99:
165:
50:
173:
185:
133:
the French army could deploy elsewhere; and because, unlike many other guerrilleros, he did not resort to plundering the villages within his domain. Rather, he set up a civil administration with which he was able to finance, arm and feed his considerable forces, as well as using the booty he obtained from French convoys he captured. He even demanded a tax on French goods entering the country and the French custom-house at Irun paid his delegates 100 gold ounces per month.
602:
245:
for that purpose. When Irujo appeared with his authorisation in May 1810, Espoz accepted it. However, when the prior abandoned the field of combat at
Estella, Espoz y Mina was able to regain his command and by September the Regency had promoted him to the rank of colonel and Commandant-General of all
132:
Espoz y Mina is considered the most important guerrillero of the
Peninsular War for three reasons: by positioning himself so close to the French forces and their lines of communication he was able to harass them continuously; the direct outcome of his field of operations, which limited the resources
258:
of war, which he would not allow to pass without fighting. The money thus obtained was used to pay his bands a regular salary. He was able to avoid levying excessive contributions on the country and to maintain discipline among his men, whom he had brought to a respectable state of efficiency in
274:
In the interval he claimed that he had fought 143 actions big and little, had been repeatedly wounded by bullet, sword and lance, had taken 13 fortified posts, and 14,000 prisoners, and had never been surprised by the French.
249:
Though some maintain that he was not at his best as a leader in battle, as a strategist Espoz y Mina was very successful and displayed great organizing capacity. The French authorities were compelled to allow him to levy
278:
Apart from the attempts by Drouet's division during the autumn of 1810, later, and simultaneously, six French generals, with 18,000 men, were actively engaged in trying to put an end to Espoz's operations:
140:
deployed a whole division from his IX Corps to hunt him down during the autumn of 1810, resulting in the non-appearance of the Corps at Ciudad
Rodrigo and Salamanca, when Marshal
679:
669:
617:
284:
234:, he captured and shot Echevarria, who, under pretence of being a guerrillero, was in fact a brigand. Echevarria's 600 foot and 200 horse then joined Espoz's men.
659:
445:, who is normally referred to as Javier, or Xavier Mina. Oman, on occasion, also lapses into the simple 'Mina' when referring to the former (Oman 1908, 490–491.).
626:
288:
442:
268:
376:
137:
391:. His health compelled him to resign in April 1835, and his later command in Catalonia was only memorable for the part he took in forcing the
674:
237:
Despite Espoz's petition to the
Regency to be given official command of the Navarran guerrillas, Francisco Javier de Irujo, the prior of
223:. When the latter was captured on 21 March 1810, six or seven men of the group chose to follow Francisco Espoz, and on 1 April 1810 the
383:
in 1835, though they feared his
Radicalism. By this time, years, exposure and wounds had undermined his health. He was also opposed to
373:
654:
164:
144:
was anxiously awaiting its arrival. In all, during the months of
September, October, and November 38,000 men under Drouet,
384:
485:
215:'s regiment at Jaca in February 1809, and when Jaca was taken the following month, he managed to escape and joined the
684:
259:
1812. Espoz y Mina claimed that he had immobilized 26,000 French troops which would, but for him, have served with
49:
172:
664:
613:
369:. Mention is made of him in all histories of the affairs of Spain during the first third of the 19th century.
153:
319:
516:
326:(low-ranking nobles). The Revolution of 1820 brought him back, and he served the Liberal party during the
246:
the
Guerrilleros of Navarre, at that time made up of three Infantry battalions and a squadron of hussars.
292:
267:. In the campaign of 1813 and 1814 he served with distinction under Field marshal Wellesley, the future
220:
184:
149:
649:
644:
482:
296:
224:
280:
264:
342:. In this last region he made the only vigorous resistance to the French intervention in favor of
238:
141:
201:
189:
335:
145:
231:
216:
212:
126:
204:. His father, Juan Esteban Espoz y Mina, and his mother, Maria Teresa Hundain y Ardaiz, were
388:
387:, an old officer of his in the War of Independence, and an even greater master of irregular
362:
358:
437:(Oman 1908, pp. 116, 286), by his first surname, Espoz y Mina, or simply Espoz (Cassinello
331:
327:
260:
208:, rural smallholders, and Francisco Espoz worked on the small family farm until 1808.
114:
306:
he fell into disfavour. On 25/26 September he attempted to bring about an uprising at
638:
621:
608:
343:
303:
512:
434:
396:
242:
20:
311:
255:
156:
were prevented by Espoz y Mina's actions from doing anything to help Masséna.
630:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 500–501.
372:
On the death of the king he was recalled to Spain, and the government of the
346:. On 1 November 1823 he capitulated, and the French allowed him to escape to
400:
339:
315:
197:
85:
65:
350:
by sea. In 1830 he took part in an unsuccessful rising against
Ferdinand.
380:
307:
177:
347:
251:
69:
24:
411:
392:
366:
205:
314:
party, but failed, and went into exile. His political opinions were
607:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
183:
171:
163:
104:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
533:
531:
241:, was chosen instead, as well as being given a million
417:
The Plaza de Mina in Cadiz, Spain is named after him.
287:
and his division of
Reserve of the Army of Spain, by
283:, the governor of Burgos; Marshal Reille in Navarre;
227:
gave him the command of the guerrilleros of
Navarre.
110:
92:
75:
59:
40:
54:Portrait of General Espoz y Mina by José Vallespin
31: and the second or maternal family name is
433:Referred to in the Spanish literature, and by
254:dues on all goods imported into Spain, except
355:A Short Extract from the Life of General Mina
8:
474:
472:
470:
468:
466:
464:
462:
680:Military personnel of the First Carlist War
520:, Vol. III, pp. 116, 286, 488–489, 490–491.
48:
37:
670:Spanish commanders of the Napoleonic Wars
584:Politics and the Military in Modern Spain
291:, the governor of Pamplona; Roguet, and
508:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
458:
426:
299:'s brigadiers from the Army of Aragon.
570:
558:
537:
441:) to distinguish him from his nephew,
176:Street in the name of Espoz y Mina in
660:Progressive Party (Spain) politicians
7:
16:Spanish guerrilla leader and general
586:. Stanford University Press, p. 18.
483:"Francisco Espoz y Mina Ilundain".
322:, and as a yeoman he disliked the
14:
379:gave him the command against the
600:
97:
518:A History of the Peninsular War
410:were published by his widow at
353:In 1825 Espoz y Mina published
123:Francisco Espoz y Mina Ilundáin
443:Francisco Javier Mina y Larrea
1:
675:People of the Peninsular War
486:Real Academia de la Historia
481:. Cassinello Pérez, Andrés.
23:, the first or paternal
399:in August 1836. He died at
701:
582:Payne, Stanley G. (1967).
125:(1781–1836) was a Spanish
18:
302:After the restoration of
47:
655:Politicians from Navarre
525:. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
219:commanded by his nephew
188:Tomb in the cloister of
627:Encyclopædia Britannica
618:Mina, Francisco Espoz y
488:. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
385:Tomás de Zumalacárregui
230:The following July, at
614:Hannay, David McDowall
193:
181:
169:
168:Francisco Espoz y Mina
42:Francisco Espoz y Mina
403:on 24 December 1836.
221:Francisco Javier Mina
187:
175:
167:
138:Drouet, Comte d'Erlon
129:leader and general.
573:, pp. 500–501.
685:Spanish guerrillas
269:Duke of Wellington
211:Espoz enlisted in
194:
190:Pamplona Cathedral
182:
170:
523:Project Gutenberg
120:
119:
692:
665:Spanish generals
631:
606:
604:
603:
587:
580:
574:
568:
562:
556:
541:
535:
526:
510:
489:
480:
476:
446:
431:
389:mountain warfare
310:in favor of the
103:
101:
100:
82:
79:24 December 1836
52:
38:
700:
699:
695:
694:
693:
691:
690:
689:
635:
634:
612:
601:
599:
596:
591:
590:
581:
577:
569:
565:
557:
544:
536:
529:
511:
492:
478:
477:
460:
455:
450:
449:
432:
428:
423:
328:Trienio Liberal
261:Marshal Marmont
225:Junta of Aragon
217:guerrilla group
196:He was born in
162:
98:
96:
84:
80:
64:
55:
43:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
698:
696:
688:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
637:
636:
633:
632:
622:Chisholm, Hugh
595:
592:
589:
588:
575:
563:
561:, p. 501.
542:
540:, p. 500.
527:
490:
457:
456:
454:
451:
448:
447:
425:
424:
422:
419:
161:
158:
118:
117:
115:Peninsular War
112:
108:
107:
94:
90:
89:
83:(aged 55)
77:
73:
72:
61:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
41:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
697:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
642:
640:
629:
628:
623:
619:
615:
610:
609:public domain
598:
597:
593:
585:
579:
576:
572:
567:
564:
560:
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
543:
539:
534:
532:
528:
524:
521:
519:
514:
513:Oman, Charles
509:
507:
505:
503:
501:
499:
497:
495:
491:
487:
484:
475:
473:
471:
469:
467:
465:
463:
459:
452:
444:
440:
436:
430:
427:
420:
418:
415:
413:
409:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
375:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
351:
349:
345:
344:Ferdinand VII
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
304:Ferdinand VII
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
276:
272:
270:
266:
262:
257:
253:
247:
244:
240:
235:
233:
228:
226:
222:
218:
214:
209:
207:
203:
199:
191:
186:
179:
174:
166:
159:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
130:
128:
124:
116:
113:
109:
106:
95:
91:
87:
78:
74:
71:
67:
62:
58:
51:
46:
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
625:
583:
578:
566:
522:
517:
479:(in Spanish)
438:
429:
416:
414:in 1851–52.
407:
405:
397:constitution
371:
354:
352:
323:
301:
277:
273:
248:
236:
229:
210:
195:
135:
131:
122:
121:
111:Battles/wars
81:(1836-12-24)
63:17 June 1781
32:
29:Espoz y Mina
28:
21:Spanish name
650:1836 deaths
645:1781 births
571:Hannay 1911
559:Hannay 1911
538:Hannay 1911
395:to grant a
88:, Catalonia
639:Categories
453:References
316:democratic
285:Caffarelli
256:contraband
150:Dumoustier
93:Allegiance
616:(1911). "
406:His full
401:Barcelona
377:Christina
340:Catalonia
295:, one of
265:Salamanca
160:Biography
127:guerrilla
86:Barcelona
515:(1908).
439:op. cit.
381:Carlists
324:hidalgos
308:Pamplona
289:D'Agoult
281:Dorsenne
178:Pamplona
136:Marshal
33:Ilundáin
19:In this
624:(ed.).
611::
594:Sources
408:Memoirs
363:English
359:Spanish
348:England
332:Galicia
320:radical
312:Liberal
252:customs
232:Estella
202:Navarre
192:(1855).
142:Masséna
70:Navarre
25:surname
620:". In
605:
412:Madrid
393:regent
374:regent
367:London
297:Suchet
243:reales
206:yeomen
198:Idocin
154:Reille
152:, and
146:Roguet
102:
66:Idocin
421:Notes
365:, in
357:, in
293:Paris
213:Doyle
105:Spain
435:Oman
361:and
338:and
336:Leon
318:and
239:Ujué
76:Died
60:Born
330:in
263:at
200:in
27:is
641::
545:^
530:^
493:^
461:^
334:,
271:.
148:,
68:,
180:.
35:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
