813:, formerly SOE's intelligence officer, interviewed Josef Kieffer, former SD head in Paris, who had been captured after the war and was in an allied prison awaiting trial. Kieffer confirmed that Henri Déricourt had been a German agent of Karl Böemelburg, Kieffer's boss. Déricourt was known as BOE 48, Böemelburg's forty-eighth agent. However, Atkin's report of her interview with Kieffer was uncustomarily brief and vague. Kieffer did not confirm that he had made a pact of cooperation with Suttill or Norman, but said that Norman had "helped a lot" as had other SOE agents. Those agents who had not "helped" were Noor Inayat Khan, France Antelme, and Frank Pickersgill. Atkin's interview with Kieffer was conducted in the context of allegations being made in France that Suttill had betrayed his French associates. Moreover, the Suttill family was bitter at the lack of help and information given them by SOE. Author Helm speculated that Atkins manipulated and concealed information to coverup SOE's mistakes.
480:
their imprisonment to allow time for other
Prosper agents who might be compromised to flee. Kieffer then demonstrated to them the breadth of his knowledge about the Prosper network. He gave them the impression that he had an agent in SOE headquarters, knew everything about Prosper, and that resistance to his questioning was futile. One or both of them is alleged to have made a pact with Kieffer to give him full information about the location of cached arms in return for their lives and the lives of other captured agents. Kieffer later said that Suttill "did not want to make any statement" but that Norman "who had not the integrity of Prosper , made a very full statement." Borrel apparently cooperated. Culioli is also alleged to have given information to the Germans.
709:. As the allies advanced, the Germans transported SOE agents imprisoned in France to Germany where most of them were executed. The radio game the Germans played with SOE had run out and Josef Kieffer, SD head in Paris, sent a taunting message to his opposite number, Maurice Buckmaster, at SOE. "We thank you," Kieffer said, "for the large deliveries of arms and ammunition which you have been kind enough to send us. We also appreciate the many tips you have given us regarding our plans and intentions which we have carefully noted. In case you are concerned about the health of some of the visitors you have sent us, you may rest assured they will be treated with the consideration they deserve."
107:
338:. According to Buckmaster, SOE wanted to quell growing French expectations of an allied invasion of France in 1943. However, Buckmaster contradicted himself in another book by saying that he received a top-secret hint that the invasion would take place in 1943. Historians have speculated that he told Suttill to increase the activities of his network to support the anticipated 1943 invasion (which did not occur until June 1944). In either event, Suttill's mood was grim. He criticized SOE headquarters for its mistakes, cited problems within his network, and said the network may have been penetrated by the Germans.
277:
295:. He proceeded to Paris where he joined his wife and, unlike most SOE agents, lived under his own name as he was a well-known pilot. DĂ©ricourt was designated as the air movements officer for Prosper, finding landing fields for clandestine flights from Britain, sending off and receiving passengers on those flights, and receiving supplies and messages. He acted also as a postman, collecting uncoded messages from agents in France for SOE Headquarters in London. DĂ©ricourt is alleged to have been a pre-war friend of
56:, Suttill had early success in finding French supporters willing to oppose the German occupation of France. Prosper soon had links from the "Ardennes to the Atlantic" in northern France with 30 SOE agents and hundreds of French associates. The destruction of Prosper began with the capture by Germans of Suttill and others in June 1943 and continued for months afterwards. SOE French Section headquarters in London, headed by
265:
228:, a courier for the Carte network, had his briefcase stolen by a German agent. The briefcase contained the names and personal information about more than 200 Carte supporters. The Germans continued to observe Carte, but did not take immediate action to arrest those people on the list. Suttill would unknowingly be in contact with many people on the Carte list as he built the Prosper network.
501:
532:
inserted into a message by a wireless operator to prove who was transmitting the message. Buckmaster refused to believe that the message was not genuine and sent back a reply to Norman's radio saying, "You have forgotten your double security check. Be more careful next time." He had inadvertently told the
Germans how to transmit messages to SOE which would be accepted as genuine.
845:
testify against DĂ©ricourt, nor was Vera Atkin's report of her interview of
Kieffer presented as evidence that Déricourt had been a German agent. Déricourt was acquitted—to the fury of many SOE agents, including Atkins, who believed he had betrayed SOE. It remains a mystery why no former officials or agents of the now defunct SOE testified against Déricourt at the trial.
385:, parachuted into the Sologne region near where the explosion had occurred on 13 June. They were met by Pierre Culioli and Yvonne Ruddelat. The Canadians brought with them several messages for other SOE agents and crystals for Gilbert Norman's radio. Their SOE-forged identification papers were out of date and they remained in hiding while Culioli had new documents made.
348:, arrived at a Paris cafe asking for "Gilbert" (DĂ©ricourt), and requesting evacuation to Britain. Without attempting to verify the bona fides of the bogus Dutch agents, several legitimate SOE agents met with them. The incident is significant because it illustrates the lack of attention to security by Prosper agents and the ease by which the network could be infiltrated.
182:, a horse groom who was to work for Suttill. Suttill hurt his knee on landing. He proceeded to Paris to meet Borrel in a cafe she was familiar with. Reunited with each other, the couple embarked on a tour of northern France, masquerading as a brother and sister who were selling agricultural equipment, and utilizing a list of contacts supplied to SOE by the
89:'s conclusions were that the errors were due to "terrible incompetence and tragic mistakes". Mark Seaman cited also the "efficient practices" of the German security forces. The opposing view, advocated by a few, is that Prosper was deliberately sacrificed by the British intelligence services as part of
555:
Through radio contacts and notes allegedly from Norman, a meeting was set up for
Bodington and Agazarian to meet Norman at a Paris apartment. Suspicious of treachery, only Agazarian went to the apartment where Gerrmans met and captured him. According to Bodington, they flipped a coin to see who would
370:
region one or more cannisters full of arms and ammunition exploded arousing German attention. Pierre
Culioli requested Suttill to halt the near-nightly air activities in the Sologne as a result of the increased German presence. Suttill refused and the landings and airdrops continued. The Germans set
844:
Former SOE Deputy
Nicolas Bodington testified in DĂ©ricourt's defense at his trial. Bodington said that SOE headquarters knew of DĂ©ricourt's contacts with the Germans, He said that "I had total trust in DĂ©ricourt and recommended he maintain his contacts with the Germans." Nobody from SOE showed up to
830:
Josef
Kieffer was hanged. Author Helm, Vera Atkins, and others have questioned Kieffer's death sentence while other Germans charged with more serious crimes were punished less severely. Furthermore, they asked questions as to why the British did not delay Kieffer's execution so he could tell what he
823:
by the
British convicted Kieffer of carrying out the order of his superiors to execute five British soldiers. The charge was unrelated to Kieffer's destruction of the Prosper Network. SOE agent John Starr, formerly a prisoner of Kieffer in Paris, was the only witness in Kieffer's defense. Starr said
524:
saw the two men being led away in handcuffs by the
Germans. Worms was executed by the Germans on 29 March 1945; Guerne survived and later said he escaped from a train enroute to a German concentration camp. Only the communist associates of Prosper were unaffected as they were "looking to Suttill for
479:
Only fragmentary accounts exist of their first few days as prisoners of the
Germans, but apparently the leadership trio—Suttill, Norman, and Borrel—were not mistreated. In accordance with SOE doctrine, Suttill and Norman refused under questioning to give any information during the first 48 hours of
642:
attempted to escape from 84 Avenue Foch by climbing through a skylight. They were recaptured. Kieffer said if they promised not to try to escape again he would forgive them. Starr promised, Noor and Faye did not. The next day the two of them were enroute to concentration camps in Germany where both
200:
had accused Culioli of being a double agent. None of the SOE agents was willing to administer the pill. Flower also attempted to get rid of Rudellat by leaving incriminating items in her room. Culioli was furious at this attack on his character and loyalty. He and Ruddelat broke off relations with
653:
estimated that German arrests of SOE agents and French associates in 1943 totaled 400. Francis J. Suttill, son of SOE agent Suttill, listed more than 180 persons arrested and deported to German concentration camps in 1943. About one-half of them were executed or died. Not included on his list were
617:
Noor Inayat Khan was captured along with her radio by the Germans in Paris. Noor was possibly betrayed by Renée Garry, sister of Noor's organiser Emile Garry, for the reward the Germans offered for information regarding SOE agents. Noor made several attempts to escape and was impervious to German
486:
The German roundup of SOE agents and their French associates netted them a large quantity of arms and two working radios, that of Norman and of the Canadian Macalister. The Germans recalled their radio expert at SD Headquarters in Paris, Dr. Josef Goetz, from vacation to exploit the two radios in
531:
A radio message arrived at SOE Headquarters in London purporting to be from Gilbert Norman in Paris, but actually from the Germans. The message said that Suttill had been captured, but that he, Norman, was still at large. However, the message lacked the spelling mistakes and phrases deliberately
93:
to mislead the Germans about allied plans for the invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe. The reasoning behind the deception was that if the Germans anticipated an invasion of France in 1943, they would maintain or expand their occupation forces in western Europe, rather than sending resources east to
466:
Francis Suttill was captured by German agents in a cheap hotel in Paris. Norman and Borrel were the only people who had known his location. Suttill was taken to the SD headquarters at 84 Avenue Foch. Suttill's last message to SOE Headquarters also arrived in London on this date. He complained
421:
they were stopped by Germans and Macalister and Pickersgill were captured. Culioli and Ruddelat attempted to flee in the automobile, but, chased by Germans, Ruddelat was shot in the head and Culioli crashed into a wall. Both survived the crash and were captured. Culioli had a list of names and
323:
and Madeleine Tambour were captured in Paris by the Germans. Germaine had been the secretary for the now-defunct Carte network. Ten SOE agents had used the Tambour's house as a letter box and meeting place, violating SOE doctrine that agents should have limited contact with each other. Suttill
596:
was captured. He met Norman at SD headquarters who told him that he and Suttill had made a pact with the Germans and that the Germans knew everything about Prosper and, to save his life, Rousset should admit to being an SOE agent. Rousset also said that DĂ©ricourt and "somebody in London" were
585:
who were fleeing the Prosper disaster. On his return, Bodington blamed the destruction of Prosper on poor security and the collaboration by Suttill with communists. He also said there was "not the slightest possibility" that DĂ©ricourt's air operations organization had been infiltrated by the
538:
Unsure of what was happening with the Prosper Network, but believing that Gilbert Norman was still free and in control of his radio, SOE headquarters radioed him saying that a "London representative" would be coming to Paris to investigate. The reply the same day from "Norman"
556:
go to the meeting and Agazarian lost. A witness claimed that Bodington ordered Agazarian to go to the meeting. After Agazarian's capture, Bodington continued to investigate the fate of Prosper, making contact with SOE agents Noor Inayat Khan, Emile Garry, and
64:, was slow to recognize that Prosper had been destroyed and that its radios were controlled by the Germans. Most of the captured SOE agents and many of their French associates were executed. SOE agents captured by the Germans were customarily treated with the
467:
bitterly about SOE's mistake in giving Noor Inayat Khan the location of a 'blown" letterbox which nearly resulted in her capture by the Germans. He accused SOE headquarters of "breaking a cardinal rule by allowing one circuit to be contaminated by another."
698:
SOE agents and Prosper associates Gilbert Norman, Frank Pickersgill, and John Macalister were among about two dozen SOE agents transported to Germany by railroad. Norman was in poor condition. He said he had tried to escape and had been shot three
611:, arrived at 84 Avenue Foch and met Gilbert Norman. Starr said that Norman told him that Suttill had made a pact with the Germans to save the lives of SOE agents and there was no need to resist interrogation as the Germans knew everything.
673:
After interviewing and investigating DĂ©ricourt, who "makes a good personal impression", a committee of top SOE officials decided that should not be allowed to go back to France based on doubts about his loyalty and his contacts with the
570:
wrote a note to Bodington in Paris saying that the Germans were in control of several SOE radios and that Henri DĂ©ricourt was "the chief source of the Gestapo's information." Bodington rejected Frager's accusations against
837:
Henri DĂ©ricourt, awaiting trial, wrote his wife, "they will have to release me for I have done nothing to be reproached for. The witnesses for the prosecution vanish one after the other and the accusations no longer have
460:, commander in Paris of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD), the intelligence agency of the SS. 84 Avenue Foch was the usual place where captured SOE agents were interrogated and imprisoned for varying lengths of time.
44:) usually consisted of three agents: an organizer and leader, a courier, and a radio operator. However, Prosper, based in Paris, grew to be much larger. The Prosper Network began in September 1942 when
33:. The objectives of SOE were to conduct espionage, sabotage, and reconnaissance in occupied Europe and Asia against the Axis powers, especially Nazi Germany. SOE agents in France allied themselves with
628:(an associate of Frager but unknown to him an informer of the Gestapo) onto the airplane. The purpose of Frager's return was to tell SOE headquarters that a "Colonel Heinrich" (actually German agent
77:
in his official history of SOE's F (French) Section were that the disaster was caused by the incompetence by SOE agents in France and gullibility by SOE leaders in London, plus the work of a "
473:
Noor Inayat Khan radioed SOE headquarters that Suttill, Norman, and Borrel "had disappeared, believed arrested." It would be almost two weeks before more details would reach SOE headquarters.
324:
attempted to free the sisters by bribing the Germans with one million francs, but the Germans deceived him by releasing two prostitutes instead. The Tambour sisters were later executed in
2076:
824:
he and other prisoners were treated well and that he did not believe that Kieffer "would take part in the deliberate murder of British prisoners." Kieffer was sentenced to death.
549:
SOE Deputy Nicolas Bodington and radio operator Jack Agazarian arrived in France by clandestine aircraft and were met on the ground by Henri DĂ©ricourt. They proceeded to Paris.
73:
The literature about the Prosper network is large and theories, often conspiratorial, abound about the reasons for the fall of Prosper and its aftermath. The conclusions of
201:
Flower, joined Suttill, and created the small Adolph Network which became a sub-network of Prosper. Flower was later withdrawn from France by SOE at the request of Suttill.
504:
The B2 radio weighed a cumbersome 15 kg (33 lb) and required a long exterior aerial to transmit. A radio operator had the most dangerous of SOE jobs in France.
624:
Henri Frager returned to Britain via Lysander on a flight organized by DĂ©ricourt. They two had an altercation before the flight as DĂ©ricourt tried but failed to force
2061:
70:(Night and Fog) policy by which they disappeared without a trace into German concentration camps or were executed with no records being kept as to their fate.
313:
and dropped off four agents and boarded four more for return to Britain. DĂ©ricourt arranged successful landings in France for 11 Lysanders by the end of June.
452:
Gilbert Norman and Andrée Borrel, who had become lovers, were captured by the Germans about midnight at the home of a friend in Paris. They were taken to
2071:
156:, 160 km (99 mi) southwest of Paris. Borrel was the first female agent of SOE to arrive in France by parachute. She was met by SOE agents
738:. An eyewitness said she had possibly been raped and was "terribly beaten" and a "bloody mess." She was shot in the back of the head by SS guard
831:
knew about SOE agents and their cooperation with the Germans. Kieffer's extensive knowledge of SOE and the Prosper Network mostly died with him.
632:) had told him that DĂ©ricourt "was working for the Germans." SOE F Section leader Buckmaster did not believe Frager's charges against DĂ©ricourt.
716:
520:
were captured at a Paris cafe. Worms ate lunch every day in the cafe, another lapse in SOE's guidance for agents' personal security. SOE agent
234:
Prosper received its first air drop of guns, grenades, and plastic explosive. Suttill, Borrel, Rudellat, and Norman were at the drop site near
2051:
218:
or the "Free zone." Life for SOE agents in southern France became more dangerous, but most of Prosper's operations were in northern France.
106:
597:
traitors. Rousset later escaped from the Germans and became a major source of information to SOE about the fate of captured Prosper agents
395:, arrived in France by Lysander airplane. She was met by Henri DĂ©ricourt. On 20 June Gilbert Norman radioed SOE that Noor had arrived in
130:(Security Service) which said that it was "unable to guarantee his reliability." Despite those concerns he was subsequently recruited by
719:. A prisoner in the camp described the women as "healthy and smartly dressed and might have walked in off any London or Paris street."
334:
Francis Suttill departed France by clandestine flight to London for consultations with SOE Headquarters, especially F Section Leader
776:
667:
Henri DĂ©ricourt departed France by Lysander to return to Britain accompanied by his wife. He was suspected of being a German agent.
325:
762:
436:
The arms and equipment air-dropped to SOE agents for the French Resistance in 1943 up until this date totaled more than 500
2056:
726:
577:
Bodington returned to Britain by clandestine flight. On the same flight with him were SOE agents (and brother and sister)
427:
692:
as they stepped off the airplane bringing them from Britain. All three were imprisoned and later executed by the Germans.
196:
parachuted into France near Crouy-sur-Cosson. Norman carried with him a poison pill to kill Pierre Culioli, as SOE agent
446:
Radio operator Jack Agazarian, now in London, wrote a report in which he described Henri DĂ©ricourt's security as faulty.
135:
26:
804:
Henri DĂ©ricourt was arrested by French police in Paris and charged with having had "Intelligence With the Enemy."
423:
560:
who briefed him on events. While Bodington was in Paris, the Germans captured three more SOE agents and a radio.
251:
parachuted into France to join the Prosper Network as a second radio operator. He was later joined by his wife
175:
618:
interrogation. Her interrogator, SD's Ernest Vogt, said, "She is impossible. I never met a woman like her."
382:
513:
276:
207:
238:, 75 km (47 mi) northwest of Paris. The arms were distributed to resistance groups, including
422:
addresses of SOE agents and supporters in his briefcase. Ruddelat died of mistreatment and illness in
680:
The Germans continued to use captured SOE radios to deceive SOE and its agents. The Germans captured
426:
about 23 April 1945, after the camp had been liberated by Allied forces. Culioli survived the war in
851:
DĂ©ricourt was killed when the small plane he was flying ran out of gas and crashed on a flight from
689:
344:
Two Dutch men, Richard Christmann and Karl Boden, posing as SOE agents but belonging to the German
123:
2066:
715:
Andrée Borrel was one of four female SOE agents executed on this date by lethal injection at the
604:
335:
252:
214:
and in response the Germans occupied the previously-unoccupied portion of southern France called
57:
404:
119:
82:
142:, now the second in command of SOE's French section, endorsed his employment enthusiastically.
578:
378:
306:
296:
269:
139:
90:
61:
34:
820:
392:
153:
149:
45:
748:
Henri Frager was one of several SOE agents executed by shooting on this date at Buchenwald.
272:
ferried agents back and forth to England. A canister beneath the fuselage carried supplies.
739:
582:
171:
157:
66:
49:
320:
235:
225:
174:, the leader of Prosper, was dropped blind (without a reception group) by parachute near
681:
453:
400:
264:
248:
193:
161:
2045:
629:
593:
525:
arms and money, but not for orders" and had retained their operational independence.
457:
197:
183:
74:
625:
567:
557:
437:
354:
Francis Suttill arrived back in Paris after his visit to SOE Headquarters in London
215:
211:
134:(Secret Intelligence Service) before having his name and credentials passed to the
95:
30:
543:
the Germans) gave SOE an address to be contacted when the representative arrived.
521:
517:
810:
650:
512:
The capture of SOE agents and their French associates by the Germans continued.
360:
Suttill told friends "somebody who had enjoyed my trust must be a double agent."
37:
groups and supplied them with weapons and equipment parachuted in from Britain.
500:
430:. Pickersgill and Macalister were executed in Buchenwald on 14 September 1944.
396:
239:
86:
685:
179:
856:
852:
488:
414:
639:
310:
255:, a courier. They were one of only a few married couples working for SOE.
78:
122:
arrived in the United Kingdom after being smuggled out of France by the
418:
367:
292:
242:
who were numerous and well-organized in the northern suburbs of Paris.
766:
735:
413:
Culioli and Ruddelat intended to drive Pickersgill and Macalister to
345:
516:, an aspirant to leadership of Prosper after Suttill's capture, and
769:
where he had been held in solitary confinement in the prison block.
706:
608:
499:
275:
263:
178:, 60 km (37 mi) east of Paris. Parachuting with him was
105:
53:
305:
DĂ©ricourt accomplished his first air operation successfully. Two
440:, each containing up to 150 kg (330 lb) of supplies.
131:
127:
886:
884:
761:
Francis Suttill was hanged or shot on or about this date at
785:
World War II ended in Europe with the surrender of Germany.
1441:
1439:
29:(SOE) in 1943. SOE was a secret British organization in
742:
who was later executed for war crimes by the Americans.
309:
airplanes landed at night on a clandestine field near
40:
An SOE network in France (also called a circuit or a
25:, was the most important network in France of the
859:, Laos. DĂ©ricourt was involved in smuggling opium.
152:parachuted into France, landing near the town of
138:(SOE) in November 1942. DĂ©ricourt's old friend,
210:military forces invaded French possessions in
2077:British intelligence services of World War II
2026:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press.
1978:Jacqueline, Pioneer Heroine of the Resistance
1934:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: The History Press.
399:near Paris. Inayat Khan initially worked for
8:
1745:
986:
798:SOE was abolished by the British government.
291:, was dropped by parachute into France near
684:, an experienced agent, his radio operator
48:parachuted into France, followed by leader
1943:. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
1923:Originally published in Great Britain as
1226:
705:Allied military forces invaded France on
186:which operated mostly in southern France.
1901:
1889:
1865:
1793:
938:
1769:
1637:
1529:
1517:
1505:
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1010:
974:
926:
890:
868:
1853:
1685:
1601:
1577:
1481:
1274:
1262:
717:Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp
1829:
1817:
1781:
1721:
1625:
1553:
1334:
7:
2062:Organizations disestablished in 1946
1877:
1841:
1805:
1757:
1733:
1709:
1697:
1673:
1661:
1649:
1613:
1589:
1565:
1541:
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1406:
1382:
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1022:
998:
962:
950:
914:
902:
875:
2017:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberly.
2008:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberly.
654:those jailed and killed in France.
638:Noor Inayat Khan, John Starr, and
417:to catch a trail to Paris, but in
14:
2072:World War II resistance movements
734:Noor Inayat Khan was executed at
164:, who posed as a married couple,
1989:. London: Oneworld Publications.
1980:. London: Arms and Armour Press.
941:, pp. 43–48, 52, 64, 97–99.
763:Sachsenhausen concentration camp
2036:. Manchester: Crecy Publishing.
775:Jack Agazarian was executed at
725:Gilbert Norman was executed at
371:up checkpoints around the area.
1921:. New York: Thomas V. Crowell.
777:FlossenbĂĽrg concentration camp
326:RavensbrĂĽck concentration camp
118:Itinerant French pilot France
1:
2038:Originally published in 1978.
2028:Originally published in 2014.
2000:Originally published in 1988.
1951:The German Penetration of SOE
1949:Fuller, Jean Overton (1975).
1945:Originally published in 1966.
727:Mauthausen concentration camp
428:Buchenwald concentration camp
224:Traveling by train to Paris,
2052:Special Operations Executive
2022:Suttill, Francis J. (2018).
1998:. London: Fontana Paperback.
299:, the Gestapo head in Paris.
287:Henri DĂ©ricourt, code named
136:Special Operations Executive
52:a few days later. Based in
27:Special Operations Executive
1181:, p. 124-125, 269-273.
607:, captured and tortured in
2093:
2013:O'Connor, Bernard (2018).
2004:O'Connor, Bernard (2012).
1962:. New York: Penguin Press.
126:. He was investigated by
1994:Marshall, Robert (1989).
1985:Marnham, Patrick (2020).
1971:. New York: Anchor Books.
1953:. London: William Kimber.
1930:Escott, Beryl E. (2010).
1917:Cookridge, E. H. (1967).
424:Belsen concentration camp
1085:, pp. 198–199, 291.
487:what the Germans called
1958:Glass, Charles (2018).
1939:Foot, M. R. D. (1976).
649:Official SOE historian
496:1943 (July to December)
124:Pat O'Leary Escape Line
505:
280:
273:
260:1943 (January to June)
111:
2034:We Landed by Midnight
2032:Verity, Hugh (2017).
1976:King, Stella (1989).
503:
377:Two Canadian agents,
366:At an airdrop in the
279:
267:
176:La Ferté-sous-Jouarre
109:
94:combat the advancing
2057:Covert organizations
1967:Helm, Sarah (2005).
1484:, pp. 113, 211.
1133:, pp. 290, 363.
1109:, pp. 275, 294.
1073:, pp. 138, 257.
905:, pp. 289, 309.
1932:The Heroines of SOE
1904:, pp. 275–278.
1892:, pp. 263–270.
1880:, pp. 362–364.
1856:, pp. 158–163.
1820:, pp. 257–258.
1808:, pp. 346–361.
1796:, pp. 259–260.
1736:, pp. 264–273.
1676:, pp. 300–301.
1640:, pp. 377–385.
1628:, pp. 137–138.
1616:, pp. 286–287.
1592:, pp. 299–300.
1580:, pp. 100–101.
1568:, pp. 308–309.
1496:, pp. 251–256.
1460:, pp. 324–327.
1433:, pp. 319–321.
1421:, pp. 209–210.
1409:, pp. 320–322.
1397:, pp. 210–216.
1385:, pp. 322–323.
1337:, pp. 104–106.
1313:, pp. 360–374.
1253:, pp. 314–315.
1241:, pp. 116–120.
1205:, pp. 311–314.
1097:, pp. 290–291.
893:, pp. 267–287.
878:, pp. 307–328.
690:Madeleine Damerment
491:, the "radio game."
19:The Prosper Network
2024:Shadows in the Fog
2006:Churchill's Angels
1996:All the King's Men
1987:War in the Shadows
1844:, p. 362-366.
1520:, p. 253-257.
1301:, pp. 214–21.
1157:, p. 121,344.
1001:, p. 239-246.
688:, and his courier
506:
456:, headquarters of
336:Maurice Buckmaster
281:
274:
112:
58:Maurice Buckmaster
21:, also called the
1969:A life in Secrets
1960:They Fought Alone
1919:Set Europe Ablaze
1544:, pp. 71–77.
1373:, pp. 34–37.
1361:, pp. 33–34.
1277:, pp. 41–43.
1265:, pp. 98–99.
1193:, pp. 29–30.
1037:, pp. 52–53.
1013:, pp. 49–50.
849:21 November 1962.
802:22 November 1946.
379:Frank Pickersgill
307:Westland Lysander
270:Westland Lysander
140:Nicolas Bodington
91:Operation Cockade
62:Nicolas Bodington
35:French Resistance
23:Physician Network
2084:
2037:
2027:
2018:
2009:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1944:
1935:
1922:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1857:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1803:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1152:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1128:
1122:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
879:
873:
835:29 January 1948.
821:war crimes trial
796:15 January 1946.
393:Noor Inayat Khan
154:Crouy-sur-Cosson
2092:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2042:
2041:
2031:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1993:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1938:
1929:
1916:
1913:
1908:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1708:
1704:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1117:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1081:
1077:
1069:
1065:
1057:
1053:
1045:
1041:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1005:
997:
993:
985:
981:
973:
969:
961:
957:
949:
945:
937:
933:
925:
921:
913:
909:
901:
897:
889:
882:
874:
870:
866:
792:
755:
740:Wilhelm Ruppert
661:
601:Late September.
583:Lise de Baissac
498:
391:Radio operator
262:
192:Radio operator
172:Francis Suttill
158:Yvonne Rudellat
120:Henri DĂ©ricourt
110:France in 1942.
104:
83:Henri DĂ©ricourt
67:Nacht und Nebel
50:Francis Suttill
12:
11:
5:
2090:
2088:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2029:
2019:
2010:
2001:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1936:
1927:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1894:
1882:
1870:
1868:, p. 266.
1858:
1846:
1834:
1832:, p. 258.
1822:
1810:
1798:
1786:
1784:, p. 255.
1774:
1772:, p. 331.
1762:
1750:
1748:, p. 108.
1738:
1726:
1724:, p. 189.
1714:
1702:
1700:, p. 402.
1690:
1688:, p. 218.
1678:
1666:
1664:, p. 300.
1654:
1652:, p. 321.
1642:
1630:
1618:
1606:
1604:, p. 167.
1594:
1582:
1570:
1558:
1556:, p. 107.
1546:
1534:
1532:, p. 306.
1522:
1510:
1508:, p. 255.
1498:
1486:
1474:
1472:, p. 251.
1462:
1450:
1448:, p. 345.
1435:
1423:
1411:
1399:
1387:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1349:, p. 316.
1339:
1327:
1325:, p. 299.
1315:
1303:
1291:
1289:, p. 395.
1279:
1267:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1229:, p. 138.
1227:Cookridge 1967
1219:
1217:, p. 190.
1207:
1195:
1183:
1171:
1169:, p. 309.
1159:
1147:
1145:, p. 298.
1135:
1123:
1121:, p. 356.
1111:
1099:
1087:
1075:
1063:
1051:
1049:, p. 205.
1039:
1027:
1025:, p. 199.
1015:
1003:
991:
989:, p. 103.
979:
977:, p. 267.
967:
955:
953:, p. 291.
943:
931:
919:
917:, p. 423.
907:
895:
880:
867:
865:
862:
861:
860:
846:
839:
832:
825:
817:12 March 1947.
814:
805:
799:
791:
788:
787:
786:
780:
770:
754:
751:
750:
749:
743:
729:
720:
710:
700:
693:
682:France Antelme
675:
668:
660:
657:
656:
655:
644:
643:were executed.
633:
619:
612:
598:
594:Marcel Rousset
587:
572:
561:
550:
544:
533:
526:
497:
494:
493:
492:
481:
474:
468:
461:
454:84 Avenue Foch
447:
441:
431:
408:
401:France Antelme
386:
383:Ken Macalister
372:
361:
355:
349:
339:
329:
314:
300:
297:Karl Bömelburg
261:
258:
257:
256:
249:Jack Agazarian
243:
229:
219:
202:
198:Raymond Flower
194:Gilbert Norman
187:
165:
162:Pierre Culioli
143:
103:
100:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2089:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1941:SOE in France
1937:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1925:Inside S.O.E.
1920:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1902:Marshall 1989
1898:
1895:
1891:
1890:Marshall 1989
1886:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1866:Marshall 1989
1862:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1794:Marshall 1989
1790:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1763:
1760:, p. 92.
1759:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1746:O'Connor 2012
1742:
1739:
1735:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1715:
1712:, p. 76.
1711:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1061:, p. 72.
1060:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1004:
1000:
995:
992:
988:
987:O'Connor 2018
983:
980:
976:
971:
968:
965:, p. 53.
964:
959:
956:
952:
947:
944:
940:
939:Marshall 1989
935:
932:
929:, p. 10.
928:
923:
920:
916:
911:
908:
904:
899:
896:
892:
887:
885:
881:
877:
872:
869:
863:
858:
854:
850:
847:
843:
840:
836:
833:
829:
828:26 June 1947.
826:
822:
818:
815:
812:
809:
808:January 1947.
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
793:
789:
784:
781:
778:
774:
771:
768:
764:
760:
757:
756:
752:
747:
744:
741:
737:
733:
732:12 September.
730:
728:
724:
721:
718:
714:
711:
708:
704:
701:
697:
694:
691:
687:
683:
679:
676:
672:
669:
666:
663:
662:
658:
652:
648:
645:
641:
637:
634:
631:
630:Hugo Bleicher
627:
623:
620:
616:
613:
610:
606:
602:
599:
595:
591:
588:
584:
580:
576:
573:
569:
565:
562:
559:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
537:
534:
530:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
508:
507:
502:
495:
490:
485:
482:
478:
475:
472:
469:
465:
462:
459:
458:Josef Kieffer
455:
451:
448:
445:
442:
439:
438:CLE Canisters
435:
432:
429:
425:
420:
416:
412:
409:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
387:
384:
380:
376:
373:
369:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
343:
340:
337:
333:
330:
327:
322:
318:
315:
312:
308:
304:
301:
298:
294:
290:
286:
283:
282:
278:
271:
266:
259:
254:
250:
247:
244:
241:
237:
233:
230:
227:
223:
222:mid-November.
220:
217:
213:
209:
206:
203:
199:
195:
191:
188:
185:
184:Carte network
181:
177:
173:
169:
166:
163:
159:
155:
151:
150:Andrée Borrel
147:
146:25 September.
144:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
114:
113:
108:
101:
99:
97:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
71:
69:
68:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:Andrée Borrel
43:
38:
36:
32:
28:
24:
20:
16:
2033:
2023:
2015:SOE Heroines
2014:
2005:
1995:
1986:
1977:
1968:
1959:
1950:
1940:
1931:
1924:
1918:
1911:Bibliography
1897:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1849:
1837:
1825:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1770:Suttill 2018
1765:
1753:
1741:
1729:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1638:Suttill 2018
1633:
1621:
1609:
1597:
1585:
1573:
1561:
1549:
1537:
1530:Suttill 2018
1525:
1518:Suttill 2018
1513:
1506:Suttill 2018
1501:
1494:Suttill 2018
1489:
1477:
1470:Suttill 2018
1465:
1453:
1446:Suttill 2018
1426:
1419:Suttill 2018
1414:
1402:
1395:Suttill 2018
1390:
1378:
1366:
1354:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1311:Suttill 2018
1306:
1299:Suttill 2018
1294:
1282:
1270:
1258:
1246:
1239:Marnham 2020
1234:
1222:
1215:Suttill 2018
1210:
1198:
1186:
1179:Suttill 2018
1174:
1162:
1155:Suttill 2018
1150:
1138:
1131:Suttill 2018
1126:
1114:
1107:Suttill 2018
1102:
1090:
1078:
1066:
1059:Suttill 2018
1054:
1042:
1035:Suttill 2018
1030:
1018:
1011:Suttill 2018
1006:
994:
982:
975:Marnham 2020
970:
958:
946:
934:
927:Suttill 2018
922:
910:
898:
891:Suttill 2018
871:
848:
841:
834:
827:
816:
807:
801:
795:
782:
772:
758:
745:
731:
723:6 September.
722:
712:
702:
695:
678:29 February.
677:
671:21 February.
670:
664:
647:End of year.
646:
636:25 November.
635:
626:Roger Bardet
621:
614:
600:
590:7 September.
589:
574:
568:Henri Frager
563:
558:Henri Frager
552:
546:
540:
535:
528:
522:Jacques Weil
518:Armel Guerne
509:
483:
476:
470:
463:
449:
443:
433:
410:
388:
374:
363:
357:
351:
341:
331:
316:
302:
288:
284:
246:30 December.
245:
232:18 November.
231:
226:André Marsac
221:
216:Vichy France
212:North Africa
204:
189:
167:
145:
116:8 September.
115:
72:
65:
41:
39:
31:World War II
22:
18:
17:
15:
1854:Fuller 1975
1686:Verity 2017
1602:Verity 2017
1578:Escott 2010
1482:Verity 2017
1275:Escott 2010
1263:Escott 2010
842:8 May 1948.
838:substance."
811:Vera Atkins
665:9 February.
651:M.R.D. Foot
622:21 October.
615:13 October,
405:ĂŠmile Garry
285:23 January.
205:8 November.
190:31 October.
168:2 October.
75:M.R.D. Foot
2046:Categories
1830:Glass 2018
1818:Glass 2018
1782:Glass 2018
1722:Glass 2018
1626:Glass 2018
1554:Glass 2018
1335:Glass 2018
746:5 October.
686:Lionel Lee
605:John Starr
603:SOE agent
592:SOE agent
575:16 August.
571:DĂ©ricourt.
566:SOE agent
514:Jean Worms
477:Late June.
403:and later
397:Versailles
240:communists
170:Organiser
87:Sarah Helm
2067:Saboteurs
1878:Helm 2005
1842:Helm 2005
1806:Helm 2005
1758:Helm 2005
1734:Helm 2005
1710:Helm 2005
1698:Foot 1976
1674:Foot 1976
1662:Foot 1976
1650:Foot 1976
1614:Helm 2005
1590:Foot 1976
1566:Helm 2005
1542:Helm 2005
1458:Helm 2005
1431:Foot 1976
1407:Foot 1976
1383:Foot 1976
1371:Helm 2005
1359:Helm 2005
1347:Foot 1976
1323:Foot 1976
1287:King 1989
1251:Foot 1976
1203:Foot 1976
1191:Helm 2005
1167:Foot 1976
1143:Foot 1976
1119:Helm 2005
1095:Foot 1976
1083:Foot 1976
1071:Foot 1976
1047:Foot 1976
1023:Foot 1976
999:King 1989
963:Helm 2005
951:Foot 1976
915:Helm 2005
903:Foot 1976
876:Foot 1976
864:Footnotes
857:Sayaboury
853:Vientiane
773:29 March.
759:23 March.
696:18 April.
640:Leon Faye
564:3 August.
489:Funkspiel
415:Beaugency
317:22 April.
303:18 March.
236:Étrépagny
180:Jean Amps
790:Post war
674:Germans.
586:Germans.
553:30 July.
547:23 July.
536:15 July.
484:29 June.
471:25 June.
464:24 June.
450:23 June.
444:23 June.
434:23 June.
411:21 June.
389:17 June.
375:16 June.
364:13 June.
358:12 June.
321:Germaine
319:Sisters
311:Poitiers
253:Francine
148:Courier
79:turncoat
713:6 July.
703:6 June.
529:7 July.
510:1 July.
419:Dhuizon
368:Sologne
352:21 May.
342:17 May.
332:15 May.
293:Orleans
289:Gilbert
783:8 May.
767:Berlin
736:Dachau
699:times.
579:Claude
346:Abwehr
208:Allied
98:Army.
96:Soviet
42:reseau
765:near
707:D-Day
609:Dijon
54:Paris
753:1945
659:1944
581:and
541:i.e.
381:and
268:The
160:and
102:1942
60:and
855:to
132:MI6
128:MI5
85:).
81:" (
2048::
1438:^
883:^
819:A
779:.
539:(
407:.
328:.
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