University of Chicago Press. p. 177.
240:(1764–95), which roughly coincided with the
921:. Oxford University Press. pp. 41–42.
3377:1792 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
3372:1791 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
3367:1790 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
3362:1789 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
3357:1788 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
3352:Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
3198:
3068:
3018:
2936:
2864:
2774:
2735:
2708:
2694:
2686:
2655:Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2543:
2468:
2424:
2341:
2314:
2300:
2292:
2286:Volumina Legum, t. X, Poznań 1952, p. 326.
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
804:Francis Ludwig Carsten (January 1, 1961).
343:Anonymous Letters to Stanisław Małachowski
287:Considerations on the Government of Poland
284:) in 1770–1771; Rousseau had finished his
1060:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 238.
949:Jerzy Lukowski; Hubert Zawadzki (2001).
524:
462:"), looked for support to the people of
1509:
1507:
1505:
1345:. Wydawn. Adam Marszałek. p. 171.
685:
398:to make it immune to the threat of the
1777:Uchwalenie i obrona Konstytucji 3 Maja
1311:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 11–12.
349:The Political Law of the Polish Nation
27:1788–1792 Polish-Lithuanian parliament
2155:Joseph Kasparek-Obst (June 1, 1980).
1746:. Wydawn. Lubelskie. pp. 31–32.
1712:. Wydawn. Lubelskie. pp. 26–31.
1486:. Polish Book Importing Co. pp.
1480:Edward Henry Lewinski Corwin (1917).
1381:The Life of Tomasz Ostrowski ...
1020:David Lay Williams (August 1, 2007).
846:. Columbia University Press. p.
842:God's Playground: The origins to 1795
321:Political Thoughts on Civil Liberties
7:
2670:Supreme Soviet of the Lithuanian SSR
2650:Sejm of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1743:Geneza i obalenie Konstytucji 3 maja
1709:Geneza i obalenie Konstytucji 3 maja
1675:Geneza i obalenie Konstytucji 3 maja
250:partitions of Commonwealth territory
615:the Russian army had invaded Poland
592:Reciprocal Guarantee of Two Nations
361:Remarks on the Life of Jan Zamoyski
2043:Konstytucja trzeciego Maja r. 1791
1414:Historia państwa i prawa polskiego
764:Norman Davies (January 20, 1998).
651:List of deputies of the Great Sejm
588:Zaręczenie Wzajemne Obojga Narodów
372:'s satires of the Great Sejm era.
265:, had been sent to ask the French
222:elected to the Commonwealth throne
150:fostered by some of the country's
25:
2898:Sejm of the Grand Duchy of Posen
1817:. Psychology Press. p. 128.
1678:. Wydawn. Lubelskie. p. 24.
1638:Jerzy Lukowski (August 3, 2010).
1610:. Psychology Press. p. 160.
1452:. CUP Archive. pp. 252–253.
1088:Jerzy Lukowski (August 3, 2010).
1026:. Penn State Press. p. 202.
1023:Rousseau's Platonic Enlightenment
281:The Government and Laws of Poland
3312:Members from Kraków constituency
3191:
3061:
3011:
2929:
2767:
2728:
2536:
2461:
2334:
838:Norman Davies (March 30, 2005).
736:. Psychology Press. p. 66.
473:Events in the world appeared to
2127:. EJJ Books. pp. 184–185.
1972:. EJJ Books. pp. 173–174.
1898:. EJJ Books. pp. 197–199.
1861:. EJJ Books. pp. 172–173.
1483:The political history of Poland
1221:. EJJ Books. pp. 169–171.
1134:. EJJ Books. pp. 166–167.
992:. EJJ Books. pp. 164–165.
887:. EJJ Books. pp. 153–154.
584:Deklaracja Stanów Zgromadzonych
3037:Home Political Representation
2189:Poland; Jerzy Kowecki (1991).
665:
475:play into the reformers' hands
204:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
87:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
2754:Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland
2268:Kraków 2009, p. 171–179.
1418:Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe
1373:Antoni Jan Ostrowski (1873).
730:Piotr Stefan Wandycz (2001).
610:aspects of the state intact.
142:that had been passed by that
2882:Sejm of the Duchy of Warsaw
1431:Stanisław August Poniatowski
238:Stanisław August Poniatowski
175:and the intervention of the
3175:Tenth Term (Contract) Sejm
3073:People's Republic of Poland
2040:Marceli Handelsman (1907).
952:A concise history of Poland
631:Friends of the Constitution
3393:
3045:Council of National Unity
2087:. EJJ Books. p. 177.
2012:. EJJ Books. p. 178.
1935:. EJJ Books. p. 175.
1576:. EJJ Books. p. 176.
1265:. EJJ Books. p. 179.
702:. EJJ Books. p. 151.
444:Adam Kazimierz Czartoryski
102:United States Constitution
98:Constitution of 3 May 1791
36:Constitution of 3 May 1791
3304:
2660:Sejm of Central Lithuania
2642:
1339:Janusz Justyński (1991).
772:. HarperCollins. p.
389:Great Sejm official diary
246:First Partition of Poland
3023:Polish Underground State
2890:Sejm of Congress Poland
1774:Krzysztof Bauer (1991).
1518:Stronnictwo Patriotyczne
1163:Maurice William Cranston
915:John P. LeDonne (1997).
600:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
542:Kazimierz Nestor Sapieha
503:Polish-Prussian alliance
440:Stanisław Kostka Potocki
84:Sejm (parliament) of the
3087:State National Council
2437:Great Seimas of Vilnius
2192:Konstytucja 3 Maja 1791
635:Targowica Confederation
604:Polish-Lithuanian union
512:constitutional monarchy
491:Austro-Russian alliance
446:, sought alliance with
272:Gabriel Bonnot de Mably
242:Enlightenment in Poland
173:Targowica Confederation
166:constitutional monarchy
2941:Second Polish Republic
675:Marek Jerzy Minakowski
537:
532:Senate Chamber, where
470:form of a government.
458:(hence also known as "
390:
316:Polish National Anthem
199:
47:
2197:Constitution of May 3
2048:Constitution of May 3
629:Soon afterwards, the
606:, while keeping many
561:Free Royal Cities Act
528:
432:Enlightened Catholics
413:Stanisław Małachowski
388:
276:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
255:constitutional reform
192:Stanisław Małachowski
190:
33:
18:Four Years' Sejm
2906:Sejm of the Estates
2563:Reconstituent Seimas
2488:Constituent Assembly
1809:Piotr Stefan Wandycz
1740:Jerzy Łojek (1986).
1706:Jerzy Łojek (1986).
1672:Jerzy Łojek (1986).
617:, the Sejm gave the
80:Ketverių metų seimas
54:, also known as the
3324:Seimas of Lithuania
3320:Seimas of Lithuania
2226:on October 13, 2012
417:Marshal of the Sejm
404:Catherine the Great
3265:Seventh Term Sejm
3203:Republic of Poland
3151:Seventh Term Sejm
2869:Partitioned Poland
2805:Pacification Sejm
2548:Second Republic of
1523:2016-04-15 at the
1420:, 1987, pp. 304–5.
619:commander-in-chief
538:
534:May 3 Constitution
499:Kingdom of Prussia
483:Austro-Turkish War
402:. Russian tsarina
391:
314:, composer of the
300:Collegium Nobilium
296:Stanisław Konarski
261:, an envoy of the
200:
48:
3332:
3331:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3284:
3276:
3273:Eighth Term Sejm
3268:
3260:
3252:
3244:
3241:Fourth Term Sejm
3236:
3228:
3225:Second Term Sejm
3220:
3209:
3186:
3185:
3178:
3170:
3162:
3154:
3146:
3138:
3130:
3127:Fourth Term Sejm
3122:
3114:
3111:Second Term Sejm
3106:
3098:
3095:Legislative Sejm
3090:
3079:
3056:
3055:
3048:
3040:
3029:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2990:
2987:Fourth Term Sejm
2982:
2974:
2971:Second Term Sejm
2966:
2958:
2955:Legislative Sejm
2947:
2924:
2923:
2917:
2914:Sejm of the Land
2909:
2901:
2893:
2885:
2875:
2856:
2855:
2848:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2813:Convocation Sejm
2808:
2800:
2786:
2779:Polish–Lithuanian
2762:
2761:
2746:
2740:Kingdom of Poland
2683:
2682:
2638:
2637:
2631:
2627:Thirteenth Seimas
2623:
2615:
2607:
2599:
2591:
2583:
2575:
2567:
2555:
2531:
2530:
2524:
2516:
2508:
2500:
2492:
2480:
2473:First Republic of
2456:
2455:
2449:
2441:
2416:
2415:
2409:
2401:
2393:
2385:
2377:
2369:
2365:Pacification Sejm
2361:
2346:Polish–Lithuanian
2260:Zbigniew Anusik,
2168:978-1-881284-09-3
2134:978-0-7818-0637-4
2094:978-0-7818-0637-4
2019:978-0-7818-0637-4
1979:978-0-7818-0637-4
1942:978-0-7818-0637-4
1905:978-0-7818-0637-4
1868:978-0-7818-0637-4
1824:978-0-415-25491-5
1787:978-83-02-04615-5
1753:978-83-222-0313-2
1719:978-83-222-0313-2
1685:978-83-222-0313-2
1651:978-1-4411-4812-4
1617:978-0-415-16111-4
1583:978-0-7818-0637-4
1545:Zofia Zielińska,
1530:Encyklopedia WIEM
1459:978-0-521-24093-2
1429:Jerzy Michalski,
1352:978-83-85263-24-1
1318:978-0-333-77475-5
1272:978-0-7818-0637-4
1228:978-0-7818-0637-4
1178:978-0-226-11865-9
1141:978-0-7818-0637-4
1101:978-1-4411-4812-4
1067:978-1-4094-0551-1
1033:978-0-271-02997-9
999:978-0-7818-0637-4
962:978-0-521-55917-1
928:978-0-19-510927-6
894:978-0-7818-0637-4
857:978-0-231-12817-9
817:978-0-521-04544-5
783:978-0-06-097468-8
768:Europe: a history
743:978-0-415-25491-5
709:978-0-7818-0637-4
508:Scipione Piattoli
487:Russo-Swedish War
479:Russo-Turkish War
396:confederated sejm
356:Stanisław Staszic
327:Patriotic Letters
298:, founder of the
263:Bar Confederation
259:Michał Wielhorski
234:cultural movement
198:of the Great Sejm
89:that was held in
16:(Redirected from
3384:
3290:
3289:Tenth Term Sejm
3282:
3281:Ninth Term Sejm
3274:
3266:
3258:
3257:Sixth Term Sejm
3250:
3249:Fifth Term Sejm
3242:
3234:
3233:Third Term Sejm
3226:
3218:
3217:First Term Sejm
3210:
3207:
3199:
3195:
3176:
3168:
3167:Ninth Term Sejm
3160:
3159:Eight Term Sejm
3152:
3144:
3143:Sixth Term Sejm
3136:
3135:Fifth Term Sejm
3128:
3120:
3119:Third Term Sejm
3112:
3104:
3103:First Term Sejm
3096:
3088:
3080:
3077:
3069:
3065:
3046:
3038:
3030:
3027:
3019:
3015:
2996:
2995:Fifth Term Sejm
2988:
2980:
2979:Third Term Sejm
2972:
2964:
2963:First Term Sejm
2956:
2948:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2915:
2907:
2899:
2891:
2883:
2876:
2873:
2865:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2822:
2814:
2806:
2798:
2787:
2784:
2775:
2771:
2747:
2744:
2736:
2732:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2687:
2629:
2621:
2613:
2605:
2597:
2589:
2581:
2573:
2565:
2556:
2553:
2544:
2540:
2522:
2514:
2506:
2498:
2490:
2481:
2478:
2469:
2465:
2447:
2445:Petrograd Seimas
2439:
2425:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2373:Convocation Sejm
2367:
2359:
2342:
2338:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2269:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2233:
2231:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2115:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2075:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1849:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1564:
1558:
1543:
1532:
1515:
1511:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1443:
1434:
1427:
1421:
1410:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1299:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1253:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1209:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1148:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1051:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:
980:
974:
973:
971:
969:
946:
940:
939:
937:
935:
912:
906:
905:
903:
901:
875:
869:
868:
866:
864:
845:
835:
829:
828:
826:
824:
801:
795:
794:
792:
790:
771:
761:
755:
754:
752:
750:
727:
721:
720:
718:
716:
690:
669:
557:Black Procession
460:Kołłątaj's Forge
338:Kołłątaj's Forge
110:Golden Liberties
68:Sejm Czteroletni
21:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3328:
3296:
3206:
3205:
3182:
3076:
3075:
3052:
3026:
3025:
3002:
2944:
2943:
2920:
2872:
2871:
2852:
2829:Partition Sejm
2793:
2783:
2780:
2758:
2743:
2742:
2723:
2714:
2684:
2679:
2675:Sejms of Poland
2665:People's Seimas
2634:
2611:Eleventh Seimas
2552:
2549:
2527:
2477:
2474:
2452:
2412:
2350:
2347:
2329:
2320:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2229:
2227:
2217:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2200:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2117:
2116:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2077:
2076:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1851:
1850:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1773:
1772:
1768:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1544:
1535:
1525:Wayback Machine
1513:
1512:
1503:
1493:
1491:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1445:
1444:
1437:
1428:
1424:
1411:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1301:
1300:
1287:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1255:
1254:
1243:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1211:
1210:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1004:
1002:
1000:
982:
981:
977:
967:
965:
963:
948:
947:
943:
933:
931:
929:
914:
913:
909:
899:
897:
895:
877:
876:
872:
862:
860:
858:
837:
836:
832:
822:
820:
818:
803:
802:
798:
788:
786:
784:
763:
762:
758:
748:
746:
744:
729:
728:
724:
714:
712:
710:
692:
691:
687:
683:
664:
659:
647:
627:
596:Crown of Poland
594:, i.e., of the
523:
495:Triple Alliance
452:Polish Jacobins
424:Patriotic Party
383:
378:
370:Ignacy Krasicki
244:. In 1772, the
218:Golden Freedoms
185:
120:and placed the
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3390:
3388:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3339:
3338:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3294:
3291:(2023–present)
3286:
3278:
3270:
3262:
3254:
3246:
3238:
3230:
3222:
3213:
3211:
3196:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3156:
3148:
3140:
3132:
3124:
3116:
3108:
3100:
3092:
3083:
3081:
3066:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3042:
3033:
3031:
3016:
3008:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2992:
2984:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2951:
2949:
2934:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2877:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2772:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2733:
2725:
2724:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2690:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2624:
2619:Twelfth Seimas
2616:
2608:
2600:
2592:
2584:
2579:Seventh Seimas
2576:
2568:
2559:
2557:
2541:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2484:
2482:
2466:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2433:
2431:
2429:Russian Empire
2422:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2402:
2394:
2389:Partition Sejm
2386:
2378:
2370:
2362:
2353:
2351:
2339:
2331:
2330:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2296:
2289:
2288:
2279:
2270:
2250:
2241:
2210:
2181:
2167:
2147:
2133:
2107:
2093:
2065:
2032:
2018:
1992:
1978:
1955:
1941:
1918:
1904:
1881:
1867:
1837:
1823:
1800:
1786:
1766:
1752:
1732:
1718:
1698:
1684:
1664:
1650:
1630:
1616:
1596:
1582:
1559:
1547:Potocki Ignacy
1533:
1501:
1472:
1458:
1435:
1422:
1394:
1365:
1351:
1331:
1317:
1303:George Sanford
1285:
1271:
1241:
1227:
1191:
1177:
1154:
1140:
1114:
1100:
1080:
1066:
1046:
1032:
1012:
998:
975:
961:
941:
927:
907:
893:
870:
856:
830:
816:
796:
782:
756:
742:
722:
708:
684:
682:
679:
658:
655:
654:
653:
646:
643:
626:
623:
576:Hetmans' Party
565:Act on Sejmiks
522:
519:
438:, his brother
436:Ignacy Potocki
409:Ottoman Empire
382:
379:
377:
374:
366:
365:
353:
336:, head of the
331:
309:
184:
181:
177:Russian Empire
157:, with a more
76:Didysis seimas
56:Four-Year Sejm
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3389:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3335:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3293:
3287:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3271:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3255:
3253:
3247:
3245:
3239:
3237:
3231:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3189:
3179:
3173:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3117:
3115:
3109:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3059:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3009:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2983:
2977:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2927:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2904:
2902:
2896:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2880:
2878:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2843:
2841:
2835:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2706:
2704:
2699:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2628:
2625:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2609:
2604:
2601:
2596:
2593:
2588:
2587:Eighth Seimas
2585:
2580:
2577:
2572:
2569:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2521:
2520:Fourth Seimas
2518:
2513:
2510:
2505:
2504:Second Seimas
2502:
2497:
2494:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2446:
2443:
2438:
2435:
2434:
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2283:
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2274:
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2263:
2254:
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2242:
2238:
2230:September 12,
2225:
2221:
2214:
2211:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2185:
2182:
2170:
2164:
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2159:
2151:
2148:
2136:
2130:
2126:
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2120:
2119:Jacek Jędruch
2114:
2112:
2108:
2096:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2079:Jacek Jędruch
2074:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2036:
2033:
2021:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2004:Jacek Jędruch
1999:
1997:
1993:
1981:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1964:Jacek Jędruch
1959:
1956:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1927:Jacek Jędruch
1922:
1919:
1907:
1901:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1890:Jacek Jędruch
1885:
1882:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1853:Jacek Jędruch
1848:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1826:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1810:
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1801:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1770:
1767:
1755:
1749:
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1736:
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1721:
1715:
1711:
1710:
1702:
1699:
1687:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1668:
1665:
1657:September 23,
1653:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1631:
1623:September 11,
1619:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1600:
1597:
1585:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1568:Jacek Jędruch
1563:
1560:
1557:, p. 8–7
1556:
1555:0-900661-24-0
1552:
1548:
1542:
1540:
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1527:
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1369:
1366:
1358:September 11,
1354:
1348:
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1126:Jacek Jędruch
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1016:
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984:Jacek Jędruch
979:
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945:
942:
930:
924:
920:
919:
911:
908:
896:
890:
886:
885:
880:
879:Jacek Jędruch
874:
871:
859:
853:
849:
844:
843:
834:
831:
819:
813:
809:
808:
800:
797:
785:
779:
775:
770:
769:
760:
757:
745:
739:
735:
734:
726:
723:
711:
705:
701:
700:
695:
694:Jacek Jędruch
689:
686:
680:
678:
676:
672:
668:
667:
663:
656:
652:
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513:
509:
504:
500:
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456:Hugo Kołłątaj
453:
449:
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420:
418:
414:
410:
405:
401:
397:
387:
380:
375:
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371:
363:
362:
357:
354:
351:
350:
346:, 1788–1789,
345:
344:
339:
335:
334:Hugo Kołłątaj
332:
330:, 1778–1778);
329:
328:
323:
322:
317:
313:
312:Józef Wybicki
310:
308:, 1761–1763);
307:
306:
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297:
294:
293:
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283:
282:
277:
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230:Enlightenment
226:
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197:
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182:
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88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
3334:
3208:(since 1990)
2845:Grodno Sejm
2836:
2821:Repnin Sejm
2797:Silent Sejm
2781:Commonwealth
2603:Tenth Seimas
2595:Ninth Seimas
2571:Sixth Seimas
2554:(since 1990)
2512:Third Seimas
2496:First Seimas
2396:
2348:Commonwealth
2282:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2253:
2244:
2235:
2228:. Retrieved
2224:the original
2213:
2201:. Retrieved
2196:
2191:
2184:
2172:. Retrieved
2157:
2150:
2138:. Retrieved
2123:
2098:. Retrieved
2083:
2056:. Retrieved
2047:
2042:
2035:
2023:. Retrieved
2008:
1983:. Retrieved
1968:
1958:
1946:. Retrieved
1931:
1921:
1909:. Retrieved
1894:
1884:
1872:. Retrieved
1857:
1828:. Retrieved
1813:
1803:
1791:. Retrieved
1776:
1769:
1757:. Retrieved
1742:
1735:
1723:. Retrieved
1708:
1701:
1689:. Retrieved
1674:
1667:
1655:. Retrieved
1640:
1633:
1621:. Retrieved
1606:
1599:
1587:. Retrieved
1572:
1562:
1546:
1516:
1492:. Retrieved
1482:
1475:
1463:. Retrieved
1448:
1430:
1425:
1413:
1385:. Retrieved
1380:
1375:
1368:
1356:. Retrieved
1341:
1334:
1322:. Retrieved
1307:
1276:. Retrieved
1261:
1232:. Retrieved
1217:
1182:. Retrieved
1167:
1157:
1145:. Retrieved
1130:
1107:September 5,
1105:. Retrieved
1090:
1083:
1073:September 5,
1071:. Retrieved
1056:
1049:
1039:September 5,
1037:. Retrieved
1022:
1015:
1003:. Retrieved
988:
978:
966:. Retrieved
951:
944:
932:. Retrieved
917:
910:
898:. Retrieved
883:
873:
861:. Retrieved
841:
833:
821:. Retrieved
806:
799:
787:. Retrieved
767:
759:
747:. Retrieved
732:
725:
713:. Retrieved
698:
688:
666:
661:
660:
628:
612:
587:
583:
580:
573:
569:
546:
539:
530:Royal Castle
516:
472:
421:
400:liberum veto
399:
392:
367:
359:
352:, 1790); and
347:
341:
325:
319:
303:
285:
279:
266:
227:
209:liberum veto
207:
201:
170:
143:
131:liberum veto
129:
95:
79:
75:
67:
63:
55:
51:
49:
40:Royal Castle
3283:(2019–2023)
3235:(1997–2001)
2916:(1861–1918)
2908:(1775–1845)
2900:(1823–1918)
2874:(1795–1918)
2837:Great Sejm
2785:(1569–1795)
2745:(1385–1569)
2582:(1996–2000)
2405:Grodno Sejm
2381:Repnin Sejm
2357:Silent Sejm
2258:(in Polish)
2220:"My, Litwa"
1759:17 December
1725:17 December
1691:17 December
1514:(in Polish)
639:Grodno Sejm
536:was adopted
442:and Prince
376:Proceedings
268:philosophes
159:egalitarian
152:reactionary
140:legislation
114:townspeople
64:Sejm Wielki
3347:Great Sejm
3341:Categories
2397:Great Sejm
2058:August 18,
863:August 13,
789:August 13,
749:August 13,
681:References
468:republican
454:), led by
163:democratic
106:federative
72:Lithuanian
52:Great Sejm
3275:(2015–19)
3267:(2011–15)
3259:(2007–11)
3251:(2005–07)
3243:(2001–05)
3227:(1993–97)
3219:(1991–93)
3169:(1985–89)
3161:(1980–85)
3153:(1976–80)
3145:(1972–76)
3137:(1969–72)
3129:(1965–69)
3121:(1961–65)
3113:(1957–61)
3105:(1952–56)
3097:(1947–52)
3089:(1943–47)
3078:(1945–89)
3047:(1944–45)
3039:(1943–44)
3028:(1939–45)
2997:(1938–39)
2989:(1935–38)
2981:(1930–35)
2973:(1928–30)
2965:(1922–27)
2957:(1919–22)
2946:(1918–39)
2892:(1815–31)
2884:(1809–12)
2839:(1788–91)
2831:(1773–75)
2823:(1767–68)
2630:(2020–24)
2622:(2016–20)
2614:(2012–16)
2606:(2008–12)
2598:(2004–08)
2590:(2000–04)
2574:(1992–96)
2566:(1990–92)
2550:Lithuania
2523:(1936–40)
2515:(1926–27)
2507:(1923–26)
2499:(1922–23)
2491:(1920–22)
2479:(1918–40)
2475:Lithuania
2400:(1788–91)
2392:(1773–75)
2384:(1767–68)
2327:Lithuania
2140:13 August
2100:13 August
2025:13 August
1985:13 August
1948:13 August
1911:13 August
1874:13 August
1793:2 January
1589:13 August
1494:18 August
1465:17 August
1278:13 August
1234:13 August
1147:13 August
1005:13 August
900:13 August
715:13 August
671:A website
625:Aftermath
232:European
3308:See also
2646:See also
2237:Narodów"
2121:(1998).
2081:(1998).
2006:(1998).
1966:(1998).
1929:(1998).
1892:(1998).
1855:(1998).
1811:(2001).
1570:(1998).
1521:Archived
1305:(2002).
1259:(1998).
1215:(1998).
1165:(1997).
1128:(1998).
986:(1998).
881:(1998).
823:June 11,
696:(1998).
645:See also
598:and the
553:burghers
549:nobility
481:and the
364:, 1787).
324:, 1775,
214:magnates
155:magnates
122:peasants
118:nobility
82:) was a
2203:July 6,
2174:July 6,
1830:July 5,
1387:July 4,
1324:July 5,
1184:July 5,
968:July 5,
934:July 5,
608:federal
521:1791–92
448:Prussia
428:Piarist
381:1789–90
340:party (
196:Marshal
183:Origins
148:anarchy
126:serfdom
38:at the
3316:Sejmik
3177:(1989)
2861:
2847:(1793)
2815:(1764)
2807:(1736)
2799:(1717)
2721:Poland
2448:(1917)
2440:(1905)
2421:
2408:(1793)
2376:(1764)
2368:(1736)
2360:(1717)
2323:Seimas
2264:, in:
2165:
2131:
2091:
2016:
1976:
1939:
1902:
1865:
1821:
1784:
1750:
1716:
1682:
1648:
1614:
1580:
1553:
1456:
1349:
1315:
1269:
1225:
1175:
1138:
1098:
1064:
1030:
996:
959:
925:
891:
854:
814:
780:
740:
706:
464:Warsaw
136:deputy
91:Warsaw
60:Polish
44:Warsaw
2717:Sejms
2195:[
2046:[
1379:[
657:Notes
2232:2011
2205:2011
2176:2011
2163:ISBN
2142:2011
2129:ISBN
2102:2011
2089:ISBN
2060:2011
2027:2011
2014:ISBN
1987:2011
1974:ISBN
1950:2011
1937:ISBN
1913:2011
1900:ISBN
1876:2011
1863:ISBN
1832:2011
1819:ISBN
1795:2012
1782:ISBN
1761:2011
1748:ISBN
1727:2011
1714:ISBN
1693:2011
1680:ISBN
1659:2011
1646:ISBN
1625:2011
1612:ISBN
1591:2011
1578:ISBN
1551:ISBN
1496:2011
1490:–343
1467:2011
1454:ISBN
1389:2011
1360:2011
1347:ISBN
1326:2011
1313:ISBN
1280:2011
1267:ISBN
1236:2011
1223:ISBN
1186:2011
1173:ISBN
1149:2011
1136:ISBN
1109:2011
1096:ISBN
1075:2011
1062:ISBN
1041:2011
1028:ISBN
1007:2011
994:ISBN
970:2011
957:ISBN
936:2011
923:ISBN
902:2011
889:ISBN
865:2011
852:ISBN
825:2011
812:ISBN
791:2011
778:ISBN
751:2011
738:ISBN
717:2011
704:ISBN
430:and
274:and
228:The
161:and
144:sejm
116:and
50:The
2719:of
2325:of
2054:–52
1488:342
848:274
774:659
78:or
66:or
42:in
3343::
3322:,
3318:,
3314:,
2234:.
2110:^
2068:^
2052:50
1995:^
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1536:^
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1438:^
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1288:^
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1117:^
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419:.
411:.
194:,
168:.
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2207:.
2178:.
2144:.
2104:.
2062:.
2029:.
1989:.
1952:.
1915:.
1878:.
1834:.
1797:.
1763:.
1729:.
1695:.
1661:.
1627:.
1593:.
1498:.
1469:.
1391:.
1362:.
1328:.
1282:.
1238:.
1188:.
1151:.
1111:.
1077:.
1043:.
1009:.
972:.
938:.
904:.
867:.
827:.
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753:.
719:.
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318:(
302:(
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