Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons

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suicide attacks would come too close to the ships and had to be warned off. The commander of the Norwegian frigate requested that the moorings on the freighter "Taiko" were rigged with explosive charges every time she went to land in Syria so the lines could be remotely severed very quickly in an emergency allowing the ship to get to safer waters as soon as possible if any threat occurred. From the start, the shipments of containers that were transported to the cargo ships were in bad shape and some leaked potentially lethal material and gases. The containers were characterized by having been filled up hastily in a war zone before they were transported to the pier and handed to the Norwegian forces. When almost half of the cargo gave signs of leakage, an emergency meeting was held onboard Taiko with representatives from OPCW, UN, USA, Norway, Denmark, Syria and Finland. The Norwegian soldiers were ordered to deal with the situation. However no country would accept a docking of the ship with the material leaking on board, and Norwegian personnel and ships had to sail back to Syria and deal with such containers and in some cases move the material to different containers.

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but OPCW inspectors received assurances from the Syrian government that the two sites had been abandoned and emptied of chemicals and equipment, which were dispersed to other sites which had been inspected by the OPCW. A statement from the OPCW read: "The OPCW is satisfied it has verified, and seen destroyed, all declared critical production, mixing, filling equipment from all 23 sites." By early November the search of disclosed sites was nearly over. On 7 November, the OPCW said that one of the two unvisited sites had been officially verified as "dismantled and abandoned", based in part on images that the Syrian government shot using a "tamperproof" GPS-enabled camera provided by the OPCW. Later, in January 2014, U.S. Ambassador

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Syrians are approaching the fulfillment of their obligations seriously and in good faith". The U.S. blamed Syria's Assad government for intentionally delaying efforts to remove chemical arms from the country for destruction, suggesting that the goal of liquidating the arsenal by midyear is in jeopardy. Stating that Assad was, in effect, slow-walking the chemicals in order to obtain more security equipment, U.S. Ambassador Robert P. Mikulak said that "Syria has demanded armored jackets for shipping containers, electronic countermeasures, and detectors for improvised explosive devices." He said the demands are "without merit" and "display a 'bargaining mentality' rather than a security mentality".

882:. The Framework does not state how Syria's compliance would be measured, or what the penalties Syria would incur if it did not comply. Under the UN Charter, Chapter VII measures range from "demonstrations" to sanctions or military action and could be vetoed by any of the five permanent members of the Security Council. Russia and China had previously vetoed three resolutions attempting to condemn or sanction Syria, and were considered likely to block any future Security Council sanctioned military action against Syria. The U.S. indicated it might resort to military action outside the UN if Syria failed to comply with the Security Council resolution requiring it to eliminate its chemical weapons. 1322: 1138:

mortar barrages and the indiscriminate shelling of civilian areas are commonplace and battle lines shift quickly," he wrote. Ban added that the most challenging phase of the destruction effort would begin in November when OPCW and UN experts begin destroying Syria's estimated 1,000 tons of precursor chemicals and chemical weapons. In order to do so, they will need to cross battle lines between governments and rebel forces. The Syrian government and Western-backed opposition forces have pledged cooperation with chemical disarmament, but Al Qaeda-linked rebel groups, including Al Nusra Front and the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, have not.

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filling units". The destruction of Syria's declared chemical weapons production, mixing, and filling equipment was successfully completed by 31 October deadline, but the destruction of chemical weapon stockpiles fell well behind schedule, which had been scheduled for completion by 6 February 2014. Only on 23 June 2014, were the remaining declared chemicals shipped out of Syria for destruction. The destruction of the most dangerous chemicals was performed at sea aboard the

1467:, experts stated that there was a possibility of incomplete record-keeping, citing an incident in 2002 wherein Albania discovered, in a cluster of mountain bunkers, 16 tons of primitive, undocumented chemical weapon agents that Albania had forgotten about. Chemical weapons expert Winfield has commented that the success of the destruction plan depends on Syria revealing all of its chemical arms stockpile, much of which is moveable and may be spread across dozens of sites. 1473:, a common industrial chemical, was allegedly used in poison-gas attacks by the Assad government in 2014. Chlorine is not on the list of prohibited chemicals covered by the disarmament agreement; however, its use as a weapon violates the Chemical Weapons Convention. Alleged chlorine attacks continued throughout the war; for example, according to the United Nations, there were at least three incidents in Syria in 2016 where chlorine was used by the regime. 6011: 54: 957:

the specific type of munitions, sub-munitions, and devices in its chemical weapons stockpile, including specific quantities of each type that are filled and unfilled; and (iii) the location of all of its chemical weapons, chemical weapons storage facilities, chemical weapons production facilities, including mixing and filling facilities, and chemical weapons research and development facilities, providing specific geographic coordinates",

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forces, "which is something that the Assad regime itself acknowledges, while these storehouses are also not located on the front, so why should we stop fighting?" According to the OPCW chief, one abandoned site is in rebel-held territory, and routes to others lead through rebel-held territory. Malik Ellahi of the OPCW states that few of the locations inspectors must visit will be difficult to access.

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Convention pending entry into force on 14 October. The plan adds detail to but does not vary from the basic deadlines in the U.S.–Russian Framework. The OPCW stated that the Executive Council had agreed on "an accelerated programme for achieving the complete elimination of Syria's chemical weapons by mid-2014. The decision requires inspections in Syria to commence from 1 October 2013."

6001: 1411:. The remaining were destroyed in the US, UK and Finland. However, on 4 September 2014, the head of the Joint Mission reported to the UN Security Council that 96% of Syria's declared stockpile, including the most dangerous chemicals, had been destroyed and preparation were underway to destroy the remaining 12 production facilities, a task to be completed by the 1492:

video documentation, that it was "not clear" that an attack had even happened. Russia claimed the incident was caused by Syrian bombs hitting some sort of rebel sarin cache; experts do not consider the Syrian or Russian claims credible, on multiple levels. On 7 April, the United States struck a Syrian airbase in response to the chemical attack.

1279:. The United Kingdom gave the United States £2.5 million of specialist equipment and training to enable the highest-priority chemicals to be processed more quickly. In addition around 150 tonnes of priority two chemicals, toxic material similar to industrial chemical agents, were transported to the UK with the help of the British 992:, sanctioning use of military force if Syria failed to fulfill its commitments under the agreement. Russia and China continued to maintain its opposition to any military action against Syria under Chapter VII, without a second vote of the Security Council. After further negotiations, on 26 September the five permanent members of the 1313:. The Cape Ray was equipped with two Field Deployable Hydrolysis Systems capable of neutralizing the poisonous substances and converting them into industrial waste. On 19 July 2014, around 250 protesters gathered at the Souda base to protest the elimination of the chemical weapons in the nearby region of the Mediterranean Sea. 1381:

deadline would not leave enough time for all munitions to be destroyed to meet the end-of-June deadline for complete destruction of Syria's chemical weapons. Around 4 March, Syria agreed to a 60-day timetable for removal of the stockpile. By 4 March 2014, almost a third of the stockpile had been removed or destroyed.

902:, Syria's Minister of National Reconciliation, praised the agreement as "a victory for Syria that was achieved thanks to our Russian friends". He described the agreement as removing a pretext for a U.S. attack on the country. Iran also stated that the agreement had deprived the U.S. of a pretext for attacking Syria. 583:, a common industrial chemical, is outside the scope of the disarmament agreement; however, its use as a poison gas would violate the Chemical Weapons Convention, which Syria joined in 2013. Various parties, including Western governments, have accused Assad of conducting illegal chlorine attacks since 2014. 1491:

with a banned chemical caused around 100 deaths and around 500 injuries. The OPCW found the attack involved "sarin or a sarin-like substance". The United States and others attribute the attack to the Syrian government. The Syrian government claimed the incident was a fabrication and insisted, despite

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On 15 November, the OPCW approved a plan to transport Syria's chemical weapons to a location outside its territory by 5 February 2014, where the weapons would then be destroyed. Acceptance of shipments of the 1,000 tons of chemical agents for destruction have been refused by most countries approached

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On 31 October, the OPCW announced that Syria had met the deadline for destroying all declared equipment and facilities related to chemical weapons production, having visited 21 out of 23 sites. The two other sites were too dangerous to inspect due to being in contested areas of the ongoing civil war,

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Russian Foreign Minister Lavrov has stressed that the Western and Arab-backed rebels in the Syrian civil war must also comply with the UN resolution, and must ensure that extremists do not acquire chemical weapons. "The responsibility is not only on the Syrian government," he stated, "but also on the

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allows extraordinary measures to be taken in Syria. Some of the chemicals will need to be transported along the highway between Damascus and Homs, which is still contested as of December 2013. Syria has requested the international community provide armored vehicles to assist in the safe transport of

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OPCW director-general Ahmet Uzumcu stated in early October that completing the destruction process by the mid-2014 deadline will depend on whether temporary cease-fires can be arranged between opposition and government forces. A nine-month ceasefire to allow the OPCW to carry out the entire chemical

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would eventually have about 100 personnel in Syria, with a support base in Cyprus. In a letter to the Security Council, Ban set out the mission's three phases: establish an initial presence and verify Syria's stockpiles declaration; oversee chemical weapons destruction; and verify destruction of all

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The Executive Council of the OPCW met on 27 September and adopted a decision, "Destruction of Syrian Chemical Weapons", that is a detailed and accelerated plan for the elimination of Syria's chemical weapons. The Executive Council also approved Syria's provisional application of the Chemical Weapons

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stated in response to a question from a journalist that the air strikes could be averted if Syria turned over "every single bit" of its chemical weapons stockpiles within a week, but Syria "isn't about to do it and it can't be done". State Department officials stressed that Kerry's statement and its

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civilians and contractors, destroyed 600 metric tons of chemical agents in 42 days. By 18 August 2014, all of the remaining declared and surrendered chemicals had been destroyed offshore. On 4 January 2016, the OPCW stated that destruction was completed, though since then the use of chemical weapons

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to "a wide range of items". Specifically, under OPCW supervision Syrian military personnel had begun "destroying munitions such as missile warheads and aerial bombs and disabling mobile and static mixing and filling units". The U.S. and Russia announced themselves "very pleased" with the rapid pace

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Within 24 hours of received an "initial declaration" document from Syria, the OPCW started a review of the inventory. The OPCW stated that it would use on-site inspections to verify the accuracy of the disclosure by Syria. It would also "assist in putting into place arrangements to keep the warfare

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submit to the Secretariat by 4 October further information (to that provided on 19 September 2013) on its chemical weapons, in particular: "(i) the chemical name and military designator of each chemical in its chemical weapons stockpile, including precursors and toxins, and quantities thereof; (ii)

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Western officials, such as British Ambassador Mark Lyall Grant, had expressed concerns about the completeness of Syria's disclosures, and said the OPCW mission should remain in place following removal of chemical weapons until verification tasks can be completed. A late disclosure in 2014 regarding

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The OPCW began preliminary inspections of Syria's chemical weapons arsenal on 1 October 2013, and actual destruction began on 6 October. Under OPCW supervision, Syrian military personnel began "destroying munitions such as missile warheads and aerial bombs and disabling mobile and static mixing and

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The biggest obstacle is getting the lorries carrying the chemicals through to Latakia, because the highway between Damascus and Homs, which they have to use, remains contested ... The Syrian government has asked the international community to provide armored vehicles to help it move the chemicals.

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Around 21 February, Syria proposed a hundred-day plan for removal of the chemicals. British official Philip Hall criticized the plan as "not adequate". At the time, the US had stated destruction of the chemicals, once off-site, would take 90 days; given that timeframe, Syria's proposed May removal

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By 30 January 2014, only about four percent of the priority chemicals had been removed. Syria continued to blame security issues; U.S. officials disagreed and accused the government of deliberately causing or prolonging the delay. On 31 January, Russian diplomat Mikhail Ulyanov responded that "the

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A disagreement arose regarding the number of chemical weapons sites in contested areas of Syria, with the Syrian foreign minister stating that one-third of sites are in such areas. FSA official Louay Miqdad stated in early October that there were no chemical weapons in areas occupied by opposition

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On 21 September 2013, Syria provided the OPCW with a comprehensive chemical weapons disclosure, ostensibly meeting the Framework's first deadline. Syria declared 23 sites, the location of which are not disclosed for confidentiality and security reasons. On these sites a combined 41 facilities were

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The resolution required Syria to eliminate its chemical weapon stockpiles and allow complete access to UN and OPCW chemical weapons inspectors. If Syria did not comply with either demand, the Security Council would need to adopt a second resolution regarding imposition of military or other actions

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Noting that on 14 September 2013, the Syrian Arab Republic deposited with the Secretary-General its instrument of accession to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction (Convention) and declared that it shall

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magazine commented in October 2013 that the timeline was "ambitious, to put it mildly", but acknowledged it had been "worked out in consultation with American and Russians experts with full knowledge of the OPCW's capabilities". Li Hong, secretary-general of the China Arms Control and Disarmament

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to supervise the destruction or removal of Syria's chemical arms, while its Director-General was charged with notifying the Executive Council regarding any delay in implementation. The Executive Council was to decide whether the non-compliance should be reported to the Security Council, which was

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reported in early October 2013 that Syria had disclosed 19 chemical weapons-related sites, whilst unnamed Western intelligence sources believed that 45 sites existed. One U.S. official said it was not clear if the discrepancy is "a deception" or merely a "difference of definition" regarding what

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in December 2015, it was revealed that the operation had been far more dramatic then expected and reported. There were rocket attacks against Latakia while "Taiko" was docked. There were explosions and strikes around the docks and there were incidents where boats that could be intent on possible

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UN Secretary-General Ban in early October publicly recognized many of the challenges of the weapons destruction effort, in particular, the dangerous nature of chemical arms destruction during a civil war, especially in urban areas such as Damascus, Aleppo, and Homs. "Heavy artillery, airstrikes,

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Inspectors were given unusually broad authority because Syria was required under the plan to provide inspectors unobstructed access to any suspected chemical weapons site, even if the Syrian government had not identified the location in its list of chemical weapons sites, and without the special

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published a report detailing the extent of Syria's failure to abandon chemical weapons, citing information from investigators, inspectors, and diplomatic sources. According to a source cited in the report, "There are certainly some gaps, uncertainties, discrepancies" regarding Syria's chemical

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stated that the government appeared to be cooperating, but cautioned that the Syrian government had a "very sorry track record" on working with nuclear inspectors and that it is easier to hide chemical weapons than a nuclear program. Chemical weapons expert Gwyn Winfield wrote that Syria had an

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magazine as follows: "Taking control of 's enormous stores of munitions would be difficult to do in the midst of a brutal civil war. Dozens of new facilities for destroying the weapons would have to be built from scratch or brought into the country from the U.S., and completing the job would

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in Geneva, Switzerland. High-level negotiations were held between Kerry and Lavrov, with large teams of experts simultaneously working on technical details. A key breakthrough was reported to occur when the U.S. and Russia agreed on their approximations of the Syrian chemical weapon stockpile

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weapons arsenal. For example, the Syrian government inaccurately or even falsely declared the types, purposes, and quantities of chemicals in its possession, and is suspected of continuing to hold at least 2,000 chemical bombshells that should have been converted to conventional weapons.

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On 12 January 2018, the United States called on Syria "to eliminate all chemical weapons, to dismantle fully its chemical weapons program, and to ensure that these weapons can no longer be used against the Syrian people", implying that it believes such weapons continue to exist. A

1480:" but stated that "the entire quantity of ricin produced was disposed of prior to the entry into force" of the Chemical Weapons Convention. The lateness of this disclosure raised doubts about the completeness of the government's declaration of its chemical weapons stockpile. The 1163:

Association, stated that both the turbulent civil war and the financial cost of chemical weapons disposal will be a heavy burden on the Syrian government, and called it "unrealistic" to expect Syrian chemical weapons to be eliminated by 2014. Expert opinions were summarized in

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forces. In response to Ghouta, a coalition of countries led by the United States and France, which support the rebels, threatened air strikes on Syria. Russia, a key ally of Syria, along with China had earlier blocked efforts by the United States, France, and the UK to secure

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The decision also stipulates that if the OPCW Director-General determined there had been a delay in implementation of the decision, the matter should be discussed within 24 hours, when it should be decided whether the matter should be submitted to the UN Security Council.

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on 7 April 2018 that killed at least 49 civilians and injured scores more has been blamed on the Assad government, though the Syrian government denies these charges. In March 2023, UN Security Council declared Syria's Chemical Weapons disarmament claims "incomplete" and

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By 21 March, Syria's entire supply of mustard agent had been removed. On 27 April, Syria missed its revised 60-day deadline for complete removal of its full chemical weapons arsenal. As at 23 May, Syria had removed or destroyed 92.5% of its declared chemical stockpile.

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In April 2014, disarmament experts such as Ralf Trapp characterized the pace of the operation as impressively quick. With 92.5% of the arsenal removed or destroyed, Trapp noted that many people had not expected such speed to be achievable given the ongoing civil war.

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Also exceptionally challenging will be the movement and destruction of deadly agents such as sarin, VX nerve agents, and mustard agent during the civil war. The chemical weapons convention disallows movement of such deadly agents outside the country holding them, but

3836: 1203:'low tech, quick and cheap' methods were being used, such as filling equipment with concrete, smashing it, sometimes using heavy vehicles". The OPCW "said the Syrian government had provided complete co-operation with the 27 weapons inspectors in the country". 1510:

took place on 7 April 2018 that killed at least 49 civilians with scores injured, and which has been blamed on the Assad government. The blaming of the Assad government for the attack is another indication of the belief that Syria still has chemical weapons.

1182:, "isn't going to go away". In contrast, Ralf Trapp, a former OPCW official, has expressed optimism that satellite surveillance would deter cheating. Under the disarmament resolution, Syria is required to allow inspection of any site that raises suspicions. 1384:

Syria missed a 15 March deadline for destroying its 12 chemical weapons production facilities. Syria proposed to instead render the facilities inoperable by sealing their entrances; the U.S. and its allies opposed this proposal and insisted on destruction.

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On 19 April 2018, it was reported that between 2014 and 2016 three Belgian companies, in alleged violations of EU sanctions, imposed in 2013, barring the sale of illegal chemical to the Syrian regime, exported chemicals to Syria, including 96 tonnes of

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In late October 2013, the OPCW said it expected the 1 November deadline for destruction of CW production, mixing, and munition-filling capability to be met. It was reported on 23 October that it had visited 18 of 23 declared sites. It was reported that

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complete elimination of all its chemical weapons material and equipment during the first half of 2014, "subject to the detailed requirements, including intermediate destruction milestones, to be decided by the Council not later than 15 November

3246: 2951:: "The media seized on comment as an off-message ad-lib. But behind-the-scenes discussions had been taking place for some time. What had changed was that the Russians were taking it seriously with the U.S. now on the brink of bombing Syria." 2460: 3185: 5216: 781:, White House staff stated off the record that Obama and Putin had already privately agreed in principle to start peacefully relieving Assad of his chemical weapons by 5 September, days earlier than the 9 September public breakthrough.) 5742: 754:

and agreed to apply that convention provisionally until its formal entry into force on 14 October 2013. On 21 September, Syria ostensibly provided a list of its chemical weapons to the OPCW, before the deadline set by the framework.

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The first shipment of components for chemical weapons were removed from Syria by a Norwegian/Danish flotilla on 7 January 2014. The 31 December deadline for complete removal of priority chemicals had been missed; on 7 January,

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The OPCW began preliminary inspections of Syria's disclosed chemical weapons arsenal on 1 October 2013, and actual destruction of Syrian equipment began on 6 October 2013, with Syrian personnel under OPCW supervision applying

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The agreement by Syria to destroy its chemical weapons arose at a time when the United States and France headed a coalition of countries on the verge of carrying out air strikes on Syria in response to the 21 August

1534:. United States, UAE, Malta, Switzerland, France, UK and various other countries criticized Syria of disregarding the Chemical Weapons Convention; and urged to take steps to pressurize Syria into co-operating with 655:

For some time, though Syria denied possession of chemical weapons, Syria was believed to have the world's third-largest stockpile of chemical weapons, after the United States and Russia. With the outbreak of the

909:, were angered by the agreement. The U.S., without consulting the coalition, had changed its mind about striking Syria. Rebels furthermore worried the agreement might be a considered a de facto admission of the 4280:

The request is understandably being treated with suspicion but it might have to be granted if there is no other way of getting the chemicals to Latakia. Russia, an Assad ally, has said it is willing to step in.

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assessed the delay was due to the difficulty of overland transport of chemical weapons in the middle of a civil war. A second shipment was removed around 27 January; that same day, the U.N. Secretary General,

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On 27 September, the Executive Council of the OPCW adopted a decision, "Destruction of Syrian Chemical Weapons", a detailed implementation plan based on the U.S./Russian agreement. Later on 27 September, the

534:(OPCW) Executive Council on 27 September approved a detailed implementation plan that required Syria to assume responsibility for and follow a timeline for the destruction of Syrian chemical weapons (such as 5826: 2015: 2916: 1004:

against Syria under Chapter VII. The vote on the resolution was delayed until 27 September because the OPCW needed to vote first on its detailed implementation plan. Syria vowed to abide by the resolution.

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Negotiations over the Security Council resolution were initially contentious, as the United States, the United Kingdom and France submitted a draft resolution that included an automatic invocation of

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The Framework was received positively by France, Germany, the UK, the European Union, China, and the Arab League. Israel expressed cautious optimism, but was skeptical that Syria would comply.

5855: 5739: 5169: 888:, a common industrial chemical which would later allegedly be used in poison-gas attacks inside Syria in 2014, is not on the list of prohibited chemicals covered by the disarmament agreement. 5592: 2849: 1917: 2058: 1484:

believes the Assad government retains a "residual" chemical stockpile of somewhere between several hundred kilograms to several tons of chemical weapons, about 1% of its original stockpile.

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reached agreement on an implementation and enforcement draft resolution. On the following day, just hours after the OPCW Executive Council approved a detailed implementation plan for the

1519:, a chemical from which sarin nerve gas can be produced. French and German companies have also allegedly sold material to Iran that later turned up in Iranian chemical rockets in Syria. 742:

immediately welcomed the proposal, and U.S.–Russian negotiations led to the 14 September 2013 "Framework for Elimination of Syrian Chemical Weapons", which called for the elimination of

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program raised doubts about completeness of the government's declaration of its chemical weapons stockpile, and in early May 2015, OPCW announced that inspectors had found traces of

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cooperate fully with Decision implementation, including providing OPCW personnel with "immediate and unfettered right to inspect any and all sites in the Syrian Arab Republic", and

6751: 6287: 6036: 845:. This committed Syria not to use chemical weapons, to destroy its chemical weapons within 10 years, and to convert or destroy all of its chemical weapons production facilities. 3720: 6756: 6342: 4005: 3405: 2348: 1535: 842: 789: 531: 4948: 3599: 2996: 3374: 303: 288: 3346: 2191: 6046: 6031: 1591: 6413: 1296:, expressed concern over the worsening delays and assessed that Syria already has the resources required to transport the weapons promptly despite the ongoing civil war. 6746: 6664: 6093: 1685: 5982: 3876: 2627: 4532: 4410: 4305: 2561: 1731:

comply with its stipulations and observe them faithfully and sincerely, applying the Convention provisionally pending its entry into force for the Syrian Arab Republic

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that the last of Syria's declared chemical weapons had been shipped out of the country for destruction. The last 8% of the chemical stockpile was loaded onto ships at

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in reference to the use by Syria of chemical weapons. The United States and other Western countries blamed the Syrian government for the attack, while Syria blamed

625: 579:. To avoid a military intervention, on 14 September 2013, the United States, Russia and Syria agreed to the "Framework for Elimination of Syrian Chemical Weapons". 547: 5561: 4744: 3755: 1178:

incentive to hold onto some of its chemical weapons, since its original incentive for developing a chemical weapons capability, as a deterrent against a suspected

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one-week deadline were rhetorical in light of the unlikelihood of Syria turning over its chemical weapons. Hours after Kerry's statement, Russian foreign minister

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designate one official as the OPCW Secretariat's main point of contact and provide that person with authority to ensure that the Decision is fully implemented.

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In the Framework, formally "Framework for the Elimination of Syrian Chemical Weapons", Russia and the United States agreed to the following target dates:

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The Executive Council's decision further calls, "on an urgent basis", for funding by member states of the Syrian chemical weapons elimination process.

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on Wednesday, Secretary General Ban Ki-moon said that roughly 8 percent of the stockpile remained in Syria, awaiting shipment for destruction abroad.

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approval for military intervention. The United States and France headed a coalition of countries on the verge of carrying out air strikes on Syria.

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commented that the demanding timeline may mean the OPCW will deploy ad-hoc destruction methods such as sledgehammers, tanks, or concrete fills.

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Altogether, the (Albanian) bunkers hold nearly 600 vessels containing about 16 tons of what is known in military jargon as "bulk agent."

1658: 1174: 566:'s Ready Reserve Force, crewed with U.S. Navy and civilian merchant mariners. The actual destruction operations, performed by a team of 465: 6005: 660:

in 2011 concerns were raised about both the security of Syria's chemical weapon sites and about the potential use of chemical weapons.

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The United States destroyed the highest-priority chemicals, which were scheduled for removal from Syria by 31 December, on board the

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OPCW director-general Uzumcu called the overall timeline "doable", though one of his field experts characterized it as "Herculean".

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opposition and all the states in this sphere should of course not allow these weapons to fall into the hands of non-state actors."

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submit the declaration required by Article III of the Chemical Weapons Convention to the OPCW Secretariat no later than 27 October,

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Under the Decision, which was incorporated into Security Council Resolution 2118, Syria is required to take the following actions:

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discussed the idea of putting Syria's chemical weapons under international control. On 9 September 2013, U.S. Secretary of State

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and destroyed there. The remaining stock of priority two chemicals not going to Britain were destroyed by commercial companies.

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to Italy where they were to be handed over to a United States Navy ship for destruction in international waters. The Norwegian

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worried that the October destruction was incomplete and "reversible" and claimed that it did not, in fact, meet requirements.

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the chemicals. In February 2014, Syria stated that rebels had attempted to attack two convoys transporting chemical weapons.

1121: 768: 692: 551: 175: 6229: 6153: 5709: 2709: 530:(CWC) and agreed to its provisional application pending its entry into force on 14 October. Having acceded to the CWC, the 4242: 3397: 2780: 841:(provisionally applying it directly, but formally taking effect 14 October 2013), and in doing so becoming a member of the 6629: 6599: 6543: 6418: 5877: 2429: 1488: 1223: 989: 600: 479: 135: 80: 6644: 5553: 4828: 3747: 821:

From 12 to 14 September 2013, details of the Framework for Elimination of Syrian Chemical Weapons were negotiated at the

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Security Council requires Scheduled Destruction of Syria's Chemical Weapons, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 2118 (2013)

4740: 2745: 2181: 273: 245: 104: 100: 6452: 5143: 4400: 4172: 1027: 1000:, Security Council Resolution 2118 was unanimously passed, making the OPCW implementation plan binding on the Syrians. 788:(formally acceding on 14 October), and agreed to the destruction of its chemical weapons, under the supervision of the 6249: 5759: 3635: 3155: 2516: 2400: 2152: 1531: 838: 785: 751: 613: 527: 205: 165: 5956: 4766: 4505: 1215:

by the OPCW. As of November 2013, Belgium and France were still considering whether to agree to such shipments.

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Despite American criticisms of the delays, the OPCW in July 2014 described Syria's cooperation as "satisfactory".

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announced that Russia had suggested to Syria that it relinquish its chemical weapons, and Syrian foreign minister

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at a military research site in Syria that had not been declared previously by the Assad regime. Syria appeared to

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According to U.S. chemical weapons nonproliferation expert Amy Smithson, declared sites are believed to include:

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stockpiles and set a destruction deadline of 30 June 2014. Also on 14 September 2013, Syria acceded to the

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reiterated before the Security Council that Syrian declarations were blatantly false and stated that the

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Syria deposited its instrument of accession with the United Nations Secretary-General on 14 September.

2652:. United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London: U.S. Department of State. 9 September 2013. 2214: 6317: 6138: 6133: 6128: 3151: 3026: 1985: 1778: 1369: 45: 6680: 5308: 3841: 2020: 1351: 1306: 1243: 1125:

chemical arms related materials and programs. On 13 October Ban announced that veteran UN diplomat

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complete destruction of its chemical weapons mixing/filling and production equipment by 1 November,

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Despite the deal, U.S. President Barack Obama has kept the option of military force on the table.

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weapons destruction process was rejected by the Free Syrian Army (FSA), according to a report in

268: 5301:"UPDATE 1-Chemical weapons to be destroyed outside Syria could be gone by April 13-Russia's RIA" 4970: 2850:"UN Security Council votes unanimously to secure and destroy Syria's chemical weapons stockpile" 1918:"UN Security Council votes unanimously to secure and destroy Syria's chemical weapons stockpile" 1048:

present containing "1,300 tons of chemical precursors and agents and 1,230 unfilled munitions".

3487: 3239:"Lawmakers debate whether US outfoxed on Syria; Obama says 'foundation' set for war settlement" 1879: 612:

Izumi Nakamitsu stated that Syrian declarations "cannot be considered accurate", violating the

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equipment for producing, mixing, and filling chemical weapons to be destroyed by November 2013

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procedures normally required for "Challenge Inspections" under Article IX of the convention.

6312: 6160: 5924: 4611: 3877:"Despite obstacles, experts say Syria's chemical weapons threat can be neutralized in weeks" 3631: 2288: 1810: 1546: 831: 822: 747: 739: 703: 668: 664: 657: 523: 53: 38: 5400:"Ninety-six percent of Syria's declared chemical weapons destroyed – UN-OPCW mission chief" 1265:

and the Danish government has hired in the civilian cargo ship Ark Futura for the mission.

6674: 6472: 6433: 6381: 6307: 6244: 6083: 6078: 5960: 5938: 5917: 5746: 5220: 5198: 4536: 4512: 4405: 4331: 4246: 3837:"Chemical weapons watchdog says Syria declared 41 facilities with 1,300 tons of chemicals" 3428:"OPCW Executive Council Adopts Historic Decision on Destruction of Syria Chemical Weapons" 3350: 2944: 2911: 2521: 1922: 1841:"OPCW Executive Council Adopts Historic Decision on Destruction of Syria Chemical Weapons" 1689: 1662: 1463: 910: 522:

entered into several international agreements which called for the elimination of Syria's

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Syria to provide a comprehensive listing of its weapons to the OPCW by 21 September 2013

6669: 6347: 6192: 2401:"Haley says Russia's hands are 'covered in the blood of syrian children' - CNNPolitics" 1713: 1208: 1165: 722: 596: 364: 5931: 5645: 4641:"U.S. blasts Syria for "seriously languished and stalled" removal of chemical weapons" 2370: 2085: 866:

all chemical weapons material and equipment to be eliminated in the first half of 2014

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initial OPCW on-site inspections of declared sites to be completed by November 2013

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responsible to ensure that Syria fulfilled its commitments under Resolution 2118.

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on 14 September 2013 and after the OPCW implementation plan, on 27 September the

538:) and Syrian chemical weapon production facilities. Following the signing of the 6098: 6051: 5946: 4239: 1578: 1516: 1293: 1126: 837:

On the same day, after the signing, Syria announced that it was acceding to the

827: 687:, resulting in the death of more than 300 people and injury to thousands in the 550:

which bound Syria to the timetable set out in the OPCW implementation plan. The

5885: 4363:"There's Almost No Chance Russia's Plan for Syria's Chemical Weapons Will Work" 2517:"Obama seeks global backing on Syria: 'I didn't set a red line. The world did'" 2437: 2016:"Syria has destroyed chemical weapons facilities, international inspectors say" 6386: 1568: 1358: 1280: 810: 730: 4602:"Syria weapons inspectors say they verified 22 of 23 declared chemical sites" 3523:"UPDATE 1-Russia says opposes any resolution threatening force against Syria" 510:

Sergei Lavrov and John Kerry at the final negotiating session on 14 September

6589: 6553: 6533: 5852:"Belgium companies sold deadly chemicals to Assad in violation of sanctions" 5740:"U.S. welcomes Libya's destruction of chemical weapons stockpile: statement" 5139: 2681: 1549:

was working to undermine the OPCW investigations and fact-finding missions.

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stating that Syrian claims "cannot be considered accurate" and violated the

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In July 2014, Assad disclosed to the OPCW "a facility for the production of

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was established to oversee the implementation of the destruction program.

6528: 5760:"Haley says Russia's hands are 'covered in the blood of Syrian children'" 4678: 2618:

Steve Gutterman; Alexei Anishchuk; Timothy Heritage (10 September 2013).

2588: 2430:"Security Council Deems Syria's Chemical Weapon's Declaration Incomplete" 1470: 1333: 1252: 1085: 885: 684: 580: 5114:"Transfer of Syrian chemical weapons begins in Italy - Channel NewsAsia" 3063:"Syria's Accession to the Chemical Weapons Convention Enters into Force" 2318:"Chemical weapons watchdog says Syria declared program to produce ricin" 2245:"Syria, Western powers disagree on progress of chemical-weapons mission" 5821: 5086: 4300: 3562: 3527: 2997:"America and Russia agree plan to 'eliminate' Syria's chemical weapons" 2557: 2254: 2218: 2186: 1751: 1497: 1401: 1229: 1098:

materials and the relevant facilities secure until their destruction".

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Syria deadline for chemical weapons destruction will be met, says OPCW

4107:"Syria: Chemical weapons team faces many dangers, says U.N. chief Ban" 3270:"U.S. to 'wait and see' on use of force in Syria: army chief of staff" 1120:

On Monday 7 October, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon stated that the

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As a result of these negotiations, in September 2013 Syria joined the

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stockpiles by mid-2014. Following the agreement, Syria acceded to the

6000: 4710:"Norway Rejects U.S. Request to Help Destroy Syrian Chemical Weapons" 4394: 4392: 4390: 4388: 3721:"US offering to destroy Syria chemical weapons aboard US ship at sea" 1554: 1415:. On 4 January 2015, the OPCW stated that destruction was completed. 680: 4204:"Push to eliminate Syria's chemical weapons may extend Assad's rule" 3748:"Syria submits chemical weapons inventory to international watchdog" 3691:"Syria's chemical weapons destruction on track, US and Russia agree" 3398:"Insight: Angered by chemical deal, Syrian rebels may lose the West" 2907:"Syria crisis: 'clear and convincing evidence of sarin gas' says UN" 1526:

declared Syria's chemical weapons declaration "incomplete" with the

5426:"Syrian Chemical Weapons Moved to U.S. Ship for Destruction at Sea" 3365:"Is the US-Russia deal on Syria's chemical weapons the right move?" 3027:"Reference: C.N.592.2013.TREATIES-XXVI.3 (Depositary Notification)" 2620:"Putin, Obama discussed Syria arms control idea last week: Kremlin" 2550:"Exclusive: Obama authorizes secret U.S. support for Syrian rebels" 5817:"Trump warns of more strikes if Syria uses chemical weapons again" 4328:"China ready to assist Syria with destruction of chemical weapons" 2215:"UK blames Assad regime after watchdog documents chlorine attacks" 1880:"EC-M-33/DEC.1 – Decision: Destruction of Syrian Chemical Weapons" 1640:

China welcomes a framework agreement signed by Russia and the U.S.

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for the mission. Denmark will participate with the Danish frigate

1219: 1026: 920: 804: 743: 672: 592: 588: 535: 519: 5140:"Protest at Greek NATO Base over Destruction of Syrian Chemicals" 4945:"UK contributes to the destruction of Syria's chemical stockpile" 4855:"UK to help United States destroy Syrian chemical weapons faster" 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3558:"Russian official: Talks with U.S. on Syria not going 'smoothly'" 3208:"UN Security Council votes to eliminate Syria's chemical weapons" 2487:"Russian resistance torpedoes United Nations resolution on Syria" 2153:"OPCW: Destruction of declared Syrian chemical weapons completed" 1218:

Norway and Denmark agreed to transport the chemical weapons from

5082:"U.N. suggests removal of Syria chemicals unnecessarily delayed" 4575:"Search of Syria's disclosed chemical weapons sites nearly done" 4035:"Kerry 'very pleased' at Syria compliance over chemical weapons" 3590:"Syria hands over remaining chemical arms inventory to watchdog" 2182:"Insight: After chemical horror, besieged Syrian suburb defiant" 1275:

in international waters of the Mediterranean, using a U.S. Army

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United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118 § reactions

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on numerous occasions by the Syrian military has been verified.

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Framework for Elimination of Syrian Chemical Weapons, full text

5585:"April nerve gas attack in Syria appears to be one in a series" 4767:"Syria: Denmark and Norway offer to transport chemical weapons" 4296:"Syria can meet target for chemical disarmament: mission chief" 2677:"Kerry to Assad: Turn over chemical weapons to prevent strikes" 1620:"China Welcomes Russia–U.S. Framework Agreement on Syria: Wang" 5710:"How Syria continued to gas its people as the world looked on" 4971:"Her ligger den norske fregatten rett utenfor kysten av Syria" 4461: 4459: 2876:"U.N. Deal on Syrian Arms Is Milestone After Years of Inertia" 1747:"U.S. sanctions Syrian officials for chemical weapons attacks" 1031:

The highest-priority chemicals were destroyed on the 648-foot

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The Framework states that, in the event of noncompliance, the

834:). On 14 September 2013, the Framework was agreed and signed. 817:

on 12 September, at beginning of Syrian chemical weapons talks

767:, incorporating the OPCW plan and making it binding on Syria. 6493:

Defending Elections from Threats by Establishing Redlines Act

4530:

Inspectors Visit All but 2 of Syria's Declared Chemical Sites

1247:. The Norwegian government hired in the Norwegian registered 5214:

Syria must stop stalling on its delivery of chemical weapons

4829:"Pentagon Readies Ship for Syrian Chemical Weapons Disposal" 4741:""Helge Ingstad" i posisjon utenfor Syria – Bergens Tidende" 2650:"Press Conference by Kerry, British Foreign Secretary Hague" 4066: 4064: 4062: 4060: 3780:. China Network Television. 29 October 2013. Archived from 1683:

U.S. and Russia Reach Deal to Destroy Syria's Chemical Arms

4997:"Flotilla Awaits Order to Enter Syria for Weapons Removal" 2584:"Russian offers troops to help remove Syria chemical arms" 2116:"Cape Ray Completes Destruction of Syrian Chemical Agents" 1426:

In a news article published in Norway's biggest newspaper

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Q+A: plan to dismantle Syria's chemical weapons (Reuters)

4137:"U.N. names envoy to lead Syria chemical weapons mission" 3939:"Syria 'submits chemical weapons data' to Hague watchdog" 3803:

NICK CUMMING-BRUCE; MICHAEL R. GORDON (27 October 2013).

1982:"U.N. names envoy to lead Syria chemical weapons mission" 1055:

four production facilities near Safira, Khan Abu Shamat,

5616:"Israeli intelligence: Syria retains small WMD capacity" 5142:. www.naharnet.com. Agence France Presse. 19 July 2014. 4290: 4288: 3719:

BALDOR, LOLITA C.; JELINEK, PAULINE (27 November 2013).

1951:"Destruction of Syrian chemical weapons begins: mission" 6498:

Defending American Security from Kremlin Aggression Act

5352:

In a May 23 letter to the Security Council obtained by

4947:. Foreign & Commonwealth Office. 20 December 2013. 3969:"Syria crisis: OPCW receives Syrian chemical arms data" 3309:"Nearly 90% of Syria's Chemical Arms Have Been Removed" 1237:

will take part in the operation, as will the Norwegian

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United States military and prostitution in South Korea

6488:

Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act

5489:"Syrian Chemical Disclosure Falls Short of U.S. Count" 3458:"Syria chemical weapons: UN adopts binding resolution" 3178:"U.S., Russia closer to deal on U.N. Syria resolution" 2963:"Syria talks: Can US-Russia deal bring hope to Syria?" 2816:"Syria meets deadline for chemical weapons disclosure" 2744:

Julian Borger and Patrick Wintour (9 September 2013).

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Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.

5370:"Syria's Chemical Arsenal Fully Destroyed, U.S. Says" 5050:"First Batch of Deadly Chemicals Exported From Syria" 4790: 4788: 4703: 4701: 4468:"Syria Misses New Deadline as It Works to Purge Arms" 4401:"Syria Stockpiled 1000 Tons of Chemicals for Weapons" 4173:"Watchdog Says Syria Has Been Cooperative on Weapons" 3148:"Bumpy road to destruction of Syria chemical weapons" 2990: 2988: 2746:"Russia calls on Syria to hand over chemical weapons" 2009: 2007: 6377:

Donald Trump's disclosures of classified information

6343:

Links between Trump associates and Russian officials

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United Nations: Meetings Coverage and Press Releases

5520:"Albania's Chemical Cache Raises Fears About Others" 5458:"VG eksklusivt: På innsiden av Norges Syria-oppdrag" 5190:

Naftali BenDavid and Adam Entous (30 January 2014),

4434:"Security a concern for weapons inspectors in Syria" 4006:

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

3344:

Reaction to US-Russia Syria Plan Generally Favorable

3302: 3300: 3298: 2781:"Syrian official: Chemical weapons deal a 'victory'" 2434:

United Nations: Meetings Coverage and Press Releases

2014:

Loveday Morris; Michael Birnbaum (31 October 2013).

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Framework for Elimination of Syrian Chemical Weapons

796:

Framework for Elimination of Syrian Chemical Weapons

790:

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

532:

Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

18:

Framework For Elimination of Syrian Chemical Weapons

6562: 6521: 6445: 6258: 6114: 6019: 5487:Adam Entous; Julian E. Barnes (27 September 2013). 5269:"AP Interview: Syria chemicals deadline achievable" 3909:"Hague watchdog probes Syria chemical weapons data" 3628:"Syrian Chemical Arms Inspections Could Begin Soon" 2848:Edith M. Lederer, Matthew Lee (27 September 2013). 2810: 2808: 2806: 2739: 2737: 2049:"Syrians Seek New Delay in Export of Chemical Arms" 1916:Edith M. Lederer, Matthew Lee (27 September 2013). 244: 234: 224: 214: 204: 194: 184: 174: 164: 154: 144: 134: 124: 114: 99: 89: 79: 69: 5332:"Syria to Miss Deadline on Weapons, Official Says" 4915:"How Syria's chemical weapons are being destroyed" 4674:"Albania shuns Syria chemical weapons destruction" 3488:"Decision: Destruction of Syrian Chemical Weapons" 1592:International reactions to the 2013 Ghouta attacks 372:UN Office for Coordination of Humanitarian affairs 6665:United States and the Russian invasion of Ukraine 6094:Permanent Mission of Russia to the United Nations 4635: 4633: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3363:Tom Rogan and Michael Cohen (16 September 2013). 651:(top) transporting chemicals from Syria, Feb 2014 6334:Russian interference in United States elections 5947:Chemical Weapons Convention: Ratifying Countries 3805:"Syria Meets Deadline for Arms Destruction Plan" 3353:. Voice of America. Retrieved 14 September 2013. 2453:"Worries intensify over Syrian chemical weapons" 6742:International reactions to the Syrian civil war 5238:"New Syrian chemical-arms removal plan slammed" 5192:"U.S. Says Syria Delaying Chemical Disarmament" 5023:"First load of chemical weapons has left Syria" 4885:"Syria: UK To Aid Chemical Weapons Destruction" 4549:"Syria chemical weapons facilities 'destroyed'" 3723:. stripes.com. Associated Press. Archived from 1441:Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian Civil War 984:United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118 765:United Nations Security Council Resolution 2118 626:Use of chemical weapons in the Syrian Civil War 5676:"Trump launches military strike against Syria" 3552: 3550: 3517: 3515: 3338: 3336: 2086:"Last of Syria's chemical weapons shipped out" 6414:Viktor Bout–Brittney Griner prisoner exchange 6210:Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism 5983: 5166:"Russia backs Syria on chemical weapons plan" 4797:"U.S. to Destroy Syrian Chemical Arms at Sea" 1677: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1012:Reactions to Security Council Resolution 2118 487: 8: 6752:American involvement in the Syrian civil war 5846: 5844: 4495: 4493: 4029: 4027: 3778:"OPCW: 21 out of 23 weapons sites inspected" 2312: 2310: 6757:Russian involvement in the Syrian civil war 5932:The Chemical Weapons Convention at a Glance 5703: 5701: 4600:Mike Corder; Ryan Lucas (7 November 2013). 4072:"Syria's chemical weapons: Can it be done?" 2371:"Sarin used in Syria attack, says watchdog" 2080: 2078: 2076: 6620:Russian Embassy School in Washington, D.C. 6074:Consulate-General of Russia, San Francisco 6062:Consulate-General of Russia, New York City 6047:Ambassadors of the United States to Russia 6032:Ambassadors of Russia to the United States 5990: 5976: 5968: 5786:"Suspected Syria chemical attack kills 70" 4668: 4666: 4002:"The OPCW Prepares for Historic Challenge" 3714: 3712: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 494: 480: 31: 5954:Chemical Warfare Chemicals and Precursors 4831:. U.S. Naval Institute. 2 December 2013. 4357: 4355: 4353: 4231: 4229: 4202:McDonnell, Patrick J. (15 October 2013). 4101: 4099: 4097: 3396:Khaled Yacoub Oweis (20 September 2013). 2480: 2478: 1665:. state.gov. Retrieved 14 September 2013. 905:Leaders of the main rebel coalition, the 6747:Chemical weapons in the Syrian civil war 6503:Russian–Venezuelan Threat Mitigation Act 6424:Russian spies in the Russo-Ukrainian War 6225:U.S.–Russia Joint Commission on POW/MIAs 4240:Syria: FSA open to "temporary" ceasefire 3685: 3683: 3658:"Syria vows to abide by U.N. resolution" 2869: 2867: 2613: 2611: 2424: 2422: 2281:"Syria had ricin program: OPCW document" 2123:Marine Engineers' Beneficial Association 1944: 1942: 1940: 1681:Gordon, Michael R. (14 September 2013). 1461:constitutes a chemical weapons site. In 1320: 1093:Preparations and preliminary inspections 633: 505: 6171:Destruction of Syria's chemical weapons 6106:Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs 5646:"Syria chemical 'attack': What we know" 5554:"Chemical weapons expert wary of Syria" 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4158: 3996: 3994: 3210:. Associated Press. 28 September 2013. 3034:Secretary-General of the United Nations 2874:Michael R. Gordon (26 September 2013). 2176: 2174: 1741: 1739: 1650: 1648: 1614: 1612: 1608: 516:destruction of Syria's chemical weapons 44: 6570:Russian Empire–United States relations 5925:Chemical Weapons Convention: Full Text 5564:from the original on 29 September 2014 4338:from the original on 29 September 2013 4012:from the original on 21 September 2013 3979:from the original on 22 September 2013 3949:from the original on 20 September 2013 3919:from the original on 23 September 2013 3758:from the original on 20 September 2013 3570:from the original on 25 September 2013 3535:from the original on 23 September 2013 3468:from the original on 27 September 2013 3408:from the original on 24 September 2013 3377:from the original on 17 September 2013 3214:from the original on 28 September 2013 3188:from the original on 27 September 2013 3043:from the original on 21 September 2013 3007:from the original on 21 September 2013 2973:from the original on 19 September 2013 2919:from the original on 18 September 2013 2886:from the original on 30 September 2013 2843: 2841: 2791:from the original on 16 September 2013 2722:from the original on 12 September 2013 2689:from the original on 14 September 2013 2497:from the original on 21 September 2013 2463:from the original on 18 September 2012 2295:from the original on 20 September 2014 2213:Deutsch, Anthony (10 September 2014). 2194:from the original on 24 September 2015 1791:from the original on 21 September 2013 1630:from the original on 30 September 2013 1339:(red hull, far right) are escorted by 1129:would head the joint UN-OPCW mission. 1111:of Syria's chemical arms disarmament. 66: 6549:Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty 6483:Russian undesirable organizations law 6399:Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal 6283:Strait of Juan de Fuca laser incident 5656:from the original on 14 February 2018 5248:from the original on 23 February 2014 5003:from the original on 16 February 2014 4795:Bendavid, Naftali (1 December 2013). 4686:from the original on 15 November 2013 4618:from the original on 13 November 2013 4269:from the original on 23 December 2013 4171:Nick Cumming-Price (9 October 2013). 3233: 3231: 3229: 2995:McElroy, Damien (14 September 2013). 2905:Joseph Charlton (16 September 2013). 2775: 2773: 2656:from the original on 17 December 2013 2324:from the original on 12 November 2014 2061:from the original on 23 February 2014 1851:from the original on 30 December 2017 1821:from the original on 20 February 2014 1597:Syria and weapons of mass destruction 1173:In October 2013, Amy Smithson of the 1146:(a Saudi-linked pan-Arab newspaper). 679:-controlled or disputed areas of the 564:United States Maritime Administration 7: 6575:Soviet Union–United States relations 6057:Consulate-General of Russia, Houston 6042:Embassy of the United States, Moscow 5595:from the original on 12 January 2018 5530:from the original on 9 November 2013 5468:from the original on 4 December 2015 5172:from the original on 2 February 2014 5094:from the original on 29 January 2014 4925:from the original on 12 January 2014 4835:from the original on 2 December 2013 4720:from the original on 27 October 2013 4651:from the original on 31 January 2014 4577:. Edition.cnn.com. 7 November 2013. 4466:Nick Cumming-Bruce (27 April 2014). 4413:from the original on 27 October 2013 4214:from the original on 29 October 2013 4143:from the original on 14 October 2013 3817:from the original on 27 October 2013 3746:Borger, Julian (20 September 2013). 3693:. 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Archived from 2675:Kim Hjelmgaard (9 September 2013). 1961:from the original on 7 October 2013 1325:A convoy at sea in February 2014 – 1175:Center for Nonproliferation Studies 1084:a research and development site in 1043:Declared sites and chemical weapons 826:(estimated at 1,000 tons of sarin, 577:2013 Ghouta chemical-weapon attacks 466:Raqqa Is Being Slaughtered Silently 186:US-Russia ceasefire proposal (2016) 6615:Russian Mission School in New York 6240:Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action 5858:from the original on 19 April 2018 5829:from the original on 14 April 2018 5766:from the original on 10 April 2018 5499:from the original on 14 March 2016 5406:from the original on 17 April 2018 5368:Rappeport, Alan (18 August 2014). 5048:Gladstone, Rick (7 January 2014). 5025:. regjeringen.no. 7 January 2014. 4951:from the original on 10 April 2017 4895:from the original on 10 April 2017 4399:Stone, Richard (24 October 2013). 4308:from the original on 26 March 2014 4183:from the original on 9 August 2014 3500:from the original on 26 March 2017 3321:from the original on 22 April 2014 2564:from the original on 2 August 2012 2529:from the original on 26 April 2018 2451:Warrick, Joby (6 September 2012). 2407:from the original on 10 April 2018 1980:Mariam Karouny (14 October 2013). 1892:from the original on 26 March 2017 1654:Spokesperson (14 September 2013). 1587:2017 Khan Shaykhun chemical attack 1489:a chemical attack on Khan Shaykhun 1449:2017 Khan Shaykhun chemical attack 1413:OPCW Fact-Finding Mission in Syria 1277:Field Deployable Hydrolysis System 721:on 6 September, Russian President 136:Geneva II Mideast peace conference 25: 6722:Chemical weapons demilitarization 6585:Anti-American sentiment in Russia 6429:2022–2023 Pentagon document leaks 6293:Kidnapping of Mormon missionaries 6273:Kola Peninsula submarine incident 5796:from the original on 8 April 2018 5518:Warrick, Joby (10 January 2005). 5438:from the original on 6 April 2015 5146:from the original on 29 July 2014 4977:from the original on 2 March 2014 4861:. 13 January 2014. Archived from 4809:from the original on 7 March 2016 4747:from the original on 5 March 2016 4581:from the original on 3 March 2018 4555:from the original on 3 March 2018 3845:. 29 October 2013. Archived from 3668:from the original on 3 March 2016 3307:Gladstone, Rick (22 April 2014). 2961:Adams, Paul (14 September 2013). 2381:from the original on 17 July 2018 2279:Mike Corder (17 September 2011). 2096:from the original on 24 June 2014 1949:Mariam Karouny (6 October 2013). 792:, as required by the convention. 518:began on 14 September 2013 after 424:Constitution of Syrian Opposition 226:Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone 126:U.S.–Russia peace proposal (2013) 6693: 6692: 6660:Territorial claims in the Arctic 6655:Russia–Syria–Iran–Iraq coalition 6303:Russian Guantanamo Bay detainees 6268:Kildin Island submarine incident 6009: 5999: 5815:O'Malley, Nick (14 April 2018). 5686:from the original on 8 June 2017 5342:from the original on 2 June 2014 4773:from the original on 7 July 2014 4708:Cowell, Adam (25 October 2013). 4478:from the original on 8 July 2014 4432:Corder, Mike (15 October 2013). 3268:Croft, Adrian (2 October 2013). 2758:from the original on 17 May 2015 2548:Mark Hosenball (1 August 2012). 2485:Richter, Paul (28 August 2013). 2351:from the original on 13 May 2015 2129:. 21 August 2014. Archived from 1720:from the original on 4 July 2017 1716:. 27 September 2013. p. 1. 1571: 1152:Security Council Resolution 2118 978:Security Council Resolution 2118 52: 27:Part of the Syrian peace process 6650:Space Flight Europe-America 500 6605:Anglo-American School of Moscow 6220:The U.S. Russia Investment Fund 5920:(includes full resolution text) 5330:Gladstone, Rick (28 May 2014). 5307:. 14 March 2014. Archived from 4139:. Al Arabiya. 14 October 2013. 3875:Laub, Karin (14 October 2013). 2343:Deutsch, Anthony (9 May 2015). 2320:. Fox News. 19 September 2014. 2159:from the original on 9 May 2018 1180:Israeli nuclear weapons arsenal 917:OPCW Executive Council decision 712:United Nations Security Council 544:United Nations Security Council 403:Destruction of Chemical Weapons 236:Syrian Constitutional Committee 6727:Russia–United States relations 6323:European Deterrence Initiative 6037:Russian ambassador's residence 6006:Russia–United States relations 4999:. Yahoo! News. 20 April 2011. 3915:. Reuters. 21 September 2013. 2436:. 6 March 2023. Archived from 1696:. Retrieved 14 September 2013. 1541:Two months later in May 2023, 1482:Israeli intelligence community 1445:2014 Kafr Zita chemical attack 1392:On 23 June, the head of OPCW, 1: 6732:Syria–United States relations 6630:International Launch Services 6600:Congress of Russian Americans 6544:Megatons to Megawatts Program 5964:, Chemlink Pty Ltd, Australia 5267:Corder, Mike (4 March 2014). 874:should impose measures under 813:and Russian Foreign Minister 146:Staffan de Mistura peace plan 6640:U.S.–Russia Business Council 6215:Gore-Chernomyrdin Commission 5884:. 8 May 2023. Archived from 5583:Barnard, Anne (2 May 2017). 925:Headquarters of the OPCW in 603:with sarin in April 2017. A 246:Syrian-Turkish normalization 6250:International Space Station 6166:U.S.–Russia peace proposals 1885:. OPCW. 27 September 2013. 1847:. OPCW. 27 September 2013. 1532:Chemical Weapons Convention 1299:On 2 July, the Danish ship 839:Chemical Weapons Convention 786:Chemical Weapons Convention 752:Chemical Weapons Convention 614:Chemical Weapons Convention 528:Chemical Weapons Convention 6773: 6595:Center on Global Interests 6328:Operation Atlantic Resolve 5942:, Arms Control Association 5738:Reuters, 12 January 2018, 5274:Seattle Post-Intelligencer 4438:Seattle Post-Intelligencer 1438: 1015: 981: 892:Reactions to the Framework 801:Negotiations and agreement 623: 269:Bashar Assad presidentship 216:Northern Syria Buffer Zone 116:Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan 6690: 6458:Russian foreign agent law 6298:Pristina airport incident 6278:Norwegian rocket incident 6230:Moscow–Washington hotline 6154:Obama–Medvedev Commission 4973:. Vg.no. 1 January 1970. 3349:15 September 2013 at the 1779:"Depositary Norification" 1688:28 September 2015 at the 1661:15 September 2018 at the 1133:Implementation challenges 913:government's legitimacy. 907:Syrian National Coalition 81:Arab League initiative II 6645:Stanford US–Russia Forum 6508:Task Force KleptoCapture 6419:Black Sea drone incident 6178:2017 St. Petersburg raid 6067:John Henry Hammond House 2347:. Yahoo! News. Reuters. 2155:. OPCW. 4 January 2016. 1707:"Resolution 2118 (2013)" 1508:chemical attack on Douma 1332:(blue hull, centre) and 849:Overview and enforcement 809:U.S. Secretary of State 605:chemical attack on Douma 71:Arab League initiative I 6625:Russian Cultural Center 6453:Jackson–Vanik amendment 6198:Arctic Ocean Conference 5745:13 January 2018 at the 5493:The Wall Street Journal 5431:The Wall Street Journal 5219:14 October 2017 at the 5203:The Wall Street Journal 4802:The Wall Street Journal 4535:18 October 2017 at the 4259:"An inconvenient truth" 4245:25 October 2014 at the 1305:arrived in the Italian 769:A joint OPCW-UN mission 396:Federalization of Syria 6737:Russia–Syria relations 6635:U.S. Russia Foundation 6409:Russian bounty program 6124:Operation Provide Hope 4739:NTB (1 January 1970). 4551:. Al Jazeera English. 3098:. OPCW. Archived from 3096:"About the Convention" 2943:24 August 2017 at the 1373: 1039: 948:Requirements for Syria 929: 823:InterContinental Hotel 818: 689:Ghouta chemical attack 652: 630:Ghouta chemical attack 511: 461:Free Syrian University 456:Friends of Syria Group 428:Constitution of Rojava 206:Idlib demilitarization 6580:NATO–Russia relations 6513:Executive Order 14071 6404:Arrest of Trevor Reed 6203:Ilulissat Declaration 5959:16 April 2021 at the 5937:16 April 2014 at the 5197:13 March 2016 at the 4369:. 10 September 2013. 4334:. 24 September 2013. 4008:. 16 September 2013. 3975:. 21 September 2013. 3945:. 20 September 2013. 3664:. 28 September 2013. 3566:. 24 September 2013. 3531:. 22 September 2013. 3493:. 27 September 2013. 3464:. 28 September 2013. 3434:. 27 September 2013. 3342:(14 September 2013). 3184:. 25 September 2013. 3124:. NTI. Archived from 3036:. 14 September 2013. 2938:"Obama Vs. The Hawks" 2822:. 21 September 2013. 2787:. 15 September 2013. 2592:. 22 September 2013. 1817:. 12 September 2013. 1626:. 22 September 2013. 1453:Douma chemical attack 1324: 1122:UN-OPCW joint mission 1030: 924: 808: 637: 552:joint OPCW-UN mission 509: 420:Constitution of Syria 360:Peace envoy for Syria 354:International brokers 279:Opposition government 101:Kofi Annan peace plan 6183:2018 Helsinki summit 6139:2005 Slovakia Summit 6134:2001 Slovenia Summit 5244:. 22 February 2014. 4682:. 15 November 2013. 4511:22 July 2016 at the 4265:. 14 December 2013. 3662:The Washington Times 3602:on 23 September 2013 3249:on 16 September 2013 3158:on 28 September 2013 3152:Agence France-Presse 2525:. 4 September 2013. 2133:on 29 September 2014 2127:M.E.B.A. Telex Times 1986:Agence France-Presse 1543:UN Disarmament Chief 1528:UN Disarmament Chief 1370:Royal Norwegian Navy 610:UN Disarmament chief 546:unanimously adopted 274:Ba'athist government 46:Syrian peace process 6235:Shuttle–Mir program 5524:The Washington Post 5225:The Washington Post 5090:. 28 January 2014. 4919:The Daily Telegraph 4891:. 13 January 2014. 4647:. 30 January 2014. 4528:, 29 October 2013, 4504:, 23 October 2013, 4238:, 12 October 2013, 3842:The Washington Post 3243:The Washington Post 3182:The Washington Post 3069:. 14 October 2013. 3001:The Daily Telegraph 2457:The Washington Post 2021:The Washington Post 1755:. 12 January 2017. 1524:UN Security Council 1495:On 17 August 2017, 1422:Problems with cargo 1307:port of Gioia Tauro 1244:Kystjegerkommandoen 998:Framework Agreement 994:UN Security Council 872:UN Security Council 763:unanimously passed 761:UN Security Council 725:and U.S. President 663:On 21 August 2013, 540:Framework Agreement 337:Situation in Aleppo 284:Secularism in Syria 35:Part of a series on 6539:Mutual detargeting 6188:2021 Geneva summit 6129:1998 Moscow Summit 5708:Deutsch, Anthony. 5552:Carroll, James R. 5374:The New York Times 5354:The New York Times 5336:The New York Times 5055:The New York Times 4921:. 9 January 2014. 4865:on 14 January 2014 4714:The New York Times 4525:The New York Times 4472:The New York Times 4444:on 29 October 2013 4177:The New York Times 4113:. 8 October 2013. 4078:. 5 October 2013. 4041:. 7 October 2013. 3889:on 29 October 2013 3849:on 29 October 2013 3810:The New York Times 3784:on 29 October 2013 3727:on 3 December 2013 3638:on 20 October 2013 3595:The Times of India 3314:The New York Times 3128:on 28 October 2013 3102:on 24 October 2013 2880:The New York Times 2852:. Associated Press 2250:The Globe and Mail 2190:. 4 October 2013. 2054:The New York Times 1784:. United Nations. 1694:The New York Times 1374: 1289:The New York Times 1040: 930: 819: 653: 601:bomb Khan Shaykhun 562:, a vessel of the 512: 322:Electricity supply 316:Secondary concerns 156:Zabadani agreement 91:Churkin peace plan 6704: 6703: 6468:Dima Yakovlev Law 6394:Battle of Khasham 5854:. 19 April 2018. 5652:. 26 April 2017. 5464:. December 2015. 5227:, 1 February 2014 4304:. 21 March 2014. 4208:Los Angeles Times 2491:Los Angeles Times 2377:. 20 April 2017. 1487:On 4 April 2017, 1348:Royal Danish Navy 504: 503: 254: 253: 107: 16:(Redirected from 6764: 6717:Chemical warfare 6696: 6695: 6313:Illegals Program 6161:Syrian civil war 6020:Diplomatic posts 6014: 6013: 6004: 6003: 5992: 5985: 5978: 5969: 5963: 5949: 5941: 5927: 5913: 5906: 5890: 5889: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5863: 5848: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5812: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5792:. 8 April 2018. 5782: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5762:. 9 April 2018. 5756: 5750: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5705: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5682:. 6 April 2017. 5672: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5642: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5631: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5537: 5535: 5515: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5473: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5349: 5347: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5316: 5311:on 26 March 2014 5297: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5286: 5277:. 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Al Jazeera. 5157: 5131: 5120:on 6 July 2014 5105: 5073: 5040: 5014: 4988: 4962: 4936: 4906: 4876: 4846: 4820: 4784: 4758: 4731: 4697: 4662: 4629: 4592: 4566: 4540: 4516: 4489: 4455: 4424: 4384: 4367:Foreign Policy 4349: 4319: 4284: 4250: 4225: 4194: 4154: 4128: 4093: 4056: 4023: 3990: 3960: 3930: 3900: 3860: 3828: 3795: 3769: 3738: 3708: 3679: 3649: 3613: 3581: 3546: 3511: 3479: 3449: 3419: 3388: 3355: 3332: 3294: 3260: 3225: 3199: 3169: 3139: 3113: 3087: 3054: 3018: 2984: 2953: 2930: 2897: 2863: 2837: 2802: 2769: 2733: 2700: 2667: 2641: 2607: 2575: 2540: 2508: 2474: 2443: 2418: 2392: 2362: 2335: 2306: 2285:The Daily Star 2268: 2236: 2205: 2170: 2144: 2107: 2072: 2039: 2003: 1972: 1936: 1903: 1862: 1832: 1815:United Nations 1802: 1770: 1735: 1714:United Nations 1698: 1667: 1644: 1607: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1583: 1582: 1566: 1563: 1553:, France, UK, 1436: 1433: 1423: 1420: 1361:(bottom), and 1318: 1315: 1209:Robert Mikulak 1195: 1194:Later activity 1192: 1166:Foreign Policy 1134: 1131: 1104:angle grinders 1094: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1082: 1063: 1044: 1041: 1024: 1023:Implementation 1021: 1016:Main article: 1013: 1010: 982:Main article: 979: 976: 975: 974: 971: 968: 965: 961: 958: 949: 946: 918: 915: 893: 890: 868: 867: 864: 861: 858: 850: 847: 832:VX nerve agent 802: 799: 797: 794: 775:(According to 723:Vladimir Putin 621: 618: 597:VX nerve agent 502: 501: 499: 498: 491: 484: 476: 473: 472: 469: 468: 463: 458: 452: 449: 448: 445: 444: 441: 440: 433: 431: 430: 416: 406: 399: 391: 388: 387: 384: 383: 380: 379: 374: 369: 365:United Nations 356: 353: 352: 349: 348: 345: 344: 339: 334: 332:Control of oil 329: 324: 318: 315: 314: 311: 310: 307: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 271: 265: 262: 261: 258: 257: 252: 251: 248: 242: 241: 238: 232: 231: 228: 222: 221: 218: 212: 211: 208: 202: 201: 198: 192: 191: 188: 182: 181: 178: 172: 171: 168: 162: 161: 158: 152: 151: 148: 142: 141: 138: 132: 131: 128: 122: 121: 118: 112: 111: 108: 97: 96: 93: 87: 86: 83: 77: 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