70:, a coach of the middle distance running team from 1981 onwards, this method of preparation was blood doping. Professor Conconi approached Donati regarding improving the performances of his athletes with estimations of the improvements at 3 to 5 seconds for 1,500 metre races, 15 to 20 seconds for 5,000 metre races and 30 to 40 seconds for 10,000 metre races. There was a partnership between the Olympic Committee and Professor Conconi's biomedical research centre at the University of Ferrara and the Olympic Committee financed his research. According to Donati, Professor Conconi together with the Italian Athletics Federation and a major Italian Research Institute administered testosterone and anabolic steroids to athletes for events in the 1980s. However, this was later categorically proven to be untrue. Over several years, CONI funded the research of Conconi with over two million euros. The work of Conconi and his many assistants at the Ferrara University produced great results in sport. In the
262:
that the blood values of athletes treated by
Conconi indicated doping. In 2000 Italian public prosecutor Pierguido Soprani alleged that Conconi drugged himself. This was because Conconi at the age of 59 recorded a hematocrit value of 57% while competing in a mountain bike race on 3 September 1994. Computer files of Conconi that were seized in the investigation were later reported in the press. These files were for patients of Conconi and included
139:(IOC) and informed them about his work on an EPO test. He described how he had carried out controlled experiments with 23 amateur triathletes and other athletes with EPO treatments but that he had not come up with a test to detect EPO use. The details of Conconi's subjects were later discovered by police after a raid at the University of Ferrara and revealed to be not amateurs but elite professionals, six of which were from the
127:) in 1991. Ten years after breaking the Hour record, Conconi coached Moser to attempt to break the record a second time. This idea came from a gentleman's bet between the two to see if Moser under the guidance of Conconi would be able to break his 1984 record ten years later. Moser was 43 years of age when he rode 51.840 kilometres in 60 minutes thereby riding 689 meters beyond his record set in 1984.
194:, in January 2000 that Conconi was involved with administering EPO to riders on the Carrera. In March 2000 the Italian Judge Franca Oliva published a report detailing the conclusions of an investigation into a number of sports doctors including Professor Conconi. This official judicial investigation concluded that the riders of the Carrera team were administered EPO in 1993. The riders included
290:. These files showed hematocrit variations in individuals during treatments. Tonkov's hematocrit went from 51.5% in June 1996 to 40.9% in September. Ivan Gotti's hematocrit went from 35.2% in January 1997 to 50.7% in June 1998. Marco Pantani's level went from 40.7 in March 1994 to 58% in June and July 1994. During the
150:
Conconi. Conconi is said to have made a technique to balance EPO, Blood
Thinner and Human Growth Hormone in a mixture that Athletes could take safely and pass doping tests without testing positive. With this ability to safely take EPO, Donati estimated that 60 to 70% of the peloton used EPO in the mid-1990s.
66:(CONI) proposing that selected Italian athletes be assisted by the staff of the University to improve their performance. Conconi proposed that he help athletes in the sports of cycling, canoeing, rowing, long-distance skiing, speed skating, swimming and wrestling. CONI accepted the offer. According to
305:
In 2004 Judge Oliva alleged that the athletes treated at the
Institute indeed had taken EPO during the 1993 season but due to the statute of limitations, none would be prosecuted. The Judge found Conconi 'morally guilty'. The judge had looked at medical reports of 33 cyclists in the period 1993-1995,
261:
In 1999 the investigations into the doping activities of
Conconi began. About twenty doctors and researchers from Conconi's biomedical research centre were under investigation. In an investigation in front of Judge Piero Messini D'Agostini two hematologists submitted a report in which they concluded
252:
Alexandre de Merode, a former
President of the IOC's Medical Committee appointed Conconi as a member of the medical committee and funded Conconi's alleged research into a test to detect the use of EPO. During this time the President of CONI from 1993 to 1998, Dr. Mario Pescante, suppressed a report
98:
in his attempt to break the World Hour Record in
January 1984. Conconi theorized that heart rate could be correlated with perceived exertion in order to allow Moser to cycle at the absolute maximum of his capability. Conconi found a point at which aerobic efficiency was overcome by the accumulation
149:
Conconi had listed subjects' names, gender, sport, date of analysis as well as whether or not they were treated with EPO. Despite funding by CONI and the IOC to come up with an EPO detection test, Conconi was using the money to buy the drug and then administered it to athletes who were also paying
359:
He took care of some well-known pro cyclists, although only a few of them have actually been found guilty of doping offences. A possible cause is the gap between the development of doping and the means to trace the use in sportsmen. However, in the light of recent revelations, this list may well
175:
was acritical of the drug. He claimed that EPO had no "fundamental" effect on performance and that if a rider used it wouldn't "scandalize" himself. He also claimed EPO was not dangerous, only abuse of it was dangerous, saying "It's also dangerous to drink 10 litres of orange juice." The 'orange
114:
is the point of maximal steady state or maximum heart rate a subject can have. Professor
Conconi was a great innovator in sports science and in his preparation of Moser. This preparation included blood doping, as Moser would later admit. Conconi wrote a book about preparing Moser called
314:
Conconi had many assistants (doctors and researchers) with whom he performed his tests. Several of these would be charged in connection with doping activities or would continue working as sports scientists after leaving the
Institute. The most well known is
184:
winner was a rider of the Gewiss team and was treated with EPO in 1994 and 1995 in
Conconi's Institute in Ferrara. During the 1996 season Riis was coached with one of Conconi's assistants Cecchini and would win the Tour de France.
99:
of lactic acid. At this "threshold" level, the ability of the athlete to sustain a maximum effort would be compromised. Conconi then set about developing a method to extend the "Anaerobic
Threshold." Conconi developed
1103:
244:
race where a hematocrit percentage of 60.1% whereas in the previous June it had been 45%. At this time there was no limit to the hematocrit level but the large fluctuation was suspicious.
165:. In addition, a number of well-known cycling stars were clients of the Institute. The Gewiss team attracted a lot of negative attention when after taking the whole podium in the
153:
The team doctor of the Carrera cycling team, Dr. Giovanni Grazzi, worked with Conconi at the University in 1993 while the following year, 1994, another professional cycling team,
35:
or Biomedical Research Institute. His research focused on tracing techniques for doping substances but he is better known for his doping activities and is said to have introduced
773:
1097:
240:
team and his hematocrit level displayed rises and falls which looked very suspicious. On October 18, 1995 Pantani was taken to hospital after an accident in the
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1208:"No.12 - Tour de France winner Stephen Roche denies allegations by an Italian judge of taking performance-enhancing drugs"
710:
919:
Interview with Michele Ferrari, by Jean-Michel Rouet, from l'Equipe, 1994, reprinted excerpt quoted in Cycling News,
874:
1052:
1140:
306:
including Chiappucci's, and all blood tests showed largely fluctuating hematocrit-values, indicative for EPO-use.
459:
232:
told prosecutor Vincenzo Scolastico that he had been using EPO since 1993, but later he recalled that statement.
920:
360:
point in the direction of certain medicinal networks, notably in Italy, but not of proven doping networks.
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Files seized as part of the judicial investigation allegedly detail a number of aliases for former
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had a hematocrit level of 35% in January 1994 to 60% in June, 1994 after he came fifth in the
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19:(born 19 April 1935) is an Italian sports doctor and scientist, with disciples such as
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At the Winter Olympics in 1994 in Lillehammer, Conconi gave a talk to members of the
67:
741:
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556:
544:
267:
143:
102:
294:, Pantani had a level of 56% and after his accident in Milano–Torino it was 60%.
177:
1077:
1003:
440:
263:
79:
62:, Italy, it was on 14 August 1980 that Conconi submitted a proposal to the
50:
for his successful attempt to break the world hour record in Mexico, 1984.
169:
Classic in 1994, Ferrari in an interview with the French sports newspaper
110:, which measures heart rate at different predefined intensity levels. The
1056:
686:
1144:
1232:
http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news/2004/mar04/mar20news1
310:
Assistants at the Biomedical Research Centre at Ferrara University
1098:
Vrijgesproken Conconi moreel veroordeeld door Italiaanse gerecht
1266:"CYCLING:After a rider's sudden death, more questions on doping"
59:
319:
who worked with Conconi during the 1980s until the mid-1990s.
225:
including Rocchi, Rossi, Rocca, Roncati, Righi and Rossini.
253:
by Donati which indicated Conconi's involvement in doping.
1078:"Roche's name again to forefront in doping investigation"
711:"Form boosting drugs claim rocks sport research centre"
687:"Sandro Donati:Anti-doping:the fraud behind the stage"
117:
Moser's Hour Records: A Human and Scientific Adventure
210:, Mario Chiesa, Massimo Ghirotto and Fabio Roscioli.
188:It would be reported in the Rome-based newspaper,
930:, 2003, Tim Maloney / Cyclingnews European Editor
78:, Italy won 34 medals. Many of the athletes had
921:An Interview With Dr. Michele Ferrari, part two
90:Conconi together with his assistants including
1241:Judge calls Italian professor "morally guilty"
981:Rendell, Matt; Horsdal, Susanne (2006-07-02).
653:
651:
649:
647:
1251:Conconi vrijgesproken na proces van vijf jaar
817:
815:
705:
703:
8:
795:"I was not involved in doping scandal:Roche"
681:
679:
1022:
1020:
33:Centro Studi Biomedici Applicati allo Sport
789:
787:
785:
176:juice' comment has been widely misquoted.
868:
866:
864:
753:U.S. Cross Country Ski Team Field Method
248:Appointment to Medical Committee of CONI
157:, were connected to Conconi via doctors
622:
364:Clients of Conconi, Casoni, and Grazzi
1141:"Pantani found dead in Italian hotel"
731:Putting [heart] into your workout
7:
600:, died suspiciously at the dentist's
43:. Conconi is most famous for having
1004:"Sport: Roche denies use of E.P.O."
559:, former World Champion and winner
64:Italian National Olympic Committee
14:
959:. Cyclingnews.com. Archived from
797:. Irish Examiner. Archived from
86:Conconi test and Francesco Moser
27:. Conconi is a professor at the
661:. Daily Peloton. Archived from
137:International Olympic Committee
1143:. Velonews.com. Archived from
131:Introduction of EPO to cycling
1:
1187:"Italian doping;hidden files"
1030:. Sportpro.it. Archived from
481:Clients of Conconi and Grazzi
382:Clients of Conconi and Casoni
31:in Italy where he heads the
1106:September 27, 2007, at the
873:Walsh, David (2004-03-28).
1338:
659:"The sport of the Doctors"
221:winner and World Champion
1312:Italian sports physicians
940:10 liters of orange juice
875:"Sad end to Roche's road"
771:What is the Conconi Test?
460:Mauro-Antonio Santaromita
106:, which is also known as
1210:. RTE.ie. Archived from
713:. Times higher education
1322:Drugs in sport in Italy
1317:Italian cycling coaches
1307:Physicians from Ferrara
631:"More Drug revelations"
589:, Tour de France winner
583:, former world champion
1028:"Tribunale di Ferrara"
957:"The Eye Of The Storm"
942:: see the article on
877:. London: Timesonline
377:, 1988 World Champion
238:Carrera Jeans–Tassoni
141:Carrera Jeans–Tassoni
29:University of Ferrara
1272:on November 24, 2006
823:"Conconi tried EPO?"
82:levels of over 50%.
76:1994 Winter Olympics
1120:"Cyclists in court"
525:1987 Tour de France
511:1998 Tour de France
292:1995 Tour de France
182:1996 Tour de France
1166:"Conconi in court"
985:. London: Guardian
983:"Life after Lance"
944:Water intoxication
926:2009-07-28 at the
844:"The Conconi Test"
776:2011-07-10 at the
758:2008-08-20 at the
551:Clients of Conconi
516:Vladimir Poulnikov
492:Claudio Chiappucci
455:Gianfranco Polvara
445:1997 Giro d'Italia
427:Francesco Frattini
397:1994 Giro d'Italia
375:Maurizio Fondriest
300:1994 Giro d'Italia
296:Claudio Chiappucci
284:Gianluca Bortolami
230:Claudio Chiappucci
200:Claudio Chiappucci
167:La Flèche Wallonne
1189:. Cyclingnews.com
1168:. Cyclingnews.com
1122:. Cyclingnews.com
825:. Cyclingnews.com
633:. Cyclingnews.com
571:Luigi Della Bianc
566:Maurizio Damilano
434:, winner of 1994
349:Carlo Santuccione
17:Francesco Conconi
1329:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1268:. Archived from
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1055:. Archived from
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898:. Archived from
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846:. Archived from
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742:The Conconi Test
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689:. Ergogenics.org
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502:Massimo Ghirotto
487:Stefano Checchin
470:Giorgio Vanzetta
417:Manuela Di Centa
412:Maurilio De Zolt
407:Bruno Cenghialta
402:Vladislav Bobrik
236:was part of the
41:sport of cycling
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896:"Playing Dirty"
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581:Mario Cipollini
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388:Marco Albarello
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339:Giovanni Grazzi
334:Michele Ferrari
317:Michele Ferrari
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159:Michele Ferrari
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96:Francesco Moser
92:Michele Ferrari
88:
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48:Francesco Moser
21:Michele Ferrari
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1237:2012-05-25 at
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432:Giorgio Furlan
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370:Guido Bontempi
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355:List of racers
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344:Gianni Mazzoni
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329:Luigi Cecchini
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288:Giorgio Furlan
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257:Investigations
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215:Tour de France
204:Guido Bontempi
132:
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39:or EPO to the
37:Erythropoietin
25:Luigi Cecchini
13:
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1239:archive.today
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1214:on 2008-03-31
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1147:on 2008-06-16
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902:on 2010-09-26
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850:on 2008-01-25
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801:on 2009-07-01
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665:on 2012-08-06
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598:Denis Zanette
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576:Emma Scaunich
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561:Giro d'Italia
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540:Rolf Sørensen
538:
536:
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521:Stephen Roche
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507:Marco Pantani
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475:Alberto Volpi
473:
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465:Piotr Ugrumov
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450:Nicola Minali
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422:Silvio Fauner
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324:Ilario Casoni
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280:Tony Rominger
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276:Marco Pantani
273:
272:Abraham Olano
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242:Milano–Torino
239:
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234:Marco Pantani
231:
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223:Stephen Roche
220:
219:Giro d'Italia
216:
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208:Rolf Sørensen
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197:
196:Stephen Roche
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191:La Repubblica
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163:Ilario Casoni
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155:Gewiss–Ballan
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125:9780941950268
122:
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112:Conconi Point
109:
108:the ramp test
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663:the original
635:. Retrieved
625:
611:Conconi test
557:Gianni Bugno
545:Enrico Zaina
523:, winner of
509:, winner of
497:Mario Chiesa
443:, winner of
358:
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268:Pavel Tonkov
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144:cycling team
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103:Conconi test
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1297:1935 births
1053:"Chiapucci"
178:Bjarne Riis
1291:Categories
1276:2008-04-24
1253:(in Dutch)
1218:2008-04-11
1193:2008-05-03
1172:2008-04-25
1151:2008-05-03
1126:2008-05-03
1100:(in Dutch)
1084:2007-07-20
1063:2008-04-24
1038:2010-11-30
1010:2008-04-11
989:2008-04-29
967:2008-04-29
906:2008-04-29
881:2007-07-20
854:2008-04-29
829:2008-04-29
805:2008-04-24
717:2008-04-24
693:2008-04-24
669:2008-04-24
637:2008-04-25
617:References
441:Ivan Gotti
264:Ivan Gotti
80:hematocrit
395:, winner
228:In 1997,
94:prepared
1235:Archived
1104:Archived
1080:. rte.ie
924:Archived
774:Archived
756:Archived
605:See also
172:L'Équipe
58:Born in
45:prepared
54:History
1006:RTE.ie
123:
286:and
180:the
161:and
121:ISBN
101:The
74:and
72:1992
60:Como
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