423:
For in fact he could not have chosen a more unfortunate example. A franc-tireur is emphatically not a person whose warfare is bound to disgust any soldier. He is emphatically not a type about which a general soldierly spirit feels any bitterness. He is not a perfidious or barbarous or fantastically fiendish foe. On the contrary, a "franc-tireur" is generally a man for whom any generous soldier would be sorry, as he would for an honourable prisoner of war. What is a "franc-tireur"? A "franc-tireur" is a free man, who fights to defend his own farm or family against foreign aggressors, but who does not happen to possess certain badges and articles of clothing catalogued by
Prussia in 1870. In other words, a "franc-tireur" is you or I or any other healthy man who found himself, when attacked, in accidental possession of a gun or pistol, and not in accidental possession of a particular cap or a particular pair of trousers. The distinction is not a moral distinction at all, but a crude and recent official distinction made by the
366:, they carried out an unusually harsh and severe occupation of areas which they conquered. Hostages were regularly executed in response to reports of sniping in French and Belgian communities. Occupying German forces were reportedly very fearful of spontaneous civil resistance, which led to these arrests and executions, some of which were preemptive or at least before actual violent resistance. Most of the attacks attributed by the German occupiers to Belgian
915:
446:
148:
201:
499:
40:
422:
It is astounding how clumsy
Prussians are at this sort of thing. Ludendorff cannot be a fool, at any rate, at his own trade; for his military measures were often very effective. But without being a fool when he effects his measures, he becomes a most lurid and lamentable fool when he justifies them.
783:
are entitled to prisoner-of-war status provided that they are commanded by a person responsible for his subordinates, have a fixed distinctive sign recognisable at a distance, carry arms openly, and conduct their operations in accordance with the laws and customs of war.
236:
described them as "at once a valuable asset to the armed strength of France and a possible menace to internal order under military discipline." The societies strenuously and effectively resisted all efforts to bring them under normal military discipline.
256:) was in force, that the militias were placed under the orders of the generals in the field. They were sometimes organised in large bodies and incorporated in the mass of the armies, but more usually they continued to work in small bands, blowing up
756:, the tribunal found that, on the question of partisans, according to the then-current laws of war, partisan fighters in southeast Europe could not be considered lawful belligerents under Article 1 of the Hague Convention. In relation to
764:
We are obliged to hold that such guerrillas were francs tireurs who, upon capture, could be subjected to the death penalty. Consequently, no criminal responsibility attaches to the defendant List because of the execution of captured
520:
610:. Their job was four-fold: to destroy rail lines carrying men and materials to the eastern front, sabotage factories working for the Germans, punish traitors and collaborators, and kill the occupying soldiers. "A
1275:
340:
ambushes with harsh reprisals against the nearest village or town, where they killed civilians. Whole regiments or divisions often took part in "pacifying actions" in areas with significant
1054:, No. 317, pp. 125–134. In hist footnote 1 cites: The life and works of Martens are detailed by V. Pustogarov, "Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens (1845–1909) — A Humanist of Modern Times",
668:
artists, writers, and intellectuals, who had gone to France for the cultural circles in Paris. Others had taken refuge in France to escape Nazi persecution in their home countries.
1280:
1250:
1138:
650:), became especially famous after the Manouchian Group was captured, its members executed, and ten of its members advertised as foreign criminals by the infamous
935:
230:
623:
334:
as murderers and highwaymen; the insurgents seemed to have a sense of the most vulnerable parts of the German armies in France. The
Germans reacted to
632:
930:
552:
Although individual communists had opposed the German occupation of France, the official communist position was not to offer resistance, as the
1285:
1245:
273:, by these relatively unconventional tactics, "paralysed large detachments of the enemy, contested every step of his advance (as in the
984:
726:
1121:
1024:
485:
187:
1201:
Stoneman, Mark R. "The
Bavarian Army and French Civilians in the War of 1870–71" (MA thesis, University of Augsburg, Germany, 1994)
1071:
1043:
863:
835:
629:
FTP became the first resistance group in France to deliberately kill a German. In
February 1944, the FTP agreed to merge with the
226:
or light troops. They wore no uniforms, but they armed themselves with the best existing rifles, and elected their own officers.
1290:
463:
165:
222:
of 1867. The members were chiefly concerned with the practise of rifle-shooting. In case of war, they were expected to act as
1295:
959:
467:
169:
1014:
218:
were an outgrowth of rifle-shooting clubs or unofficial military societies formed in the east of France at the time of the
1270:
626:, was given the job of making explosives." Bloch was arrested by the French police and beheaded by guillotine in Hamburg.
33:
1139:"Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries - Geneva Convention (III) on Prisoners of War, 1949 - 4 - Prisoners of war"
557:
1260:
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745:
subject to execution on capture, and smaller states, who maintained that they should be considered lawful combatants.
536:
410:
382:
244:
assumed control over the societies to organise them for field service. It was not until 4 November, by which time the
277:
campaign), and prevented him from gaining information, and that their soldierly qualities improved with experience."
1113:
1300:
456:
158:
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260:
on the invaders' lines of communication, cutting off small reconnaissance parties, surprising small posts, etc.
1206:
Stoneman, Mark R. "The
Bavarian Army and French Civilians in the War of 1870–1871: A Cultural Interpretation",
615:
346:
activity; this created a lasting enmity and hatred between the occupying German soldiers and French civilians.
241:
1226:
Kriegsgreuel: Die
Entgrenzung der Gewalt in kriegerischen Konflikten vom Mittelalter bis ins 20. Jahrhundert
774:
619:
525:
700:
574:
542:
371:
815:
385:
at the end of the war, tried to defend German behaviour in his memoir published in 1919, the two-volume
664:, where they carried out armed resistance. Many of its immigrant members throughout the country were
561:
546:
359:
290:
78:
1255:
669:
86:
82:
770:
742:
506:
355:
312:
74:
1001:
A Train in Winter: An
Extraordinary Story of Women, Friendship and Resistance in Occupied France
27:
French volunteers who carried on a guerilla warfare against the
Germans in the Franco-German War
1195:
Statuswechsel. Kriegserfahrung und nationale
Wahrnehmung im Deutsch-Französischen Krieg 1870/71
1265:
1020:
980:
955:
810:
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692:
578:
247:
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121:
105:
90:
47:
1229:
920:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
586:
415:
378:
605:
1224:
Stoneman, Mark R. "Die deutschen Greueltaten im Krieg 1870/71 am Beispiel der Bayern", in
1117:
1075:
1047:
867:
722:
721:
was sometimes used for an armed fighter who, if captured, was not necessarily entitled to
661:
324:
as irregular, armed non-combatants, essentially what also came to be called guerrillas or
70:
65:
541:(FTP, Partisan irregular riflemen), which were established as the military branch of the
1068:
1040:
892:
860:
839:
749:
730:
673:
286:
131:
1219:
1239:
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676:
and Jean-Jacques Goldman were members of FTP-MOI, as was the Hungarian photographer,
652:
599:
398:
394:
294:
32:
This article is about military units in the Franco-Prussian War. For other uses, see
757:
677:
553:
253:
98:
94:
622:, a young chemist with two science degrees, who as a Jew had lost her job in the
734:
445:
363:
147:
1110:
424:
325:
109:
801:
French Resistance newspaper published by the group in Lyon by the same name.
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200:
39:
17:
939:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 15–16.
691:– Defenders of the Homeland) and Heiho soldiers in the Japanese-occupied
498:
381:, Germany's chief military strategist and its commander-in-chief on the
641:
582:
470: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
428:
257:
223:
172: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
660:
metropolitan area, but other FTP-MOI groups operated in Lyon and the
308:
304:
240:
In July 1870, at the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War, the French
208:
1016:
De Garoeda en de Ooievaar: Indonesië van Kolonie Tot Nationale Staat
1232:
and Daniel Hohrath (Paderborn: Ferdinand Schöningh, 2008), 223–39.
657:
497:
274:
267:
describes it as "now acknowledged, even by the Germans", that the
199:
38:
1188:
The Franco Prussian War: The German Invasion of France, 1870–1871
523:
during the Second World War. The first to be established was the
733:. The Martens Clause was introduced as a compromise between the
665:
530:
1218:, ed. Jeremy Black. London: Ashgate Publishing, 2006. 135–58.
439:
141:
1111:"The hostages trial, trial of Wilhelm List and others: Notes"
389:. It was published that same year in London by Hutchinson as
564:
of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, this position changed.
358:
during the Franco-Prussian War had a profound effect on the
1098:, 11 Tr. of War Crim. Bef. Nuremberg Mil. Trib. 1248 (1948)
1082:
no 317, p.125–134. In hist footnote 2 cites: F. Kalshoven,
545:(PCF). They only became active in the resistance after the
773:
established new protocols; according to Article 4 of the
1276:
Military units and formations of the Franco-Prussian War
977:
FN Browning Pistols: Side-Arms that Shaped World History
680:, who achieved international recognition after the war.
1216:
The International Library of Essays on Military History
1210:
8.3 (2001): 271–93. Reprinted in Peter H. Wilson, ed.,
1124:
original source: United Nations War Crimes Commission,
354:
The experiences of French guerrilla attacks and of the
1190:, 1961. Reprint, London and New York: Routledge, 1988.
104:
The term is sometimes used to refer more generally to
592:
A number of smaller resistance groups united in the
1069:"The Martens Clause and the Laws of Armed Conflict"
1041:"The Martens Clause and the Laws of Armed Conflict"
861:"The Martens Clause and the Laws of Armed Conflict"
403:
Ludendorff's Own Story, August 1914 – November 1918
328:. The German armies and popular press vilified the
647:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans—Main d'Œuvre Immigrée
618:became a master forger of false documents." And "
573:(OS); a number of its leaders had served in the
408:In an article in the 13 September 1919 issue of
725:status. An issue of disagreement at the 1899
640:The foreign workers' section of the FTP, the
513:Two major resistance groups adopted the name
418:responded to Ludendorff's book by remarking:
8:
1281:Military units and formations of World War I
1181:German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial
1143:ICRC International Humanitarian Law Database
1058:(IRRC), No. 312, May–June 1996, pp. 300–314.
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134:organised separately from the regular army.
125:
85:(1870–71). The term was revived and used by
54:
1086:, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1987, p. 14.
1251:Paramilitary organizations based in France
1183:, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.
624:French National Museum of Natural History
567:The PCF initially called their group the
486:Learn how and when to remove this message
188:Learn how and when to remove this message
1003:, New York: Harper Collins, pp. 64, 307.
979:. Wet Dog Publications. pp. 28–29.
908:
906:
904:
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827:
656:. The Manouchian Group operated in the
1126:Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals
954:. Ballantine Books. pp. 317–318.
1106:
1104:
1096:United States v. Wilhelm List, et al.
1080:International Review of the Red Cross
1056:International Review of the Red Cross
1052:International Review of the Red Cross
872:International Review of the Red Cross
293:, on 22 January 1871. The defense of
64:
7:
888:
602:, the former editor of the magazine
468:adding citations to reliable sources
170:adding citations to reliable sources
547:German invasion of the Soviet Union
505:and Allied paratroopers during the
387:Meine Kriegserinnerungen, 1914–1918
297:(18 October 1870) was conducted by
93:movements set up to fight against
25:
1122:University of the West of England
883:See the sections in this article
595:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans (FTP)
1084:Constraints on the Waging of War
913:
729:, the controversy generated the
633:Forces Françaises de l'Intérieur
444:
146:
1197:(Essen: Klartext Verlag, 2008).
748:After World War II, during the
455:needs additional citations for
157:needs additional citations for
81:during the early stages of the
1174:1870: La France dans la guerre
975:Vanderlinden, Anthony (2013).
318:The Germans executed captured
211:during the Franco-Prussian War
1:
1179:Horne, John and Alan Kramer.
370:were actually carried out by
34:Franc-Tireur (disambiguation)
1286:German Empire in World War I
1176:. Paris: Armand Colin, 1989.
533:in 1940. The second was the
1212:Warfare in Europe 1825–1914
999:Moorehead, Carolina. 2011.
537:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
521:German occupation of France
130:was a member of a corps of
1317:
1246:Military history of France
1172:Audoin-Rouzeau, Stéphane.
391:My War Memories, 1914–1918
73:for "free shooters") were
31:
1165:Lt. Colonel St. Etienne,
950:Tuchman, Barbara (1962).
44:Capture of a Franc-tireur
1167:Les Chasseurs des Vosges
1013:Burgers, Herman (2010).
560:with Germany. After the
108:who operate outside the
936:Encyclopædia Britannica
775:Third Geneva Convention
760:, the tribunal stated:
411:Illustrated London News
377:After the war, General
265:Encyclopædia Britannica
233:Encyclopædia Britannica
120:During the wars of the
77:formations deployed by
1291:World War I propaganda
874:, No. 317, pp. 125–134
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575:International Brigades
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1296:Propaganda in Germany
816:Maquis (World War II)
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752:, the seventh of the
570:Organisation Spéciale
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203:
66:[fʁɑ̃.ti.ʁœʁ]
42:
1271:Obsolete occupations
464:improve this article
360:German General Staff
291:Fontenoy-sur-Moselle
285:blew up the Moselle
166:improve this article
1128:, Volume VIII, 1949
885:Franco-Prussian War
797:was the name of an
743:unlawful combatants
670:Alter Mojze Goldman
558:non-aggression pact
138:Franco-Prussian War
83:Franco-Prussian War
1261:Combat occupations
1116:2005-02-08 at the
1074:2007-04-15 at the
1046:2007-04-15 at the
1039:Rupert Ticehurst,
952:The Guns of August
866:2007-04-15 at the
859:Rupert Ticehurst,
836:"French Partisans"
511:
507:Battle of Normandy
356:asymmetric warfare
313:Ernest de Lipowski
213:
106:guerrilla fighters
89:to name two major
75:irregular military
51:
1301:French Resistance
1186:Howard, Michael.
1078:, 30 April 1997,
1067:Rupert Ticehurst
1050:, 30 April 1997,
870:, 30 April 1997,
811:French Resistance
771:Geneva Convention
737:, who considered
693:Dutch East Indies
689:Pembela Tanah Air
579:Spanish Civil War
529:group founded in
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220:Luxembourg Crisis
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122:French Revolution
91:French Resistance
48:Carl Johann Lasch
16:(Redirected from
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838:. Archived from
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727:Hague Conference
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695:were considered
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616:Michel Bernstein
609:
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587:Henri Rol-Tanguy
572:
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491:
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416:G. K. Chesterton
379:Erich Ludendorff
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986:978-0970799791
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927:Chisholm, Hugh
896:
893:Hostages Trial
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789:
786:
780:francs-tireurs
750:Hostages Trial
739:francs-tireurs
731:Martens Clause
708:
705:
697:francs-tireurs
674:Pierre Goldman
503:Francs-tireurs
494:
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452:
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368:francs-tireurs
351:
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337:francs-tireurs
331:francs-tireurs
321:francs-tireurs
300:francs-tireurs
287:railway bridge
282:Francs-tireurs
270:francs-tireurs
248:levée en masse
216:Francs-tireurs
205:Francs-tireurs
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132:light infantry
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1169:, Toul, 1906.
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922:public domain
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842:on 2004-02-10
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