415:
1464:, an intracellular organelle that stores calcium. Human newborns, some animals, and patients with chronic heart failure lack well developed and fully functioning sarcoplasmic reticula and must rely on the Na/Ca exchanger to provide all or a majority of the cytoplasmic calcium required for cardiac contraction. For this to occur, cytoplasmic sodium must exceed its typical concentration to favour a reversal in potential, which naturally occurs in human newborns and some animals primarily through an elevated heart rate; in patients with chronic heart failure it occurs through the administration of digitalis. As a result of increased contractility,
1460:. This results in an increased intracellular concentration of sodium ions and thus a decreased concentration gradient across the cell membrane. This increase in intracellular sodium causes the Na/Ca exchanger to reverse potential, i.e., transition from pumping sodium into the cell in exchange for pumping calcium out of the cell, to pumping sodium out of the cell in exchange for pumping calcium into the cell. This leads to an increase in cytoplasmic calcium concentration, which improves cardiac contractility. Under normal physiological conditions, the cytoplasmic calcium used in cardiac contractions originates from the
1400:. Digoxin was approved for heart failure in 1998 under current regulations by the Food and Drug Administration on the basis of prospective, randomized study and clinical trials. It was also approved for the control of ventricular response rate for patients with atrial fibrillation. American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines recommend digoxin for symptomatic chronic heart failure for patients with reduced systolic function, preservation of systolic function, and/or rate control for atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular response.
1405:
is the more recent introduction of several drugs shown in randomised controlled studies to improve outcomes in heart failure. Safety concerns regarding a proposed link between digoxin therapy and increased mortality seen in observational studies may have contributed to the decline in therapeutic use of digoxin, however a systematic review of 75 studies including four million patient years of patient follow-up showed that in properly designed randomised controlled studies, mortality was no higher in patients given digoxin than in those given placebo.
1274:
1563:
2793:"ACC/AHA/ESC Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Executive Summary A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines and Policy Conferences (Committee to Develop Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation) Developed in Collaboration With the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology"
1627:(increased heart rate), depending on the dose, the condition of one's heart, and the prevailing chemistry of the blood (specifically any of: low potassium, high calcium and low magnesium). Electrical cardioversion (to "shock" the heart) is generally not indicated in ventricular fibrillation in digitalis toxicity, as it can make the rhythm disturbance more complicated or sustained. Furthermore, the classic drug of choice for ventricular fibrillation in emergency setting,
231:
1420:
1664:'s "Yellow Period" may have been influenced by digitalis, because it had been proposed as a therapy to control epilepsy around this time, and there are two paintings by the artist where the plant is present. Other studies immediately questioned this: there are a large number of other possible explanations for van Gogh's choice of palette, there is no evidence that van Gogh was ever given the drug or that his physician prescribed it, he was tested and had no
83:
219:
2363:
60:
2791:
Joseph S.; Faxon, David P.; Fuster, Valentin; Gregoratos, Gabriel; Hiratzka, Loren F.; Jacobs, Alice K.; Russell, Richard O.; Smith, Sidney C.; Klein, Werner W.; Alonso-Garcia, Angeles; Blomström-Lundqvist, Carina; de Backer, Guy; Flather, Marcus; Hradec, Jaromir; Oto, Ali; Parkhomenko, Alexander; Silber, Sigmund; Torbicki, Adam (23 October 2001).
1652:) plant, which is sometimes brewed into a tea, with fatal consequences. Other fatal accidents involve children drinking the water in a vase containing digitalis plants. Drying does not reduce the toxicity of the plant. The plant is toxic to animals, including all classes of livestock and poultry, as well as felines and canines.
2790:
Fuster, Valentin; Rydén, Lars E.; Asinger, Richard W.; Cannom, David S.; Crijns, Harry J.; Frye, Robert L.; Halperin, Jonathan L.; Kay, G. Neal; Klein, Werner W.; Lévy, Samuel; McNamara, Robert L.; Prystowsky, Eric N.; Wann, L. Samuel; Wyse, D. George; Gibbons, Raymond J.; Antman, Elliott M.; Alpert,
349:
is native to Europe, Western Asia, and northwestern Africa. The flowers are tubular in shape, produced on a tall spike, and vary in colour with species, from purple to pink, white, and yellow. The name derives from the Latin word for "finger". The genus was traditionally placed in the figwort family,
1642:
The entire plant is toxic (including the roots and seeds). Mortality is rare, but case reports do exist. Most plant exposures occur in children younger than six years and are usually unintentional and without associated significant toxicity. More serious toxicity occurs with intentional ingestion by
1404:
guidelines for heart failure provide similar recommendations. Despite its relatively recent approval by the Food and Drug
Administration and the guideline recommendations, the therapeutic use of digoxin is declining in patients with heart failure—likely the result of several factors. The main factor
463:
as 'foxes glofe/glofa' or 'fox's glove'. Over time, folk myths obscured the literal origins of the name, insinuating that foxes wore the flowers on their paws to silence their movements as they stealthily hunted their prey. The woody hillsides where the foxes made their dens were often covered with
1576:
Depending on the species, the digitalis plant may contain several deadly physiological and chemically related cardiac and steroidal glycosides. Thus, the digitalis plants have earned several, more sinister, names: dead man's bells and witch's gloves. The toxins can be absorbed via the skin or
3163:
Fuster, Valentin; Rydén, Lars E.; Cannom, David S.; Crijns, Harry J.; Curtis, Anne B.; Ellenbogen, Kenneth A.; Halperin, Jonathan L.; Le Heuzey, Jean-Yves; Kay, G. Neal; Lowe, James E.; Olsson, S. Bertil; Prystowsky, Eric N.; Tamargo, Juan Luis; Wann, Samuel (August 2006).
1439:
group at the C-3 position on the B-ring (adjacent to the pentane). This results in digoxin having a half-life of about one day (and increasing with impaired kidney function), whereas digitoxin's is about 7 days and not affected by kidney function. Both molecules include a
1334:), and for "a scabby head". There is no empirical evidence for these claims, and it is not used for these conditions in modern medicine, only for slowing excessive heart rate in certain circumstances and/or strengthening heart muscle contraction in heart failure.
1600:(jaundiced or yellow vision). Other oculotoxic effects of digitalis include generalized blurry vision, as well as the appearance of blurred outlines ('halos'). Other things mentioned are dilated pupils, drooling, weakness, collapse, seizures, and even death.
375:. This biennial is often grown as an ornamental plant due to its vivid flowers, which range in colour from various purple tints through pink and purely white. The flowers can also possess various marks and spottings. Other garden-worthy species include
1468:
is increased. Ultimately, digitalis increases cardiac output (cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate). This is the mechanism that makes this drug a popular treatment for congestive heart failure, which is characterized by low cardiac output.
1306:. The bright flowers attract the bee, which lands on the lower lip of the bloom before climbing up the tube. This means that the bee is likely to drop any pollen it may have collected from other foxgloves, thereby facilitating propagation.
1350:
and the difficulty of determining the amount of active drug in herbal preparations. Once the usefulness of digitalis in regulating the human pulse was understood, it was employed for a variety of purposes, including the treatment of
470:(1847) proposed 'folks' glove', where 'folk' means fairy. Similarly, R. C. A. Prior (1863) suggested an etymology of 'foxes-glew', meaning 'fairy music'. However, neither of these suggestions account for the Old English form
1584:, results from an overdose of digitalis and can cause gastrointestinal, cardiac and neurological effects. The former include appetite loss, nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea; the cardiac symptoms include both
2034:
2679:
Ziff, Oliver J.; Lane, Deirdre A.; Samra, Monica; Griffith, Michael; Kirchhof, Paulus; Lip, Gregory Y. H.; Steeds, Richard P.; Townend, Jonathan; Kotecha, Dipak (30 August 2015).
1427:
A group of pharmacologically active compounds are extracted mostly from the leaves of the second year's growth, and in pure form are referred to by common chemical names, such as
1197:
than Werner in his works, and recognised eight species in the country. A 2016 molecular phylogenetic study into the relationships of the
Turkish species in the section
406:, extracted from various plants of this genus. Foxglove has medicinal uses but is also very toxic to humans and other animals, and consumption can even lead to death.
3804:
2653:
3843:
3547:
3274:
1964:
2291:: Geschichte, Biologie, Chemie, Physiologie, Molekularbiologie, medizinische Anwendung. Handbuch für Ärzte, Apotheker und andere Naturwissenschaftler
2065:
Digitalium monographia: sistens historiam botanicam generis, tabulis omnium specierum hactenus cognitarum illustratam ut plurimum confectis ad icones
3752:
1484:, when it can paradoxically increase the heart rate). The dependence on the vagal effect means digitalis is not effective when a patient has a high
3817:
3765:
1481:
3879:
3001:
Symptoms may include gastrointestinal disturbances and pain, severe headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, irregular pulse, and yellow vision...
2994:
2947:
2747:
2498:
Goldthorp, W. O. (2009). "Medical
Classics: An Account of the Foxglove and Some of its Medicinal Uses by William Withering, published 1785".
1668:, and in his many letters of the time he makes it clear that he simply liked using the colour yellow, but it has remained a popular theory.
1635:
is more commonly used. Mild toxicity is treated by stopping the medication and general supportive measures; severe toxicity is treated with
1327:
2090:
Eker, İsmail; Yücesan, Buhara; Sameeullah, Muhammad; Welß, Walter; Müller-Uri, Frieder; Gürel, Ekrem; Kreis, Wolfgang (January 2016).
1523:
by chemical modifications. DIG molecules are often linked to nucleotides; DIG-labelled uridine can then be incorporated into RNA via
3236:
3147:
2542:
2298:
1846:
414:
1401:
2138:
3791:
1570:
3979:
3974:
3928:
2737:
2375:
1473:
3822:
3419:
3830:
2405:
1608:
1435:, or by brand names such as Crystodigin and Lanoxin, respectively. The two drugs differ in that digoxin has an additional
1155:
of the genus published in 2004 found that although four of Werner's sections were supported by the genetics, the section
1396:. Digitalis is hence often prescribed for patients in atrial fibrillation, especially if they have been diagnosed with
3664:
2963:
3500:
Voskuil, Piet (October 2020). "Vincent van Gogh and his illness. A reflection on a posthumous diagnostic exercise".
3933:
3892:
2001:
1701:
1696:
1533:
1485:
1194:
1151:, Luckner and Wichtl continued to uphold Werner's classification of the 19 species, but molecular studies into the
515:
82:
1376:, in 1785, which is considered the beginning of modern therapeutics. In contemporary medicine, digitalis (usually
464:
the toxic flowers. Some of the more menacing names, such as "witch's glove", reference the toxicity of the plant.
3984:
3848:
3593:
1723:
31:
3897:
3286:
2681:"Safety and efficacy of digoxin: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational and controlled trial data"
1623:
on heart muscle cells is to increase contraction of the cells, both in force and frequency, tending to produce
1529:
1397:
1201:
aimed to reconcile this discrepancy, finding that the classification as proposed by Davis was largely correct:
849:
1972:
3739:
1457:
1299:
419:
3726:
3607:
1461:
930:
3744:
3731:
1781:
Olmstead, R. G.; de
Pamphilis, C. W.; Wolfe, A. D.; Young, N. D.; Elisons, W. J.; Reeves, P. A. (2001).
1604:
1372:
for the treatment of heart conditions was first described in the
English-speaking medical literature by
1273:
1132:
1051:
830:
642:
614:
534:
3166:"ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation—Executive Summary"
1562:
1302:. The shape of the foxglove's flowers makes it especially attractive to long-tongued bees, such as the
1261:
were not tested in this study, but the 2004 study found these two species situated within the section
912:
had been considered a valid species since it was first described by the
English botanist and gardener
3858:
3770:
3700:
1863:
1541:
1389:
1138:
1098:
969:
In the last full monograph of the genus in 1965, Werner classified the 19 recognised species in five
861:
766:
621:
583:
566:
3575:
1326:. He cited its use for healing wounds (both fresh and old), as a purgative, for "the King's Evil" (
1477:
1393:
1186:
1104:
1086:
1074:
1062:
820:
684:
674:
609:
546:
524:
42:
2431:
1175:. This study, as well as a number of other studies published around that time, reunited the genus
925:
230:
176:
3969:
3941:
3884:
3525:
3411:
3195:
2718:
2515:
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2130:
1804:
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371:
77:
68:
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2538:
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2294:
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2122:
1919:
1842:
1812:
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1373:
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1347:
1319:
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3051:
3013:
2902:
2853:
2804:
2772:
2700:
2692:
2624:
2583:
2575:
2507:
2482:
2379:
2362:
Robinson, G. S.; Ackery, P. R.; Kitching, I. J.; Beccaloni, G. W.; Hernández, L. M. (2010).
2336:
2220:
2180:
2114:
2069:
1997:
1909:
1901:
1794:
1661:
1516:
1303:
1110:
999:
810:
694:
559:
467:
351:
290:
246:
3871:
3587:
2763:
Akera, Tai; Brody, Theodore M. (1985). "Sodium ion and the cardiac actions of digitalis".
1548:
can be used which reacts with the alkaline phosphatase to produce a coloured precipitate.
1508:
1126:
726:
706:
450:
427:
223:
120:
3645:
3543:
3470:
3066:
3039:
2705:
2680:
2588:
2559:
1937:
1756:
1646:
In some instances, people have confused foxglove with the relatively harmless comfrey (
489:
438:
363:
336:
218:
166:
107:
2858:
2841:
1914:
1889:
1355:
and other seizure disorders, which are now considered to be inappropriate treatments.
3963:
3529:
3325:
2889:
Tonkon, M. J.; Lee, G.; DeMaria, A. N.; Miller, R. R.; Mason, D. T. (December 1977).
2776:
2091:
1782:
1465:
1408:
576:
539:
197:
3415:
2519:
2348:
2134:
2063:
1631:, can worsen the dysrhythmia caused by digitalis, therefore, the second-choice drug
3946:
3199:
2722:
2629:
2612:
2059:
1738:
1291:
1160:
1055:
990:
949:
913:
803:
359:
355:
59:
3692:
3669:
3656:
3040:"Spectrum of digoxin-induced ocular toxicity: a case report and literature review"
2319:
Bräuchler, C.; Meimberg, H.; Heubl, G. (2004). "Molecular phylogeny of the genera
2891:"Effects of digitalis on the exercise electrocardiogram in normal adult subjects"
2252:
1342:
Digitalis is an example of a drug derived from a plant that was formerly used by
362:
in 2001. More recent phylogenetic work has placed it in the much enlarged family
3920:
3835:
3778:
3639:
3513:
3378:
3105:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1596:—see below); and the neurological effects include fatigue, delirium, and rarely
1589:
1585:
1496:
1295:
1294:, a moth, consume the flowers of the common foxglove for food. Other species of
974:
962:
with three subsections, including 2Y species, a number of which are now seen as
460:
3182:
3165:
2118:
1688:
3056:
2340:
1665:
1628:
1597:
1537:
3630:
2914:
2867:
2818:
2809:
2792:
2579:
2184:
2126:
2073:
2022:
In sum, foxglove means foxglove, and this disturbing fact has to be accepted.
1488:
drive, which is the case with acutely ill persons, and also during exercise.
3713:
3580:
3038:
Renard, D; Rubli, E; Voide, N; Borruat, FX; Rothuizen, LE (23 August 2015).
1648:
1632:
1545:
1445:
1428:
1359:
1343:
1152:
1026:
954:
945:
658:
456:, which translates literally as 'finger hat', but actually means 'thimble'.
3910:
3521:
3479:
3445:
3191:
3117:
3075:
2906:
2826:
2714:
2638:
2234:
1816:
3461:
3407:
3360:
3333:
2890:
2875:
2597:
2225:
2204:
1923:
1392:
to control the heart rate, particularly in the irregular (and often fast)
3905:
3679:
3624:
3548:"It was all yellow: did digitalis affect the way Van Gogh saw the world?"
2922:
1905:
1525:
1436:
1385:
1352:
1331:
156:
146:
133:
17:
3586:
3398:
2009:
3757:
2257:
1808:
1520:
1441:
1432:
1377:
745:
634:
602:
403:
38:
2696:
2613:"A Fond Farewell to the Foxglove? The Decline in the Use of Digitalis"
2511:
1947:
Apellauimus autem
Digitalem, alludentes ad germanicam nomenclaturam...
1536:
occurs, RNA with the incorporated DIG-U can be detected with anti-DIG
3783:
2383:
2327:(Lindley) Loudon (Veronicaceae) based on ITS- and trnL-F sequences".
1190:
835:
749:
741:
589:
551:
193:
3601:
1799:
3718:
1561:
1418:
1346:; herbalists have largely abandoned its use because of its narrow
1287:
1272:
854:
771:
699:
647:
555:
493:
originally recognised a number of species now seen as synonyms of
413:
332:
229:
217:
94:
3796:
2068:(in Latin). London: Arthur Taylor for J.H. Bohte. pp. 1–27.
1839:
The Royal
Horticultural Society A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants
1384:. It is used to increase cardiac contractility (it is a positive
331:) is a genus of about 20 species of herbaceous perennial plants,
1512:
793:
572:
3605:
2293:(in German). Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft.
1944:(in Latin). Basel: In officina Isingriniana. pp. 892–893.
1358:
A group of medicines extracted from foxglove plants are called
519:
recognises the following 27 species (and a number of hybrids):
41:. For the foxglove-tree, which has similar-looking blooms, see
3705:
3377:
Arnold, Wilfred Niels; Loftus, Loretta S. (1 September 1991).
2163:
Werner, Klaus (1965). "Taxonomie und
Phylogenie der Gattungen
998:, four other species (as recognised as the time) were placed:
3285:. Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility. Archived from
3229:
Back to Basics: Critical Care Transport Certification Review
270:
302:
258:
2372:
HOSTS – A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants
1603:
Digitalis poisoning can cause indirect inhibition of the
320:
314:
305:
299:
276:
261:
255:
2533:
Simpson, Beryl Brintnall; Ogorzaly, Molly Coner (2001).
441:
first invented the name for this plant in his 1542 book
3253:"Cardiac Glycoside Plant Poisoning: Medscape reference"
2484:
An Account of the Foxglove and some of its Medical Uses
2436:(1st ed.). London: William Bentley. pp. 97–98
1499:(DIG) is a steroid found in the flowers and leaves of
1476:, and can be used to slow the ventricular rate during
27:
Genus of flowering plants in the family Plantaginaceae
3213:
3104:
Rehman, Rameez; Dawson, Andrew H.; Hai, Ofek (2022).
1969:
University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture
1322:
included Foxglove in his 1652 herbal medicine guide,
323:
293:
279:
249:
2939:
Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
317:
311:
296:
273:
267:
252:
3614:
3308:Lee, T. C. (20 February 1981). "Van Gogh's vision.
2560:"Drugs for atrial fibrillation. Digoxin comes from
2537:(3rd ed.). Boston: Mc Graw Hill. p. 529.
1519:. It can easily be attached to nucleotides such as
308:
264:
1592:(either of which, if severe enough, can result in
37:For the drug used to treat heart conditions, see
2406:"Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) - British Plants"
2314:
2312:
2310:
2092:"Phylogeny of Anatolian (Turkey) species in the
1992:
1990:
1958:
1956:
398:is also used for drug preparations that contain
3349:Bulletin des Sociétés d'Ophtalmologie Française
369:The best-known species is the common foxglove,
30:"Foxglove" redirects here. For other uses, see
2054:
2052:
3372:
3370:
3170:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
2846:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
2246:
2244:
2002:"Etymologists at War with a Flower: Foxglove"
952:in 1821. He included two sections, a section
418:Hendrik Goltzius, A Foxglove in Bloom, 1592,
8:
3283:Canadian poisonous plants information system
2842:"Digitalis and the autonomic nervous system"
2198:
2196:
2194:
1615:(decreased heart rate) or if severe enough,
958:including two species, and the main section
592:& O'Shan.) Albach, Bräuchler & Heubl
2085:
2083:
916:in 1821, but it was considered a hybrid of
358:research led taxonomists to move it to the
3602:
3379:"Xanthopsia and van Gogh's yellow palette"
1544:. To reveal the hybridised transcripts, a
1229:was subsumed at the infraspecific rank as
1183:, increasing the number of species to 23.
58:
49:
3469:
3397:
3181:
3065:
3055:
2857:
2808:
2704:
2654:"Medications Used to Treat Heart Failure"
2628:
2587:
2224:
1942:De historia stirpium commentarii insignes
1913:
1798:
1472:Digitalis also has a vagal effect on the
447:Notable comments on the history of plants
443:De historia stirpium commentarii insignes
1783:"Disintegration of the Scrophulariaceae"
1677:
3142:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 631.
3093:(8th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
1683:
1681:
1444:and a triple-repeating sugar called a
2966:. Minnesota Department of Agriculture
1864:"Foxglove and other poisonous plants"
7:
3934:8a56666c-dc15-4191-9755-6f0315db6869
3859:908335e3-196c-4f4b-897c-202a2877b427
3425:from the original on 30 October 2018
3231:. Xlibris Corporation. p. 290.
2144:from the original on 2 December 2021
1328:mycobacterial cervical lymphadenitis
948:regarding this genus was written by
3450:British Journal of General Practice
3091:Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies
1841:. Dorling Kindersley. p. 377.
1837:Brickell, Christopher, ed. (2008).
3898:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30112738-2
3446:"Vincent van Gogh's yellow vision"
2840:Watanabe, August M. (1 May 1985).
2765:Trends in Pharmacological Sciences
2487:. Birmingham, England: M. Swinney.
1862:Trust, Woodland (7 January 2020).
1423:Digitalis purpurea -- light purple
25:
3576:Molecule of the Month - Digitalis
3347:Lanthony, P. (October 1989). "".
2611:Weisse, Allen B. (January 2010).
2286:Luckner, M.; Wichtl, Max (2000).
1963:Klingaman, Gerald (17 May 2002).
1580:Digitalis intoxication, known as
3326:10.1001/jama.1981.03310320049025
3214:"European Resuscitation Council"
2936:Glick, Bernard R. (4 May 2018).
2462:. BMJ & Pharmaceutical Press
2456:"BNF (only available in the UK)"
1515:in situ and label DNA, RNA, and
1402:Heart Failure Society of America
1237:. This study listed 23 species:
1171:should be placed in the section
1046:, which was also called section
289:
245:
81:
2329:Plant Systematics and Evolution
1890:"Plants and cardiac glycosides"
1660:According to 1981 speculation,
1637:anti-digoxin antibody fragments
1507:. Digoxigenin can be used as a
1503:species, and is extracted from
1330:), for "the falling sickness" (
2987:Lewis Dictionary of Toxicology
2630:10.1016/j.cardfail.2009.08.001
2376:Natural History Museum, London
1474:parasympathetic nervous system
1456:Digitalis works by inhibiting
1411:use foxglove to treat eczema.
1298:eat the leaves, including the
1205:contained as distinct species
1054:. It included, along with the
1:
2859:10.1016/S0735-1097(85)80461-7
1965:"Plant of the Week: Foxglove"
1888:Hollman, A (September 1985).
234:Pink common foxglove with bee
3138:Abou-Donia, Mohamed (2015).
2777:10.1016/0165-6147(85)90136-1
2660:. American Heart Association
1189:, an expert on the flora of
977:were separated in the genus
3514:10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107258
3444:Gruener, Anna (July 2013).
2985:Lewis, Robert Alan (1998).
2736:Watts, D. C. (2 May 2007).
2568:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
2481:Withering, William (1785).
2430:Culpeper, Nicholas (1652).
1607:via a direct effect on the
211:Over 20 species, see text:
4001:
3594:Collier's New Encyclopedia
3227:Lee Lopez, Orchid (2011).
3183:10.1016/j.jacc.2006.07.009
2989:. CRC Press. p. 387.
2942:. CRC Press. p. 183.
2617:Journal of Cardiac Failure
2558:Hollman, A. (April 1996).
2433:The English Physician, Etc
2119:10.11646/phytotaxa.244.3.3
1787:American Journal of Botany
1702:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1697:Plants of the World Online
1555:
1486:sympathetic nervous system
516:Plants of the World Online
402:, particularly one called
36:
29:
3112:. StatPearls Publishing.
3089:Goldfrank, L. W. (2006).
3057:10.1186/s13104-015-1367-6
2742:. Elsevier. p. 129.
2341:10.1007/s00606-004-0145-z
1757:"Definition of DIGITALIS"
1724:Oxford English Dictionary
1147:In their 2000 book about
449:), based upon the German
209:
204:
78:Scientific classification
76:
66:
57:
52:
32:Foxglove (disambiguation)
2810:10.1161/circ.104.17.2118
2739:Dictionary of Plant Lore
2580:10.1136/bmj.312.7035.912
2203:Kreis, Wolfgang (2017).
2185:10.1002/fedr.19650700106
2074:10.5962/bhl.title.160067
1643:adolescents and adults.
1398:congestive heart failure
895:Digitalis × purpurascens
459:The name is recorded in
3502:Epilepsy & Behavior
2685:British Medical Journal
2500:British Medical Journal
1761:www.merriam-webster.com
1619:. The direct effect of
1458:sodium-potassium ATPase
1300:lesser yellow underwing
1193:, had used a different
1163:, and that the species
1121:included four species:
1085:included five species:
924:by the German botanist
420:National Gallery of Art
2907:10.1378/chest.72.6.714
1573:
1462:sarcoplasmic reticulum
1424:
1284:
871:Digitalis × macedonica
423:
235:
227:
3980:Antiarrhythmic agents
3975:Plantaginaceae genera
3462:10.3399/bjgp13X669266
2226:10.1055/s-0043-111240
1894:British Heart Journal
1605:atrioventricular node
1565:
1422:
1324:The English Physician
1276:
1052:Vernon Hilton Heywood
850:Digitalis × coutinhoi
831:Digitalis viridiflora
666:Digitalis isabelliana
643:Digitalis grandiflora
535:Digitalis canariensis
417:
233:
221:
3275:"Notes on poisoning:
3140:Mammalian Toxicology
3106:"Digitalis Toxicity"
2251:Wichtl, Max (2001).
2167:(Lindl.) Benth. und
2000:(10 November 2010).
1906:10.1136/hrt.54.3.258
1542:alkaline phosphatase
1482:an accessory pathway
1390:antiarrhythmic agent
1253:were not mentioned.
890:Zerbst & Bocquet
767:Digitalis parviflora
631:Digitalis fuscescens
622:Digitalis ferruginea
584:Digitalis chalcantha
567:Digitalis cedretorum
3399:10.1038/eye.1991.93
1478:atrial fibrillation
1452:Mechanism of action
1394:atrial fibrillation
1380:) is obtained from
1368:extract containing
1187:Peter Hadland Davis
973:(four species from
821:Digitalis transiens
800:Digitalis subalpina
685:Digitalis lamarckii
675:Digitalis laevigata
610:Digitalis davisiana
547:Digitalis cariensis
525:Digitalis atlantica
43:Paulownia tomentosa
3546:(10 August 2017).
3508:(107258): 107258.
3289:on 13 October 2011
3044:BMC Research Notes
3014:"Digoxin Toxicity"
2964:"GRECIAN FOXGLOVE"
2219:(12–13): 962–976.
2173:Feddes Repertorium
1656:In popular culture
1621:cardiac glycosides
1611:. This results in
1574:
1567:Digitalis purpurea
1425:
1370:cardiac glycosides
1285:
1280:Digitalis purpurea
789:Digitalis sceptrum
779:Digitalis purpurea
679:Waldst. & Kit.
495:Digitalis purpurea
433:is from the Latin
424:
400:cardiac glycosides
372:Digitalis purpurea
339:, commonly called
236:
228:
72:(Common foxglove)
69:Digitalis purpurea
3957:
3956:
3867:Open Tree of Life
3608:Taxon identifiers
3552:The Guardian (UK)
3355:(10): 1133–1134.
3277:Digitalis purpura
2996:978-1-56670-223-2
2949:978-1-351-09139-8
2803:(17): 2118–2150.
2749:978-0-08-054602-5
2697:10.1136/bmj.h4451
2512:10.1136/bmj.b2189
2404:Trust, Woodland.
2100:(Plantaginaceae)"
1998:Liberman, Anatoly
1558:Digoxin poisoning
1374:William Withering
1348:therapeutic index
1320:Nicholas Culpeper
1304:common carder bee
989:, along with the
911:
899:
891:
887:Digitalis × pelia
883:
879:Digitalis × media
875:
867:
862:Digitalis × fulva
857:
838:
826:
816:
806:
796:
784:
774:
762:
757:Digitalis obscura
752:
737:Digitalis nervosa
732:
722:
717:Digitalis mariana
712:
702:
690:
680:
670:
662:
654:Digitalis ikarica
650:
638:
627:
617:
605:
598:Digitalis ciliata
593:
579:
562:
542:
530:
216:
215:
200:
16:(Redirected from
3992:
3985:Medicinal plants
3950:
3949:
3937:
3936:
3924:
3923:
3914:
3913:
3901:
3900:
3888:
3887:
3875:
3874:
3862:
3861:
3852:
3851:
3839:
3838:
3836:NHMSYS0000458091
3826:
3825:
3813:
3812:
3800:
3799:
3787:
3786:
3774:
3773:
3761:
3760:
3748:
3747:
3735:
3734:
3722:
3721:
3709:
3708:
3696:
3695:
3683:
3682:
3673:
3672:
3660:
3659:
3650:
3649:
3648:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3603:
3598:
3590:
3588:"Foxglove"
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3473:
3456:(612): 370–371.
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3424:
3401:
3383:
3374:
3365:
3364:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3312:intoxication?".
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3224:
3218:
3217:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3185:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3069:
3059:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2861:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2812:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2708:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2632:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2591:
2562:Digitalis lanata
2555:
2549:
2548:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2384:10.5519/havt50xw
2359:
2353:
2352:
2335:(1–4): 111–128.
2316:
2305:
2304:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2248:
2239:
2238:
2228:
2205:"The Foxgloves (
2200:
2189:
2188:
2179:(1–3): 109–135.
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2143:
2104:
2087:
2078:
2077:
2056:
2047:
2046:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2017:
2008:. Archived from
1994:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1975:on 22 April 2020
1971:. Archived from
1960:
1951:
1950:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1802:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1735:
1729:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1685:
1662:Vincent van Gogh
1517:oligonucleotides
1492:Molecular probes
1480:(unless there's
934:
910:(Lindley) Werner
909:
897:
889:
881:
873:
865:
853:
834:
824:
814:
811:Digitalis thapsi
802:
792:
782:
770:
760:
740:
730:
720:
710:
698:
695:Digitalis lanata
688:
678:
668:
656:
646:
633:
625:
613:
601:
587:
570:
550:
538:
528:
468:Henry Fox Talbot
352:Scrophulariaceae
330:
329:
326:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
286:
285:
282:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
192:
86:
85:
62:
50:
21:
4000:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3960:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3945:
3940:
3932:
3927:
3919:
3917:
3909:
3904:
3896:
3891:
3883:
3878:
3870:
3865:
3857:
3855:
3847:
3842:
3834:
3829:
3821:
3816:
3808:
3803:
3795:
3790:
3782:
3777:
3769:
3764:
3756:
3751:
3743:
3738:
3730:
3725:
3717:
3712:
3704:
3699:
3691:
3686:
3678:
3676:
3668:
3663:
3655:
3653:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3610:
3585:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3556:
3554:
3544:Harkup, Kathryn
3542:
3541:
3537:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3484:
3482:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3428:
3426:
3422:
3381:
3376:
3375:
3368:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3137:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3020:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2997:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2661:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2535:Economic Botany
2532:
2531:
2527:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2437:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2318:
2317:
2308:
2301:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2202:
2201:
2192:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2102:
2089:
2088:
2081:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2015:
2013:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1938:Fuchs, Leonhart
1936:
1935:
1931:
1887:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1800:10.2307/2657024
1780:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1674:
1658:
1560:
1554:
1509:molecular probe
1494:
1454:
1417:
1340:
1317:
1315:Historical uses
1312:
1271:
1195:circumscription
1033:contained only
985:In the section
944:The first full
942:
928:
845:
727:Digitalis minor
707:Digitalis lutea
669:(Webb) Linding.
485:
480:
451:vernacular name
428:generic epithet
412:
292:
288:
248:
244:
224:Digitalis lutea
191:
80:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3998:
3996:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3962:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3947:wfo-4000011699
3938:
3925:
3915:
3902:
3889:
3876:
3863:
3853:
3840:
3827:
3814:
3801:
3788:
3775:
3762:
3749:
3736:
3723:
3710:
3697:
3684:
3674:
3661:
3651:
3636:
3620:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3583:
3581:eMedicine link
3578:
3571:
3570:External links
3568:
3565:
3564:
3535:
3492:
3436:
3392:(5): 503–510.
3366:
3339:
3320:(7): 727–729.
3300:
3265:
3244:
3237:
3219:
3205:
3155:
3148:
3130:
3096:
3081:
3030:
3005:
2995:
2977:
2955:
2948:
2928:
2901:(6): 714–718.
2881:
2852:(5): 35A–42A.
2832:
2782:
2755:
2748:
2728:
2671:
2644:
2603:
2550:
2543:
2525:
2490:
2473:
2447:
2422:
2410:Woodland Trust
2396:
2354:
2306:
2299:
2278:
2240:
2190:
2155:
2079:
2048:
2037:Flora Europaea
2026:
1986:
1952:
1929:
1900:(3): 258–261.
1880:
1868:Woodland Trust
1854:
1847:
1829:
1793:(2): 348–361.
1773:
1748:
1743:Dictionary.com
1730:
1715:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1657:
1654:
1556:Main article:
1553:
1550:
1540:conjugated to
1493:
1490:
1453:
1450:
1416:
1413:
1339:
1338:Medicinal uses
1336:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1270:
1267:
1169:D. viridiflora
1145:
1144:
1134:D. viridiflora
1116:
1080:
1059:D. grandiflora
1040:
1023:
981:at the time):
941:
938:
937:
936:
918:D. grandiflora
900:
892:
884:
876:
868:
858:
844:
841:
840:
839:
827:
817:
807:
797:
785:
775:
763:
753:
733:
723:
713:
703:
691:
681:
671:
663:
651:
639:
628:
618:
606:
594:
580:
563:
543:
531:
513:. As of 2017,
490:Flora Europaea
484:
481:
479:
476:
439:Leonhart Fuchs
411:
408:
381:D. grandiflora
364:Plantaginaceae
214:
213:
207:
206:
202:
201:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
167:Plantaginaceae
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
137:
136:
131:
124:
123:
118:
111:
110:
105:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
74:
73:
64:
63:
55:
54:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3997:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3948:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3647:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3596:
3595:
3589:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3553:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3493:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3437:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3351:(in French).
3350:
3343:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3301:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3278:
3269:
3266:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3240:
3238:9781456862749
3234:
3230:
3223:
3220:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3149:9781118683316
3145:
3141:
3134:
3131:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3085:
3082:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3034:
3031:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2978:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2932:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2885:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2786:
2783:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2759:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2732:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2672:
2659:
2658:www.heart.org
2655:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2604:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2574:(7035): 912.
2573:
2569:
2565:
2563:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2544:9780072909388
2540:
2536:
2529:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2494:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2477:
2474:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2435:
2434:
2426:
2423:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2397:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2358:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2300:3-8047-1705-5
2296:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2267:(164): 89–100
2266:
2263:(in German).
2262:
2258:
2256:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2213:Planta Medica
2210:
2208:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2175:(in German).
2174:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2156:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2060:Lindley, John
2055:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2043:species list"
2042:
2038:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2012:on 8 May 2013
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1848:9781405332965
1844:
1840:
1833:
1830:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1774:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1693:Tourn. ex L."
1692:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1609:vagal nucleus
1606:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1534:hybridisation
1531:
1530:transcription
1528:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1467:
1466:stroke volume
1463:
1459:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1409:Romani people
1406:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1362:. The use of
1361:
1356:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1255:D. parviflora
1252:
1251:D. fuscescens
1248:
1244:
1243:D. cedretorum
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1211:D. ferruginea
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1142:
1141:
1140:D. parviflora
1136:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1100:D. ferruginea
1096:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1008:
1003:
1002:
997:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:
982:
980:
976:
972:
967:
965:
961:
957:
956:
951:
947:
939:
932:
927:
923:
919:
915:
908:
904:
901:
896:
893:
888:
885:
880:
877:
872:
869:
864:
863:
859:
856:
852:
851:
847:
846:
842:
837:
833:
832:
828:
823:
822:
818:
813:
812:
808:
805:
801:
798:
795:
791:
790:
786:
781:
780:
776:
773:
769:
768:
764:
759:
758:
754:
751:
747:
743:
739:
738:
734:
729:
728:
724:
719:
718:
714:
709:
708:
704:
701:
697:
696:
692:
687:
686:
682:
677:
676:
672:
667:
664:
660:
655:
652:
649:
645:
644:
640:
636:
632:
629:
624:
623:
619:
616:
612:
611:
607:
604:
600:
599:
595:
591:
586:
585:
581:
578:
574:
569:
568:
564:
561:
557:
553:
549:
548:
544:
541:
537:
536:
532:
527:
526:
522:
521:
520:
518:
517:
512:
508:
504:
503:D. leucophaea
500:
497:, or others:
496:
492:
491:
482:
477:
475:
473:
469:
465:
462:
457:
455:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
429:
421:
416:
409:
407:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
389:D. parviflora
386:
382:
378:
377:D. ferruginea
374:
373:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
348:
344:
342:
338:
334:
328:
284:
242:
241:
232:
226:
225:
220:
212:
208:
203:
199:
195:
190:
189:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
138:
135:
132:
129:
126:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
109:
108:Tracheophytes
106:
103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
89:
84:
79:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
56:
51:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3615:
3592:
3555:. Retrieved
3551:
3538:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3483:. Retrieved
3453:
3449:
3439:
3427:. Retrieved
3389:
3385:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3291:. Retrieved
3287:the original
3282:
3276:
3268:
3256:. Retrieved
3247:
3228:
3222:
3208:
3173:
3169:
3158:
3139:
3133:
3121:. Retrieved
3109:
3099:
3090:
3084:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3021:. Retrieved
3018:RCEMLearning
3017:
3008:
3000:
2986:
2980:
2968:. Retrieved
2958:
2938:
2931:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2800:
2796:
2785:
2768:
2764:
2758:
2738:
2731:
2688:
2684:
2674:
2662:. Retrieved
2657:
2647:
2623:(1): 45–48.
2620:
2616:
2606:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2553:
2534:
2528:
2503:
2499:
2493:
2483:
2476:
2464:. Retrieved
2459:
2450:
2438:. Retrieved
2432:
2425:
2413:. Retrieved
2409:
2399:
2387:. Retrieved
2371:
2365:
2357:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2290:
2287:
2281:
2269:. Retrieved
2264:
2260:
2254:
2216:
2212:
2209:) Revisited"
2206:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2146:. Retrieved
2110:
2106:
2097:
2093:
2064:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2014:. Retrieved
2010:the original
2005:
1977:. Retrieved
1973:the original
1968:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1932:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1871:. Retrieved
1867:
1857:
1838:
1832:
1820:. Retrieved
1790:
1786:
1776:
1764:. Retrieved
1760:
1751:
1742:
1733:
1722:
1718:
1706:. Retrieved
1695:
1690:
1659:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1602:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:Franz Köhler
1569:drawings by
1566:
1524:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1471:
1455:
1426:
1407:
1388:) and as an
1381:
1363:
1357:
1341:
1323:
1318:
1292:foxglove pug
1286:
1278:
1262:
1259:D. subalpina
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1239:D. transiens
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1215:D. lamarckii
1214:
1210:
1207:D. cariensis
1206:
1202:
1198:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1173:Grandiflorae
1172:
1168:
1164:
1161:polyphyletic
1156:
1148:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1123:D. subalpina
1122:
1118:
1111:
1106:D. cariensis
1105:
1099:
1093:
1088:D. laevigata
1087:
1082:
1076:D. davisiana
1075:
1069:
1064:D. atlantica
1063:
1058:
1056:type species
1047:
1044:Grandiflorae
1043:
1042:The section
1035:
1031:Frutescentes
1030:
1018:
1013:D. heywoodii
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
991:type species
986:
978:
968:
966:or hybrids.
959:
953:
943:
926:Klaus Werner
922:D. laevigata
921:
917:
914:John Lindley
906:
902:
894:
886:
878:
870:
860:
848:
829:
819:
809:
804:Braun-Blanq.
799:
787:
777:
765:
755:
735:
725:
715:
705:
693:
683:
673:
665:
653:
641:
630:
620:
608:
596:
582:
565:
545:
533:
523:
514:
510:
507:D. micrantha
506:
502:
498:
494:
488:
486:
471:
466:
458:
453:
446:
442:
434:
430:
425:
395:
393:
388:
384:
380:
376:
370:
368:
360:Veronicaceae
356:phylogenetic
346:
345:
340:
239:
238:
237:
222:
210:
187:
186:
177:Digitalideae
140:
127:
114:
101:
67:
47:
3779:iNaturalist
3640:Wikispecies
3557:28 November
3485:28 November
3429:28 November
3123:20 February
3023:20 February
2797:Circulation
2771:: 296–298.
2466:20 February
2389:28 November
2271:25 November
2148:25 November
2098:Globiflorae
1822:28 November
1739:"Digitalis"
1728:"Digitalis"
1708:22 November
1625:tachycardia
1617:heart block
1613:bradycardia
1590:bradycardia
1586:tachycardia
1577:ingestion.
1497:Digoxigenin
1365:D. purpurea
1296:Lepidoptera
1277:A patch of
1263:Globiflorae
1203:Globiflorae
1199:Globiflorae
1083:Globiflorae
995:D. purpurea
975:Macaronesia
940:Systematics
929: [
472:foxes glofa
461:Old English
422:, NGA 94900
121:Angiosperms
3964:Categories
3176:(4): 861.
3110:StatPearls
2440:22 January
2113:(3): 263.
1672:References
1666:xanthopsia
1629:amiodarone
1598:xanthopsia
1582:digitalism
1538:antibodies
1511:to detect
1415:Variations
1344:herbalists
1283:in Seattle
1247:D. ikarica
1227:D. trojana
1223:D. nervosa
1157:Tubiflorae
1119:Tubiflorae
1094:D. nervosa
1070:D. ciliata
1048:Macranthae
1036:D. obscura
1019:D. mariana
637:& Kit.
511:D. trojana
437:(finger).
3970:Digitalis
3646:Digitalis
3616:Digitalis
3530:220323719
3310:Digitalis
2915:0012-3692
2868:0735-1097
2819:0009-7322
2691:: h4451.
2664:13 August
2506:: b2189.
2366:Digitalis
2325:Isoplexis
2321:Digitalis
2289:Digitalis
2255:Digitalis
2207:Digitalis
2169:Digitalis
2165:Isoplexis
2127:1179-3163
2107:Phytotaxa
2094:Digitalis
2041:Digitalis
2016:10 August
1691:Digitalis
1649:Symphytum
1633:lidocaine
1546:chromogen
1505:D. lanata
1501:Digitalis
1446:glycoside
1429:digitoxin
1382:D. lanata
1360:digitalin
1231:D. lanata
1219:D. lanata
1181:Digitalis
1177:Isoplexis
1153:phylogeny
1149:Digitalis
1112:D. lanata
1027:monotypic
1001:D. thapsi
987:Digitalis
979:Isoplexis
960:Digitalis
955:Isoplexis
946:monograph
903:Digitalis
659:P.H.Davis
454:Fingerhut
431:Digitalis
410:Etymology
396:digitalis
394:The term
347:Digitalis
341:foxgloves
337:biennials
240:Digitalis
188:Digitalis
91:Kingdom:
53:Foxglove
18:Foxgloves
3929:VicFlora
3918:VASCAN:
3911:40030988
3906:Tropicos
3677:BioLib:
3625:Wikidata
3522:32629415
3480:23834871
3420:Archived
3416:26723081
3192:16904574
3118:29083729
3076:26298392
2827:11673357
2715:26321114
2639:20123317
2520:72429441
2349:25480255
2235:28561136
2139:Archived
2135:87777389
2062:(1821).
1979:17 April
1940:(1542).
1817:11222255
1552:Toxicity
1526:in vitro
1437:hydroxyl
1386:inotrope
1353:epilepsy
1332:epilepsy
1165:D. lutea
1128:D. lutea
1029:section
1007:D. dubia
971:sections
964:synonyms
935:in 1960.
907:sibirica
499:D. dubia
478:Taxonomy
385:D. lutea
205:Species
163:Family:
157:Lamiales
147:Asterids
134:Eudicots
3810:1280306
3797:37596-1
3758:3172032
3631:Q156533
3597:. 1921.
3471:3693787
3408:1794418
3361:2695267
3334:7007674
3293:9 March
3200:8975477
3067:4546820
3050:: 368.
2876:3886751
2723:9995597
2706:4553205
2598:8611904
2589:2350584
2323:L. and
2261:Stapfia
2006:OUPblog
1924:4041297
1809:2657024
1594:syncope
1532:. Once
1521:uridine
1442:lactone
1433:digoxin
1378:digoxin
1290:of the
1269:Ecology
1235:trojana
1233:subsp.
1061:, also
950:Lindley
874:Heywood
843:Hybrids
746:Hochst.
689:Ivanina
661:) Strid
635:Waldst.
615:Heywood
603:Trautv.
483:Species
435:digitus
404:digoxin
183:Genus:
173:Tribe:
153:Order:
95:Plantae
39:Digoxin
3880:PLANTS
3856:NZOR:
3745:110152
3732:110152
3670:104293
3657:190160
3654:APDB:
3528:
3520:
3478:
3468:
3414:
3406:
3359:
3332:
3273:Anon.
3258:3 July
3235:
3198:
3190:
3146:
3116:
3074:
3064:
2993:
2970:1 July
2946:
2923:923306
2921:
2913:
2874:
2866:
2825:
2817:
2746:
2721:
2713:
2703:
2652:Anon.
2637:
2596:
2586:
2541:
2518:
2415:4 June
2347:
2297:
2233:
2133:
2125:
2096:sect.
1922:
1915:481893
1912:
1873:1 June
1845:
1815:
1807:
1704:. 2017
1588:, and
1288:Larvae
1225:, and
1191:Turkey
866:Lindl.
836:Lindl.
750:Benth.
744:&
742:Steud.
721:Boiss.
590:Svent.
558:&
552:Boiss.
387:, and
354:, but
335:, and
333:shrubs
194:Tourn.
3885:DIGIT
3872:75208
3823:33582
3805:IRMNG
3784:53984
3719:1DIKG
3706:38377
3680:40842
3526:S2CID
3423:(PDF)
3412:S2CID
3382:(PDF)
3196:S2CID
2895:Chest
2719:S2CID
2516:S2CID
2345:S2CID
2171:L.".
2142:(PDF)
2131:S2CID
2103:(PDF)
1805:JSTOR
1766:3 May
1179:with
933:]
855:Samp.
825:Maire
772:Jacq.
700:Ehrh.
648:Mill.
577:Maire
560:Spach
556:Jaub.
529:Pomel
141:Clade
128:Clade
115:Clade
102:Clade
3921:1095
3893:POWO
3849:4163
3844:NCBI
3818:ITIS
3792:IPNI
3771:3699
3766:GRIN
3753:GBIF
3714:EPPO
3693:45DF
3665:APNI
3559:2020
3518:PMID
3487:2020
3476:PMID
3431:2020
3404:PMID
3357:PMID
3330:PMID
3314:JAMA
3295:2013
3260:2012
3233:ISBN
3188:PMID
3144:ISBN
3125:2023
3114:PMID
3072:PMID
3025:2023
2991:ISBN
2972:2021
2944:ISBN
2919:PMID
2911:ISSN
2872:PMID
2864:ISSN
2823:PMID
2815:ISSN
2744:ISBN
2711:PMID
2666:2020
2635:PMID
2594:PMID
2539:ISBN
2468:2023
2460:NICE
2442:2023
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