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595:. The Duke of Anjou was in fact the only one of Elizabeth's foreign suitors to court her in person. He made two visits to England, in 1579 and 1581. He was 24 and Elizabeth was 46. Despite the age gap, the two soon became very close, Elizabeth dubbing him her "frog". While a few believe this nickname arose from a frog-shaped earring he had given her, "frog" has been an unflattering slang nickname for the French for centuries. Whether or not Elizabeth truly planned to marry Anjou is a hotly debated topic. She was quite fond of him, knowing that he was probably going to be her last suitor. The match was controversial among the English public: English Protestants warned the Queen that the "hearts will be galled when they shall see you take to husband a Frenchman, and a Papist ... the very common people well know this: that he is the son of the
745:
635:. Walsingham was sent to France in mid-1581 to discuss an Anglo-French alliance, but the French wanted the marriage agreed first, and Walsingham had instructions to obtain a treaty before committing to the marriage. He returned to England without an agreement. Personally, Walsingham opposed the marriage, perhaps to the point of encouraging public opposition. Alençon was a Catholic, and as his elder brother, Henry III, was childless, he was heir presumptive to the French throne. Elizabeth was probably past the age of childbearing, and had no clear successor. If she died while married to the French heir, her realms could fall under French control. By comparing the match of Elizabeth and Alençon with the match of the Protestant Henry of Navarre and the Catholic Margaret of Valois, which occurred in the week before the
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He would personally lead the attack on
Antwerp. To fool the citizens of Antwerp, Anjou proposed that he should make a "Joyous Entry" into the city, a grand ceremony in which he would be accompanied by his French troops. On 18 January 1583, Anjou entered Antwerp, but the citizens had not been
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Between 1578 and 1581, the Queen resurrected attempts to negotiate a marriage with the Duke of Alençon. The Duke put himself forward as a protector of the
Huguenots and a potential leader of the Dutch. In these years, Walsingham became friends with the diplomat of
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formally ended her engagement to him after the massacre. The position of Anjou after this attack became impossible to hold, and he eventually left the country in June. His departure also discredited
William, who nevertheless maintained his support for Anjou.
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escaped from the French court, whereupon his forces also joined Condé. This combined army was enough to force Henry III, without a pitched battle of any sort, to capitulate and sign the very pro-Protestant "peace of
Monsieur", or
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During the night of 13 September 1575, Alençon fled from the French court after being alienated from his brother King Henry III as they had had some differences. Both Henry III and
Catherine de' Medici feared he would join the
698:, Anjou was not popular with the Dutch and Flemish, who continued to see the Catholic French as enemies; the provinces of Zeeland and Holland refused to recognise him as their sovereign, and William, the central figure of the
833:" presented to Catherine de' Medici, which depicted major figures in Catherine's court against scenes of festivity. When Anjou's French troops arrived in late 1582, William's plan seemed to pay off, as even the
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Eventually, Elizabeth pragmatically judged the union an unwise one, after considering the overwhelming opposition of her advisors. She continued, however, to play the engagement game, if only to warn
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with the Duke, who would assume the title "Protector of the
Liberty of the Netherlands" and become the sovereign. He did not arrive until 10 February 1582, when William officially welcomed him in
786:
1659:
From Sir Philip Sidney's letter to
Elizabeth I on the subject of Anjou (1579), in Katherine Duncan-Jones and Jan van Dorsten, eds, Miscellaneous prose of Sir Philip Sidney (1973) pp. 46-57
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884:, is said to have written to him that "would to God you had died young. You would then not have been the cause of the death of so many brave gentlemen." Another insult followed when
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275:, on 6 May 1576. By "secret treaties" which formed part of this peace settlement, many on the Protestant side were rewarded with land and titles. Francis was awarded the
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646:, another of her suitors, what she might do, if it became necessary. Finally, Elizabeth bade him farewell in 1581. On his departure she penned a poem, "
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After Anjou's death, she made a present of them in 1589 on the occasion of the wedding of her grand-daughter, Christina of
Lorraine, to
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feeds it while
William of Orange holds it steady by the horns. The cow is defecating on the Duke of Anjou, who holds its tail. (
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He was scarred by smallpox at age eight, and his pitted face and slightly deformed spine did not suit his birth name of
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Anjou's inauguration in front of
Antwerp's City Hall on 22 February 1582 ( Print Room of the University of Antwerp)
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However, Anjou himself, dissatisfied with his limited power, decided to take control of the Flemish cities of
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Anjou on his horse under a baldachin during the Joyous Entry in 1582 (Print Room of the University of Antwerp)
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The royal children were raised under the supervision of the governor and governess of the royal children,
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who worked to defuse religious hostilities, came under extensive criticism for his "French politics".
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The Duke's arrival in Antwerp on 19 and 22 February 1582 (Print Room of the University of Antwerp)
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1861:] (in French). Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Paris: La compagnie des libraires.
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The debacle at Antwerp marked the end of Anjou's military career. His mother,
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Anjou's coronation on stage - 1582 (Print Room of the University of Antwerp)
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Matheson-Pollock, Helen; Paul, Joanne; Fletcher, Catherine (16 July 2018).
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The Duke of Anjou and the Politique Struggle during the Wars of Religion
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deceived. The city militia ambushed and destroyed Anjou's force in the
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Histoire généalogique et chronologique de la maison royale de France
1859:
Genealogical and chronological history of the royal house of France
183:; 18 March 1555 – 10 June 1584) was the youngest son of King
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vainly tries to ride the cow, drawing blood with his spurs. Queen
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became heir-presumptive, thus leading to an escalation in the
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Satirical Flemish painting painted c.1586, three years after
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670:(with the exception of Zeeland and Holland) had signed the
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The Medici Women: Gender and Power in Renaissance Florence
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1930:
Dynastic Politics and the British Reformations, 1558-1630
1725:
Women of power: the life and times of Catherine dé Medici
1581:
Courtships, Marriage Customs, and Shakespeare's Comedies
1523:
Dictionnaire de la littérature française et francophone
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He is now thought to have been the patron behind the "
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had invited him to become hereditary sovereign of the
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In 1579, negotiations commenced for marrying Anjou to
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feared that the Dutch would now gain the upper hand.
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733:Joyous Entry in Antwerp on 19 February 1582 (
599:of our age", referring to the Duke's mother,
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8:
2632:French people of the French Wars of Religion
1672:Queenship and Counsel in Early Modern Europe
1538:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2019), pp. 134, 148–49.
229:In 1574, following the death of his brother
719:The Duke enters Antwerp, greeted by cannons
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1536:Elizabeth I of England through Valois Eyes
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1943:. Boston, Houghton Mifflin. p. 43.
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233:and the accession of his other brother
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2627:Heirs presumptive to the French throne
2617:Burials at the Basilica of Saint-Denis
1851:Anselme de Sainte-Marie, Père (1726).
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864:. Anjou barely escaped with his life.
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2480:St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (1572)
2475:Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1570)
2274:Margaret, Queen of France and Navarre
2220:Lorenzo II de' Medici, Duke of Urbino
1881:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p.
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1955:Portraits of François, Duke of Anjou
690:and his ceremonious installation as
617:Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester
613:Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex
319:adding citations to reliable sources
1613:Mears, Natalie (16 December 2002).
982:Ancestors of Francis, Duke of Anjou
173:François, Duke of Anjou and Alençon
163:Engraving of Francis, Duke of Anjou
1902:Tudor and Stuart Britain 1471-1714
1697:Ferdinand I, Grand Duke of Tuscany
1275:Lorenzo de' Medici, Duke of Urbino
25:
1937:Whale, Winifred Stephens (1914).
1878:The French Religious Wars 1562-98
1489:Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel (1987).
401:Capetian dynasty, House of Valois
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1559:from the original on 18 May 2021
1493:. Paris: Hachette. p. 227.
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631:in England, the anti-monarchist
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2226:Madeleine de la Tour d'Auvergne
1395:Madeleine de La Tour d'Auvergne
603:. Among members of Elizabeth's
306:needs additional citations for
637:St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
1:
2642:People of the Elizabethan era
2450:Edict of Saint-Germain (1562)
2440:Siege of Florence (1529–1530)
2367:Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine
1870:. Cambridge University Press.
2692:16th-century French nobility
1699:; they remain at the Uffizi.
609:William Cecil, Lord Burghley
438:Francis, Dauphin of Viennois
2470:Treaty of Longjumeau (1568)
2250:Claude, Duchess of Lorraine
1904:. Longman Group UK Limited.
1369:John III, Count of Auvergne
1249:Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici
1153:Claude, Duchess of Brittany
1007:Charles, Count of AngoulĂŞme
931:; Duke of Château-Thierry;
672:Treaty of Plessis-les-Tours
491:Claude, Duchess of Lorraine
2723:
2419:Admiral Gaspard de Coligny
1932:. Oxford University Press.
1928:Questier, Michael (2019).
1913:. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.
1909:Tomas, Natalie R. (2003).
1875:Knecht, Robert J. (2002).
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458:Margaret, Duchess of Savoy
117:Hercule François de France
2622:House of Valois-AngoulĂŞme
2602:People from Fontainebleau
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2445:Colloquy of Poissy (1561)
2357:Cardinal Silvio Passerini
2244:Elisabeth, Queen of Spain
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1590:10.1007/978-1-137-09516-9
1578:Giese, Loreen L. (2006).
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448:Magdalene, Queen of Scots
253:Alençon and the Huguenots
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27:French prince (1555–1584)
2657:Dukes of Château-Thierry
2490:Edict of Beaulieu (1576)
2465:Surprise of Meaux (1567)
2455:Massacre of Vassy (1562)
2389:Louis I, Prince of Condé
654:Anjou in the Netherlands
330:"Francis, Duke of Anjou"
18:Francis, Duke of Alençon
2526:Palace of Fontainebleau
2511:Basilica of Saint-Denis
2506:Palazzo Medici Riccardi
2485:French Wars of Religion
2460:Edict of Amboise (1563)
2329:French Catholic Leagues
1940:The La Trémoille family
1900:Lockyer, Roger (1985).
1712:, Allen and Unwin, p397
1631:10.1111/1468-229x.00200
958:Lord of the Netherlands
913:French Wars of Religion
648:On Monsieur's Departure
2414:Henry I, Duke of Guise
2384:Francis, Duke of Guise
2280:Francis, Duke of Anjou
2256:Louis, Duke of Orléans
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1866:Holt, Mack P. (1986).
1722:Strange, Mark (1976).
877:
821:Toronto Public Library
809:Anjou's Antwerp fiasco
621:Sir Francis Walsingham
593:Elizabeth I of England
516:Francis, Duke of Anjou
496:Louis, Duke of Orléans
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268:Henry, King of Navarre
222:, under the orders of
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2404:Claude, Duke of Guise
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1553:The National Archives
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735:Rijksmuseum Amsterdam
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2583:Catherine de' Medici
2372:Mary, Queen of Scots
2262:Charles IX of France
2238:Francis II of France
2206:Catherine de' Medici
1708:see Jean Heritière,
1333:Catherine de' Medici
882:Catherine de' Medici
601:Catherine de' Medici
315:improve this article
287:Courting Elizabeth I
231:Charles IX of France
220:Françoise d'Humières
205:Francis II of France
189:Catherine de' Medici
152:Catherine de' Medici
100:Basilica of St Denis
2697:Deaths from malaria
2531:Notre-Dame de Paris
2394:Michel de l'HĂ´pital
2268:Henry III of France
1822:, pp. 126–128.
1807:, pp. 210–211.
1773:, pp. 131–132.
1710:Catherine di Medici
1127:Louis XII of France
1033:Francis I of France
898:Henry III of France
682:he was accorded in
235:Henry III of France
44:, Château-Thierry,
2550:Patron of the arts
2499:Places in her life
2399:Antoine of Navarre
2378:Philip II of Spain
2345:Clarice de' Medici
2338:People in her life
2297:Groups in her life
2232:Henry II of France
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1534:Estelle Paranque,
1091:Henry II of France
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813:Philip II of Spain
678:. In spite of the
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633:Philippe de Mornay
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2424:Diane de Poitiers
2374:(daughter-in-law)
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2148:Current claimants
1892:978-1-84176-395-8
1682:978-3-319-76974-5
1599:978-1-349-61581-0
1525:, Larousse, 1988.
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939:; Count of Mantes
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964:Duke of Brabant
937:Count of Meulan
933:Count of Perche
929:Duke of Alençon
921:
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1920:0-7546-0777-1
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1792:, p. 43.
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1756:Questier 2019
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1513:Knecht, p.53.
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948:Duke of Berry
945:
944:Duke of Anjou
941:
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836:
835:Duke of Parma
832:
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605:Privy Council
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332: –
331:
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326:Find sources:
320:
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304:This article
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239:Duke of Anjou
236:
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217:
216:Claude d'Urfé
212:
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76:18 March 1555
75:
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55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2380:(son-in-law)
2279:
2161:
2154:
2065:
1957:(in French).
1939:
1929:
1910:
1901:
1877:
1867:
1858:
1853:
1845:Bibliography
1837:, p. 7.
1820:Anselme 1726
1805:Anselme 1726
1771:Anselme 1726
1724:
1717:
1709:
1704:
1691:
1675:. Springer.
1671:
1664:
1655:
1622:
1618:
1608:
1580:
1573:
1561:. Retrieved
1552:
1543:
1535:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1509:
1491:L'État Royal
1490:
1484:
1210:
901:
891:
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858:
839:
828:
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792:
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764:
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732:
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657:
641:
625:
590:
540:
515:
475:
432:
377:
368:
358:
351:
344:
337:
325:
313:Please help
308:verification
305:
256:
228:
213:
207:when he was
200:
198:
172:
167:
166:
96:27 June 1584
86:(1584-06-10)
84:10 June 1584
40:
29:
2612:1584 deaths
2607:1555 births
2362:Jean Fernel
2286:Descendants
962:1582–1584:
956:1580–1584:
927:1566–1584:
886:Elizabeth I
862:French Fury
817:Elizabeth I
195:Early years
2596:Categories
2295:Dynasties/
2276:(daughter)
2252:(daughter)
2246:(daughter)
2026:Charles IV
1835:Tomas 2003
1790:Whale 1914
1476:References
856:by force.
702:Politiques
532:Charles IX
525:Francis II
501:Charles IX
481:Francis II
341:newspapers
2324:Huguenots
2234:(husband)
2016:Louis III
1639:0018-2648
974:Ancestors
555:Henry III
506:Henry III
424:Francis I
371:July 2022
209:confirmed
2353:(cousin)
2228:(mother)
2222:(father)
2119:Philippe
2086:Philippe
2076:Philippe
2066:François
2049:of Anjou
2047:Appanage
2011:Louis II
1647:18985963
1563:8 August
1557:Archived
906:Huguenot
676:Flushing
541:Children
476:Children
467:Henry II
443:Henry II
433:Children
243:Touraine
169:Monsieur
102:, France
54:Touraine
2139:Alfonso
2006:Louis I
1619:History
894:malaria
850:Dunkirk
842:Antwerp
607:, only
597:Jezebel
407:branch)
355:scholar
201:Hercule
35:Francis
2433:Events
2213:Family
2071:Gaston
2056:Louise
1917:
1889:
1736:
1679:
1645:
1637:
1596:
1497:
919:Titles
854:Ostend
852:, and
846:Bruges
684:Bruges
619:, and
611:, and
357:
350:
343:
336:
328:
245:, and
177:French
148:Mother
138:Father
93:Burial
52:, and
2282:(son)
2270:(son)
2264:(son)
2258:(son)
2240:(son)
2134:Jaime
2124:Jaime
2096:Louis
2091:Louis
2061:Henri
1857:[
868:Death
688:Ghent
362:JSTOR
348:books
247:Berry
127:House
112:Names
50:Berry
46:Anjou
2557:Arts
2021:René
1915:ISBN
1887:ISBN
1734:ISBN
1677:ISBN
1643:PMID
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