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was the auxiliary system itself. It was infeasible to deny Army commanders the ability to command the women working for them and to apply differing rules for women. Army men in a war zone received such additional benefits as extra pay, government life insurance, veteran's medical care if injured. WAACs in the war theater did not. Pressing issues were incapable of resolution within a meaningful time frame. A staff member commented, "The Corps was placed in the position of a small businessman who overnight was told he must increase his business more than eight times, and to do it at once even before he knew what he was to produc, out of what materials, when or how the product was to be made, and with practically no organization to assist."
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319:, acted swiftly. "The previous company officers and key cadre were returned to the United States in a body, since it appeared impossible to place individual responsibility or to restore the women's lost confidence; all later proved successful in a variety of duties in the United States." Noting "the almost insurmountable difficulties attendant upon life and conditions in an active theater of war" that confronted Marquis upon arrival in North Africa, Colonel R.Q. Brown, commander of the Headquarters Special Troops, highly recommended Marquis for any future position, staff or command.
345:
of her first press conferences upon returning to New York, Marquis told fascinating stories of the WACs in North Africa and responded with a strong denial when asked "how many WACs were really sent home for disorderly conduct and pregnancy." In truth, the only pregnant 149er was married to an Army officer—she had not discovered her condition until after she arrived in the theater, at which point she returned home. Marquis was sent on a well-publicized nationwide tour, speaking to women's groups, WAC trainees, college women, and business groups about the WACs' overseas experiences.
1871:, pp. 77–78 "Through the first months of adjusting the routine and movement of the WAACs in a foreign country under difficult conditions, Captain Marquis performed her duties in a superior manner. She was always willing and ready to accept recommendations both as to personnel and living conditions and to place such recommendations into effect in her company. As a result the company was able to adapt itself to existing conditions and was soon considered an integral part of Allied Force Headquarters."
261:. Chosen from some 30,000 applicants, she was one of 440 in her class, of whom 90% had attended college and 99% had successful civilian careers. She said she joined because "for eight years ... this country had neglected its obligations and 'when there was an opportunity to do something, I felt that I who had talked so much about it, had to do it.'" Upon graduation on August 29, 1942, at age 46 Marquis entered the military and was assigned to WAAC headquarters in Washington, D.C.
234:
such women—it requires only evolution." By 1930, when it constructed its own building in New York City, the association (which was non-sectarian and was said to include every nationality) had a membership of some 4,000, representing over 150 businesses and professions. Along with a roof garden, numerous parlors, meeting rooms, and residential space, the association's building featured a premier fitness center including a swimming pool.
341:…." This followed O'Donnell's June 7 column discussing efforts of women journalists and congresswomen to dispel "the gaudy stories of the gay and careless way in which the young ladies in uniform … disport themselves…." Of particular concern for Marquis and the 149th, that column repeated the admittedly unsubstantiated falsehood that large numbers of WACs had been sent home pregnant from North Africa.
311:
assignments and the unit's absorption into the 6666th or 6667th Hq Co, WAC—which applied to all women in the theater—caused significant unhappiness in the ranks that identified themselves as close-knit 149ers. The final break occurred when a popular sergeant was suddenly relieved of her duties. Some sided with the sergeant, others with the commander: the "unity of the 149th collapsed".
294:, discussing the work of the WAACs and British-American relations after the war. Nationwide news reports carried her photo; discussed her appearance (curly brown hair in a bob, twinkling blue eyes), demeanor ("dignity of assurance", "undertone of confidence", emphasis on a sense of humor), feminine attributes (nose powdering, lemon pie making); and mentioned her prior career.
241:. Like The Town Hall, the club had roots in the suffrage movement and owned a series of impressive clubhouses in Manhattan, moving during Marquis' tenure to the same building that housed the all-male City Club. The club advocated for civic betterment and particularly women's issues such as women's employment, birth control, and maternity care. Its leaders included
380:, commander of the French forces, reviewed Marquis' troops (finding them "inspiring") and later in the summer of 1943, the WACs and their French counterparts (one of whose officers was the wife of Colonel Gross) paraded together with a 1st Regiment Zouave color guard. Along with her WAC and overseas service ribbons, Marquis' Zouave medal became part of her uniform.
337:. According to an Army history, even with its hasty retraction, O'Donnell's June 8, 1943, "Capitol Stuff" column did "incalculable damage". That column began, "Contraceptives and prophylactic equipment will be furnished to members of the WAACS, according to a super secret agreement reached by the high ranking officers of the War Department and the WAAC chieftain,
2018:"Forced to retract his allegations, O'Donnell and his publisher remained determined to discredit the corps. Soon after this incident, O'Donnell was discovered 'canvassing Army general hospitals.' He sought ascertain the number of Waacs hospitalized for pregnancy and thus defend his reputation with undeniable proof of promiscuity." Footnote omitted.
186:, the third daughter among the four children of John L. Keegan and Margaret E. Costello. Her parents were first generation Irish: the Costellos from Tipperary and the Keegans from Kildare. John Keegan had a career as superintendent of machine tool manufacturing. At age eighty, he came out of retirement to help the war effort in World War II.
2621:
Since 1946, Altrusa
International has held observer status at the United Nations (UN). At that time, Altrusa was the first international classified service club for then executive and professional women to have an official observer appointed to the United Nations, Frances K. Marquis, president of the
344:
While still abroad, Marquis participated in a counteroffensive with newspaper and radio interviews discussing her troops' life in the military, including their commitment as volunteers, qualifications and training, assignments, long work hours, supervised social life, and housing in a convent. In one
233:
and other prominent New
Yorkers, the American Woman's Association was created as a place where a working woman with drive and energy could network and develop leadership skills. In Morgan's view, although no women of the time were equipped to head a large corporation, "in time there will be plenty of
210:
Marquis held a number of executive positions, often relating to women's issues or women's improvement. She managed Boston's
Franklin Square House, a non-profit residence hotel providing housing and social services for some 700 unmarried women students and wage earners. At Franklin Square House, women
424:
Frances Keegan
Marquis died on August 4, 1984, at her home in Manhattan, leaving no immediate survivors. She maintained ties to friends in her home town of West Newbury throughout her life, however. Marquis became a life member of the West Newbury Historical Society in 1960 and later donated some of
306:
Although headlines asserted that
Marquis was a popular commander, this was not universally so. Hoping for a familiar officer, at least some of her troops would not have chosen her: they were "quite surprised at the designation of this 'stranger.'" According to Sergeant Vida Ganoni's memoir, a little
297:
Deployment abroad compounded start-up problems facing the WAACs. Upon arrival in
Algiers, it was discovered that the 149th's vehicles had been issued to a male unit and items ranging from kitchen equipment to typewriters had disappeared. Army historian Mattie Treadwell stated that an obvious problem
269:
Over the 1942 Christmas holidays, Marquis became the first woman to command a troop train, which carried the newly-formed 149th WAAC Post
Headquarters Company now under her command from the Second WAAC Training Center in Daytona, Florida, to the New York area. From there, this company of almost 200
2716:
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Treadwell's Army history attributed the situation to administrative difficulties and the lack of a WAAC staff director for the theater—a one-time mistake. When
General Eisenhower learned that a large number of the 149th did not plan to continue as WACs, he requested that a highly competent senior
310:
With the July 1, 1943 enactment of legislation converting the Women's Army
Auxiliary Corps to the Women's Army Corps (WACs), the women were given the summer to decide whether to apply to join the Army upon the September 1943 changeover. During this time, changes such as more dispersed housing
173:
veteran, and feminist activist. In 1943, she became the first commander of a women's expeditionary force, the 149th WAAC Post
Headquarters Company, which served in General Eisenhower's North African headquarters. Before her military service, she held management posts in women's organizations;
391:
On the eve of her departure from Algiers in late September 1943, the Franco-American Goodwill Society (Bonne Volontḗ Franco-Amḗricaine) held a luncheon to honor Marquis. At this event, the society's board of directors presented her with a medal honoring her contributions to French-American
372:
in Tunisia. Vastly outnumbered and equipped with World War I era rifles, the Zouaves beat back German and Italian forces in a 36-hour battle. When this North African victory helped turn the tide for the French, the Americans promised them modern supplies. By November 1943, a modernized,
2058:
Colonel Oveta Culp Hobby, director of the WAACs, declared today that there is 'no foundation of truth' for the report that contraceptives and prophylactics will be furnished to the women in her organization. Col. Hobby's statement was made to refute the report which this column printed
368:("valiant of the valiants") awarded Marquis the medal insignia of that regiment, making her an honorary member. Around the time Marquis' WAACs arrived in Algiers, Zouave forces (with roots as local North Africans in the French Army), were the first to stop the Nazi advance at
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543:
202:. In 1931 she met and married Harry Goshen Marquis, a ginger-ale salesman at the time; it was a second marriage for each of them. Articles profiling his wife called him a New York businessman and World War I veteran left home alone to carry on as she went off to war.
193:
would not allow her to matriculate without a one-year wait. She graduated with a BA in 1916, the youngest in her class. Her college yearbook listed Marquis among the class' Brightest, Best Student, and Most Promising. Marquis later took courses in economics at the
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Upon her return to the States in October 1943, Marquis was assigned to assist in the WAC recruiting drive with speeches and interviews describing her time in North Africa. Myriad problems ranging from counterproductive messaging to active obstruction from the
332:
afflicted WAC recruiting, but a slander campaign proved a largely unstoppable blow. Although many sources spawned and fed bad jokes and ugly rumors about military women, contemporaneous and historical accounts have focused on the work of syndicated columnist
222:. This wealthy and influential group determined to construct a public forum for debate that would overcome the kind of "ignorance and prejudice" that impeded the women's vote. The Town Hall hosted not only important speakers (including birth control advocate
404:(an organization of professional women's clubs focused on community service) as president of the New York City chapter and publicity chairman of the international organization of clubs, Marquis became Altrusa International's official
2351:
278:
on January 27, 1943. Women of the 149th, who volunteered for service abroad, comprised a hand-picked cadre of linguists and specialists who assumed secretarial, postal, switchboard, and other duties. Describing the 149th,
1381:"Women Criticized On Defense Work: Mrs. A.M. Rosenberg Stresses Their Lack of Vision and Neglect of Home Welfare NUTRITION STUDY URGED Members of Women's City Club Hear Federal Aide Discuss Preparedness Program"
307:
over two weeks after their arrival in Algiers, on February 11, 1943, an announcement of promotions caused an uproar. Those not promoted felt that Marquis' decisions were based on favoritism, not ability.
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Later, between 1935 and 1941, Marquis served as the assistant director in charge of education and recreation programs of the American Woman's Association. Founded by
2293:
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245:. As war raged abroad during Marquis' time as executive secretary, the Women's City Club turned to women's duty to contribute to defense and the war effort.
383:
30:
405:
2268:"'You're As Good As My Best Troops', Eisenhower Told WACs in N. Africa: Capt. Frances Marquis Describes Value Of This Women's Corps in Overseas Duty"
226:, who was arrested when attempting to speak there in November 1921) but also many musical performances, for which Marquis served as concert manager.
356:
Marquis later attended the Command and General Staff School. She was awaiting reassignment when, at the war's end, she was discharged late in 1945.
334:
2885:
1934:"Lardner: WAACs Good Soldiers: Writer Resents Jokes That Have Been Written About Them and Refutes Slanderous Rumors—Praises Service in Africa"
2905:
348:
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and traveled about the country giving speeches on the workings of the United Nations. She served in that role, participating with U.N.
2895:
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her papers and medals to that organization. In 1987 the West Newbury Historical Society mounted an exhibit of her military artifacts.
1325:
1270:
1131:
484:
238:
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afterwards, she did volunteer work for women's groups, including serving as a United Nations observer for Altrusa International.
2815:
1075:
219:
2789:
290:, Frances Keegan Marquis became the subject of considerable attention. In the summer of 1943, she met with England's King
215:
195:
605:
2181:
865:
230:
754:"Women, Wages, War: Franklin Square House Helps To Solve the Problems of Unemployment of Women Growing Out of the War"
183:
58:
517:"Waacs In Africa Volunteered For Foreign Duty: Commander of first woman's A.E.F. sees to it her (face) powder is dry"
387:
Bonne Volontḗ Franco-Amḗricaine Medal, awarded to Capt. Frances Marquis - Courtesy of West Newbury Historical Society
2113:
401:
352:
Insignia of 1st Regiment of Zouaves, awarded to Capt. Frances Marquis - Courtesy of West Newbury Historical Society
416:, serving as the president of the Council of Greater New York and representing New York on the National Council.
2622:
New York City (NYC) Altrusa Club. Frances was a close friend to another active NYC Altrusan, Eleanor Roosevelt.
413:
2404:"Greetings! - Men of the Zouave regiment were given the honor of marching through Tunis the day after it fell"
2322:
2083:
1985:
1959:
753:
2241:
805:
1186:
329:
1046:"Streetscapes/The Henry Hudson Hotel, 353 West 57th Street; From Women's Clubhouse to WNET to $ 75 a Night"
373:
American-equipped French Army—notably including the Zouaves—was ready to invade Europe from North Africa.
218:
in New York City. The Town Hall was an offshoot of New York's women's suffrage movement, specifically the
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1351:
1101:
1296:
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1212:
1157:
287:
254:
700:
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stated, "When a WAC takes over a switchboard from a soldier, efficiency goes up about 1000 percent."
271:
1933:
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638:
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During this period, the WAACs played a part in strengthening ties with the French: in July General
316:
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952:
926:
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242:
338:
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WAAC officer be sent immediately. In view of the troops' state of mind, this officer, then-
189:
Marquis graduated from high school in West Newbury in 1911. Because she was only fourteen,
2403:
2182:"'Voice of the Army': Experiences of First Waacs in North Africa Related in Radio Program"
668:
409:
223:
1807:
1352:"Women's City Club Will Organize Members In Defense Activities on the Home Front Members"
569:
2015:
779:
214:
From 1919 through 1933, Frances Keegan Marquis fundraised for and then was a manager at
2825:
400:
After leaving the military, Marquis undertook volunteer work. Having previously served
2869:
77:
2799:
377:
369:
170:
35:
Frances Keegan Marquis upon her return from service in North Africa in October 1943
2310:
At the present time, is on a lecture tour, visiting women's colleges especially.
2041:
280:
2580:"International Understanding Stressed By Altrusa Conference Dinner Speakers"
1808:"Take a Memo, Mary: WACs Are WAACs (Even Though They're WACs) 'Til Sept. 30"
1729:
480:
291:
211:
in a wide range of professions from all over country lived under one roof.
1213:"They Blazed A Trail: Women's City Club Held Leader For Labor Legislation"
169:(October 15, 1896 — August 4, 1984) was an American women's army captain,
2216:"Melrose WAC Hits Wild Rumors: Capt. Marquis Lauds Conduct of Army Girls"
1550:"Ernie Pyle About WACs: Mothers Needn't Worry—Girls Safe, Doing Big Job"
1271:"Favors Birth Control: Women's City Club of New York Seeks Legislation"
275:
89:
Women's army captain, executive in women's organizations, U.N. observer
365:
364:
On April 9, 1943, Colonel J.C. Gross, commandant of the 1st Regiment
412:, for seven years. Marquis was also active in such organizations as
2635:"Mrs. Harry. G. Marquis Will Speak At Nurses' 36th Annual Meeting"
2431:"Famed Zouaves Show Bravery: Battle Nazis with Antiquated Weapons"
382:
347:
2858:
2378:"French Army Will Invade: American-Equipped Force Awaits Signal"
2012:
Miss Yourlovin: GIs, Gender, and Domesticity during World War II
2791:
The Women's Army Corps: A Commemoration of World War II Service
986:"Wacs Delight in Overseas Jobs, Says Captain Back from Africa"
927:"New York's 'Town Hall' a Monument to Woman Suffrage Victory"
840:"Waac Skipper in North Africa Can Make a Very Nice Lemon Pie"
2605:
2242:"Morals Are Good: Probe of WAACs Finds No Truth in Charges"
893:
891:
253:
On July 20, 1942, Frances Keegan Marquis joined the first
1734:"Commander Of Waacs Overseas Calls All Her Girls By Name"
806:"Courting Parlors at the Franklin Square House for Women"
475:
473:
471:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1069:
1067:
980:
978:
976:
974:
833:
831:
829:
827:
510:
508:
506:
259:
Fort Des Moines Provisional Army Officer Training School
182:
Frances Eleanor Keegan was born on October 15, 1896, in
2137:
2135:
1009:
1007:
450:"Head of First WAACs in Africa Was Simmons Grad in '16"
2820:. United States Army in World War II (1991 ed.).
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
485:"Grave Responsibility Rests on Overseas WAACs—Marquis"
1573:
1571:
2610:
Altrusa International: Leading to a better community
2323:"Capt. Marquis Lauds WACs Sharing African Hardships"
694:
692:
690:
2768:"Exhibit features captain of first Wacs overseas".
633:
631:
237:In 1941, Marquis became executive secretary of the
156:
93:
85:
66:
40:
21:
2209:
2207:
1473:"Democracy vs. Communism Textbook Producer Visits"
1039:
1037:
2743:"Mrs. Marquis Was Pioneer in Arranging of Forums"
2664:"Camp Fire Girls Light 41st Annual Fire Tomorrow"
2294:"150 Hear Capt. Marquis Tell of Overseas Service"
900:"WAACs in Africa Gripe: 'We're Not Doing Enough'"
599:
597:
595:
2642:Portland Sunday Telegram and Sunday Press Herald
2186:Army Life and United States Army Recruiting News
2107:
2105:
870:Army Life and United States Army Recruiting News
610:Army Life and United States Army Recruiting News
444:
442:
440:
438:
2513:"WACs and French Allies Parade in North Africa"
1966:. Fort Myers, Florida. June 16, 1943. p. 4
1927:
1925:
1415:"Captain of Detachment Popular with Her Troops"
701:"The First Corps of WAACs Reaches North Africa"
2851:The 149th WAAC POST HQ CO 1942-1943: Our Story
2586:. Racine, Wisconsin. July 26, 1946. p. 11
580:. Boston: Simmons College Annual: 202–03. 1916
2822:United States Army Center of Military History
2796:United States Army Center of Military History
1517:. Alabama. December 15, 1954. pp. 26, 6B
1511:"Christmas, 1942, Tops With This WAC At Fort"
1326:"New Series of Radio Talks to Interest Women"
16:American military leader and women's activist
8:
2696:. Troy, New York. April 14, 1953. p. 13
2014:(Columbia University Press, 2008), chap. 2,
286:As the first to command an American women's
2837:– full text; the standard scholarly history
925:Simmons, Eleanor Booth (December 7, 1919).
728:"Mama Gets the Medals; Papa Gets the Meals"
2346:
2344:
2070:
1277:. United Press. January 6, 1928. p. 6
1016:"WAC in Africa Awaits Army Duties Eagerly"
29:
18:
2901:United Nations General Assembly observers
2027:
1916:
1904:
1892:
1880:
1856:
1844:
1782:
1716:
1704:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1612:. New Jersey. February 3, 1943. p. 7
1535:
1451:
1439:
953:"Sanger Raid Inquiry Ends in Brief Clash"
675:. New Jersey. February 3, 1943. p. 7
544:"WEST NEWBURY: Waac Commander Known Here"
2519:. Indiana. September 17, 1943. p. 4
2488:Daily News Times - Neenha - Menasha, Wis
2456:Adams Schmidt, Dana (November 3, 1943).
2384:. Wisconsin. November 3, 1943. p. 8
2300:. Vermont. February 14, 1944. p. 12
2274:. Vermont. February 12, 1944. p. 10
1740:. International News Service. p. 20
2891:People from West Newbury, Massachusetts
2798:. CMH Publication 72-15. Archived from
2690:"Camp Fire Unit Elects At Troy Meeting"
2144:"WACs Resent Accusations of Immorality"
1638:. Oklahoma. February 2, 1943. p. 5
434:
2168:
1868:
1832:
1794:
1770:
1758:
1497:
1297:"Asks More City Aid In Maternity Care"
1242:"Birth Control Raid Assailed By Women"
1076:"As One Woman to Another: Anne Morgan"
2715:Nason, Parker H. (November 5, 1945).
2429:Norgaard, Noland (February 8, 1943).
1044:Gray, Christopher (January 4, 1998).
639:"Talk of the Town: Warrior's Husband"
542:Nason, Parker H. (January 29, 1943).
270:sailed to North Africa, reporting to
7:
1960:"Editorial: The WAACs Are All Right"
1471:Roberts, Marianne (March 28, 1965).
1361:. November 23, 1941. p. 110, D5
265:Command of first expeditionary WAACs
249:Military service during World War II
1130:Smith, Laura A. (August 13, 1925).
1102:"Women's City Club's House Opening"
255:Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC)
178:Early life, education, and marriage
2248:. Indiana. July 6, 1943. p. 3
2120:. Shreveport, Louisiana. p. 4
786:. Franklin Square House Foundation
14:
2644:. October 1, 1950. p. 63, C7
2358:. August 8, 1984. p. 91, D21
2142:Korman, Seymour (July 16, 1943).
2040:O'Donnell, John (June 10, 1943).
1578:Shane, Elise (October 30, 1943).
1187:"Asks Aid For Women Of Factories"
1074:Dixon, Jane (November 23, 1930).
1014:Korman, Seymour (July 13, 1943).
726:Cowan, Ruth (September 6, 1943).
604:Lader, Lawrence (December 1943).
456:. January 30, 1943. pp. 1, 3
2214:Giles, Nell (October 21, 1943).
2112:O'Donnell, John (June 9, 1943).
2082:O'Donnell, John (June 9, 1943).
1167:. September 15, 1941. p. 19
866:"The WAACs—Before and Afterward"
838:Cowan, Ruth (February 1, 1943).
699:Cowan, Ruth (January 28, 1943).
606:"Captain Courageous, 1943 Model"
515:Cowan, Ruth (February 2, 1943).
302:Transition to Women's Army Corps
118:
2606:"Altrusa at the United Nations"
1814:. Ohio. July 8, 1943. p. 4
1580:"WAAC Captain Back From Africa"
1390:. November 29, 1941. p. 12
1306:. February 13, 1933. p. 29
1193:. December 10, 1931. p. 25
780:"Franklin Square House History"
206:Career in women's organizations
141:
114:
2788:Bellafaire, Judith A. (1972).
2564:"L'amitie franco-amḗricaine".
2500:photo of Giraud, Marquis, WACs
2329:. December 8, 1943. p. 18
1992:. AP. June 11, 1943. p. 5
1986:"WAC Gossip Lie, Says Stimson"
1932:Lardner, John (June 9, 1943).
1738:The Louisville Courier-Journal
1421:. January 31, 1943. p. 18
1332:. October 31, 1929. p. 11
898:Coe, Donald (April 11, 1943).
521:The Louisville Courier Journal
257:officer training class at the
220:League for Political Education
1:
2814:Treadwell, Mattie E. (1954).
2545:. August 25, 1943. p. 14
2458:"Modern French Army is Ready"
992:. October 26, 1943. p. 6
959:. January 24, 1922. p. 3
812:. January 10, 1904. p. 9
239:Women's City Club of New York
205:
2906:20th-century American people
1548:Pyle, Ernie (July 8, 1943).
1080:The Minneapolis Star Tribune
491:. Waterloo, Iowa. p. 10
145:
2886:Women's Army Corps soldiers
2772:. July 23, 1987. p. 7.
2382:Portage Register - Democrat
1191:The Brooklyn Standard Union
1158:"Women's City Club to Move"
1111:. June 16, 1918. p. 25
760:. March 7, 1915. p. 55
649:(52): 13. February 13, 1943
272:General Dwight Eisenhower's
184:West Newbury, Massachusetts
59:West Newbury, Massachusetts
2922:
2749:. July 13, 1960. p. 2
2670:. March 3, 1951. p. 2
2543:St. Louis Globe - Democrat
2484:"Giraud Reviews U.S. WACs"
2410:. May 28, 1943. p. 25
1919:, pp. 194–201, 206–13
1222:. May 15, 1947. p. 26
548:The Newburyport Daily News
301:
2896:Simmons University alumni
2490:. July 6, 1943. p. 5
2408:Pittsburgh Post - Gazette
1636:Miami Daily News - Record
1251:. May 3, 1929. p. 14
906:. United Press. p. 7
339:Mrs. William Pettus Hobby
28:
2849:Ganoni, Vida M. (1994).
2437:. Montana. AP. p. 2
1707:, pp. 98–99, 110–12
734:. Mississippi. p. 3
1330:Wisconsin State Journal
1275:Knoxville-News-Sentinel
990:Chattanooga Daily Times
406:United Nations observer
396:Post-war volunteer work
330:War Manpower Commission
104:Samuel Clifton Crumpton
2817:The Women's Army Corps
2770:Newburyport Daily News
2747:Newburyport Daily News
2721:Newburyport Daily News
2539:"Wacs in North Africa"
2464:. Wisconsin. p. 9
1907:, pp. 216–18, 255
1132:"Giving Woman Her Say"
732:Greenwood Commonwealth
388:
353:
196:University of Illinois
167:Frances Keegan Marquis
45:Frances Eleanor Keegan
23:Frances Keegan Marquis
2568:. September 29, 1943.
2272:Burlington Free Press
2192:(7): 8, 17. July 1943
1477:Fort Myers News-Press
1419:Philadelphia Inquirer
876:(2): 6. February 1943
784:Franklin Square House
707:. Vermont. p. 10
705:Burlington Free Press
386:
351:
2668:Brooklyn Daily Eagle
2352:"Frances K. Marquis"
2298:Rutland Daily Herald
2246:Tipton Daily Tribune
1732:(February 7, 1943).
1479:. Florida. p. 7
904:The Pittsburgh Press
483:(February 8, 1943).
144: 1931;
131:Harry Goshen Marquis
117: 1918;
2517:Muncie Morning Star
2088:New York Daily News
2046:New York Daily News
1990:New York Daily News
1584:Des Moines Register
931:The New York Herald
844:The Palm Beach Post
317:Major Westray Boyce
288:expeditionary force
200:Columbia University
2853:. Vida M. Ganoni.
2794:. Washington, DC:
1052:. p. 5 Sec 11
389:
354:
198:and philosophy at
2638:(Portland, Maine)
2090:. pp. 4, 356
2030:, pp. 201–05
1938:Indianapolis Star
1895:, pp. 242–44
1883:, pp. 184–88
1785:, pp. 219–30
1659:, pp. 103–06
1610:Asbury Park Press
1538:, pp. 361–62
1515:The Anniston Star
1442:, pp. 57, 63
1136:Indianapolis Star
673:Asbury Park Press
243:Eleanor Roosevelt
164:
163:
2913:
2862:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2824:. Archived from
2810:
2808:
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2774:
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2759:
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2453:
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2435:Billings Gazette
2426:
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2400:
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2255:
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2211:
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2201:
2199:
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2178:
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2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2139:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2109:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2079:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1929:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1836:
1835:, pp. 73–74
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1804:
1798:
1797:, pp. 62–63
1792:
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1527:
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1177:
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982:
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915:
913:
911:
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886:
885:
883:
881:
862:
856:
855:
853:
851:
835:
822:
821:
819:
817:
810:The Boston Globe
802:
796:
795:
793:
791:
776:
770:
769:
767:
765:
758:The Boston Globe
750:
744:
743:
741:
739:
723:
717:
716:
714:
712:
696:
685:
684:
682:
680:
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539:
533:
532:
530:
528:
512:
501:
500:
498:
496:
477:
466:
465:
463:
461:
446:
420:Death and legacy
274:headquarters in
149:
147:
143:
122:
120:
116:
73:
55:October 15, 1896
54:
52:
33:
19:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2866:
2865:
2848:
2845:
2843:Primary sources
2840:
2831:
2829:
2813:
2805:
2803:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2767:
2766:
2762:
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2741:
2740:
2736:
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2714:
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2709:
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2645:
2637:
2633:
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2628:
2614:
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2511:
2510:
2506:
2493:
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2428:
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2413:
2411:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2361:
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2350:
2349:
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2330:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2303:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2251:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2225:
2223:
2222:. pp. 1, 8
2213:
2212:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2148:Chicago Tribune
2141:
2140:
2133:
2123:
2121:
2114:"Capitol Stuff"
2111:
2110:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2084:"Capitol Stuff"
2081:
2080:
2076:
2071:Bellafaire 1972
2069:
2065:
2051:
2049:
2042:"Capitol Stuff"
2039:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1967:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1831:
1827:
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1815:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1789:
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1413:
1412:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1383:
1379:
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1374:
1364:
1362:
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1335:
1333:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1307:
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1295:
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1290:
1280:
1278:
1269:
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1254:
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1244:
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1215:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1185:
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1170:
1168:
1160:
1156:
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1141:
1139:
1129:
1128:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1083:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1043:
1042:
1035:
1025:
1023:
1020:Chicago Tribune
1013:
1012:
1005:
995:
993:
984:
983:
972:
962:
960:
957:New York Herald
951:
950:
946:
936:
934:
924:
923:
919:
909:
907:
897:
896:
889:
879:
877:
864:
863:
859:
849:
847:
837:
836:
825:
815:
813:
804:
803:
799:
789:
787:
778:
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773:
763:
761:
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751:
747:
737:
735:
725:
724:
720:
710:
708:
698:
697:
688:
678:
676:
667:
666:
662:
652:
650:
637:
636:
629:
619:
617:
603:
602:
593:
583:
581:
568:
567:
563:
553:
551:
541:
540:
536:
526:
524:
514:
513:
504:
494:
492:
479:
478:
469:
459:
457:
448:
447:
436:
431:
422:
414:Camp Fire Girls
410:observer status
398:
362:
325:
323:Recruiting tour
304:
267:
251:
224:Margaret Sanger
208:
191:Simmons College
180:
152:
151:
148: 1974)
139:
135:
132:
124:
121: 1927)
112:
108:
105:
81:
75:
71:
62:
56:
50:
48:
47:
46:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2919:
2917:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2868:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2811:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2760:
2734:
2717:"West Newbury"
2707:
2681:
2655:
2626:
2597:
2571:
2556:
2530:
2504:
2475:
2448:
2421:
2395:
2369:
2356:New York Times
2340:
2314:
2285:
2259:
2233:
2203:
2173:
2161:
2131:
2101:
2074:
2063:
2032:
2028:Treadwell 1954
2020:
2003:
1977:
1951:
1921:
1917:Treadwell 1954
1909:
1905:Treadwell 1954
1897:
1893:Treadwell 1954
1885:
1881:Treadwell 1954
1873:
1861:
1857:Treadwell 1954
1849:
1845:Treadwell 1954
1837:
1825:
1799:
1787:
1783:Treadwell 1954
1775:
1763:
1751:
1721:
1717:Treadwell 1954
1709:
1705:Treadwell 1954
1697:
1693:Treadwell 1954
1685:
1681:Treadwell 1954
1673:
1669:Treadwell 1954
1661:
1657:Treadwell 1954
1649:
1623:
1597:
1567:
1540:
1536:Treadwell 1954
1528:
1502:
1500:, pp. 7–8
1490:
1456:
1452:Treadwell 1954
1444:
1440:Treadwell 1954
1432:
1401:
1388:New York Times
1372:
1359:New York Times
1343:
1317:
1304:New York Times
1288:
1262:
1249:New York Times
1233:
1220:New York Times
1204:
1178:
1165:New York Times
1149:
1122:
1109:New York Times
1093:
1063:
1050:New York Times
1033:
1003:
970:
944:
917:
887:
857:
823:
797:
771:
745:
718:
686:
660:
627:
591:
561:
534:
502:
467:
433:
432:
430:
427:
421:
418:
397:
394:
361:
358:
335:John O'Donnell
324:
321:
303:
300:
266:
263:
250:
247:
207:
204:
179:
176:
162:
161:
158:
154:
153:
137:
133:
130:
129:
128:
127:
110:
106:
103:
102:
101:
100:
97:
95:
91:
90:
87:
83:
82:
76:
74:(aged 87)
70:August 4, 1984
68:
64:
63:
57:
44:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2918:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2828:on 2021-03-02
2827:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2812:
2802:on 2021-03-04
2801:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2771:
2764:
2761:
2748:
2744:
2738:
2735:
2722:
2718:
2711:
2708:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2643:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2585:
2584:Journal Times
2581:
2575:
2572:
2567:
2560:
2557:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2518:
2514:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2449:
2436:
2432:
2425:
2422:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2328:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2162:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1952:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1859:, p. 363
1858:
1853:
1850:
1847:, p. 362
1846:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1813:
1812:Dayton Herald
1809:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1752:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1719:, pp. 99
1718:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1674:
1671:, p. 361
1670:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1650:
1637:
1633:
1632:"Africa WAAC"
1627:
1624:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1555:
1551:
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1537:
1532:
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1512:
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1491:
1478:
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1441:
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1416:
1410:
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1402:
1389:
1382:
1376:
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1360:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1331:
1327:
1321:
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1289:
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1243:
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1234:
1221:
1214:
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1192:
1188:
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1179:
1166:
1159:
1153:
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1137:
1133:
1126:
1123:
1110:
1103:
1097:
1094:
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1068:
1064:
1051:
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1038:
1034:
1021:
1017:
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1004:
991:
987:
981:
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958:
954:
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928:
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901:
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892:
888:
875:
871:
867:
861:
858:
845:
841:
834:
832:
830:
828:
824:
811:
807:
801:
798:
785:
781:
775:
772:
759:
755:
749:
746:
733:
729:
722:
719:
706:
702:
695:
693:
691:
687:
674:
670:
664:
661:
648:
644:
640:
634:
632:
628:
615:
611:
607:
600:
598:
596:
592:
579:
575:
574:The Microcosm
571:
565:
562:
549:
545:
538:
535:
522:
518:
511:
509:
507:
503:
490:
486:
482:
476:
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472:
468:
455:
451:
445:
443:
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428:
426:
419:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
395:
393:
385:
381:
379:
374:
371:
370:Medjez-El-Bab
367:
359:
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350:
346:
342:
340:
336:
331:
322:
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318:
312:
308:
299:
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