395:
233:
458:
521:
would continue to work in their normal occupations, only coming together to undertake an operation and then if possible returning to their normal daily life. Ouzoulias was a proponent of quick strikes against carefully studied targets by small groups of fighters, who would then rapidly withdraw. He also drew up guidelines for urban warfare in which FTP units could attack greatly superior German forces and be protected while they withdrew. Tillon called this a strategy of "drops of mercury", through which the group could use surprise and mobility to achieve transient superiority before disappearing.
172:
205:
222:
244:
183:
1488:
615:
194:
60:
1739:
611:, the FTP Chief of Staff, was arrested and subjected to extreme torture, but revealed nothing. This was followed by a major police operation that largely destroyed the FTP's Paris organization. From the end of 1943 the national organization began to intensify preparation for a national uprising to support the expected Allied landings in Europe.
520:
The inter-regional and departmental military committees reported to the central organization in groups of three, a basic principle in the communist
Resistance. In the field, each group would consist of two groups of three or four men under a commander and his assistant. For as long as possible they
425:
in
February 1942 confirmed the existence of "partisans et de francs-tireurs" (partisans and free-shooters) to whom patriots should give aid and assistance. Another special issue in March 1942 urged people to form such groups to conduct guerrilla war and help the population defend itself against the
603:
Gradually the FTP developed a more military organization, with sections, companies and battalions, each containing three lower-level groups. There were often gaps in this paper organization. The FTP complained that the
British and Gaullists were deliberately depriving them of arms, although more
298:
in June 1941. Three groups were formed, consisting of party members, young communists and foreign workers. Early in 1942 they were merged to form the FTP, which undertook sabotage and assassinations of the occupation. The FTP became the best organized and most effective of the
1316:
Les résistances, miroirs des régimes d'oppression, Allemagne, France, Italie: actes du colloque international de Besançon organisé du 24 au 26 septembre 2003 par le Musée de la résistance et de la déportation de Besançon, l'Université de
Franche-Comté et l'Université de Paris
569:
559:
poster campaign, which emphasised the composition of the group's membership in an attempt to discredit the
Resistance as not "French" enough. The campaign seems to have had the effect of highlighting their feats to the general public as freedom fighters.
540:(1936–39). Leaflets and publications were issued in Yiddish. Although integrated with the FTP, the FTP-MOI groups retained their autonomy, which caused problems at times. The FTP-MOI were aroused to violent reprisals against the Germans by the
419:. The FTP was open to non-communists but operated under communist control. The FTP movement was seen as a way to increase the political influence of the Communist Party in the future government of France. A special issue of
532:) was created in the spring of 1942 with four detachments made up of communists of "immigrant" origin. Most of its fighters were Jews from France, Hungary, Romania or elsewhere in Europe. Some were former volunteers in the
394:
583:
The military strength of the communists was still relatively feeble at the end of 1941, but the rapid growth of the FTP ensured that French communists regained their reputation as an effective anti-fascist force.
343:
was theoretically independent of the PCF, but in reality it was dominated by the PCF. At first the objectives were mainly political, taking advantage of the unstable situation under the occupying German army.
660:
In the autumn of 1944 Ouzoulias was charged by de Gaulle with integrating the FTP members with the regular French army. In
October 1944 the communist militias were dissolved and the FTP was integrated into
550:. The violence of the FTP-MOI in their struggle for survival did not always coincide with the interests of the French people. They received little recognition in France after the war.
1997:
1883:
1872:
596:, chained, handcuffed and severely beaten. He did not reveal any information, but had been carrying a long list of names and addresses. This led to other arrests including "Betty" (
1727:
1584:
2038:
3198:
3219:
2702:
461:
A captured
Resistance fighter in 1944. The German caption says "This communist leader is on the wanted list ... his papers prove his affiliation with terrorist groups."
2742:
1626:
449:. The paper began using the initials FTP in July 1942. The FTP's mandate was to sabotage railways and factories, punish collaborators and assassinate German soldiers.
513:, a captain of the reserve, was Chief of Staff. He wrote some of the manuals on tactics and armament, but his main role was to act as liaison between the FTP and the
294:'s official view that the war was a struggle between imperialists, but changed to a policy of armed resistance against the German occupation of France after Germany
2902:
2650:
2595:
1720:
3039:
3224:
714:
2015:
719:
2510:
3053:
457:
3229:
307:
returned to
Normandy, the FTP was theoretically merged with the other Resistance groups. In practice, it retained its independence until the end of the war.
2707:
2447:
2167:
1476:
2912:
2692:
1619:
2658:
2897:
1591:
2278:
3132:
3164:
1699:
2577:
1454:
589:
2917:
373:, who was responsible for the armed struggle under the direction of Tillon. In October 1941 the PCF decided to unify its armed groups into the
361:
3127:
2892:
1662:
1391:
1370:
1325:
1297:
1246:
1168:
810:
642:
the FTP conducted delaying actions in the center and southwest of France against the German troops who had been recalled to the battle zone.
668:
In 2019, a surviving member of FTP, Edmond RĂ©veil, revealed details of the June 1944 execution of up to 40 Nazi occupiers, taken during the
3193:
2735:
2613:
2046:
2007:
1844:
1678:
2635:
3137:
3103:
1953:
1263:
3118:
2952:
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2697:
2542:
2242:
1970:
1706:
328:
121:
1713:
1438:
3108:
3018:
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2100:
1962:
790:
445:" for the first time, and in following weeks reported acts of sabotage of war production and attacks against German soldiers and
3122:
2728:
1469:
3025:
2140:
724:
427:
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2155:
1918:
546:
in July 1942 in which Jews in Paris and other parts of France were arrested, detained and then deported to be killed in the
475:
248:
2643:
2468:
2147:
1927:
1612:
1408:
1197:
627:
399:
37:
547:
128:
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2869:
2627:
1577:
1563:
683:
618:
Postcard depicting an FTP member sending PĂ©tain with a kick in the behind to the other bank of the Rhine river, 1944.
690:. 11 bodies had been found at the site in 1967; by August 2023 artefacts had been unearthed, but no further bodies.
645:
From June to August 1944 Ouzoulias coordinated the FTP's military action in the Paris region. Ouzoulias and
Colonel
2687:
2475:
1893:
1542:
1462:
1217:
662:
375:
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2188:
3098:
3074:
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2260:
2215:
1692:
704:
2296:
1998:
3142:
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2503:
1837:
1830:
1786:
1633:
687:
3067:
2224:
1987:
1978:
774:
on 11 April 1944. Ouzoulias called Joseph
Epstein "the greatest military tactician of the entire Resistance."
542:
2967:
2666:
2409:
2233:
2206:
2179:
2076:
1901:
1779:
33:
2402:
3158:
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2339:
2287:
1793:
1772:
1765:
1685:
533:
320:
304:
283:
159:
2305:
1289:
La Résistance et les Français: lutte armée et maquis : colloque international de Besançon 15-17 juin
411:
Rather than limit armed action to Communists, it was decided to create a non-Communist organization, the
2346:
2124:
1598:
709:
2984:
1884:
771:
635:
1342:
653:
Resistance movement, planned a major rising in Paris which played a vital role during the August 1944
3113:
2489:
2436:
2117:
1814:
1605:
1528:
1178:
446:
316:
295:
600:), his most important liaison officer. Further names and addresses were found in Betty's apartment.
503:
383:, where he was responsible for coordinating between the various armed units. He was a member of the
85:
3176:
2863:
2785:
2779:
2775:
2606:
2556:
2496:
2110:
1556:
1514:
1507:
758:
654:
577:
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588:
was placed in charge of security. Dallidet was recognized talking to a woman in a cafe beside the
488:
484:
370:
97:
93:
2549:
2367:
2326:
2197:
2062:
1861:
1640:
1521:
754:
144:
65:
2069:
1935:
593:
2947:
2805:
2528:
2461:
2131:
2054:
1944:
1738:
1669:
1651:
1495:
1434:
1428:
1387:
1381:
1366:
1321:
1314:
1293:
1287:
1242:
1236:
1164:
806:
639:
623:
614:
537:
502:
was in charge of operations, and Georges Beyer was responsible for armaments and recruitment.
336:
300:
262:
258:
1271:
32:
This article is about the 1939 armed movement. For the movement founded in Lyon in 1940, see
2994:
2973:
2851:
2839:
2620:
1821:
1807:
1570:
1549:
1535:
1383:
A Train in Winter: An Extraordinary Story of Women, Friendship and Survival in World War Two
798:
650:
646:
597:
499:
352:
89:
3011:
2251:
437:
421:
17:
2957:
2418:
2395:
2374:
2314:
604:
likely the problem was that they did not have the necessary contacts to arrange delivery.
585:
366:
2801:
686:, forensic examination of the likely burial site only began in May 2023, initially using
59:
2907:
2875:
2845:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2797:
2023:
749:
669:
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345:
198:
77:
568:
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3213:
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1853:
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209:
2979:
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2425:
2388:
2381:
1129:
1104:
291:
287:
237:
226:
176:
137:
81:
622:
By 1944, the FTP had an estimated strength of 100,000 men. In March 1944 General
3170:
3046:
2535:
2353:
1758:
1749:
1487:
699:
487:
was political commissioner of the force until May 1943, when he was replaced by
327:, PCF) switched to support for armed struggle against the German occupiers. The
187:
1201:
3081:
2962:
2857:
2030:
729:
657:. On 28 August 1944 de Gaulle put Ouzoulias in charge of the FTP and the FFI.
1105:"French Resistance man breaks silence over German prisoners executed in 1944"
133:
1130:"Evidence found of German mass execution by French Resistance after D-Day"
435:
The FTP was created in April 1942, led by Charles Tillon. On 3 April 1942
2720:
514:
149:
1161:
A History of Private Life, Volume V, Riddles of Identity in Modern Times
757:
applied to formations deployed by France during the early stages of the
2936:
525:
117:
282:(FTP), was an armed resistance organization created by leaders of the
899:
826:
824:
822:
679:
638:, but the FTP retained its de facto independence. During the Allied
290:(1939–45). The communist party was neutral at first, following the
613:
567:
456:
393:
27:
RĂ©sistance groups in France during WWII, linked to Communist Party
2724:
1458:
1363:
The White Rabbit: The Secret Agent the Gestapo Could Not Crack
592:
on the evening on 28 February 1942. He was arrested, taken to
1737:
1200:. Bourse du Travail de Paris. 22 April 2012. Archived from
976:
974:
918:
916:
914:
912:
910:
908:
1014:
1012:
1163:. Cambridge, Massachusetts & London: Belknap Press.
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
961:
959:
957:
955:
830:
860:
858:
315:
Germany attacked the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 in
3186:
3151:
3091:
3003:
2885:
2760:
2594:
2520:
2435:
2325:
2166:
1871:
1748:
1650:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
845:
843:
841:
839:
530:
Francs-tireurs et partisans – main-d'œuvre immigrée
465:The FTP unified three Communist organizations, the
254:
215:
165:
155:
143:
127:
113:
103:
73:
45:
359:, fighting groups that were being created by the
3119:Federation of Marxist-Leninist Circles in France
1183:Base de données des députés français depuis 1789
479:(MOI). The FTP national committee was headed by
339:movement in the northern area in June 1941. The
1030:
715:Military history of France during World War II
2736:
1470:
553:The FTP-MOI were the target of the notorious
333:Front national de l'indépendance de la France
8:
2903:French Section of the Workers' International
1313:Marcot, François; Musiedlak, Didier (2006).
922:
673:
379:. HĂ©naff joined the leadership of the PCF's
3123:Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of France
3054:La Bretagne ouvrière, paysanne et maritime
2743:
2729:
2721:
1477:
1463:
1455:
1238:Jewish Responses to Persecution: 1942–1943
42:
2898:List of French Communist Party congresses
1054:
1042:
980:
900:HENAFF Eugène, Bourse du Travail de Paris
3220:French Resistance networks and movements
3133:Convention for a Progressive Alternative
1262:Lallier, Rose; Logak, Elisabeth (2015).
1159:Ariès, Phillippe; Duby, Georges (1998).
1090:
1078:
934:
64:Paratroopers and FTP members during the
3165:French Committee of National Liberation
1700:French Committee of National Liberation
1430:The Holocaust, the French, and the Jews
1241:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
1018:
864:
781:
741:
634:, FFI). under the authority of General
348:was put in charge of military matters.
3040:L'Enchaîné du Nord et du Pas-de-Calais
2918:Mouvement Jeunes Communistes de France
1343:"F.T.P. (Francs-tireurs et partisans)"
1066:
1003:
965:
946:
672:, along with a woman collaborator, at
3225:History of the French Communist Party
2893:History of the French Communist Party
2016:Organisation de résistance de l'armée
1663:Charles de Gaulle during World War II
887:
849:
720:Organisation de résistance de l'armée
7:
1679:Departmental Committee of Liberation
1216:Johnson, Douglas (6 December 1995).
389:Francs-tireurs et partisans français
273:Francs-tireurs et partisans français
52:Francs-tireurs et partisans français
3230:Left-wing militant groups in France
3138:Pole of Communist Revival in France
3128:Workers' Communist Party of France
2953:National Council of the Resistance
2928:National Front (French Resistance)
1707:National Council of the Resistance
1380:Moorehead, Caroline (2011-11-01).
303:groups. In March 1944, before the
25:
2659:Musée de l'Ordre de la Libération
2636:MĂ©morial de la France combattante
1714:Provisional Consultative Assembly
3019:Le Travailleur de Lot-et-Garonne
2101:Organisation civile et militaire
1486:
1264:"Albert Ouzoulias (1915 – 1995)"
632:Forces françaises de l'intérieur
576:firing in a skirmish during the
242:
231:
220:
203:
192:
181:
170:
58:
1320:. Presses Univ. Franche-Comté.
1292:. Presses Univ. Franche-Comté.
1103:Schofield, Hugh (16 May 2023).
753:(free-shooters) was a term for
319:. With this, the policy of the
109:October 1941 - February 1, 1944
3026:Le Travailleur du Centre Ouest
1413:La RĂ©sistance en Ile-de-France
803:10.1093/OBO/9780199743292-0077
791:"Soviet Union in World War II"
725:Resistance during World War II
1:
2644:Museum of National Resistance
1928:French Forces of the Interior
628:French Forces of the Interior
38:Franc-Tireur (disambiguation)
1365:. London: Cassell & Co.
1235:Kerenji, Emil (2014-10-10).
1218:"Obituary: Albert Ouzoulias"
548:Auschwitz concentration camp
398:FTP fighters at the camp of
2933:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
2923:Union of Communist Students
2708:Righteous Among the Nations
2156:Union des femmes françaises
1911:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
1031:Marcot & Musiedlak 2006
831:Charles, Joseph TILLON, ANF
797:. Oxford University Press.
443:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
413:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans
279:Francs-tireurs et partisans
46:Francs-tireurs et partisans
18:Francs-tireurs et partisans
3246:
3104:Workers and Peasants Party
2148:Housewives' demonstrations
1386:. Random House of Canada.
1185:. French National Assembly
400:Roche-Saint-Secret-BĂ©conne
31:
3099:Socialist-Communist Union
2943:Union of Russian Patriots
2676:
1735:
1693:French National Committee
1502:
1361:Marshall, Bruce (2001) .
1286:Marcot, François (1996).
705:Lille during World War II
682:. After delay due to the
674:
467:Bataillons de la Jeunesse
385:Comité militaire national
357:Bataillons de la Jeunesse
355:was put in charge of the
325:Parti communiste français
57:
51:
50:
3143:Movement of Progressives
3033:Le Travailleur du Loiret
2571:Marie-Madeleine Fourcade
2504:Liberation of Strasbourg
1919:FTP–Foreign Labour Force
1838:Companions of Liberation
1831:1st Free French Division
1427:Zuccotti, Susan (1999).
1347:Encyclopædia Universalis
1179:"Charles, Joseph TILLON"
923:Lallier & Logak 2015
688:ground-penetrating radar
296:invaded the Soviet Union
276:(FTPF), or commonly the
3109:Proletarian Unity Party
2968:Institut Maurice Thorez
1433:. U of Nebraska Press.
145:Political position
34:Franc-Tireur (movement)
3075:Les Lettres Françaises
2770:Ludovic-Oscar Frossard
2753:French Communist Party
2703:Networks and movements
2667:Free France Foundation
2628:Medal of the Righteous
2511:Provisional Government
2455:French Liberation Army
2361:Empire Defense Council
2340:Brazzaville Conference
2261:Les Lettres Françaises
2216:Les Éditions de Minuit
1794:French Liberation Army
1742:
1686:Empire Defense Council
789:Chris Bellamy (2019).
619:
580:
534:International Brigades
483:, commander in chief.
462:
403:
321:French Communist Party
284:French Communist Party
160:French Communist Party
36:. For other uses, see
3068:Le Prolétaire normand
2651:Museums and memorials
2347:Brazzaville manifesto
1988:Ceux de la RĂ©sistance
1979:Ceux de la Libération
1741:
1341:Marin, Armel (2015).
1043:Ariès & Duby 1998
795:Oxford Bibliographies
710:Maquis (World War II)
617:
590:Reuilly metro station
571:
476:Main-d'œuvre immigrée
471:Organisation Spéciale
460:
441:used the expression "
397:
381:Organisation Spéciale
376:Organisation spéciale
362:Jeunesses Communistes
3187:Parliamentary groups
3114:French Popular Party
2490:Liberation of France
2207:DĂ©fense de la France
2077:Confrérie Notre-Dame
1407:Porin, Axel (2004).
1222:The Independent (UK)
1204:on 23 September 2015
770:Epstein was shot at
447:French collaborators
317:Operation Barbarossa
2864:Marie-George Buffet
2607:Order of Liberation
2557:Charles Delestraint
2497:Liberation of Paris
2306:La Vérité française
2297:Témoignage chrétien
759:Franco-Prussian War
655:Liberation of Paris
517:resistance groups.
387:, which became the
335:) was created as a
2550:Pierre Brossolette
2368:Free French Africa
1862:Free French Africa
1766:Free French Forces
1743:
1409:"Albert Ouzoulias"
772:Fort Mont-Valérien
755:irregular military
636:Marie-Pierre KĹ“nig
620:
581:
543:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup
463:
404:
369:introduced him to
105:Dates of operation
66:Battle of Normandy
3207:
3206:
3194:National Assembly
2948:French Resistance
2762:General Secretary
2718:
2717:
2688:French Resistance
2543:Emmanuel d'Astier
2529:Charles de Gaulle
2476:General de Lattre
2448:Kieffer commandos
2270:Libération (nord)
1670:Appeal of 18 June
1496:French Resistance
1393:978-0-307-36667-2
1372:978-0-304-35697-3
1327:978-2-84867-123-9
1299:978-2-251-60617-0
1248:978-1-4422-3627-1
1170:978-0-674-40004-7
812:978-0-19-974329-2
684:COVID-19 pandemic
663:General de Lattre
640:Normandy Campaign
624:Charles de Gaulle
607:In November 1943
538:Spanish Civil War
415:(FTP), under the
351:On 2 August 1941
337:French Resistance
301:French Resistance
268:
267:
263:Normandy Campaign
259:French Resistance
16:(Redirected from
3237:
3061:La Voix de l'Est
2985:Marxism–Leninism
2974:Programme commun
2886:Related articles
2852:Georges Marchais
2840:Georges Marchais
2763:
2754:
2745:
2738:
2731:
2722:
2669:
2662:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2630:
2623:
2621:Resistance Medal
2616:
2609:
2587:
2580:
2578:Jean-Pierre LĂ©vy
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2396:March battalions
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2279:Libération (sud)
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1991:
1982:
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1966:
1963:Musée de l'Homme
1957:
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1279:
1270:. Archived from
1268:Figures humaines
1258:
1256:
1255:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1174:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1136:. 27 August 2023
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1007:
1001:
984:
978:
969:
963:
950:
944:
938:
932:
926:
920:
903:
897:
891:
885:
868:
862:
853:
847:
834:
828:
817:
816:
786:
775:
768:
762:
746:
677:
676:
647:Henri Rol-Tanguy
598:Madeleine Passot
578:battle for Paris
512:
500:Albert Ouzoulias
497:
353:Albert Ouzoulias
255:Battles and wars
247:
246:
245:
236:
235:
234:
225:
224:
223:
208:
207:
206:
197:
196:
195:
186:
185:
184:
175:
174:
173:
106:
90:Albert Ouzoulias
62:
53:
43:
21:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3234:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3182:
3147:
3087:
2999:
2958:May 1947 crises
2881:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2672:
2665:
2656:
2649:
2642:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2597:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2516:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2483:General Leclerc
2481:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2419:Operation Marie
2417:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2375:French Cameroon
2373:
2366:
2359:
2352:
2345:
2338:
2330:
2328:
2321:
2315:La Voix du Nord
2312:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2267:
2258:
2249:
2240:
2231:
2222:
2213:
2204:
2195:
2186:
2177:
2169:
2162:
2153:
2146:
2139:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2098:
2089:
2084:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2052:
2045:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2013:
2006:
1996:
1985:
1976:
1969:
1960:
1954:Mouvements unis
1951:
1942:
1936:Libération-Nord
1933:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1892:
1882:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1851:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1801:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1744:
1733:
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1712:
1705:
1698:
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1677:
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1597:
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1569:
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1548:
1541:
1534:
1527:
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1506:
1498:
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1483:
1453:
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1443:
1441:
1426:
1418:
1416:
1406:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1379:
1373:
1360:
1352:
1350:
1340:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1312:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1285:
1277:
1275:
1261:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1234:
1226:
1224:
1215:
1207:
1205:
1198:"HENAFF Eugène"
1196:
1188:
1186:
1177:
1171:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1139:
1137:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1113:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1010:
1002:
987:
979:
972:
964:
953:
945:
941:
933:
929:
921:
906:
898:
894:
886:
871:
863:
856:
848:
837:
829:
820:
813:
788:
787:
783:
779:
778:
769:
765:
747:
743:
738:
696:
626:placed all the
594:La Santé Prison
586:Arthur Dallidet
566:
506:
491:
455:
409:
367:Arthur Dallidet
313:
261:
243:
241:
240:
232:
230:
229:
221:
219:
204:
202:
201:
193:
191:
190:
182:
180:
179:
171:
169:
136:
120:
104:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
69:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3243:
3241:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3212:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3179:(2008–present)
3174:
3168:
3162:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3007:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2908:Tours Congress
2905:
2900:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2878:(2018–present)
2876:Fabien Roussel
2873:
2870:Pierre Laurent
2867:
2861:
2855:
2849:
2846:Waldeck Rochet
2843:
2837:
2834:Waldeck Rochet
2831:
2828:Maurice Thorez
2825:
2822:Jacques Duclos
2819:
2816:Maurice Thorez
2813:
2810:Maurice Thorez
2806:Benoît Frachon
2795:
2789:
2783:
2773:
2766:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2725:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2663:
2654:
2647:
2640:
2631:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2602:
2600:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2443:
2441:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2406:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2335:
2333:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2310:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2247:
2243:Front National
2238:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2202:
2193:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2151:
2144:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2082:
2081:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2050:
2043:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2011:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1971:National Front
1967:
1958:
1949:
1945:Libération-Sud
1940:
1931:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1906:
1897:
1879:
1877:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1849:
1834:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1780:Army of Africa
1776:
1762:
1754:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1674:
1673:
1658:
1656:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1452:
1451:
1439:
1424:
1404:
1392:
1377:
1371:
1358:
1338:
1326:
1310:
1298:
1283:
1259:
1247:
1232:
1213:
1194:
1175:
1169:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1147:
1121:
1095:
1083:
1081:, p. 268.
1071:
1069:, p. 231.
1059:
1057:, p. 120.
1055:Moorehead 2011
1047:
1045:, p. 341.
1035:
1033:, p. 402.
1023:
1021:, p. 209.
1008:
1006:, p. 135.
985:
981:Moorehead 2011
970:
968:, p. 134.
951:
949:, p. 372.
939:
927:
904:
892:
869:
854:
835:
818:
811:
780:
777:
776:
763:
750:Francs-tireurs
740:
739:
737:
734:
733:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
695:
692:
670:Tulle uprising
649:, who led the
609:Joseph Epstein
565:
562:
504:Marcel Prenant
481:Charles Tillon
454:
451:
417:Front national
408:
405:
365:. Soon after,
346:Charles Tillon
341:Front national
329:National Front
312:
309:
266:
265:
256:
252:
251:
217:
213:
212:
199:United Kingdom
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
141:
140:
131:
125:
124:
122:National Front
115:
111:
110:
107:
101:
100:
86:Georges Vallet
78:Charles Tillon
75:
71:
70:
63:
55:
54:
48:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3242:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3159:Popular Front
3157:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2995:Cité Gagarine
2993:
2991:
2990:Eurocommunism
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2792:Pierre Semard
2790:
2787:
2786:Louis Sellier
2784:
2781:
2780:Albert Treint
2777:
2776:Louis Sellier
2774:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2759:
2755:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2723:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:Categories: (
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2593:
2586:
2585:Pierre Villon
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2434:
2427:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2324:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2165:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2092:Armée secrète
2088:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1870:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1854:Radio Londres
1850:
1846:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1649:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1480:
1475:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1442:
1440:0-8032-9914-1
1436:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1395:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1284:
1274:on 2015-06-03
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1250:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1233:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1096:
1093:, p. 41.
1092:
1091:Marshall 2001
1087:
1084:
1080:
1079:Zuccotti 1999
1075:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
986:
983:, p. 79.
982:
977:
975:
971:
967:
962:
960:
958:
956:
952:
948:
943:
940:
937:, p. 40.
936:
935:Marshall 2001
931:
928:
924:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
905:
901:
896:
893:
889:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
870:
866:
861:
859:
855:
851:
846:
844:
842:
840:
836:
832:
827:
825:
823:
819:
814:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
785:
782:
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3024:
3017:
3010:
3004:Publications
2980:Unitary Left
2972:
2932:
2913:Headquarters
2802:Pierre CĂ©lor
2657:
2634:
2564:Henri Frenay
2426:Ubangi-Shari
2389:French Gabon
2382:French Congo
2313:
2304:
2295:
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2250:
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2234:Franc-Tireur
2232:
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2196:
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2178:
2154:
2118:Jade-Fitzroy
2099:
2090:
2053:
2037:
2014:
1986:
1977:
1961:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1910:
1909:
1902:Franc-Tireur
1900:
1852:
1493:
1444:. Retrieved
1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1412:
1397:. Retrieved
1382:
1362:
1351:. Retrieved
1346:
1331:. Retrieved
1315:
1303:. Retrieved
1288:
1276:. Retrieved
1272:the original
1267:
1252:. Retrieved
1237:
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1221:
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1202:the original
1187:. Retrieved
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1108:
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865:Johnson 1995
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453:Organization
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292:Soviet Union
288:World War II
278:
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238:Vichy France
227:Nazi Germany
177:Soviet Union
138:Anti-fascism
98:René Camphin
82:Jules Dumont
29:
3173:(1997–2002)
3171:Plural Left
3167:(1940–1947)
3161:(1936–1938)
3092:Derivatives
3047:Front rouge
2872:(2010–2018)
2866:(2001–2010)
2860:(1994–2001)
2854:(1972–1994)
2842:(1969–1972)
2836:(1964–1969)
2830:(1953–1964)
2824:(1950–1953)
2818:(1930–1950)
2812:(1929–1930)
2798:Henri Barbé
2794:(1924–1929)
2782:(1923–1924)
2772:(1921–1923)
2596:Museums and
2536:Jean Moulin
2354:French Chad
2168:Underground
2111:Jade-Amicol
1759:Free France
1750:Free France
1654:and control
1550:Netherlands
1349:(in French)
1067:Marcot 1996
1004:Marcot 1996
966:Marcot 1996
947:Marcot 1996
700:Free France
507: [
492: [
402:in May 1943
188:Free France
3214:Categories
3177:Left Front
3082:Pif Gadget
3012:L'Humanité
2858:Robert Hue
2614:Companions
2437:Liberation
2288:RĂ©sistance
2252:L'Humanité
2180:Bir-Hakeim
2063:Mithridate
2039:CdL Cinéma
2031:Comet Line
1875:operations
1815:Bir Hakeim
1641:Yugoslavia
1599:Luxembourg
1446:2015-05-22
1419:2015-05-21
1399:2015-06-09
1353:2015-08-22
1333:2015-08-24
1305:2015-08-24
1278:2015-05-21
1254:2015-08-24
1227:2015-05-21
1208:2015-06-07
1189:2015-06-08
888:Porin 2004
850:Marin 2015
761:(1870–71).
730:Zone libre
574:résistants
438:L'Humanité
422:L'Humanité
311:Background
2598:Memorials
2439:of France
1885:Movements
1773:Air Force
1606:Macedonia
1592:Lithuania
665:'s army.
407:Formation
216:Opponents
134:Communism
2462:1st Army
2225:L'Espoir
2189:Bulletin
2070:Morhange
2008:Alliance
1999:Networks
1873:Domestic
1652:Creation
1634:Slovakia
1529:Bulgaria
1134:BBC News
1109:BBC News
694:See also
515:Gaullist
473:and the
391:(FTPF).
150:Far-left
129:Ideology
114:Group(s)
3152:Related
2937:FTP-MOI
2698:Members
2521:Leaders
2132:Vercors
2085:Others:
1841:
1802:Battles
1627:Romania
1564:Germany
1557:Estonia
1543:Denmark
1522:Belgium
1515:Austria
1508:Albania
1152:Sources
678:, near
675:Le Vert
572:French
564:History
536:of the
526:FTP-MOI
286:during
156:Part of
118:FTP-MOI
74:Leaders
3199:Senate
2848:(1972)
2788:(1924)
2682:Portal
2469:2nd DB
2410:Second
2331:Africa
2329:French
2198:Combat
2125:Maquis
2024:Brutus
1894:Combat
1822:Gazala
1808:Koufra
1620:Poland
1613:Norway
1585:Latvia
1571:Greece
1437:
1415:. AERI
1390:
1369:
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1296:
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1167:
1140:2 July
1114:16 May
809:
680:Meymac
469:, the
429:boches
166:Allies
2693:Films
2403:First
2170:media
2141:Women
1578:Italy
1536:Czech
736:Notes
511:]
496:]
249:Italy
2963:MRAP
2808:and
2778:and
2327:Free
1845:List
1787:Navy
1728:DGER
1721:BCRA
1435:ISBN
1388:ISBN
1367:ISBN
1322:ISBN
1294:ISBN
1243:ISBN
1165:ISBN
1142:2024
1116:2023
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