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as well as the summer months. Both parents tend chicks after hatching. Young stay with parents through their first winter. The most likely breeding locations
Savanna, Grasslands, Scrub vegetation areas under the cultivated crops. They have a loud call during the breeding season. Males may also become aggressive during the breeding season, make sure there is plenty of cover and escape routes for the hen and it maybe necessary to house her separate and allow limited access for breeding only. They are generally monogamous in the wild.
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sub-terminal tawny-buff bands and pale edges. The rounded tail is black with narrow white or greyish bars. The legs and neck are reddish-brown to red. The extent of the white spotting on the flanks varies substantially across the species' range and the depth of colour of the females similarly varies.
695:
In aviculture it is best to house only one pair per aviary. Well planted aviaries with little surrounding traffic would be best for breeding. They are fairly winter hardy, but always provide some shelter during the coldest months breeds from late March to
September depending on the range. The normal
593:
The birds are found in scrubby habitats with plenty of cultivated crops tall enough to offer shelter and open beneath to provide escape routes and easy travel. They prefer areas of thick vegetation, usually near water. They are not forest birds but will frequent scrubland and forest edges associated
691:
Black francolins are monogamous. They normally nest in tall grasslands from late March to May. The male may be seen standing on a rock or low tree attracting attention with its extraordinary creaking call. It may be heard all day long in April, during nesting, and less persistently in March and May
530:
The call of the black francolin, described as a loud ringing "klik cheek-cheek-cheerakik", "kik-kik-kik" or "kwee-kweeeee-kwee", can be heard in the mornings and evenings and almost all day during the breeding season. The male calls while standing on an earth mound, bund, rock or a low tree branch
494:
The female is mainly brown, but has a chestnut hind neck. The head is curved with brown irises, brown crown and black throat. The upper plumage, wings and tail as in the male, but the black is replaced by mottled brown and the brown bars on the lower back and tail are wider. The female is duller,
490:
The black francolin has a length range around 33 to 36 cm (13 to 14 in) and weight about 453 g (16 oz). The male is black with a white patch on the cheek, a chestnut collar and white spots on the flanks. The back and wings are scalloped with shades of golden brown with
704:
The birds forage on the ground for plant material and small invertebrates, including grain, grass seeds, fallen berries, shoots, tubers, termites and ants. In aviculture they eat small mealworms and wax worms, but care must be used when feeding chicks as they are prone to toe-picking. .
696:
clutch size lies between 10 and 14 eggs, and only the hen incubates. The eggs are white-spotted olive or pale brown. The incubation period is 18 to 19 days, the breeding season is April to June and the young appear from April to
October.
672:
The black francolin only flies when disturbed. It has a pheasant's explosive flight, but prefers to creep away unseen. The flight is short and direct, punctuated by glides on rounded wings.
495:
with no cheek patch, and the collar is replaced with a nuchal patch. The head and underparts are buff where the male shows black. The rump and upper tail coverts are light brown.
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559:. The species' range was formerly more extensive, but over-hunting has reduced its distribution and numbers. Fragmented populations occur in the western part of its range.
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Similar species: the grey francolin has a grey-brown and buff body, buff instead of black throat, and lacks the rufous collar.
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811:. Illustrated by Arthur Singer (Revised ed.). New York: Golden Press. pp. 92â93.
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899:– via Searchable Ornithological Research Archive, University of New Mexico.
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919:
The Birds of the
Hawaiian Islands: Occurrence, History, Distribution, and Status
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and Harms, 1913) â Iranian black francolin â southern Iraq and western Iran
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with grassland. They appear to be more closely associated to water than
252:. It was formerly known as the black partridge. It is the state bird of
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and is soon joined by other birds answering from all directions.
772:(in Azerbaijani, English, and Russian). Baku: Ishiq. p. 64.
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in 1961. Additional introductions have also occurred in south
605:
423:
275:
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Robbins, Chandler S.; Bruun, Bertel; Zim, Herbert S. (1983).
387:(Bonaparte, 1856) - South Persian black francolin â southern
539:
Black francolins are resident breeders from south-eastern
878:"The Black Francolin in the Everglades Agricultural Area"
809:
Birds of North
America: A Guide to Field Identification
582:. Elsewhere, black francolins have been introduced to
977:
747:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22678719A131903818.en
381:, 1856) â Indian black francolin â northern India
264:, ā¤ā¤žā¤˛ā¤ž ā¤¤āĨā¤¤ā¤°). Fried black francolin is eaten in
910:Pyle, Robert L.; Pyle, Peter (1 January 2017).
876:Genung, William G.; Lewis, Reginald G. (1982).
8:
640:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
458:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
310:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
965:
59:
40:
31:
745:
660:Learn how and when to remove this message
478:Learn how and when to remove this message
330:Learn how and when to remove this message
830:
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342:There are six recognized subspecies:
7:
1150:ad50792e-2f28-4ecb-991d-50128d060855
638:adding citations to reliable sources
456:adding citations to reliable sources
397:(Zarudny, 1906) â southern Iran and
353:, 1766) â western black francolin -
308:adding citations to reliable sources
1326:IUCN Red List least concern species
733:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
551:and northeast India, and Kazipara,
25:
768:Akhmedov, Akhmed-Djabir (1986).
610:
428:
280:
84:
921:. Version 2. Honolulu, Hawaii:
865:– via hdouglasspratt.com.
722:BirdLife International (2018).
1:
923:Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum
1376:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
411:, 1888) â eastern India to
1397:
952:Photograph and description
835:Pratt, H. Douglas (1973).
740:: e.T22678719A131903818.
598:are, and in drier areas.
574:parishes of southwestern
212:
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186:
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81:Scientific classification
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885:Florida Field Naturalist
535:Distribution and habitat
1371:Birds described in 1766
1303:Francolinus-francolinus
1023:Francolinus_francolinus
1009:Francolinus francolinus
979:Francolinus francolinus
947:Informations and photos
726:Francolinus francolinus
686:Francolinus francolinus
510:From Bajoon village in
233:Francolinus francolinus
190:Francolinus francolinus
18:Francolinus francolinus
688:
562:Black francolins were
519:
503:
502:Black francolin female
683:
509:
501:
357:, southern Turkey to
1346:Birds of Afghanistan
1145:Fauna Europaea (new)
634:improve this section
452:improve this section
401:to southern Pakistan
304:improve this section
1366:Birds of Bangladesh
1336:Birds of Azerbaijan
365:F. f. arabistanicus
266:Azerbaijani cuisine
218:Linnaeus, 1766
172:F. francolinus
51:Conservation status
1381:Symbols of Haryana
1341:Birds of West Asia
788:Oriental Bird Club
770:Azerbaijan cookery
689:
543:eastwards through
520:
504:
260:(locally known as
215:Tetrao francolinus
1351:Birds of Pakistan
1313:
1312:
971:Taxon identifiers
912:"Black Francolin"
837:"Black Francolin"
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405:F. f. melanonotus
347:F. f. francolinus
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385:F. f. henrici
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248:of the order
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181:Binomial name
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66:Least Concern
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961:
926:. Retrieved
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859:. Retrieved
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791:. Retrieved
787:
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751:. Retrieved
737:
731:
725:
717:
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694:
690:
685:
671:
656:
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632:Please help
620:
592:
561:
549:Turkmenistan
538:
529:
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493:
489:
474:
465:
450:Please help
438:
404:
394:
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346:
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302:Please help
290:
262:kaala teetar
261:
232:
231:
227:
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214:
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189:
187:
171:
170:
158:
29:
1331:Francolinus
1233:NatureServe
1181:iNaturalist
1003:Wikispecies
850:: 195â196.
753:12 November
512:Uttarakhand
420:Description
399:Afghanistan
375:F. f. asiae
250:Galliformes
246:Phasianidae
159:Francolinus
148:Phasianidae
138:Galliformes
1320:Categories
1298:Xeno-canto
928:10 January
895:10 January
891:(4): 65â69
861:10 January
793:2020-10-04
709:References
564:introduced
557:Bangladesh
553:Panchagarh
856:0161-1836
650:June 2023
621:does not
602:Behaviour
576:Louisiana
568:Calcasieu
468:June 2023
439:does not
379:Bonaparte
291:does not
166:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
1238:2.100724
1225:22678719
1199:11374642
1049:22678719
1044:BirdLife
988:Wikidata
684:Eggs of
676:Breeding
586:and the
389:Pakistan
361:and Iran
351:Linnaeus
272:Taxonomy
242:pheasant
238:gamebird
207:Synonyms
198:Linnaeus
144:Family:
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
1163:5227919
1031:Avibase
994:Q285165
844:Birding
700:Feeding
642:removed
627:sources
596:chukars
580:Florida
572:Cameron
566:to the
460:removed
445:sources
369:Zarudny
312:removed
297:sources
256:state,
254:Haryana
244:family
240:in the
236:) is a
200:, 1766)
154:Genus:
134:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
1212:175974
1170:GNAB:
1119:EURING
1098:blkfra
1072:blkfra
1062:113292
854:
815:
541:Turkey
413:Sikkim
355:Cyprus
1277:70266
1194:IRMNG
1137:96445
1111:15584
1106:EUNIS
1093:eBird
1085:6JLDS
1069:BOW:
915:(PDF)
881:(PDF)
840:(PDF)
526:Voice
516:India
258:India
1290:7069
1264:9023
1259:NCBI
1220:IUCN
1207:ITIS
1158:GBIF
1124:3640
1057:BOLD
930:2023
897:2023
863:2023
852:ISSN
813:ISBN
755:2021
738:2018
625:any
623:cite
584:Guam
570:and
545:Iran
443:any
441:cite
409:Hume
359:Iraq
295:any
293:cite
226:The
128:Aves
1285:TSA
1246:NBN
1186:649
1080:CoL
1018:ADW
742:doi
636:by
555:of
454:by
306:by
1322::
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917:.
889:10
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883:.
846:.
842:.
827:^
786:.
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268:.
932:.
848:5
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744::
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657:(
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648:(
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