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1302:
793:
358:
33:
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664:, designed to preserve as much of the original shoreline and vegetation as possible, on the north shore of the lake in 1993. By then, all recreational use of the lake itself had ended. Many residents were too leery of leeches, which thrived in the lake in the absence of fish preying on them, to enter the water. Instead, the lake became the focus of the 5.5-kilometre (3.4 mi) Frame Lake Trail, a partially paved path around the entire shoreline, which soon became popular for walking and jogging.
49:
1163:
1912:
1121:, as bearing the primary responsibility for tipping the lake to its present eutrophic state. However, the lack of data on ice cover since 1992 and her inability to determine the lake's status prior to the establishment of Yellowknife qualified that conclusion. "Alternatively", she wrote, "Frame Lake may be a subarctic anomaly and was always high in nutrients".
548:
56:
1137:". These are consistent with the patches of sediment Mallon recalled from his youthful recreation on the lake in his 2015 article, noting that "I can still vividly feel the stuff's gloopy embrace on my feet" (although an accompanying sidebar by another reporter suggested that the sediments may be the result of sewage back-flushed from Niven Lake).
1149:
1072:
Due to diatom dissolution at the lowest level of the sediments taken, Shenstone-Harris was unable to establish data for any years earlier than 1943, making it impossible to set the desired baseline for a pre-settlement Frame Lake. However, she was able to establish that the lake had always been at a
594:
concluded that the 1970 construction of the causeway across the end of the lake's eastern arm was the "tipping point" for Frame Lake. It cut off the stream between it and Niven Lake to the north, the only outlet the lake had had during human habitation of the area. With the lack of water throughput,
399:
with the only totally developed portion of shoreline. Beyond it, the taiga and bedrock buffer the lake from the city, except for the dead end of residential
Matonabee Road. The Frame Lake Trail, a partially paved pathway 5.5 kilometres (3.4 mi) in length, closely follows the shoreline past an
337:
extends from the western shore and an arm extends roughly 500 metres (1,600 ft) to the east, curving northward. At their widest shorelines, both sections are roughly the same distance apart. Five small islands are located within the lake, three in the northern section and two in the southern
1128:
team was able to examine the sediments. They found that the period between the late 1940s and 1970 added a half-meter (20 in) of sediment to the bottom of the lake, the most of any lake in the region. Above it, the 10 centimetres (3.9 in) of sediment postdating the causeway was "black,
694:
in 2015 established that the lake had declined more precipitously since 1970, and described how. It will continue to measure the degradation of the lake on an annual basis to form a basis for policy recommendations to revitalize the lake. Currently researchers believe that either dredging rotten
341:
The lake lies at an elevation of 186 metres (610 ft). Surrounding terrain is gently undulating, with some of the small hills nearby cresting as high as 207 metres (679 ft) and one of the islands rising to 197 metres (646 ft). Two unnamed streams drain into the lake south of the
574:
from storms carried increasingly nutrient-rich waters into the lake. In colder months when the lake surface was not frozen over, the city dumped plowed snow into the lake, adding even more nutrients. Sewage dumped into nearby Niven Lake, heavily used for that purpose for almost 35 years of
403:
At the south end, another residential neighborhood comes near the lake, after which a rocky area buffers
Stanton Regional Hospital. Commercial strip development along Old Airport Road also comes close, and the road itself runs alongside part of the lake's southwestern shore for 100 metres
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whose species have been shown to be responsive to changing ice cover and warming climates, varied considerably. This suggested to her that while climate change may be a factor in the lake's decline, it is not the only one. Instead, the change in species around 1990 pointed to a change in
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lakes generally had shown great sensitivity to climate change because of shifts in the amount of ice cover. Those stresses could be exacerbated for subarctic lakes in an urban area facing higher levels of pollution from a number of different sources, such as Frame. Her inquiry was a
563:, but when it resumed afterwards, the higher ground closer to the lake was chosen for expansion. The area just east of the lake became New Town, today the city's downtown. McNiven Beach, named after the city's first mayor, was developed with facilities for swimming; sometimes
434:
Formed by the retreat of the glaciers at the end of the last Ice Age, Frame Lake remained a relatively pure lake even as the area was settled and modern development impinged on it. The closure of its only outlet around 1970, however, led swiftly to its decline and
761:
run across the south end of the lake. The stream from
Robinson's Pond runs along the Pud Fault, which continues across the lakebed to McNiven Beach. At the south end is the larger Kam Fault, which when it was active had the same potential for earthquakes as the
522:
flying to mining camps and settlements further north. In the mid-1930s, abundant gold deposits in the area triggered the establishment of
Yellowknife as a permanent settlement. While at the time development was concentrated on the peninsula extending into
332:
Frame Lake is irregularly shaped, with a northern section and a southern section along a north-northeast to south-southwest axis approximately 1.4 kilometres (0.87 mi) long, connected by a narrower central passage midway along its length where a wide
376:
typical of the
Yellowknife area. Bare rock predominates on the shoreline, except for some shallow bays with weed beds. On the eastern shore, near the southern end of the lake, is an overgrown sandy area called McNiven Beach, after the city's first mayor.
842:
to the south, and five others outside city limits. Their analysis, published in 1973, showed that while Frame's water quality was still good enough to support the recreational use that was still occurring, there were already some signs of decline.
629:, the territorial museum, followed nearby four years later. Sometime later that decade, the number of swimmers at McNiven Beach declined sufficiently for the city to remove the facilities there, as the beach itself began to grow over with grass.
808:
and clay as opposed to the sand of neighboring New Town. It does not support buildings well, nor does it give way to bedrock at a uniform depth. The military building and visitor's centre both encountered construction difficulties due to this.
1200:
While the word "endorheic" has not been used to describe the lake, Woodall and Healey described it as having only seepage as its outflow, and later sources (such as
Carleton) note that the 1970s construction of the causeway blocked the only
1092:
It was not clear to
Shenstone-Harris that that event had been the result of climate change. From 1956 to 1992, the last year records were kept, ice cover on the lake remained relatively stable throughout the winter, yet the amount of
1032:
had played a role in the lake's decline. If so, she also asked, when did that change occur, and was it possible to restore the lake to a level of water quality comparable to what it had been prior to the establishment of
Yellowknife?
817:
There have been two significant periods of study on Frame Lake. One, in the early 1970s, looked at its water. The others, in the mid-2010s, examined the sediments to determine how the lake had reached the point it had by then.
1019:
Healey and
Woodall were not able to analyze any sediments underneath more than one meter (3.3 ft) of water because the particles were too fine for the Ekman dredge sifter that they used. In 2013 Sarah Shenstone-Harris, a
1010:
per square meter of bed, more than three times the second highest reading, on the second of two sampling periods in summer 1971. At the same time, that biomass had the lowest ash content of any of the sampled lakes as well.
404:(330 ft). After it curves away to the west, the northwestern side and northern end of the lake are all taiga and bedrock between Frame and nearby Robinson's Pond and Jackfish Lake, with just the trail alongside.
728:
that predominates in the
Yellowknife area. Running through the central portion from north northeast, under the heritage centre and Legislative Assembly building, to south southwest is a narrow belt of
785:
and scour marks in the northeast-to-southwest direction of the glaciers' advance. The fine sand on the lake bed is also glacial residue. In some areas around the lake edge, the ground is underlain by
1944:
308:
Some city residents have agitated for efforts to reclaim the lake so it will once again be a destination for swimmers, anglers and boaters in warm weather. To do so, it will be necessary to
679:, a local weekly newspaper. Newer residents, he said, were incredulous at his recollections of swimming and sailing on the lake in his childhood. In 2013 another local resident organized a
384:
areas of Yellowknife form a "V" around the lake. On the eastern side, and the southern shore of the arm, is New Town, the city's modern downtown. Public buildings such as City Hall, the
675:
to protect it. During the following decade, residents began to rediscover Frame Lake. "As a city, we've largely disengaged from this little jewel in our midst", wrote Matthew Mallon in
603:
during the summertime. In the winter, however, when the lake froze over and snow cover blocked much of the limited sunlight available, those same plants died off for lack of ability to
270:
in it and sometimes sewage. Later, when the city's New Town, now its downtown section, was surveyed and developed nearby, Frame offered accessible swimming and boating opportunities.
797:
389:
636:
that had in one instance supposedly covered an entire child. A local journalist recalled in 2015 how he had had to watch his step to avoid deep, malodorous deposits while catching
527:'s Yellowknife Bay, an area known today as Old Town, later analysis of lake sediments lends some support to accounts from that time of Frame Lake being used for the disposal of
878:, although its depths cooled significantly in August, when the later of two samples was taken. Plenty of oxygen was still in the water. The researchers attributed Frame's high
1065:
levels. Once their age was established, she looked at the diatom remains, since the species of algae in the water can reflect environmental changes, and counted the ratio of
618:
noted that Frame was the only one in which they were unable to catch any fish for study. Over the preceding winter, they also observed that the lake had "become rapidly
439:. By the end of the 20th century it could no longer support fish and was not being used for primary recreational purposes. Attempts to revive it started in the 2010s.
498:
in the region, whose ancestors settled there around 7,500 years ago. The Yellowknife band, who would later give their name to the city, found the lake abundant with
1937:
838:
study of seven lakes in and around Yellowknife that their agency was considering as sites for an experimental fishery. Among the others studied were the larger
739:(one of which forms the largest island), with some more dacite under the visitor's centre and the southern of the two points of the western peninsula. Small
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1965:
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Amid a park-like setting on the northeastern corner of the lake, and the northern shore of the western arm, stand two other large public buildings: the
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1338:"Living with Frozen Ground: A Field Guide to Permafrost in Yellowknife, Northwest Territories (Geological Survey of Canada, Miscellaneous Report 64)"
640:
in the shallow waters near his home at that time. Later the Frame Lake South area was developed for residential and commercial use as the city grew.
626:
408:
248:
freshwater body located between the city's downtown section and a larger residential area. The Frame Lake Trail circles it, and city hall and the
792:
354:, draining Range Lake 600 metres (2,000 ft) to the west, itself fed by a stream of similarly short length flowing into it from the west.
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2414:
2224:
2134:
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2219:
2199:
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The descendants of European settlers began coming to the area of the lake in the early 20th century, first using it as a staging area for
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extensive area of forest. Just south of McNiven Beach is a recreational facility with an arena and pool, again close to the water's edge.
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2169:
2073:
1210:
Due to its high northern latitude, Yellowknife receives as little as four hours of daylight during the weeks around the winter solstice.
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and "peculiar chemical characteristics" to not only the proximity of downtown but the city's use of the lake as a dump for plowed snow.
96:
2394:
929:
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Residents were still swimming and boating in the lake in the early 1980s, but in smaller numbers. Some were scared off by reports of
289:. By the early 1970s it no longer supported any fish; within two decades residents had stopped swimming or boating it out of fear of
2209:
2119:
1372:
487:. Along with those larger lakes were smaller lakes like Frame, where fine sand that accumulated in depressions formed the lake bed.
266:
in the area used it as a fishing spot before European settlement. In the early years of the city's growth, gold mines nearby dumped
214:
1988:
535:
from outlying mines. The lake took its name from Bill Frame, an early miner who owned part of the city's bus and taxi franchise.
1407:
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undergraduate interning at the school's Centre for Global Climate Science, was able to analyze the sediments. She looked to the
17:
1002:
They did not find any fish, the only one of the seven lakes where this was the case. Frame nevertheless recorded the highest
350:
1.6 kilometres (1.0 mi) to the west, draining Robinson's Pond on the way to Frame Lake; the southerly has largely been
928:
was the only species the lake shared with any of the others. "The species in Frame Lake are typical of a lake west of the
385:
781:
There are also visible signs of the lake's glacial origins. Just south of Somba K'e Park on the east shore, the rock has
625:
As the lake declined, development came closer. Yellowknife built its current city hall by the lake edge in 1975, and the
614:
study of seven lakes in the Yellowknife area, including Frame, for a possible experimental fishery, scientists from the
1277:
831:
615:
309:
1880:
1690:
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report prepared for the city named Frame Lake its top priority and suggested enacting special nature-preservation
16:
This article is about the lake. For the electoral district in the Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly, see
879:
1337:
846:
Chemical analysis of the water showed similarities to Kam Lake. Like the larger lake, it had a notably alkaline
2308:
1438:
1308:
1233:
1176:
475:. By 8,000 years ago, it had drained and evaporated to the point that only small remnants were left, such as
2409:
2368:
2358:
885:"Frame Lake had the most peculiar species assemblage for the region", the two wrote of the results of their
495:
392:
are situated along the south side of the arm, their associated lawns coming almost to the edge of the lake.
351:
463:. As they retreated about 20,000 years ago, they left large lakes of meltwater behind. One, known today as
2404:
2353:
1802:
1474:
357:
301:, pollution or some combination of both; the possibility exists that the lake has always been at a higher
1916:
1957:
1887:
1021:
851:
668:
448:
241:
160:
81:
1271:"Technical report No. 407: Limnological Surveys of Seven Lakes Near Yellowknife, Northwest Territories"
607:. The decomposed plant matter began accumulating on the lake floor, steadily deoxygenating its waters.
2399:
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1978:
1442:
1312:
691:
452:
320:, which would remove the accumulated rotted organic matter on the lake bed that currently renders it
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the water to the point that fish can again inhabit its waters. This could be accomplished either by
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sometime in the mid-1990s. They have not, however, been able to determine whether that was due to
2313:
1998:
1797:
1469:
148:
946:
species in Frame were more similar to the other lakes. Frame shared with the other lakes a high
854:
of 332, well below Kam but around three times the values obtained for the other four lakes. Its
2338:
2078:
1045:
1003:
782:
763:
578:
418:. The two are connected via paths and driveways through the intervening taiga and bedrock. A
2159:
2023:
2013:
1993:
1983:
1973:
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962:
937:
524:
484:
396:
381:
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2154:
2114:
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923:
758:
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480:
370:
286:
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133:
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Yellowknife's postwar growth, may also have flowed into Frame, offering more nutrients.
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2144:
2104:
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2008:
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827:
743:
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species found in Frame, was present in only that lake of the seven. Likewise, several
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that had once fed the lake, increasing the concentration of nutrients in the water.
422:
carries the Frame Lake Trail across the tip of the arm, where the Northern Frontier
2348:
2318:
2303:
2234:
2058:
1110:
977:
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826:
In 1971, just after what a later study would identify as the point when the lake's
775:
715:
645:
596:
571:
503:
472:
467:, covered almost all of the western NWT as well as adjacent regions of what is now
278:
510:. While they did not settle on its shores, they established a fishing camp there.
582:
The lake freezes over in the winter, limiting light available for photosynthesis.
262:
20,000 years ago, Frame has been an important part of Yellowknife's history. The
2343:
2333:
2323:
2249:
2194:
2184:
2174:
2164:
2109:
2063:
2028:
2018:
1953:
1620:
1592:
1564:
1533:
1505:
1066:
1058:
983:
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were unique to it, however. Insect populations around the lake are dominated by
952:
886:
871:
641:
274:
237:
77:
1881:"Using Lake Sediments to Track Environmental Change in a Subarctic, Urban Lake"
2239:
2179:
2139:
2003:
1144:
1114:
1007:
967:
958:
875:
786:
767:
680:
564:
519:
1270:
750:, with the largest forming the elevated area at the lake's southeast corner.
111:
98:
2189:
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992:
912:
898:
863:
859:
835:
611:
507:
334:
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of the sediment down to 17 centimetres (6.7 in) and dated them by the
586:
By the early 1970s the lake's decline had been noted. A later study by the
281:
that fed it. Later development blocked the lake's only outflow, leaving it
32:
1911:
1057:
species present in the lake at various times in the recent past. She took
870:
levels were higher than any other lake except Kam, and it had the highest
1731:"Saving Frame Lake: Bringing Fishing and Boating Back to the Heart of YK"
1368:"Yellowknife's Frame Lake oxygen levels too low for fish, say scientists"
1082:
1062:
903:
839:
830:
began in earnest, M.C. Healey and W.L. Woodall, two researchers from the
696:
528:
419:
343:
317:
313:
267:
1658:"Frame Lake Rehabilitation Project receives RBC Blue Water Fund support"
1134:
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smelling and characterized by very high levels of metals, particularly
1086:
1081:
by the mid- to late-1990s. That was preceded by a rapid replacement of
947:
943:
891:
855:
771:
747:
740:
719:
690:
The Carleton study carried out under a grant from Tides Canada and the
684:
637:
468:
373:
167:
149:
987:
subfamilies. Healey and Woodall also found significant populations of
161:
1130:
1069:
stomatocysts to establish nutrient levels in the water at that time.
1025:
988:
933:
867:
751:
733:
729:
722:
672:
532:
342:
peninsula on the western side. The northerly of the two rises from
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1054:
1035:
791:
633:
577:
366:
365:
Surrounding terrain, as well as that of the islands, is primarily
356:
290:
1118:
805:
699:
would best restore the water quality of the lake's early years.
567:
landed nearby as well. Residents also went boating on the lake.
499:
491:
263:
1926:
874:
levels at 132.4 mg/L. The lake was found to be generally
940:, but extremely uncommon east of the divide", they observed.
1494:
1492:
338:
section. Its total surface area is 84 hectares (210 acres).
847:
395:
South of City Hall along the lake shore is Somba K'e Park,
1228:
1226:
850:
of 8.5, reflecting higher concentrations of salts, and a
293:. Subsequent studies have shown that the lake completely
1753:
1751:
1831:
1829:
1765:
1763:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
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1392:
390:
Canadian Forces Northern Area Headquarters Yellowknife
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cleanup and swim in the lake, saying concerns about
552:
1967 picture of swimming facilities at McNiven Beach
2291:
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1964:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1044:Shenstone-Harris started from the observation that
540:
223:
213:
205:
201:
193:
185:
177:
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147:
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88:
73:
25:
1331:
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1679:
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1362:
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1358:
804:Where soil exists around the lake, it is mostly
770:. It divides the basalt from an area of lighter
559:Yellowknife's growth was briefly interrupted by
285:and complicating the problems caused by earlier
89:
1729:Mallon, Matthew; Rendell, Mark (July 9, 2015).
1297:
1295:
789:at an average depth of 15 metres (49 ft).
451:(NWT), Frame is glacial in origin. During the
1938:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
8:
324:when the lake is frozen over in the winter.
687:and leeches in the water were exaggerated.
443:Prehistory–1934: Before European settlement
1945:
1931:
1923:
1413:. Northern Frontier Visitor's Centre. 2005
1182:List of lakes of the Northwest Territories
658:Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly
644:installed for these projects diverted the
413:Northwest Territories Legislative Assembly
22:
707:The lake is mostly underlain by a mix of
459:, glaciers covered almost all of today's
258:Formed by meltwater after the end of the
244:, Canada. It is an 84-hectare (210-acre)
1006:count of the seven lakes, 7.32 grams of
627:Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre
514:1934–1992: Growth years and lake decline
409:Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre
1222:
1193:
361:Weeds and exposed rock on the shoreline
143:Bill Frame, early miner and businessman
1343:. Natural Resources Canada. p. 43
754:intrusions are visible in some areas.
537:
490:Human use of the lake began with the
369:forest, amid mostly bare outcrops of
7:
2200:Lac des Bois (Northwest Territories)
1269:Healey, M.C.; Woodall, W.L. (1973).
746:run through various portions of the
1408:"Frame Lake Trail Geological Guide"
778:between the lake and the hospital.
346:ditches surrounding the runways at
2390:Lakes of the Northwest Territories
1278:Fisheries Research Board of Canada
832:Fisheries Research Board of Canada
652:1993–present: Reclamation attempts
55:
14:
1373:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
950:population, predominantly in the
695:sediments off the lake bottom or
1910:
1879:Shenstone-Harris, Sarah (2013).
1437:(Map). 1:17,500. Cartography by
1307:(Map). 1:17,500. Cartography by
1161:
1147:
546:
250:territorial legislative assembly
54:
47:
31:
1796:Johnson, Adam (July 13, 2007).
388:'s local headquarters, and the
192:
184:
176:
18:Frame Lake (electoral district)
1468:Punter, Cody (July 10, 2013).
1077:, even before it became fully
798:military headquarters building
447:Like many of the lakes in the
1:
1660:. Tides Canada. July 13, 2015
386:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
72:
2420:Urban public parks in Canada
2415:Hydrology and urban planning
1336:Wolfe, Stephen, ed. (1998).
1040:Ducks on the lakeshore, 2011
1470:"McNiven Beach makes waves"
2436:
1234:"Yellowknife Heritage Map"
908:Heterecope sententrionalis
800:is not at a uniform depth.
15:
2395:Endorheic lakes of Canada
1028:in them to try to see if
880:biochemical oxygen demand
718:. Most of it is the same
545:
305:than others in the area.
155:Two unnamed local streams
42:
30:
2309:Dolphin and Union Strait
1691:"Who Killed Frame Lake?"
1439:Natural Resources Canada
1309:Natural Resources Canada
1177:List of endorheic basins
834:, considered Frame in a
616:Fisheries Research Board
197:186 metres (610 ft)
2359:Richard Collinson Inlet
1757:Woodall and Healey, 14.
921:—were unique to Frame.
595:nutrient levels in the
189:6.5 metres (21 ft)
181:84 hectares (210 acres)
2354:Prince of Wales Strait
1862:Woodall and Healey, 11
1803:Northern News Services
1798:"Environmental top 40"
1769:Woodall and Healey, 6.
1619:(Map). Cartography by
1591:(Map). Cartography by
1563:(Map). Cartography by
1532:(Map). Cartography by
1504:(Map). Cartography by
1475:Northern News Services
1041:
801:
583:
362:
1958:Northwest Territories
1888:University of Toronto
1853:Woodall and Healey, 9
1844:Woodall and Healey, 8
1835:Woodall and Healey, 7
1823:Woodall and Healey, 4
1239:. City of Yellowknife
1053:one, focusing on the
1039:
1022:University of Toronto
795:
766:in the U.S. state of
581:
449:Northwest Territories
360:
277:diverted much of the
242:Northwest Territories
82:Northwest Territories
1919:at Wikimedia Commons
1443:Government of Canada
1313:Government of Canada
852:specific conductance
692:Royal Bank of Canada
453:Wisconsin Glaciation
426:overlooks the lake.
260:Wisconsin glaciation
2364:Prince Albert Sound
1695:Carleton University
1623:. ACME Laboratories
1595:. ACME Laboratories
1567:. ACME Laboratories
1536:. ACME Laboratories
1508:. ACME Laboratories
1434:The Atlas of Canada
1304:The Atlas of Canada
592:Carleton University
348:Yellowknife Airport
255:are on its shores.
108: /
37:Lake in summer 2005
2314:Fitzwilliam Strait
1089:ones around 1990.
1042:
930:continental divide
802:
796:Bedrock below the
584:
570:At the same time,
363:
112:62.454°N 114.390°W
2377:
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1915:Media related to
1051:paleolimnological
975:, especially the
973:non-biting midges
764:San Andreas Fault
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590:department at
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465:Lake McConnell
461:Western Canada
444:
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437:eutrophication
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424:Visitor Centre
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236:is located in
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588:earth science
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2349:Murray Inlet
2319:Hazen Strait
2304:Beaufort Sea
2279:
2149:
2083:
1891:. Retrieved
1858:
1849:
1840:
1819:
1807:. Retrieved
1801:
1791:
1783:
1738:. Retrieved
1734:
1699:. Retrieved
1662:. Retrieved
1641:
1637:
1625:. Retrieved
1615:
1609:
1597:. Retrieved
1587:
1581:
1569:. Retrieved
1559:
1538:. Retrieved
1528:
1522:
1510:. Retrieved
1500:
1479:. Retrieved
1473:
1446:. Retrieved
1433:
1427:
1415:. Retrieved
1379:. Retrieved
1371:
1345:. Retrieved
1316:. Retrieved
1303:
1282:. Retrieved
1241:. Retrieved
1206:
1196:
1124:In 2015 the
1123:
1113:, a loss of
1111:microhabitat
1098:
1094:
1091:
1071:
1059:core samples
1043:
1018:
1001:
982:
978:Chironominae
976:
966:
957:
951:
942:
936:or northern
922:
918:
911:
907:
897:
890:
884:
845:
836:limnological
825:
816:
803:
780:
776:granodiorite
756:
716:igneous rock
706:
689:
676:
669:conservation
666:
662:new building
655:
642:Storm sewers
631:
624:
612:limnological
609:
597:water column
585:
569:
561:World War II
558:
517:
489:
473:Saskatchewan
457:last ice age
446:
433:
406:
402:
394:
379:
364:
340:
331:
307:
275:storm sewers
272:
257:
233:
232:
178:Surface area
2400:Yellowknife
2344:Minto Inlet
2334:Liddon Gulf
2324:Husky Lakes
2195:Lac de Gras
2160:Great Slave
2079:Yellowknife
1989:Fond du Lac
1954:Hydrography
1893:October 13,
1809:October 11,
1621:Google Maps
1616:ACME Mapper
1593:Google Maps
1588:ACME Mapper
1565:Google Maps
1560:ACME Mapper
1534:Google Maps
1529:ACME Mapper
1506:Google Maps
1501:ACME Mapper
1280:. p. 3
1243:October 10,
1115:macrophytes
1067:chrysophyte
993:damselflies
984:Tanypodinae
953:Sphaeriidae
896:, the only
887:zooplankton
872:bicarbonate
822:1970s study
667:In 2007, a
565:floatplanes
520:bush pilots
352:channelized
310:reoxygenate
238:Yellowknife
227:Yellowknife
224:Settlements
115: /
103:114°23′24″W
90:Coordinates
78:Yellowknife
2384:Categories
2245:Sambaa K'e
2230:Napaktulik
2155:Great Bear
2115:Blackwater
2024:Kotaneelee
2014:Kagloryuak
1994:Great Bear
1984:Coppermine
1974:Arctic Red
1917:Frame Lake
1740:October 8,
1701:October 8,
1664:October 7,
1627:October 7,
1599:October 7,
1571:October 7,
1540:October 7,
1512:October 7,
1481:October 7,
1448:October 6,
1417:October 6,
1381:October 6,
1347:October 6,
1318:October 6,
1284:October 5,
1218:References
1099:Fragliaria
1095:Cyclotella
1079:eutrophied
1008:dry weight
968:Lymnaeidae
959:Valvatidae
889:findings.
876:isothermal
787:permafrost
783:striations
768:California
757:Two local
681:Canada Day
610:In a 1973
481:Great Bear
397:open space
295:eutrophied
234:Frame Lake
186:Max. depth
100:62°27′14″N
62:Frame Lake
26:Frame Lake
2260:Tahiryuak
2190:Lac Belot
2145:Firedrake
2105:Artillery
2034:Mackenzie
1131:sulfurous
1083:epiphytic
1046:subarctic
913:Diaptomus
899:Cladocera
864:potassium
860:magnesium
813:Hydrology
508:whitefish
477:Athabasca
382:developed
335:peninsula
328:Geography
287:pollution
283:endorheic
273:However,
246:endorheic
140:Etymology
134:Endorheic
2275:Wholdaia
2270:Tulemalu
2265:Tathlina
2255:Snowbird
2225:Mosquito
2220:McArthur
2135:Colville
2054:Redstone
2009:Hornaday
1141:See also
1126:Carleton
1063:lead-210
989:mayflies
963:families
926:vernalis
919:leptopus
904:copepods
840:Kam Lake
713:plutonic
709:volcanic
697:aeration
638:tadpoles
529:tailings
420:causeway
416:Building
344:drainage
318:dredging
314:aeration
268:tailings
253:building
84:, Canada
74:Location
2235:Nonacho
2125:Buffalo
2049:Petitot
1956:of the
1735:Edge_YK
1201:outlet.
1135:arsenic
1087:benthic
1026:diatoms
1004:biomass
948:mollusk
944:Benthos
924:Cyclops
892:Daphnia
856:calcium
772:granite
748:bedrock
741:diabase
720:Archean
703:Geology
685:arsenic
677:YK_Edge
634:leeches
504:suckers
469:Alberta
430:History
374:bedrock
291:leeches
215:Islands
168:Seepage
2250:Selwyn
2215:MacKay
2185:Keller
2175:Kakisa
2170:Howard
2165:Hottah
2110:Aylmer
2059:Roscoe
1966:Rivers
1119:mosses
1103:genera
1101:, two
995:, and
934:Alaska
868:sodium
866:, and
759:faults
752:Quartz
734:gabbro
730:dacite
723:basalt
673:zoning
646:runoff
620:anoxic
572:runoff
533:sewage
494:, the
455:, the
322:anoxic
279:runoff
209:Winter
206:Frozen
2240:Point
2180:Kasba
2150:Frame
2140:Faber
2097:Lakes
2074:Trout
2064:Slave
2029:Liard
2019:Keele
1884:(PDF)
1411:(PDF)
1375:(CBC)
1341:(PDF)
1274:(PDF)
1237:(PDF)
1188:Notes
1073:high
1055:algae
932:, in
744:dykes
737:sills
367:taiga
2281:more
2210:Lynx
2120:Boyd
2085:more
2044:Peel
2004:Horn
1979:Back
1895:2015
1811:2015
1786:, 35
1742:2015
1703:2015
1666:2015
1629:2015
1601:2015
1573:2015
1542:2015
1514:2015
1483:2015
1450:2015
1419:2015
1383:2015
1349:2015
1320:2015
1286:2015
1245:2015
1117:and
1097:and
981:and
956:and
917:and
910:and
806:silt
774:and
711:and
656:The
531:and
506:and
500:pike
492:Dene
483:and
471:and
411:and
380:The
264:Dene
129:Type
2283:...
2087:...
1999:Hay
1644:, 5
622:".
316:or
2386::
1886:.
1867:^
1828:^
1800:.
1774:^
1762:^
1750:^
1733:.
1711:^
1693:.
1674:^
1649:^
1550:^
1491:^
1472:.
1458:^
1441:.
1391:^
1370:.
1357:^
1328:^
1311:.
1294:^
1276:.
1253:^
1225:^
991:,
965:.
862:,
858:,
848:pH
502:,
479:,
240:,
80:,
1946:e
1939:t
1932:v
1897:.
1813:.
1744:.
1705:.
1668:.
1631:.
1603:.
1575:.
1544:.
1516:.
1485:.
1452:.
1421:.
1385:.
1351:.
1322:.
1288:.
1247:.
906:—
219:5
20:.
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