371:, an experienced and careful agent, delivered radio crystals to Suttill in Paris. Cowburn described Suttill as having a "dynamic personality" and said that "the small world of the resistance rallied to a strong personality." He also saw problems with security and remarked that a large number of SOE agents and their French contacts were going in and out of the same apartment. Suttill responded that SOE headquarters kept sending people to him who needed help and that the address of the apartment had been passed around by agents. The size and scope of Prosper violated SOE doctrine that agents in different networks should have no contact with each other and even that agents in the same network should rarely meet, but rather communicate through intermediaries or letter-drops. Suttill, however, was running a large organization in which contacts among SOE agents were extensive. Security was loose. Norman, Borrel, and Agazarian and his wife,
454:, set off by automobile with the two Canadians to catch a train to Paris, unaware that the Germans had set up extensive roadblocks. They were caught, and the Germans found packages of letters and instructions and radio crystals in the car, two of which were clearly labelled "For Archambaud". This led the Germans to Archambaud (Gilbert Norman, Suttill's wireless operator) because, as Culioli admitted after the war, he had the address of Archambaud in his briefcase when he was caught. Shortly after midnight of 23 June, a German officer pretending to be one of the recently parachuted Canadian agents came to the apartment where Norman was staying, and he and Andrée Borrel were arrested. The apartment was full of identification cards and other documents. The Germans learned, presumably from the documents or from one of those arrested, where Suttill was, and he was arrested mid-morning on 24 June at a cheap hotel where he was staying.
474:
confirmed that
Suttill had been captured, but apparently Norman was still at large and transmitting. However, the message was strange. It was distorted, but that could have been caused by atmospheric conditions. The style of transmitting, the "fist," was different than the usual for Norman, and, most importantly, both the "bluff" and "true" checks were missing from the message. These checks were spelling mistakes or phrases deliberately inserted into a message by a wireless operator to prove that it was indeed he or she who was transmitting. The absence of the checks in a message meant the operator or the radio, or both, were under the control of the Germans and transmitting under duress. Norman had a high reputation for efficiency and character and SOE's French section leader,
465:, Suttill's de facto second-in-command, were arrested in a Paris cafe where Worms ate lunch every day. Over the next three months, hundreds of local agents associated with Prosper were arrested, of whom 167 are known to have been deported to Germany, where about one-half were executed, killed, or died in concentration camps. The communists in the Paris suburbs with whom Suttill worked mostly survived the debacle because of their rigid security practices and their dependence on SOE only for arms and money, not guidance and communications. The survivors of the Prosper Network were mostly in the sub-networks of Prosper scattered around northern France. One temporary survivor was newly arrived wireless operator Inayat Khan, who was not captured until 13 October.
575:
the network. Moreover, interrogators such as
Kieffer were able to weaken the resolve of captured SOE agents by revealing how much the Germans knew about them personally. After World War II in 1948, DĂ©ricourt was put on trial in Paris. Nobody who had worked for SOE showed up to testify against DĂ©ricourt, but Bodington testified in his defense. He said DĂ©ricourt's contacts with the Germans were known to the SOE and that DĂ©ricourt was loyal to the allies. DĂ©ricourt was acquitted. This was not the first time that Bodington had defended DĂ©ricourt, which ignited doubts of Bodington's loyalties. DĂ©ricourt was killed in Laos in a crash of a plane he was piloting on 21 November 1962; Bodington died on 3 July 1974.
559:, Suttill's air movements officer, in the destruction of the Physician/Prosper network is much debated. DĂ©ricourt, as mentioned above, arranged for the arrival and departure of SOE agents by air and collected their mail, including their uncoded reports, for transmittal to London. He was highly successful in these duties, but doubts about him began to be expressed in June 1943, at about the same time that Germans had begun destroying the Prosper network. Several SOE agents communicated that "Gilbert is a traitor," but it is unclear whether they were talking about DĂ©ricourt, code named
101:
544:
also reported that
Kieffer said that Norman "had not the character of" Suttill, which gives the impression that Norman was the more malleable of the two. Author Helm speculated that Atkins manipulated and concealed information to coverup SOE's mistakes. At the time of this interview in 1947, accusations were being made by the French that Suttill had sold out his French followers. Atkins and SOE neither confirmed nor denied this accusation. Suttill's family was bitter at the lack of support they received from SOE.
246:. Suttill was fluent in spoken French, but had an accent and he relied on Borrel, already experienced in the resistance, for much of his communication. After meeting in Paris, Suttill and Borrel took a month long trip around central France, exploring the potential for setting up resistance networks. They posed as an agricultural salesman and his assistant. Their early successes and high level of activity led SOE to send them two wireless operators,
431:. On his return, his confidence seemed shattered. He feared that Prosper had been penetrated by the Germans, and he was highly critical of the ignorance of SOE personnel in London about the conditions he faced in the field. Arrests of people in Suttill's network began to multiply and concerns of betrayal heightened. On 19 June, Suttill sent a bitter message to London blaming SOE for the near-arrest of his newest wireless operator,
280:
420:, long-time members of the French Resistance were arrested in Paris. Suttill, through an intermediary, attempted to buy their release with a one million franc bribe, but the Germans deceived him by releasing two prostitutes rather than the Tambour sisters. The danger of the arrest to Prosper was that ten of its agents had used the house as a letter-box and meeting place, far more than was prudent.
502:") with SOE headquarters. He sent false messages to SOE which were accepted as genuine. For months, Goetz persuaded SOE that the Prosper network was still active and functioning. The practical results were that Goetz deceived SOE into air-dropping arms and equipment into German hands and, with details of their travel, the Germans captured 17 SOE agents immediately upon their arrival in France.
193:. He was recruited and trained by SOE during the summer of 1942. Charismatic and a natural leader, Suttill was considered by SOE to be "highly resourceful, and smarter than most" and thus chosen for its "most challenging job: to establish a circuit in Paris, covering a vast chunk of central France." His network was named
300:
collected mail and reports, often written in plain text rather than coded, from the agents and delivered messages to them. He was unusually successful and efficient. He accomplished the dangerous tasks of arranging clandestine aircraft landings and the reception and departure of agents without problems.
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who were especially powerful in the northern suburbs of Paris. SOE, Suttill, and the French
Resistance groups had the expectation that an allied invasion of France would occur in fall 1943. The efforts of Prosper and its sub-networks were directed toward becoming a potent resistance force to aid the
265:
During late 1942 and the first half of 1943, the
Prosper network grew rapidly, covering a large part of northern France, and involving hundreds of locally recruited agents and some 60 networks and sub-networks. SOE headquarters in London was both surprised and elated at the rapid progress of Prosper,
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An oft-cited theory is that
Suttill and his Prosper colleagues were deliberately sacrificed by the British to mislead the Germans about allied plans for the invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe. The British reasoning behind the deception was that if the Germans anticipated an invasion of France in 1943,
543:
interviewed
Kieffer after the war while he was on trial for war crimes. Atkins' report did not confirm that such a pact existed. She was vague about this all-important question. Atkins reported only that Kieffer said that Suttill "did not want to make a statement" and not whether or not he did. She
574:
What DĂ©ricourt appears to have done was to copy the letters and reports which agents gave him for transmittal by airplane to
England and give them to the Germans. The Germans learned much about the Prosper network and individual agents, which facilitated the arrests of agents and the destruction of
517:
We thank you for the large deliveries of arms and ammunition which you have been kind enough to send us. We also appreciate the many tips you have given us regarding our plans and intentions which we have carefully noted. In case you are concerned about the health of some of the visitors you have
473:
On 25 June, an agent in Paris radioed SOE headquarters in London that
Suttill, Norman, and Borrel "had disappeared, believed arrested." Thereafter, there was radio silence from Paris about the fate of Suttill until 7 July when a message from Gilbert Norman's radio arrived in London. The message
588:
Army. According to the theory, Suttill, during his mysterious visit to London in May 1943, was told or given the impression that the invasion of Europe would take place in 1943. Thus, on
Suttill's return to France the Prosper network accelerated its efforts to organize resistance to the German
299:
was parachuted into France, landing about 80 kilometres (50 mi) south of Paris. As the air movements officer for Prosper, DĂ©ricourt was charged with finding farm fields suitable for landing small aircraft from England and arranging for the embarkation or disembarkation of SOE agents. He
478:, refused to believe that he had been captured. He sent back a message to Norman's radio saying, "You have forgotten your double security check. Be more careful next time." Buckmaster had inadvertently told the Germans how to transmit messages to SOE which would be accepted as genuine.
401:
The truth is that Prosper's downfall, tragic as its consequences were, was brought on in spite of their bravery by the agents' own incompetence and insecurity...The real wonder is not that Suttill and his friends were caught, but that it took so long for so many Germans to catch them.
539:(one of the few SOE agents captured by the Germans who survived), told SOE that he had met Norman at 84 Avenue Foch and Norman told him that both he and Suttill had made a pact with Kieffer to tell everything to save their lives. Norman advised Roussot to do the same. SOE's
498:. When wireless operator Gilbert Norman was captured on 23 June, the Germans also captured his wireless set. With this wireless, and others soon captured, including that of Noor Inayat Khan, and after Buckmaster's blunder on 7 July, Goetz was able to play radio games ("
589:
occupation. The British betrayed Suttill and his SOE associates, the theory goes, because, after being captured and tortured, the British anticipated that Suttill and other SOE agents would tell the Germans that a 1943 allied invasion of Europe was imminent. British
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said, "if you can believe that, you can believe anything." He said the theory was implausible. Suttill concludes that "the arrest of my father was the consequence of a series of unfortunate events, not the result of any betrayal as part of a deception plan."
92:
In what has been called SOE's "catastrophe of 1943," Suttill was captured by the Germans on 24 June 1943 and later executed. By the end of August 1943, the Germans had captured many of the nearly 30 SOE agents associated with him and hundreds of local
530:
Some authors report that after their arrest Suttill or Norman or both made a pact with SD head Josef Kieffer. The terms were that, if Suttill or Norman told the Germans where their caches of arms were located, captured SOE agents would be treated as
77:." The fall began in April 1943 and was as fast as its rise. The network was too large, diverse, and security too lax. The Germans penetrated and used Prosper for their own purposes. The Air Operations officer for Prosper,
68:
Under Suttill's leadership the Prosper network was SOE's most important network in France, notable for its rapid growth, wide circle of contacts and collaborators, and the geographical reach of its operations "from the
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were becoming more expert at rooting out SOE agents and their French collaborators. The consequence would be the capture of Suttill and many of his agents and the destruction of the Prosper network.
1352:
1337:
1357:
567:, a veteran resistance leader, flew to London specifically to denounce DĂ©ricourt as a traitor. DĂ©ricourt, however, enjoyed the support of SOE French section leader Buckmaster and his deputy,
121:, France, to an English father, William Francis Suttill, and a French mother, Blanche Marie-Louise Degrave. His father managed a textile manufacturing plant in Lille. Suttill studied at
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After his capture on 24 June 1943, Suttill was imprisoned and interrogated at Sicherheitsdienst (SD) headquarters at 84 Avenue Foch in Paris and later sent to
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53:, from October 1942 until June 1943. The purpose of SOE was to conduct espionage, sabotage and reconnaissance in occupied Europe and Asia against the
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and was accepted as an external student at University College London. In 1931, he moved to London to continue his studies and eventually became a
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509:, the radio game was worn out, but the Germans could not resist taunting the British. Although Goetz protested, the German government ordered
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897:
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invasion of North Africa approaching, and tentative (but unrealized) plans for an invasion of France in 1943, SOE Section F (France) leader
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661:
173:
Prosper was magnificent, strong, young, courageous and decisive, a kind of Ivanhoe; but he should have been a cavalry officer, not a spy.
166:
303:
Parachute drops of weapons and supplies arranged by DĂ©ricourt began in March 1943. Parachute reception teams and drop areas were in the
215:
respectively, had been destroyed by the Germans. Suttill's job was to build a network under British control on their remnants. With the
626:
134:
597:, who was known to oppose the existence of SOE, has been identified as the perpetrator of the deception scheme and alleged betrayal.
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they would maintain or expand their occupation forces in western Europe, rather than sending resources east to combat the advancing
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where he was held in solitary confinement in the prison block until he was hanged or shot about 23 March 1945. He was awarded the
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network. There were two main clusters: one in the Vernon/Beauvais/Meru triangle to the northwest of Paris and the other between
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head of the SD in Paris, to wire his opposite number, Maurice Buckmaster, at SOE. Kieffer drafted and sent a message saying:
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34:
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On 15 May 1943, Suttill returned to London for unknown reasons. He was parachuted back in France over Romorantin, now
22:
706:
Suttill, Francis J. and Foot, Michael R.D. (2012), "The enigma of the 'prosper' network: the catastrophe of 1943,"
208:
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243:
242:, parachuted into France to prepare for his arrival. He himself parachuted into France on 1 October 1942 near
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The conspiracy theory was debunked by Foot and by Suttill's son, Francis J. Suttill. The SOE historian,
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If a pact existed, the Germans violated it, as many SOE agents and French collaborators were executed.
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328:
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and not executed as spies. Whether such a pact existed has been debated by historians. A SOE agent,
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working with or cooperating with SOE. Many were killed, executed, or died in concentration camps.
1250:
Shadows in the Fog : The True Story of Major Suttill and the Prosper French Resistance Network
271:
proposed invasion. Suttill stockpiled arms and ammunition parachuted in from England to that end.
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envisioned a strong resistance network based in Paris to harass the German occupiers of France.
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London: Bloomsbury Reader, Kindle Edition, originally published in 1988, locations 1119-1136.
435:, by directing her to a compromised letter-box. He cancelled all passwords and letter-boxes.
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ferried agents back and forth to England. A canister beneath the fuselage carried supplies.
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which were folded into Prosper included at least one German agent. Moreover, the German
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as a child and one leg was shorter than the other although he could walk without a limp.
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headquarters, failed to recognize clear signs that the Germans had infiltrated Prosper.
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125:, Lancashire, England. For the school year 1927/8, he attended the College de Marcq in
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sent us you may rest assured they will be treated with the consideration they deserve.
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1217:, Frank Cass Publishers, 2004 (first published London, HMSO 1966). Official history.
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groups and supplied them with weapons and equipment parachuted in from England.
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Was the Prosper French resistance circuit betrayed by the British in 1943?
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or Gilbert Norman who had been captured by the Germans. In October 1943,
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74:
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450:'s reception sites. On the morning of 21 June, Culioli and his courier,
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On the night of 22/23 January 1943, a much-traveled French pilot named
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50:
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All the King's Men: The Truth Behind SOE's Greatest Wartime Disaster
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A Life in Secrets: The Story of Vera Atkins and S.O.E's Lost Agents
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Le réseau Prosper-Physician et ses activités dans la région Centre
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Most of the SOE "visitors" captured by the Germans were executed.
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81:, would later be accused of being a double agent for the Germans.
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262:) in December. Most SOE networks had only one wireless operator.
319:, soon to be taken over by the Tinker network. Also, both the
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Special Operations Executive personnel killed in World War II
1208:
Bodyguard of Lies: The Extraordinary True Story Behind D-Day
25:(born, France, 17 March 1910 – executed, c. 1945), code name
495:
684:
London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office pp. 143, 147, 309
41:. Suttill was the creator and organiser (leader) of the
1203:, (revised edition). Manchester: Crecy Publishing, 2000.
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by his son, Francis J. Suttill, was published in 2014.
145:. He married Margaret Montrose in 1935 and had 2 sons.
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On the night of 15–16 June, two SOE agents, Canadians
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although more commonly was called by his code name of
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La Sologne au temps de l'heroisme et de la trahaison,
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department of France. A biography of Suttill titled
1353:
British people executed in Nazi concentration camps
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People who died in Sachsenhausen concentration camp
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Barnsley, Yorkshire: Frontline Books, pages 148-149
1358:French people executed in Nazi concentration camps
1191:Histoire de la RĂ©sistance en France de 1940 Ă 1945
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730:
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266:although concerned about its connections with the
625:posthumously. Francis Suttill is honoured on the
104:SOE networks (or circuits) in France, June 1943.
1236:La guerre secrete : les reseaux buckmaster
399:
185:In May 1940, Suttill was commissioned into the
171:
1318:British Special Operations Executive personnel
45:or Prosper network (or circuit) in and around
1348:British Army personnel killed in World War II
1328:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
1323:French Special Operations Executive personnel
8:
887:
446:, were dropped to one of sub-network leader
85:, the leader of the French section at SOE's
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486:Dr. Josef Goetz was the wireless expert at
494:(SD), the security service of the German
230:On 24 September 1942, Suttill's courier,
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673:
412:On 22 April 1943, the Tambour sisters,
763:London: The History Press, pp. 21-24,
708:World Wars and Contemporary Conflicts,
636:and also on the Roll of Honour on the
1333:People educated at Stonyhurst College
1245:, Imprimerie Nouvelle, Orléans, 1950.
892:, Bulletin d'Association ERIL, 2010.
379:at a Paris cafe. The remnants of the
7:
1308:People from Nord (French department)
427:, on 21 May with another SOE agent,
61:. SOE agents allied themselves with
813:New York: Thomas H. Crowell, p. 127
461:, head of the Juggler Network, and
1269:Intelligence and National Security
871:Perrin, Nigel, "Francis Suttill,"
747:Perrin, Nigel, "Francis Suttill,"
627:Commonwealth War Graves Commission
490:in Paris, the headquarters of the
14:
780:. Glasgow: Fontana. p. 133.
697:New York: Doubleday, pp 30, 35-41
662:Timeline of SOE's Prosper Network
457:The arrests continued. On 1 July
167:Timeline of SOE's Prosper Network
1368:English people of French descent
1045:New York: Penguin Press, p. 189.
615:Sachsenhausen concentration camp
505:By 6 June 1944, the date of the
311:in Normandy, three areas around
207:and Autogiro, led by Frenchmen
323:network around Nantes and the
1:
1313:East Surrey Regiment officers
395:German destruction of Prosper
1363:20th-century British lawyers
1282:Biography of Francis Suttill
1263:Suttill, Francis J (2023). "
853:Marshall, location 1373-1390
759:Suttill, Francis J. (2014),
331:were originally part of the
275:DĂ©ricourt and air operations
35:Special Operations Executive
1252:, The History Press, 2014.
623:Distinguished Service Order
591:Secret Intelligence Service
1394:
1147:Suttill, page 270-271, 278
909:Cowburn, Benjamin (2014),
164:
133:. He then read law at the
831:Marshall, Robert (2012),
809:Cookridge, E. H. (1967),
776:Marshall, Robert (1989).
550:
375:, met frequently to play
1343:Members of Lincoln's Inn
1224:, Arms and Armour, 1989.
1193:, Robert Laffont, 1976.
1041:Glass, Charles (2018),
1023:Suttill, 2014, page 343
949:Cookridge, pp. 131-132.
713:, accessed 31 Jan 2020.
468:
440:John Kenneth Macalister
347:, an area known as the
16:British espionage agent
1284:at Nigel Perrin's site
1238:, France Empire, 1991.
1231:, Little, Brown, 2005.
1201:We Landed by Moonlight
1129:Suttill, pages 267-287
1108:Helm, 116-117, 304-306
1090:Cookridge, pp. 150-153
888:
874:, accessed 23 Jan 2020
862:Foot, p. 289-290, 298.
766:, accessed 31 Jan 2020
750:, accessed 17 Jan 2020
520:
404:
288:
203:Earlier SOE networks,
175:
148:Suttill suffered from
105:
37:(SOE) organization in
20:Francis Alfred Suttill
1206:Anthony Cave Brown –
710:No. 246, pp. 139-146,
680:Foot, M.R.D. (1966),
638:Valençay SOE Memorial
630:Memorial at Groesbeek
609:Execution and honours
551:DĂ©ricourt's deception
515:
282:
244:La Ferté-sous-Jouarre
103:
1248:Francis J Suttill –
911:No Cloak, No Dagger,
593:(SIS) deputy leader
525:
469:Buckmaster's blunder
425:Romorantin-Lanthenay
329:Saint-Quentin, Aisne
187:East Surrey Regiment
113:Suttill was born in
29:was an agent of the
1120:, pp. 275–278.
996:Foot, pp. 319, 339.
833:All The King's Men,
800:Helm, pp. 12, 28-29
761:Shadows in the Fog,
693:Helm Sarah (2005),
579:Conspiracy theories
351:between the rivers
254:) in November, and
213:Pierre de Vomécourt
135:University of Lille
1063:Cookridge, pp. 142
1054:Foot, pp. 319, 339
1043:They Fought Alone,
1014:Foot, pp. 328-335.
940:Foot, pp. 309,315.
931:Foot, pp. 309-310.
811:Set Europe Ablaze,
695:A Life in Secrets,
650:Shadows in the Fog
476:Maurice Buckmaster
289:
221:Maurice Buckmaster
123:Stonyhurst College
106:
83:Maurice Buckmaster
1258:978 0 7509 5591 1
1241:Paul Guillaume –
1189:Henri Noguères –
1156:Cookridge, p. 244
1099:Foot, pp. 298-300
1081:Helm, pp. 346-361
898:978-2-9536350-0-3
787:978-0-00-637157-1
722:Foot, p. 143, 147
569:Nicolas Bodington
507:Normandy invasion
492:Sicherheitsdienst
444:Frank Pickersgill
307:in Belgium, near
285:Westland Lysander
63:French Resistance
1385:
1215:S.O.E. in France
1213:M. R. D. Foot –
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369:Benjamin Cowburn
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557:Henri DĂ©ricourt
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452:Yvonne Rudellat
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367:In April 1943,
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327:network around
315:and two around
293:Henri DĂ©ricourt
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179:Henri DĂ©ricourt
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161:Prosper Network
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79:Henri DĂ©ricourt
33:'s clandestine
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1234:Marcel Ruby –
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1138:Foot, p. 307
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565:Henri Frager
560:
555:The role of
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209:André Girard
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191:British Army
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156:World War II
147:
131:Baccalauréat
112:
91:
67:
59:Nazi Germany
39:World War II
26:
19:
18:
1303:1945 deaths
1298:1910 births
1197:Hugh Verity
1072:Helm, p. 71
844:Helm, p. 29
634:Netherlands
602:M.R.D. Foot
541:Vera Atkins
109:Early years
55:Axis powers
1292:Categories
1222:Jacqueline
668:References
459:Jean Worms
268:communists
252:Archambaud
195:Physician,
165:See also:
644:, in the
500:Funkspiel
482:Funkspiel
418:Madeleine
333:Physician
139:barrister
43:Physician
656:See also
642:Valençay
561:Gilbert,
414:Germaine
373:Francine
363:Security
325:Musician
305:Ardennes
297:Gilbert,
199:Prosper.
75:Atlantic
71:Ardennes
27:Prosper,
1210:, 1975.
632:in the
385:Gestapo
349:Sologne
345:Vierzon
341:Orléans
313:Le Mans
309:Falaise
240:Monique
189:of the
73:to the
1256:
1175:Perrin
896:
784:
619:Berlin
586:Soviet
389:Abwehr
321:Privet
317:Troyes
260:Marcel
236:Denise
225:London
217:allied
87:London
51:France
646:Indre
617:near
377:poker
353:Loire
337:Tours
205:Carte
150:polio
119:Lille
117:near
47:Paris
1254:ISBN
894:ISBN
782:ISBN
442:and
416:and
387:and
357:Cher
355:and
343:and
283:The
238:and
211:and
1267:".
640:in
223:in
141:at
23:DSO
1294::
1199:–
879:^
727:^
571:.
496:SS
359:.
339:,
49:,
1271:.
1260:.
900:.
790:.
258:(
250:(
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