592:(1930), one reason that debt increased in numerous Southern states was that Reconstruction legislatures were "investing" for public purposes; the planter elite had avoided such actions before the war; all education was private, there were few hospitals or other institutions, and the South was behind in investing in railroad construction to improve regional transportation. Du Bois acknowledged there was corruption after the war, but asserted that it was generally within limits of comparable periods and tumultuous social conditions of the postwar societies.
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Reconstruction South. On
September 17, 1878, he was arrested in New York City for forging a note of $ 316. He was delivered to authorities in South Carolina, who admitted to just allowing him to escape, literally opening his cell door and the outside door of the prison and telling him "We're going to look the other way." He was arrested again for fraud in New York City in 1881, and in Chicago in 1884.
693:. In October 1884, he was convicted of swindling $ 15 from a Rev. E. L. Rexford and sentenced to jail. During his imprisonment, he tried to hang himself in his cell. In 1885 he was sentenced to three years in the Massachusetts State Prison after being convicted several times for committing petty theft and fraud.
649:
Historian
Benjamin Ginsberg's 21st-century biography notes that Moses should be known also for his substantial achievements in civil rights goals for African Americans. He considers Moses to be a forerunner of what became an African-American and Jewish alliance in the 20th century. He believes that
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Moses was reelected in 1870 to the House and continued to serve as the speaker. White
Democrats accused the legislature of rampant corruption and bribery, but it was also investing in infrastructure, such as railroads, and public welfare institutions, which the pre-war planter-dominated legislature
621:
As
Governor, Moses became known for extravagant spending of state money. He spent $ 40,000 to buy the Preston mansion to use as the official governor's residence. During his two years as governor, with a salary of $ 3,500, he spent $ 40,000 on living expenses, which included official entertaining.
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A secessionist before the war, Moses was ready to make alliances afterward. He served in the state legislature from 1868 to 1872, where he was elected as speaker of the House. He supported integration of the state university, establishing new social programs and public funding of old-age pensions,
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Like his father, Moses married a
Gentile (non-Jewish) woman, Emma Buford Richardson (1841–1920), on December 20, 1869. They had four children together, Franklin J. III (b. 1860); Mary Richardson (b. September 12, 1862); Jeannie McLellan, named for his mother (b. Jan 20, 1867-d. February 7, 1938),
540:
described the mixed-race Hayne, who was born free before the war, "as white as any of his ancestors" (Hayne was known to be a descendant of a white South
Carolina statesman and likely had other white ancestors.) Some of the faculty objected so much to the fact of his admission that they resigned.
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for misappropriation of state funds. Democrat
Hampton would run for governor in 1876 and finally win the election, amidst evidence of vote fraud by Democrats and preceded by numerous violent attacks against freedmen by paramilitary white groups supporting his candidacy. Moses ordered four
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Moses' wife Emma Buford
Richardson filed for divorce in 1878, and Moses left the state shortly thereafter. He had a troubled later life. According to a statement he made in court in 1902, he had become addicted to morphine (then available over the counter) and opium while serving in the
527:. They were the first men of color appointed to the University Board of Trustees. Moses encouraged admission of black students, and the college established a preparatory school and 5-year, pre-freshman program to help blacks make up for having been closed out of formal education.
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counties each counted more votes for
Hampton than the total number of registered voters. With the withdrawal of federal troops from the state and other parts of the South in 1877, in a compromise supporting Hampton, the Reconstruction era was over.
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to four months imprisonment. He appealed to the court for mercy while acknowledging he was responsible, saying that he had become addicted to morphine and opium while serving in the
Reconstruction South and was struggling to correct his life.
434:. Nonetheless, he was widely regarded as Jewish because Southerners placed so much emphasis on paternal heritage; his political enemies tried to promote this perception against him. He enrolled at South Carolina College (now the
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in Orangeburg to serve as the state's land grant college for students of color. No black students were admitted again to the state's flagship university until 1963, years after the US Supreme Court had ruled in 1954 in
390:, was an attorney who served as a South Carolina state senator for more than 20 years; in 1866 he was elected as judge to the circuit court, and in 1868 as Chief Justice of the State Supreme Court.
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When Moses was nominated by the Republicans as the candidate for governor, opponents within the party organized to block his election. But with overwhelming black Republican support, Moses was
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closed the college. In 1877 the legislature passed a law restricting admission to whites and ending the preparatory programs. It authorized the college to re-open in 1880 as a whites-only
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Moses supported social programs and the idea of publicly funded old-age pensions. He organized a state militia, which was staffed mostly by blacks and men of color, that helped protect
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His biographer Ginsberg noted that Moses created new alliances with African-American men during this period; they each had been somewhat on the margins before. Serving with Moses were
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by the state legislature. (His father had served since 1868 as Chief Justice of the State Supreme Court.) This ruling is generally in keeping with recognition of executive authority.
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and other white insurgents leading up to the 1870 elections, and was not above trying to disrupt Democratic Party meetings and voters. In this period, as noted by historian
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Sumter, South Carolina; and Emma Buford Moses (b. November 21, 1872). From June 1, 1866 to September 26, 1867, Moses was editor of the Sumter
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as Moses had been on the margin of planter society, he chose to ally with the newly enfranchised freedmen in trying to create a new society.
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to prevent his arrest by the Democrats. The court ruled that Moses could not be prosecuted while governor and could be charged only through
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from a gas stove on December 11, 1906. The police initially did not determine if it was suicide or an accident. He was buried in Winthrop.
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pardoned the attorney in 1887. In 1902, Moses was arrested again, convicted for larceny of an overcoat worth $ 50, and sentenced by the
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After reading the law, Moses was admitted to the bar in South Carolina. In 1860 he was appointed as the private secretary of Governor
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364:. He was elected to the legislature in 1868 and as governor in 1872, serving into 1874. Enemies labelled him the 'Robber Governor'.
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in 1868 stood at $ 5,407,306, and by 1872 it had risen to $ 18,350,000, a tripling of the debt in four years. As Marxist historian
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was elected governor. He won by less than a 1,200-vote margin statewide, despite widespread fraud. For example, heavily contested
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Upon leaving office in 1874, Moses was chosen by the General Assembly to a seat on the circuit court, but Republican Governor
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What really rankled many white Democrats was that he officially entertained black colleagues and politicians at the mansion.
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blocked his appointment. It was opposed by many within the party because of his reputation for corruption while governor.
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and headed by white officers. He used them to protect black voters during a period of intimidation and violence by the
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and thereafter he became known simply as Franklin J. Moses Jr.; his father also adopted use of the "J." His father,
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the state university. There was concerted white opposition. Also appointed as trustees that year were Republicans
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While speaker of the House, Moses organized a statewide militia. This 14,000-man body was composed mostly of
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Believing Moses did not have long to live, as his drug addictions had ruined his health, Governor
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of that body. His father was elected as Chief Justice of the State Supreme Court the same year.
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In 1876, the Democrats regained control of state politics in the legislature and
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747:"South Carolina During the Late 1800s - the 48th General Assembly (1868-1870)"
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sons of enslaved mothers (who were themselves mixed race) and Jewish fathers.
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438:) in 1855, but was honorably dismissed from the freshman class the same year.
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After Slavery: the Negro in South Carolina during Reconstruction, 1861–1877
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1041:
Moses of South Carolina: A Jewish Scalawag During Radical Reconstruction
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853:, University of South Carolina, Office of Multicultural Student Affairs
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After Democrats regained control of the state legislature in 1876, the
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When Moses was young, his middle initial was confused for the letter
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1116:"South Carolina’s Franklin J. Moses: Scalawag, but No Paskudnyak?"
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and Jane McLellan. His father was born and reared in a prominent
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345:(January 1, 1838 – December 11, 1906) was a
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that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional.
834:
A History of the University of South Carolina, 1940–2000
894:"Lewiston Evening Journal - Google News Archive Search"
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and German descent; and his Scots-Irish mother was a
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American lawyer, editor, and politician (1838–1906)
1782:People of South Carolina in the American Civil War
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836:, University of South Carolina Press, 2001, p. 2
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570:in years of growing white insurgency to revive
552:land grant college. The legislature authorized
173:November 24, 1868 – November 26, 1872
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1792:Republican Party governors of South Carolina
1787:Recipients of American gubernatorial pardons
1762:American people of Portuguese-Jewish descent
368:and created a black militia to help protect
120:December 7, 1872 – December 1, 1874
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477:ticket. In addition, he was elected to the
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998:(2nd ed.). Somerset Publishers, Inc.
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1106:SCIway Biography of Franklin J. Moses Jr.
956:Volume XXXVI, Number 46, 11 December 1906
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713:Estranged from his family, Moses died by
71:Learn how and when to remove this message
1757:American people of German-Jewish descent
1085:. Jewish Publication Society of America.
1053:History of Sumter County, South Carolina
221:July 6, 1868 – December 7, 1872
34:This article includes a list of general
1817:American people of Scotch-Irish descent
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479:South Carolina House of Representatives
161:South Carolina House of Representatives
1111:NGA Biography of Franklin J. Moses Jr.
1044:(Johns Hopkins University Press; 2010)
983:. New York: Chelsea House Publishers.
981:1886 Professional Criminals of America
851:'1873–1877, The End of Reconstruction'
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1827:American people of Portuguese descent
1807:University of South Carolina trustees
1020:The Fatal Embrace: Jews and the State
931:Watchman and Southron, Vol IV, No. 15
818:The Fatal Embrace-Jews and the State,
511:appointed Moses as a trustee for the
7:
1802:University of South Carolina alumni
1752:20th-century American Episcopalians
1747:19th-century American Episcopalians
360:politician in the state during the
1094:. University Press of New England.
996:The Encyclopedia of South Carolina
515:in 1869, he expressed his goal to
314:Emma Buford Richardson (1869–1878)
209:Adjutant-General of South Carolina
40:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1742:19th-century American politicians
1055:. Library Board of Sumter County.
1767:Confederate States Army officers
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1063:Reconstruction in South Carolina
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278:Sumter District, South Carolina
541:Moses arranged for new hires.
430:and was never affiliated with
1:
994:Gille, Frank H., ed. (2000).
771:Gregorie, p. 94-95, 326–637.
625:In 1874, Governor Moses was
513:University of South Carolina
449:, Moses was commissioned as
436:University of South Carolina
331:University of South Carolina
1772:Governors of South Carolina
1231:Governors of South Carolina
1081:Reznikoff, Charles (1950).
975:. J. B. Lippincott Company.
950:"EX-GOV. MOSES ASPHYXIATED"
560:Brown v. Board of Education
1843:
1797:South Carolina Republicans
1182:Governor of South Carolina
1148:Governor of South Carolina
1066:. Negro University Press.
1060:Reynolds, John S. (1969).
972:The Jews of South Carolina
969:Elzas, Barnett A. (1905).
610:, secretary of state, and
398:Moses was born in 1838 in
108:Governor of South Carolina
1777:Massachusetts Republicans
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1120:The Jewish Daily Forward,
1090:Williamson, Joel (1990).
1024:. University of Chicago.
443:Francis Wilkinson Pickens
426:. Moses was raised as an
343:Franklin Israel Moses Jr.
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1822:Deaths from asphyxiation
1192:Daniel Henry Chamberlain
1160:Daniel Henry Chamberlain
1129:Party political offices
153:Daniel Henry Chamberlain
979:Byrnes, Thomas (1969).
954:Kingston Daily Freeman,
880:Ginsberg, pp. 4–5.
687:Winthrop, Massachusetts
356:who became active as a
294:Winthrop, Massachusetts
55:more precise citations.
1083:The Jews of Charleston
862:Reynolds, pp. 236–237.
730:a Conservative paper.
702:Boston Municipal Court
586:noted in his history,
192:Charles Henry Simonton
129:Richard Howell Gleaves
1175:Robert Kingston Scott
1137:Robert Kingston Scott
798:Ginsberg, 2010, p. 1.
762:Ginsberg, 2010, p. 2.
709:Death by asphyxiation
408:Franklin J. Moses Sr.
394:Early life and career
388:Franklin J. Moses Sr.
229:Robert Kingston Scott
181:Robert Kingston Scott
141:Robert Kingston Scott
1039:Ginsberg, Benjamin.
589:Black Reconstruction
485:and advanced to the
159:27th Speaker of the
1049:Gregorie, Anne King
940:Gille, pp. 120–122.
871:Ginsberg, 2010, p.9
816:Benjamin Ginsberg,
807:Williamson, p. 374.
603:of South Carolina.
578:had neglected. The
525:Benjamin A. Boseman
1167:Political offices
1014:Ginsberg, Benjamin
832:Henry H. Lesesne,
789:Reznikoff, p. 160.
638:of the militia in
537:The New York Times
521:Francis L. Cardozo
362:Reconstruction Era
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1189:Succeeded by
1157:Succeeded by
685:Moses settled in
502:Benjamin Ginsberg
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291:(aged 67–68)
289:December 11, 1906
240:Albert Garlington
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715:asphyxiation
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498:Ku Klux Klan
491:
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428:Episcopalian
397:
383:
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374:paramilitary
366:
342:
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251:Henry Purvis
247:Succeeded by
216:
199:Succeeded by
168:
148:Succeeded by
115:
67:
61:October 2014
58:
39:
18:
1737:1906 deaths
1732:1838 births
1627:R. Williams
1572:Manning III
1492:Chamberlain
1377:J. Hamilton
1337:D. Williams
1317:C. Pinckney
1312:P. Hamilton
1297:E. Rutledge
1292:C. Pinckney
1287:Vanderhorst
1277:C. Pinckney
1272:T. Pinckney
1252:J. Rutledge
1242:J. Rutledge
698:Oliver Ames
660:Chamberlain
644:impeachment
550:Morrill Act
509:legislature
459:Fort Sumter
372:from white
235:Preceded by
187:Preceded by
136:Preceded by
53:introducing
1726:Categories
1457:F. Pickens
1437:J. Manning
1342:A. Pickens
1186:1872–1874
1144:Republican
734:References
654:Later life
616:mixed-race
580:state debt
507:After the
483:Charleston
475:Republican
420:Portuguese
416:Charleston
414:family of
377:insurgents
358:Republican
305:Republican
203:Samuel Lee
125:Lieutenant
36:references
1642:Timmerman
1617:Jefferies
1597:Blackwood
1547:McSweeney
1362:Manning I
1327:Middleton
903:April 16,
671:Edgefield
636:companies
517:integrate
461:in 1861.
447:Civil War
424:Methodist
327:Education
217:In office
169:In office
116:In office
1702:McMaster
1677:Campbell
1647:Hollings
1632:Thurmond
1622:Johnston
1602:Johnston
1592:Richards
1522:Sheppard
1517:Thompson
1427:Seabrook
1387:McDuffie
1282:Moultrie
1267:Moultrie
1051:(1954).
1016:(1993).
640:Columbia
627:indicted
568:freedmen
530:In 1873
494:freedmen
370:freedmen
319:Children
226:Governor
178:Governor
1692:Sanford
1682:Beasley
1667:Edwards
1652:Russell
1607:Maybank
1552:Heyward
1542:Ellerbe
1532:Tillman
1502:Simpson
1497:Hampton
1467:Magrath
1447:Allston
1422:Johnson
1412:Hammond
1402:Henagan
1352:Bennett
1322:Drayton
1302:Drayton
1262:Guerard
1257:Mathews
1247:Lowndes
675:Laurens
599:as the
487:speaker
453:in the
451:Colonel
432:Judaism
272:1838-01
270: (
49:improve
1687:Hodges
1657:McNair
1637:Byrnes
1612:Harley
1587:McLeod
1582:Harvey
1577:Cooper
1562:Blease
1512:Hagood
1462:Bonham
1392:Butler
1372:Miller
1367:Taylor
1357:Wilson
1347:Geddes
1332:Alston
1070:
1028:
1002:
989:332364
987:
412:Jewish
354:editor
350:lawyer
311:Spouse
296:, U.S.
280:, U.S.
38:, but
1697:Haley
1672:Riley
1567:Smith
1557:Ansel
1537:Evans
1507:Jeter
1487:Moses
1482:Scott
1472:Perry
1442:Adams
1432:Means
1417:Aiken
1397:Noble
1382:Hayne
728:News,
481:from
106:75th
1662:West
1452:Gist
1153:1872
1068:ISBN
1026:ISBN
1000:ISBN
985:OCLC
905:2019
820:1993
673:and
352:and
285:Died
265:Born
1477:Orr
1118:in
418:of
1728::
952:,
913:^
896:.
885:^
841:^
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755:^
574:.
402:,
384:J,
1223:e
1216:t
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274:)
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68:(
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59:(
45:.
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