History of NATO - Knowledge (XXG)

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assistance, as well as supervision of the administrative services of the Staff/Secretariat itself. Thus the Secretariat provides secretaries to all the Council's principal committees and working groups - apart from those of a strictly technical nature - and ensures coordination between them... On the Staff side, there are three main divisions corresponding to the three principal aspects of NATO's work, each under an Assistant Secretary-General. Ambassador Sergio Fenoaltea (Italy) heads the Political Affairs Division, M. Rene Sergent (France) the Economics and Finance Division, and Mr. Lowell P. Weicker (USA) the Production and Logistics Division. The Divisions' tasks are to prepare, in close touch with delegations, proposed action in their respective fields for consideration by the appropriate committee or by the Council. In addition to the main divisions, there are three other offices working directly to the Secretary-General. These are the Office of Statistics (Mr. Loring Wood of the USA), the Financial Comptroller's Office (M. A. J. Bastin of Belgium), and the Division of Information (Mr. Geoffrey Parsons, Jr. of the USA). The Information Division, besides providing material about NATO for the use of member governments, (it does not engage in independent operations), is also the press and public relations branch of the civilian authority.

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member being attacked and take such action as it deemed necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. The treaty does not require members to respond with military action against an aggressor. Although obliged to respond, they maintain the freedom to choose the method by which they do so. That differs from Article IV of the Treaty of Brussels, which clearly states that the response is military in nature. NATO members are nonetheless assumed to aid the attacked member militarily. The treaty was later clarified to include both the members' territory and their "vessels, forces or aircraft" north of the

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to be retained, but the number of major commands in Europe was to be cut from three to two, Regional Command North Europe and Regional Command South Europe. Activation of the new RC SOUTH occurred in September 1999, and in March 2000 Headquarters AFNORTHWEST closed and the new RC NORTH was activated. The headquarters of the two Regional Commands were known as Regional Headquarters South (RHQ South) and RHQ NORTH respectively. Each was to supervise air, naval, and land commands for their region as well as a number of Joint Subregional Commands (JSRCs). Among the new JSRCs was

1125: 1583: 1569: 587: 660: 58: 1448: 392: 735:, Belgium, by 16 October 1967. France remained a member of the alliance and committed to the defense of Europe from possible Warsaw Pact attack, with its own forces stationed in West Germany throughout the Cold War. A series of secret accords between the US and French officials, the Lemnitzer–Ailleret Agreements, detailed how French forces would dovetail back into NATO's command structure if East-West hostilities broke out. 1601: 2268: 1620:(SHAPE) Planning Group immediately began to devise a structure for the new Allied Command Europe. NATO official documents state, "The cornerstone of the NATO Military Command Structure was laid... when the North Atlantic Council approved D.C. 24/3 on 18 December 1951." They quickly decided to divide Allied Command Europe into three regions: 921:, the American ambassador to the Soviet Union during its final years, said that the West gave a "clear commitment" not to expand, and declassified documents indicate that Soviet negotiators had the impression that NATO membership was off the table for countries such as Czechoslovakia, Hungary, or Poland. 2286:

From 1994 to 1999, ACE had three Major Subordinate Commands, AFNORTHWEST, AFCENT, and AFSOUTH. In 1995 NATO began a Long Term Study to examine post-Cold War strategy and structure. Recommendations from the study for a new, streamlined structure emerged in 1996. The European and Atlantic commands were

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arrangements did not breach the treaty since US forces controlled the weapons until a decision was made to go to war when the treaty would no longer be controlling. Few states then knew of the NATO nuclear sharing arrangements, which were not challenged. In May 1978, NATO countries officially defined

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in 1962, de Gaulle continued his pursuit of an independent defense by removing France's Atlantic and English Channel fleets from NATO command. In 1966, all French armed forces were removed from NATO's integrated military command, and all non-French NATO troops were asked to leave France. A "seething"

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The Strategic Commanders were the former Major NATO Commanders, who sat atop a command hierarchy consisting of Major Subordinate Commanders (MSCs), Principal Subordinate Commanders (PSCs), and Sub-PSCs. The Military Committee had an executive body, the Standing Group, made up of representatives from

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began, which supported the sovereignty of Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia by providing jet fighters to react to any unwanted aerial intrusions. Eight multinational jet fighters are based in Lithuania, the number of which was increased from four in 2014. Also at the 2004 Istanbul summit, NATO launched

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that "during the negotiations on the unification of Germany they gave assurances that NATO would not extend its zone of operation to the east," and he repeated that view in an interview in 2008. However, in 2014 Gorbachev stated the opposite: "The topic of 'NATO expansion' was not discussed at all ,

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the Soviet Government, guided by the unchanged principles of its foreign policy of peace and desirous of relaxing the tension in international relations, states its readiness to join with the interested governments in examining the matter of having the Soviet Union participate in the North Atlantic

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In 1954, the Soviet Union suggested that it might join NATO to preserve peace in Europe. The NATO countries, fearing that the Soviet Union's motive was to weaken the alliance, ultimately rejected that proposal. On 17 December 1954, the North Atlantic Council approved MC 48, a key document in the

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The members agreed that an armed attack against any of them in Europe or North America would be considered an attack against them all. Consequently, they agreed that if an armed attack occurred, each of them, in the exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defense, would assist the

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By June 1991, it was clear that Allied Forces Central Europe, a Major Subordinate Command, could be reduced, with the Soviet threat disappearing. Six multinational corps were to replace the previous eight. Announcements in June 1991 presaged main defensive forces consisting of six multinational

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earlier that year. To secure Soviet approval of a united Germany remaining in NATO, it was agreed that foreign troops and nuclear weapons would not be stationed in the east. There was no formal commitment in the agreement not to expand NATO to the east, but there are diverging views on whether

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The ..Office of the Secretary-General directed by an Executive Secretary, Captain R.D. Coleridge (UK), who is also Secretary to the Council. He is responsible for supervising the general processing of the work of the Council and their committees, including the provision of all secretarial

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In recent years, some have argued that U.S. commitments to the Soviets included a promise not to enlarge NATO. I adamantly disagree, in part because I recall anticipating the possibility of Poland and others joining NATO and so I wanted to avoid taking any action that would preclude that

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in charge of all forces assigned to NATO in the Mediterranean Area. The British made strong representations in discussions regarding the Mediterranean NATO command structure since they wished to retain their direction of NATO naval command in the Mediterranean to protect their

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corps. Two were to be under German command, one with a US division, one under Belgian command with a pending offer of a U.S. brigade, one under U.S. command with a German division, one under joint German-Danish command (LANDJUT), and one under Dutch command. The new German

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The Defence Planning Committee was a former senior decision-making body on matters relating to the integrated military structure of the Alliance. It was dissolved after a major committee review in June 2010, with its responsibilities absorbed by the North Atlantic Council.

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official involved in the Two Plus Four negotiating process, that appears to be a misperception, and no formal commitment regarding enlargement was made. Harvard University historian Mark Kramer also rejects that an informal agreement existed. Memorandums published by the

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A month before , Victoria Nuland, then the US ambassador to NATO, called the 2 percent metric the "unofficial floor" on defense spending in NATO. But never had all governments of NATO's 28 nations officially embraced it at the highest possible political level – a summit

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was a mutual defense treaty against the Soviet threat at the start of the Cold War. It was signed on 17 March 1948 by Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, and the United Kingdom and was the precursor to NATO. The Soviet threat became immediate with the

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joined the alliance in 1952, which forced a series of controversial negotiations, mainly between United States and Britain, over how to bring both countries into the military command-structure. While that overt military preparation was going on, covert

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asked for "clarification" from De Gaulle about whether American soldiers buried in French cemeteries, having fallen in part to defend and liberate France in two world wars, would also have to leave. The withdrawal forced the relocation of

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as an operational domain of war, just like land, sea, and aerial warfare. That means that any cyber attack on NATO members can trigger Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty. Likewise, on 4 December 2019, NATO additionally recognized

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between the United Kingdom and Argentina did not result in NATO involvement because Article 6 of the North Atlantic Treaty specifies that collective self-defense is applicable only to attacks on member state territories north of the

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two complementary aims of the Alliance: to maintain security and pursue détente. That was supposed to mean matching defenses at the level rendered necessary by the Warsaw Pact's offensive capabilities without spurring a further

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and its aftermath. An integrated military structure for NATO was first established in 1950 as it became clear that NATO would need to enhance its defences for the longer term against a potential Soviet attack. In April 1951,

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on defence by 2024, which was previously only an informal guideline. In February 2015, NATO committed to forming a new "spearhead" force of 5000 troops at bases in Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Romania, and Bulgaria.

1314: 1026:, who stated that the expansion would do "for Europe's east what NATO has already helped to do for Europe's west: steadily and systematically, we will continue erasing – without replacing – the line drawn in Europe by 318:

reiterated that the best way to prevent another Czechoslovakia was to evolve a joint Western military strategy. He got a receptive hearing in the United States, especially with the American anxiety over Italy and the

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welcomed the expansion: "Never have we been part of such a broad, solid and binding security alliance, which at the same time respects in its essence the sovereignty and will of our nation." Polish Foreign Minister

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was established. On 8 July 1997, three former communist countries (Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland) were invited to join NATO, which was accepted by all three, with Hungarian acceptance being endorsed in

2934: 2814: 380:, stated in 1949 that the organization's goal was "to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down". Popular support for the treaty was not unanimous, and some Icelanders participated in a 3914: 372:, and the United States signed on 4 April 1949. Participants included the five Treaty of Brussels states, as well as the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. The first 603:

evolution of NATO nuclear thought. MC 48 emphasized that NATO had to use atomic weapons from the outset of a war with the Soviet Union, whether or not the Soviets chose to use them first. That gave

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in December 1991. European countries then accounted for 34 percent of NATO's military spending; by 2012, that had fallen to 21 percent. NATO also began a gradual expansion to include countries of

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in June 1950 proved crucial for NATO, as it raised the apparent threat of all Communist countries working together and forced the alliance to develop concrete military plans. NATO set up the

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suggested that when de Gaulle "comes rushing down like a locomotive on the track, why the Germans and ourselves, we just stand aside and let him go on by, then we are back together again."

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main adversary of NATO and caused a strategic re-evaluation of NATO's purpose, nature, tasks, and focus on the continent of Europe. The shift started, with the 1990 signing in Paris of the

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In 1948, European leaders met with US defense, military, and diplomatic officials at the Pentagon, exploring a framework for a new and unprecedented association. The talks resulted in the

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Standardisation organization, committee, office, and agency including the NATO Standardization Agency which also plays an important role in the global arena of standards determination.

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country. On 19 June 2003, a further restructuring of the NATO military commands began as the Headquarters of the Supreme Allied Commander, Atlantic were abolished and a new command,

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New NATO structures were also formed while old ones were abolished. In 1997, NATO reached agreement on a significant downsizing of its command structure from 65 headquarters to 20.

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were together the most ambitious military undertaking for the alliance so far, involving more than 250,000 men, 300 ships, and 1,500 aircraft operating from Norway to Turkey.

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Hitchcock, William I. (2008). "The Ghosts of Crises Past: The Troubled Alliance in Historical Perspective". In Anderson, Jeffrey; Ikenberry, John G.; Risse, Thomas (eds.).

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theatre nuclear weapons in Europe. The new warheads were also meant to strengthen the West's negotiating position regarding nuclear disarmament. That policy was called the

113:) and committed them to collective defense against an armed attack for fifty years. The British worked with Washington to expand the alliance into NATO in 1949, adding the 955: 772: 6507: 4960:"SUMMARY OF THE NATO MILITARY COMMAND STRUCTURE, TERMS OF REFERENCES AND AREAS OF RESPONSIBILITY OF THE MAJOR NATO COMMANDERS' AND THEIR IMMEDIATE SUBORDINATE COMMANDERS" 4942: 806:

medium-range missiles in Europe, NATO deployed modern Pershing II missiles tasked to hit military targets such as tank formations in the event of war. That action led to

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area and deny them to the enemy and to protect the sea lanes of communication. The establishment of this post and the agreement that it was to be filled by the British

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Considering the response to be unsatisfactory, de Gaulle began constructing an independent defense-force for his country. He wanted to give France, in the event of an

286:, a 1941 agreement between the United States and United Kingdom. The Charter laid out a framework for international cooperation without territorial expansion after 6498: 5951:

Hofmann, Stephanie C. (2017). "Party preferences and institutional transformation: revisiting France's relationship with NATO (and the common wisdom on Gaullism)".

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France, the United States, and the United Kingdom. The Standing Group was abolished during the major reform of 1967 that resulted from France's departure from the

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resulted in a major reform of France's military position, culminating with the return to full membership on 4 April 2009, which also included France rejoining the

1326: 575:- were transferred to NATO control. Ultimately, unofficial bonds began to grow between the respective armed forces of NATO member-states. Such links included the 4171: 4010: 4627: 2373: 874: 5677: 3904: 2360: 2299:

Prior to the reorganization, the NATO website listed 43 different agencies and organizations and five project committees/offices as of 15 May 2008. including:

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NATO Headquarters C3 Staff (NHQC3S), which supports the North Atlantic Council, Military Committee, International Staff, and the International Military Staff.

3724: 3478: 2445: 6566: 4667: 1213: 1163:(ACO). ACT is responsible for driving transformation (future capabilities) in NATO while ACO is responsible for current operations. In March 2004, NATO's 6188: 4409: 2612: 6203:

Perot, Elie (2019). "The art of commitments: NATO, the EU, and the interplay between law and Politics within Europe's collective defence architecture".

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During most of the Cold War, NATO's watch against the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact did not actually lead to direct military action. On 1 July 1968, the

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but retained many of its subordinate structures after the reshuffling. Most of the headquarters were absorbed within ACE, particularly within the new

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policy, the decision "may be expected to have an adverse effect on the development of Russian democracy; to restore the atmosphere of the cold war to

1003: 724: 479: 238: 1362: 5897: 5818: 4131: 1431:, marking the first time an entire US carrier group was placed under NATO command since the Cold War. As a direct consequence of the invasion, both 4728: 4249: 1245:

being stationed in Poland and the Czech Republic. Though NATO leaders gave assurances that the system was not targeting Russia, Russian Presidents

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protests throughout Western Europe, and support for their deployment wavered, as many doubted whether the push for deployment could be sustained.

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brought together 200 ships and over 50,000 personnel to practice the defence of Denmark and Norway. Other major exercises that followed included:

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on 17 September 1958, he argued for the creation of a tripartite directorate, which would put France on an equal footing with the US and the UK.

241:) were established; later, four subordinate headquarters were added in Northern and Central Europe, the Southern Region, and the Mediterranean. 6765: 1428: 1022:

stated that the expansion showed that Hungary was returning "to her natural habitat." The expansion was also welcomed by US Secretary of State

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leaders. NATO member states agreed to establish four additional battlegroups in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia. The aircraft carrier

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in 2017 indicate that multiple assurances against NATO expansion were indeed made to Soviet leaders at the highest levels in 1990 and 1991.

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called for an ambitious buildup of conventional forces to meet the Soviets and reaffirmed that position at the February 1952 meeting of the

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and it wasn't brought up in those years. I say this with full responsibility. Western leaders didn't bring it up, either." According to

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established. The changes brought about by the collapse of the Soviet Union on the military balance in Europe were recognized in the

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On 12 December 1979, in light of a build-up of Warsaw Pact nuclear capabilities in Europe, ministers approved the deployment of US

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withdrew French forces from the military command structure, NATO's headquarters was forced to move to Belgium. SHAPE was moved to

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also welcomed the expansion: "Poland forever returns where she has always belonged: the free world." Hungarian Foreign Minister

828:, Greece withdrew its forces from NATO's military command structure but, with Turkish co-operation, was readmitted in 1980. The 746: 7029: 6813: 6518: 6472: 4939: 3654:

Shifrinson, Joshua R. Itzkowitz (2016). "Deal or No Deal? The End of the Cold War and the U.S. Offer to Limit NATO Expansion".

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between NATO and the Soviet Union, which mandated specific military reductions across the continent, which continued after the

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arrangements initially made by the Western European Union to continue resistance after an expected Soviet invasion - including

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During the Cold War, most of Europe was divided between two alliances. Members of NATO are shown in blue, with members of the

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in which 66.02% of voters supported joining. The entry of Romania into NATO is particularly notable as it put the strategic

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Colbourn, Susan (2020). "NATO as a political alliance: continuities and legacies in the enlargement debates of the 1990s".

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on French soil. That caused the United States to transfer 300 military aircraft out of France and to return control of the

501:. The conference, seeking to provide the forces necessary for NATO's Long-Term Defence Plan, called for an expansion to 96 6911: 6818: 6777: 1937: 1811: 1629: 1621: 1560: 1524: 1152: 1124: 631: 432: 3826: 1337:, the leaders of NATO's member states formally committed for the first time spend the equivalent of at least 2% of their 6720: 6332: 6006: 5953: 5662: 4520: 3349: 1875: 1725: 1625: 1542: 1033:

The expansion was criticized in the US by some policy experts as a "policy error of historic proportions." According to

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in March 1949. The formation of NATO can be seen as the primary institutional consequence of a school of thought called

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Wiebes, Cees; Zeeman, Bert (1983). "The Pentagon Negotiations March 1948: The Launching of the North Atlantic Treaty".

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Gallagher, Tom (2004). "Balkan But Different: Romania and Bulgaria's Contrasting Paths to NATO Membership 1994–2002".

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and extended its activities into political and humanitarian situations that had not been thought of as NATO concerns.

5271: 4617: 2522: 2376:(NC3A), reporting to the NATO Consultation, Command and Control Organization (NC3O). This agency was formed when the 1204: 1196: 3693: 3086: 6991: 6926: 6861: 6604: 6431: 6396: 6319: 5994: 5502: 5375: 1831: 1821: 1656: 882: 825: 799: 698:, instead of being drawn into a larger war between NATO and the Warsaw Pact. In February 1959, France withdrew its 618:

into the organization on 9 May 1955 was described as "a decisive turning point in the history of our continent" by

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commemorating the third anniversary of NATO. Several member countries have issued stamps honoring the organization.

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Between 1994 and 1997, wider forums for regional cooperation between NATO and its neighbors were set up, like the

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On 30 May 1982, NATO gained a new member when the newly-democratic Spain joined the alliance, as was confirmed by

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on the United States on 11 September 2001 led to the first invocation of Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty.

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applied for membership in 18 May 2022 with Finland joining in 4 April 2023 and Sweden joining in 7 March 2024.

427:(STANAG) codified many of the common practices that NATO has achieved. Thus many NATO countries introduced the 277: 6073:

Miles, Simon (Summer 2020). "The War Scare That Wasn't: Able Archer 83 and the Myths of the Second Cold War".

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Membership went on expanding with the accession of seven more Central and Eastern European countries to NATO:

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As part of restructuring, NATO's military structure was cut back and reorganized, with new forces such as the

5100: 4228: 4196: 4033:"Statement by Secretary of State Madeleine K. Albright During the North Atlantic Council Ministerial Meeting" 929:, "For us, however, one thing is certain: NATO will not expand to the east." In 1996, Gorbachev wrote in his 607:

the same prerogatives for automatic use of nuclear weapons that existed for the commander-in-chief of the US

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A key step in establishing the NATO Command Structure was the North Atlantic Council's selection of General

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Three major NATO exercises took place concurrently in the northern autumn of 1957. Operation Counter Punch,

490: 320: 5943: 5652: 5149: 3296: 2250: 57: 7019: 6966: 6941: 6876: 6846: 6710: 6665: 6377:. "The Bibliography of New Cold War History." (2nd ed.) Cold War History Research Center, Budapest, 2018) 5925:

Hendrickson, Ryan C. "NATO’s next secretary general: Rasmussen’s leadership legacy for Jens Stoltenberg."

4672: 3611: 2377: 2316: 2257: 2198: 2193: 2026: 1686: 1633: 1574: 1397: 1338: 1242: 990: 922: 728: 576: 494: 448: 356: 4110:"NATO elevates Mediterranean Dialogue to a genuine partnership, launches Istanbul Cooperation Initiative" 4084: 2335:

Air Traffic Management and Air Defence committees, working groups organization and center including the:

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issued a statement in which it condemned the invasion "in the strongest possible terms". Elements of the

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Martin, Garret (2011). "The 1967 withdrawal from NATO – a cornerstone of de Gaulle's grand strategy?"".

2496: 2077: 2064: 1763: 1556: 1538: 1520: 1502: 1226: 1208: 986: 608: 439:, which used the 7.62mm NATO cartridge, was adopted by 75 countries, including many outside NATO. Also, 369: 343: 234: 5220: 5193: 3609:

Kramer, Mark; Shifrinson, Joshua R. Itzkowitz (2017-07-01). "NATO Enlargement – Was There a Promise?".

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led eight NATO countries—Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and

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This article is about the overall history of NATO. For the history of NATO's relations with the former

6542:"Transforming the NATO Military Command Structure: A New Framework for Managing the Alliance's Future" 6412: 5236: 1159:, United States, and the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) became the Headquarters of 513:

as the organization's chief civilian was created, and eventually the North Atlantic Council appointed

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were standardized so that any NATO aircraft could land at any NATO base. Other standards such as the

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Public management of society: rediscovering French institutional engineering in the European context

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were activated for the first time in NATO's history. In March, NATO leaders met at Brussels for an

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When de Gaulle announced his decision to withdraw from the integrated NATO command, US President

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The membership of the organization was then largely static. In 1974, as a consequence of the

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was to be stationed in eastern German and was not to be associated with the NATO structure.

2150: 1835: 1319: 1318:

Finnish and Swedish ambassadors submit their applications to join NATO to secretary general

1281: 1180: 1034: 834: 684: 572: 405: 283: 5895:

Hawes, Derek (2019). "Enduring alliance: a history of NATO and the post-war global order".

2707:. Annual Meeting of the Society of Historians of American Foreign Relations. Archived from 1993:

Naval Striking and Support Forces Southern Europe (STRIKFORSOUTH), afloat, centered around

1365:, there are signs of a schism between Turkey and other NATO members. On 1 August 2018, the 767:

Détente led to many high-level meetings between leaders from both NATO and the Warsaw Pact.

17: 5986: 5935: 5792: 5685: 5673: 5367: 5224: 4946: 4791: 4467: 4414: 4109: 3822: 3769: 3698: 3291: 3131: 2869: 2230:

Maritime Air Plymouth Sub-Area Channel Command (MAIRPLYMCHAN), in Plymouth, United Kingdom

1892: 1690: 1385:

appears to be one of the most serious diplomatic crisis between the NATO allies in years.

1308: 1250: 959: 935: 817: 776: 703: 659: 416: 299: 210: 6372: 5884:

Nato and Western Perceptions of the Soviet Bloc: Alliance Analysis and Reporting, 1951-69

1183:

was held in Riga, Latvia, and highlighted the issue of energy security. It was the first

1085: 6285: 5150:

Command in NATO After the Cold War: Alliance, National, and Multinational Considerations

5048: 2781: 2662: 7099: 6866: 6417: 6330:(2005). "Holding the bridge in troubled times: the Cold War and the navies of Europe". 6180: 6084: 6038: 5940:

NATO, Britain, France, and the FRG: Nuclear Strategies and Forces for Europe, 1949-2000

5857: 5458: 5451: 4839: 4385: 4057: 3729: 2972: 2896: 2501: 1994: 1825: 1796: 1413: 1409: 1374: 1246: 1019: 807: 803: 791: 739: 595: 541: 506: 361: 158: 82: 6389: 5647: 4436: 1303:

became the 29th member of NATO on 5 June 2017, amid strong objections from Russia. On

7114: 6616: 6558: 6353: 6327: 6226: 6154:“NATO at 70: Balancing Collective Defense and Collective Security,” Special issue of 6030: 5918: 5849: 5743: 5734: 5707: 5533: 5507: 5476: 5421: 5129: 4869: 4032: 4011:"Scenariu de război în "Poarta Focșani". Cât de rapid oprește NATO o luptă cu Rusia?" 3889: 3581: 3395: 3181: 2391: 2132: 2119: 2085: 2017: 1772: 1721: 1381:

said that the US behavior would force Turkey to look for new friends and allies. The

1294: 1100: 864: 829: 619: 396: 269: 114: 5399:

The last decade of the Cold War: from conflict escalation to conflict transformation

3675: 3640: 2227:

Maritime Air Nore Sub-Area Channel Command (MAIRNORECHAN), in Rosyth, United Kingdom

745:

That vision came true when France announced its return to full participation at the

7082: 6610: 6459: 5789:

The Southern Flank of NATO, 1951–1959: Military Strategy or Political Stabilization

4233: 4167: 3792: 3554: 3545: 1896: 1792: 1289: 1273: 1173: 1010: 918: 869:

The Revolutions of 1989 and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact in 1991 removed the

695: 615: 462:

in red and unaffiliated countries are in grey. Yugoslavia, although communist, had

315: 287: 150: 78: 74: 31: 6218: 5966: 5910: 5708:"NATO and the war on terror: The organizational challenges of the post 9/11 world" 5152:, US Army Strategic Studies Institute, June 1, 1997, 11, citing JDW July 17, 1993. 1600: 306:, in September 1948. However, the parties were too weak militarily to counter the 6041:(1986). "Empire by Invitation? The United States and Western Europe, 1945-1952". 5425: 5397: 4492: 3858:

Kramer, Mark (2009-04-01). "The Myth of a No-NATO-Enlargement Pledge to Russia".

3173: 802:

policy. Similarly, in 1983 and 1984, responding to the stationing of Warsaw Pact

6655: 6234: 6189:"NATO and the Berlin Crisis of 1961: Facing the Soviets While Maintaining Unity" 6100: 5841: 5779: 5322: 5180: 4668:"US changing strategic NATO partner with pastor, Turkish President Erdoğan says" 4254: 3958: 3323: 2613:"Biden, Johnson sign new Atlantic Charter on trade, defense amid Covid recovery" 2506: 2219: 2081: 2068: 1883: 1311:

became the 30th member after a dispute about its name was resolved with Greece.

1184: 1038: 897: 795: 691: 627: 594:

provided the largest element of the allied land forces guarding the frontier in

568: 459: 385: 106: 6132: 6113: 6056: 3508: 694:

incursion into West Germany, the option of coming to a separate peace with the

634:, Albania, and East Germany, thereby delineating the two opposing sides of the 6886: 6627: 6345: 6268:

Western Security. The Formative Years: European and Atlantic Defence 1947-1953

6263: 5976:

How NATO Adapts: Strategy and Organization in the Atlantic Alliance Since 1950

5725: 3873: 2475: 2341:(NACMA), based in Brussels, manages around a hundred persons in charge of the 2272: 2215: 1905: 1300: 1261: 1045:, to impel Russian foreign policy in directions decidedly not to our liking." 758: 671:

NATO's unity was breached early in its history with a crisis occurring during

591: 475: 347: 302:

in 1948, leading to the creation of a multinational defense organization, the

206: 110: 3881: 3632: 2734:"Protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty on the Accession of Greece and Turkey" 6632: 6255: 6066:

Freedom of the Skies: An Illustrated History of Fifty Years of NATO Airpower

5887: 5585:

Transforming NATO in the Cold War: Challenges beyond deterrence in the 1960s

5049:"Chapter 7 - The Military Structure - Channel Command and Channel Committee" 3963:"Expanding Alliance: The Overview; Poland, Hungary and the Czechs join NATO" 2590: 2433:

Alliance Ground Surveillance Capability Provisional Project Office (AGS/PPO)

2381: 2136: 1852: 1805: 1694: 1057: 974: 781: 719: 182: 5667:

Foreign policy of the Harry S. Truman administration § Further reading

2224:

Allied Maritime Air Force Channel (MAIRCHAN), in Northwood, United Kingdom

2053:

Maritime Air Eastern Atlantic (MAIREASTLANT), in Northwood, United Kingdom

1815: 1685:

as one of the alliance's two Major NATO Commanders. A third was added when

552:(AAFCE); Monte Carlo, a simulated atomic air-ground exercise involving the 1632:(AFSOUTH), covering Italy and the Mediterranean. SHAPE was established at 1241:. Studies for the system had begun in 2002, with negotiations centered on 6622: 6252:

Propaganda and intelligence in the cold war: The NATO information service

6105:

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 1948-1957: Community or Alliance?

6092: 5753:

The Diplomacy of Pragmatism: Britain and the Formation of NATO, 1942-1949

5535:

Waging Peace and War: Dean Rusk in the Truman, Kennedy, and Johnson Years

5295:

Détente and confrontation: American-Soviet relations from Nixon to Reagan

4622: 4525: 4497: 3667: 3624: 3576: 3212: 3091: 3064: 2361:

NATO Airborne Early Warning and Control Programme Management Organisation

2208: 2187:

Submarines Allied Command Atlantic (SUBACLANT), in Norfolk, United States

2154: 2141:

Submarine Force Western Atlantic (SUBWESTLANT), in Norfolk, United States

2059:

Maritime Air Central Sub-Area (MAIRCENTLANT), in Plymouth, United Kingdom

2040: 1964: 1879: 1859: 1782: 1753: 1733: 1667: 1069: 1065: 1061: 635: 332: 229: 194: 190: 170: 126: 35: 6239:

Time of Fear and Hope: The Making of the North Atlantic Treaty 1947-1949

6022: 2323:

Production Logistics organizations, agencies, and offices including the

2180:

Carrier Striking Group Two (CARSTRIKGRUTWO), in Plymouth, United Kingdom

917:

negotiators gave informal commitments regarding further NATO expansion.

679:

between it and the United Kingdom. In a memorandum sent to US President

509:

and on another 10 in Italy and Scandinavia. Also at Lisbon, the post of

4870:"US carrier strike group comes under NATO command in the Mediterranean" 4756:"Statement by the North Atlantic Council on Russia's attack on Ukraine" 4530: 2698:"Atlanticism as the Core 20th Century US Strategy for Internationalism" 2568: 2267: 2164: 2160: 2113: 2072: 2056:

Maritime Air Northern Sub-Area (MAIRNORLANT), in Rosyth, United Kingdom

2047: 1757: 1717: 1659:

running through the Mediterranean to the Middle East and the Far East.

1432: 1234: 1230: 1148: 1073: 1049: 978: 732: 214: 202: 198: 186: 174: 162: 138: 134: 102: 98: 4553:"NATO declines to condemn arrests of Turkish legislators, journalists" 3725:"NATO's Eastward Expansion: Did the West Break Its Promise to Moscow?" 3723:

Klussmann, Uwe; Schepp, Matthias; Wiegrefe, Klaus (26 November 2009).

2177:

Carrier Striking Group One (CARSTRIKGRUONE), in Norfolk, United States

6443:

The Cold War and the Nordic countries: Historiography at a crossroads

6014: 5764:

Caddis, John (2007). "History, grand strategy and NATO enlargement".

5132:(8 June 1991). "Cold War Battle Orders Make Way for a New NATO Era". 4814:"NATO, G7, EU leaders display unity, avoid confrontation with Russia" 2457: 2123: 2103: 2033: 1968: 1954: 1941: 1705:

auspices. In due course, the CINCHAN role was assumed by the British

1436: 1053: 1027: 563: 559: 498: 436: 360:

The North Atlantic Treaty, signed by US President Harry S. Truman in

314:

had overthrown a democratic government, and British Foreign Minister

218: 178: 166: 146: 142: 130: 118: 86: 39: 2560: 1868:

Allied Naval Forces Baltic Approaches (NAVBALTAP), in Karup, Denmark

1187:

to be held in a country that had been part of the old Soviet Union.

364:, on 4 April 1949, was ratified by the United States in August 1949. 5815:

Partnership in Crisis: The US, Europe and the Fall and Rise of NATO

4464:"The Politics of 2 Percent: NATO and the Security Vacuum in Europe" 4229:"Nato plans to upgrade nuclear weapons 'expensive and unnecessary'" 2204:

Nore Sub-Area Channel Command (NORECHAN), in Rosyth, United Kingdom

908:

on 3 October 1990, when the former East Germany became part of the

6687: 4708:"Turkey, US in diplomatic crisis after ministers hit by sanctions" 2436:

Battlefield Information Collection and Exploitation System (BICES)

2338: 2324: 2266: 2171:

Striking Fleet Atlantic (STRIKFLTLANT), in Norfolk, United States

1945: 1865:

Allied Air Forces Baltic Approaches (AIRBALTAP), in Karup, Denmark

1845: 1599: 1446: 1313: 1255: 1212: 1123: 1108: 968: 887: 812: 762: 658: 585: 453: 390: 355: 154: 122: 56: 6277:

Enduring Alliance: A History of NATO and the Postwar Global Order

5696:

Opening NATO's Door: How the Alliance Remade Itself for a New Era

5509:

The Origins of the Cold War in Europe: International Perspectives

4410:"Macedonia signs Nato deal after ending name dispute with Greece" 4085:"NATO needs to beef up defense of Baltic airspace: top commander" 3002: 713:

Though France showed solidarity with the rest of NATO during the

702:

from NATO command, and it later banned the stationing of foreign

6589: 5080: 5056: 5028: 5000: 4907: 2439:

NATO Continuous Acquisition and Life-Cycle Support Office (CALS)

2367: 2174:

Carrier Striking Force (CARSTRIKFOR), in Norfolk, United States

1851:

Allied Land Forces Schleswig-Holstein and Jutland (LANDJUT), in

1702: 1644: 925:, the West German foreign minister, said in a conversation with 70: 6562: 1329:

led to strong condemnation by NATO nations, and Poland invoked

388:, which stressed the importance of trans-Atlantic cooperation. 5871:

Germany, America, Europe: Forty Years of German Foreign Policy

5678:"Europe's Eastern Promise: rethinking NATO and EU enlargement" 4729:"NATO vows to defend its entire territory after Russia attack" 4521:"NATO Meets to Approve Strengthening Forces in Eastern Europe" 4201: 3295:. Vol. 146, no. 12. pp. 166–189. Archived from 431:

rifle cartridge in the 1950s as a standard firearm-cartridge.

6403:

Kaplan, Lawrence S. "The Cold War and European Revisionism."

4586:"Turkey's relationship with NATO tested over Syria operation" 4493:"Ukraine crisis: Nato bolsters Eastern Europe against Russia" 2464:

Defence Innovation Accelerator for the North Atlantic (DIANA)

2303:

Logistics committees, organizations and agencies, including:

5862:

The Western Alliance: European-American Relations Since 1945

5197: 4324:"Montenegro Officially Joins NATO At Ceremony In Washington" 3378:

The End of the West? Crisis and Change in the Atlantic Order

2430:

Project Steering Committees and Project Offices, including:

2092:

Western Atlantic Area (WESTLANT), in Norfolk, United States

5582:

Wenger, Andreas; Nuenlist, Christian; Locher, Anna (2007).

5240: 5217: 3232: 2388:

NATO Communications and Information Systems Services Agency

1979:

Fifth Allied Tactical Air Force (5 ATAF), in Vicenza, Italy

1982:

Sixth Allied Tactical Air Force (6 ATAF), in İzmir, Turkey

1604:

NATO military command and areas of responsibilities (1954)

1468:, Lord Ismay described the civilian structure as follows: 244:

From the 1950s to 2003, the Strategic Commanders were the

4197:"Part of NATO missile defense system goes live in Turkey" 2486:

Foreign policy of the Harry S. Truman administration#NATO

1624:, containing Scandinavia, the North Sea, and the Baltic; 1221:

and NATO leaders led to the Intensified Dialogue program.

81:

and to stop the expansion of Soviet power in Europe. The

3903:

Savranskaya, Svetlana; Blanton, Tom (12 December 2017).

2756:"Proof and Inspection Committee NATO 7.62 MM Ammunition" 2454:

Committee of Chiefs of Military Medical Services in NATO

667:'s 1966 withdrawal from NATO military integrated command 482:(SHAPE) to direct forces in Europe; it began work under 93:, a defensive pact, which was expanded in 1948 with the 5991:

NATO Divided, NATO United: The Evolution of an Alliance

5372:

NATO Divided, NATO United: The Evolution of an Alliance

5021:"Chapter 7 - The Military Structure - Atlantic Command" 3509:"NATO Command Structure: Considerations for the Future" 3507:

Weinrod, W. Bruce; Barry, Charles L. (September 2010).

1229:

in Bucharest, Romania, NATO agreed to the accession of

1217:

Meetings between the government of Ukrainian President

952:

Headquarters Allied Command Europe Rapid Reaction Corps

540:; Italic Weld, a combined air-naval-ground exercise in 4840:"NATO's military presence in the east of the Alliance" 3797:"Did NATO Promise Not to Enlarge? Gorbachev Says "No"" 3350:"After 43 Years, France to Rejoin NATO as Full Member" 1373:

who were involved in the detention of American pastor

4650:"US sanctions Turkish officials over detained pastor" 4134:. CNN.com. Archived from the original on 7 April 2008 2366:

NATO Consultation, Command and Control Organisation (

2095:

Ocean Sub-Area (OCEANLANT), in Norfolk, United States

1284:

stationed there and deploying them on the stealthier

77:

when British diplomacy set the stage to contain the

6293:

A History of NATO: The First Fifty Years (3 volumes)

6114:"Creating common sense: getting NATO to Afghanistan" 5829:

Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics

5609:

Machine Guns: An Illustrated History of Their Impact

4926:

T.D. Young, Reforming NATO's Military Structures, 7.

3194: 2235:

Standing Naval Force Channel (STANAVFORCHAN), afloat

46:. For NATO history with regards to enlargement, see 7075: 7000: 6827: 6796: 6696: 6641: 6596: 4688:"US sanctions Turkey over Pastor Brunson detention" 4618:"Rough seas for NATO as Turkey clashes with allies" 4172:"Medvedev calls missile defense a threat to Russia" 4132:"U.S. wins NATO backing for missile defense shield" 2291:, which was activated in Madrid in September 1999. 2046:Submarine Force Eastern Atlantic (SUBEASTLANT), in 1689:was established on 21 February 1952 to control the 579:(established in 1961) and competitions such as the 466:in 1948, and Albania was a Warsaw Pact member-only 5506: 5450: 5321: 3839:from the original on 27 December 2001 – via 3516:Center for Technology and National Security Policy 2583:"1949–1952: Creating a Command Structure for NATO" 1191:2008–present: Renewed focus on territorial defense 1037:, an American diplomat and former advocate of the 966:but maintaining an independent nuclear deterrent. 956:Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty 773:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 38:. For the history of NATO's relations the present 6508:"Evolution of NATO's Command Structure 1951-2009" 6142:NATO Handbook : Fiftieth Anniversary Edition 5218:NATO Communication and Information Systems Agency 3718: 3716: 2491:History of the Common Security and Defence Policy 2427:Education and Training college, schools and group 2207:Plymouth Sub-Area Channel Command (PLYMCHAN), in 1006:in which 85.3% of voters supported joining NATO. 912:and of the alliance. That had been agreed in the 27:History of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization 4152:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3479:"Greek-Turkish Relations: The Deadlocked Allies" 2214:Benelux Sub-Area Channel Command (BENECHAN), in 1858:Allied Land Forces in Zealand (LANDZEALAND), in 6003:The United States and NATO: The Formative Years 5481:Britain, Italy, and the Origins of the Cold War 4940:Evolution of NATO's Command Structure 1951-2009 4351:"Defying Russia, Montenegro finally joins NATO" 2540: 2538: 3604: 3602: 3600: 2332:Civil Emergency Planning committees and center 2325:NATO Eurofighter and Tornado Management Agency 1662:In 1952, after Greece and Turkey joined NATO 1288:. On 15 June 2016, NATO officially recognized 708:air-force bases that it had operated in France 6574: 5237:"NATO Research & Technology Organization" 4934: 4932: 3995:"NATO Expansion Would Be a Fateful Blunder", 3763:Blomfield, Adrian; Smith, Mike (6 May 2008). 3396:"Defence Planning Committee (DPC) (Archived)" 3244: 2374:NATO Consultation, Command and Control Agency 2256:On July 1, 1994, the Alliance disestablished 1268:signed a protocol at the NATO Council in 2016 1147:on 21 November, the first summit in a former 875:Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe 8: 4787:"NATO Response Force deploys for first time" 4297:"NATO declares space an 'operational domain" 4271:"Cyberspace is officially a war zone – NATO" 3343: 3341: 2446:Munitions Safety Information Analysis Center 73:(NATO) begins in the immediate aftermath of 48:Enlargement of NATO § Past enlargements 6497:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6434:. "The new history of Cold War alliances." 6144:(NATO, Brussels, 1998–99, Second Reprint), 5266:Isby, David C.; Kamps, Charles Jr. (1985). 4381:"NATO: North Macedonia becomes 30th member" 775:opened for signature. NATO argued that its 663:Map of the NATO air bases in France before 6581: 6567: 6559: 6307:The United States, Italy and NATO, 1947-52 3317:Le Blévennec, François (25 October 2011). 2403:NATO Electronic Warfare Advisory Committee 2108:Island Command Bermuda (ISCOMBERMUDA), in 6726:Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe 6164:Collision Course: NATO, Russia and Kosovo 6131: 5733: 5349:Allied command structures in the new NATO 3750: 3113: 2794: 2768: 2637: 2422:NATO Research and Technology Organisation 2159:Island Command Madeira (ISCOMADEIRA), in 2098:Canadian Atlantic Sub-Area (CANLANT), in 1618:Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe 1491:Coats of arms of historical NATO commands 480:Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe 5898:Journal of Contemporary European Studies 5819:Royal Institute of International Affairs 5101:"Revised Terms of Reference for SACLANT" 4009:Popescu, Andrei Luca (21 October 2021). 3765:"Gorbachev: US could start new Cold War" 3466: 3454: 3416: 2683: 2118:Island Command Azores (ISCOMAZORES), in 859:1991–2001: Response to the Yugoslav Wars 536:, naval and amphibious exercises in the 520:In September 1952, the first major NATO 489:in January 1951. In September 1950, the 415:The creation of NATO brought about some 6819:Supreme Allied Commander Transformation 6517:. Brussels(?): NATO ACO. Archived from 3431:"NATO at 70: Lessons From The Cold War" 3259:"NATO at 70: Lessons from the Cold War" 2805: 2803: 2649: 2534: 2409:Military Committee Meteorological Group 1961:Allied Land Forces South-Eastern Europe 1750:Chairman of the NATO Military Committee 1664:Allied Land Forces South-Eastern Europe 1639:The British post of Commander in Chief 1489: 1105:International Security Assistance Force 1080:. Slovenian membership was endorsed in 451:extends beyond NATO into civilian use. 50:. For NATO's structural evolution, see 6490: 6140:NATO Office of Information and Press. 4598:from the original on 21 September 2020 4408:McLaughlin, Daniel (6 February 2019). 4145: 3905:"NATO Expansion: What Gorbachev Heard" 3550:"Kremlin tears up arms pact with Nato" 3526:from the original on September 5, 2013 3494: 3429:Trakimavičius, Lukas (25 March 2019). 2839: 1924:(2 ATAF), in Rheindahlen, West Germany 1429:Naval Striking and Support Forces NATO 583:for tank gunnery, instituted in 1963. 6538:Atlantic Council of the United States 6181:Defending the West: A History of NATO 6087:was a routine NATO exercise in 1983. 5713:Review of International Organizations 5453:Defending the West: a history of NATO 5170:T.D. Young, 'NATO After 2000,' 16-18. 5077:"NATO the first five years 1949-1954" 4785:Gonzalez, Oriana (26 February 2022). 2815:"NATO the first five years 1949–1954" 7: 7055:Relationship with the European Union 6460:"NATO Strategy Documents" 1949-1969" 6447:University Press of Southern Denmark 6422:. "Danish Cold War Historiography." 4993:"Chapter 7 - The Military Structure" 4900:"Chapter 6 - The civilian structure" 2939:NATO: The First Five Years 1949–1954 2851: 1363:Cyprus–Turkey maritime zones dispute 382:pro-neutrality, anti-membership riot 5053:NATO the first five years 1949-1954 5025:NATO the first five years 1949-1954 4997:NATO the first five years 1949-1954 4904:NATO the first five years 1949-1954 4762:(Press release). 24 February 2022. 4584:Stolton, Samuel (14 October 2019). 3827:"The Lessons of German Unification" 3135:. 30 September 1957. Archived from 2901:"Navies Meet the Test in Operation 2782:"NATO Declassified – NATO Alphabet" 1988:Allied Naval Forces Southern Europe 1930:(4 ATAF), in Ramstein, West Germany 1253:criticized the system as a threat. 999:NATO–Russia Permanent Joint Council 977:being raised in a ceremony marking 7094:Southeast Asia Treaty Organization 7025:Individual Partnership Action Plan 6761:Joint Support and Enabling Command 6590:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 4850:from the original on 31 March 2022 4565:from the original on 3 August 2019 3195:Wenger, Nuenlist & Locher 2007 2307:NATO Maintenance and Supply Agency 1951:Allied Land Forces Southern Europe 981:'s joining of the alliance in 2009 710:since 1950 to the French by 1967. 548:(BAOR), the Netherlands Corps and 304:Western Union Defence Organisation 71:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 25: 7015:Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council 6394:. "Cold War history in Germany." 5882:Hatzivassiliou, Evanthis (2014). 4880:from the original on 8 March 2022 4766:from the original on 1 April 2022 4295:Winter, Laura (4 December 2019). 4269:Hardy, Catherine (15 June 2016). 4058:"Allied Command Operations (ACO)" 3285:Ogden, Christopher (1995-09-18). 3087:"West Germany accepted into Nato" 2513:Relations between France and NATO 2262:Allied Forces Northwestern Europe 2010:Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic 1974:Allied Air Forces Southern Europe 1802:NATO Airborne Early Warning Force 1679:Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic 1677:(ACLANT) on 30 January 1952, the 1427:were placed under the command of 1297:as an operational domain of war. 1286:Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II 995:Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council 892:Reforms made under Soviet leader 753:1962–1991: Détente and escalation 250:Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic 6156:Journal of Transatlantic Studies 6119:Journal of Transatlantic Studies 5928:Journal of Transatlantic Studies 5787:Chourchoulis, Dionysios (2014). 4727:Cook, Lorne (24 February 2022). 4462:Techau, Jan (2 September 2015). 4083:Sytas, Andrius (29 March 2016). 3986:, Los Angeles Times, 7 July 1997 3941:"Sarkozy military plan unveiled" 3917:from the original on 8 June 2022 3577:"The future of NATO: Bad timing" 3233:National Defense University 1997 3209:"Not Enough NATO In Afghanistan" 3207:Dowd, Alan (22 September 2009). 3161:Journal of Transatlantic Studies 3001:. 5 October 2012. Archived from 2039:Central Sub-Area (CENTLANT), in 2032:Northern Sub-Area (NORLANT), in 1928:Fourth Allied Tactical Air Force 1922:Second Allied Tactical Air Force 1912:Allied Air Forces Central Europe 1643:was given a dual-hatted role as 1581: 1567: 1549: 1531: 1513: 1495: 1390:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 1355:Kurdish-inhabited areas in Syria 550:Allied Air Forces Central Europe 52:Structure of NATO § History 7030:Istanbul Cooperation Initiative 6814:Supreme Allied Commander Europe 6809:Chair of the Military Committee 6473:Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay 6275:Sayle, Timothy Andrews (2019). 4630:from the original on 7 May 2021 4328:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 3835:. No. 61. pp. 21–22. 2873:. 24 March 1952. Archived from 2865:"NATO: The Man with the Oilcan" 1842:Allied Forces Baltic Approaches 1769:Supreme Allied Commander Europe 1720:, north of the Belgian city of 1712:In 1966, when French President 1683:Supreme Allied Commander Europe 1666:(LANDSOUTHEAST) was created in 1614:Supreme Allied Commander Europe 1485:NATO Military Command Structure 1170:Istanbul Cooperation Initiative 964:NATO Military Command Structure 904:An expansion of NATO came with 879:dissolution of the Soviet Union 544:; Grand Repulse, involving the 246:Supreme Allied Commander Europe 7065:eastward NATO expansion issues 6158:17#2 (June 2019) pp: 135–267. 5980:Johns Hopkins University Press 5869:Hanrieder, Wolfram F. (1989). 5532:Schoenbaum, Thomas J. (1988). 5268:Armies of NATO's Central Front 4349:Milic, Predrag (5 June 2017). 4248:Becker, Markus (16 May 2012). 4112:. NATO Update. 16 October 2008 3348:Cody, Edward (12 March 2009). 3030:. 1 April 1954. Archived from 2343:Air Control and Command System 2312:Central Europe Pipeline System 1699:Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth 1681:joined the previously created 1451:1952 NATO organisational chart 1276:proposed using the ship-based 655:Strained relations with France 1: 6778:Allied Command Transformation 6291:Schmidt, Gustav, ed. (2001). 6270:. Norwegian University Press. 6219:10.1080/09662839.2019.1587746 6175:NATO: The Entangling Alliance 5967:10.1080/01402390.2016.1227258 5911:10.1080/14782804.2019.1657731 5427:NATO: The Entangling Alliance 4250:"US Nuclear Weapons Upgrades" 1976:(AIRSOUTH), in Naples, Italy 1938:Allied Forces Southern Europe 1812:Allied Forces Northern Europe 1630:Allied Forces Southern Europe 1622:Allied Forces Northern Europe 1561:Allied Forces Southern Europe 1525:Allied Forces Northern Europe 1347:2016–present purges in Turkey 1153:Allied Command Transformation 433:Fabrique Nationale de Herstal 312:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 310:. In addition, the communist 6721:International Military Staff 6477:"NATO: The First Five Years" 6333:Journal of Strategic Studies 6107:. McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP. 6007:University Press of Kentucky 6001:Kaplan, Lawrence S. (2014). 5954:Journal of Strategic Studies 5706:; Borzutzky, Silvia (2006). 5663:Bibliography of the Cold War 5653:Resources in other libraries 5607:Willbanks, James H. (2004). 3174:10.1080/14794012.2011.593819 2289:Joint Headquarters Southwest 1990:(NAVSOUTH), in Naples, Italy 1876:Allied Forces Central Europe 1726:Allied Forces Central Europe 1626:Allied Forces Central Europe 1543:Allied Forces Central Europe 1371:Turkish government ministers 1327:Russian annexation of Crimea 7010:Atlantic Treaty Association 6436:Journal of Cold War Studies 6425:Journal of Cold War Studies 6187:Pedlow, Gregory W. (2011). 6076:Journal of Cold War Studies 5842:10.1080/1352327042000306020 5561:van der Eyden, Ton (2003). 5432:University of Chicago Press 5344:National Defense University 5300:Brookings Institution Press 4979:University of New Brunswick 4015:Radio Europa Liberă România 3520:National Defense University 2416:Military Oceanography Group 2339:NATO ACCS Management Agency 1652:Allied Forces Mediterranean 1260:NATO foreign ministers and 1133:Kabul International Airport 910:Federal Republic of Germany 848:1991–present: Post-Cold War 747:2009 Strasbourg–Kehl summit 683:and British Prime Minister 447:became widespread, and the 441:aircraft-marshaling signals 18:French withdrawal from NATO 7137: 6605:Animus in consulendo liber 6320:Liverpool University Press 6305:Smith, E. Timothy (1991). 6133:10.1057/s42738-021-00067-0 6057:10.1177/002234338602300305 5995:Greenwood Publishing Group 5974:Johnston, Seth A. (2017). 5660: 5567:. Vol. 1. IOS Press. 5376:Greenwood Publishing Group 5181:Organizations and Agencies 3692:(September–October 2014). 2295:Organizations and agencies 1832:Allied Forces South Norway 1822:Allied Forces North Norway 1673:With the establishment of 1657:sea lines of communication 1466:NATO: The First Five Years 1396:to trigger Article 4. The 1194: 1155:(ACT), was established in 1143:(NRF) was launched at the 1098: 883:Central and Eastern Europe 862: 851: 826:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 756: 425:Standardization Agreements 341: 330: 282:NATO has its roots in the 259: 29: 6788:Standardization agreement 6441:Olesen, Thorsten B., ed. 6346:10.1080/01402390500088379 6044:Journal of Peace Research 5780:10.1093/survival/40.1.145 5735:10.1007/s11558-006-0164-3 5726:10.1007/s11558-006-9515-3 5694:Asmus, Ronald D. (2002). 5648:Resources in your library 5110:. NATO Standing Committee 3910:National Security Archive 3874:10.1080/01636600902773248 2696:Straus, Ira (June 2005). 2663:"A short history of NATO" 1789:United Kingdom Air Forces 1367:US Department of Treasury 1345:NATO did not condemn the 1161:Allied Command Operations 945:National Security Archive 546:British Army on the Rhine 511:Secretary General of NATO 262:Aftermath of World War II 7060:Relationship with Russia 6771:SHAPE International Band 6281:Cornell University Press 6243:McClelland & Stewart 6064:March, Peter R. (1999). 5272:Jane's Information Group 3861:The Washington Quarterly 3398:. NATO. 11 November 2014 3382:Cornell University Press 2935:"NATO the First 5 Years" 2129:Island Command Greenland 1730:Chateau de Fontainebleau 1707:Commander-in-Chief Fleet 1131:'s military terminal at 1095:2001–2008: War on Terror 718:U.S. Secretary of State 624:Foreign Affairs Minister 484:Supreme Allied Commander 278:Western Union (alliance) 6112:Münch, Philipp (2021). 4558:Deutsche Presse-Agentur 3380:. Ithaca & London: 3061:"Fast facts about NATO" 2509:, the Soviet opposition 2493:, of the European Union 2353:NATO Programming Centre 2277:United States Air Force 2005:Allied Command Atlantic 1746:NATO Military Committee 1675:Allied Command Atlantic 1589:Allied Command Atlantic 1243:anti-ballistic missiles 491:NATO Military Committee 321:Italian Communist Party 228:evolved throughout the 7020:Mediterranean Dialogue 7002:Multilateral relations 6783:Parliamentary Assembly 6506:Pedlow, Dr Gregory W. 6314:Smith, Joseph (1990). 5813:Cornish, Paul (1997). 5802:International Politics 5449:Park, William (1986). 5148:Thomas-Durrell Young, 4973:Maloney, Sean (1991). 4938:Dr Gregory W. Pedlow, 4225:Norton-Taylor, Richard 3656:International Security 3612:International Security 3257:Trakimavicius, Lukas. 2971:. 2013. Archived from 2969:NATO Tiger Association 2941:. NATO. Archived from 2817:. NATO. Archived from 2589:. 2013. Archived from 2523:Ukraine–NATO relations 2378:SHAPE Technical Centre 2283: 2258:Allied Command Channel 2194:Allied Command Channel 2065:Island Command Iceland 1736:, in the Netherlands. 1687:Allied Command Channel 1605: 1575:Allied Command Channel 1475: 1452: 1398:North Atlantic Council 1369:sanctioned two senior 1339:gross domestic product 1322: 1272:In 2009, US President 1269: 1239:missile defence system 1222: 1205:Ukraine–NATO relations 1197:Georgia–NATO relations 1136: 1121: 991:Mediterranean Dialogue 982: 923:Hans-Dietrich Genscher 901: 896:led to the end of the 821: 768: 668: 599: 577:NATO Tiger Association 495:North Atlantic Council 471: 464:left the Soviet sphere 449:NATO phonetic alphabet 400: 374:NATO Secretary General 365: 237:and its headquarters ( 66: 7050:Partnership for Peace 6688:.nato Internet domain 6651:North Atlantic Treaty 6428:20.4 (2019): 180-211. 6409:11.2 (1987): 143-156. 6301:With 60 contributors. 6250:Risso, Linda (2014). 6162:Norris, John (2005). 5931:14.3 (2016): 237-251. 5875:Yale University Press 5751:Baylis, John (1993). 5661:Further information: 5515:Yale University Press 5328:. London: Doubleday. 5135:Jane's Defence Weekly 3832:The National Interest 3802:Brookings Institution 3114:Isby & Kamps 1985 3025:"Text of Soviet Note" 2995:"Historical Overview" 2933:(17 September 2001). 2899:(28 September 1952). 2795:Isby & Kamps 1985 2638:Isby & Kamps 1985 2548:International Affairs 2518:Russia–NATO relations 2497:NATO open door policy 2280:F-16 Fighting Falcons 2270: 2147:Iberian Atlantic Area 2131:(ISCOMGREENLAND), in 2078:Island Command Faroes 2023:Eastern Atlantic Area 1764:Allied Command Europe 1603: 1557:Allied Command Europe 1539:Allied Command Europe 1521:Allied Command Europe 1503:Allied Command Europe 1470: 1450: 1359:intervention in Libya 1349:. As a result of the 1317: 1259: 1216: 1209:Post-Soviet conflicts 1201:Russia–NATO relations 1195:Further information: 1127: 1112: 1099:Further information: 987:Partnership for Peace 972: 891: 852:Further information: 816: 766: 662: 622:, then the Norwegian 614:The incorporation of 609:Strategic Air Command 589: 457: 394: 370:North Atlantic Treaty 359: 344:North Atlantic Treaty 342:Further information: 338:1949–1962: Beginnings 331:Further information: 235:Allied Command Europe 89:signed, in 1947, the 60: 44:Russia–NATO relations 7040:NATO global partners 6676:potential withdrawal 6400:8.2 (2008): 135-156. 6196:US National Archives 6093:10.1162/jcws_a_00952 5590:Taylor & Francis 5544:Simon & Schuster 5477:Pedaliu, Effie G. H. 5352:. DIANE Publishing. 5290:Garthoff, Raymond L. 5259:General bibliography 4561:. 21 November 2016. 4031:(16 December 1997). 3668:10.1162/ISEC_a_00236 3625:10.1162/isec_c_00287 3435:The Atlantic Council 2999:Canadian Army Trophy 2813:(4 September 2001). 2736:. NATO. 4 April 1949 2593:on 24 September 2015 2317:NATO Pipeline System 1963:(LANDSOUTHEAST), in 1507:Supreme Headquarters 1425:carrier strike group 1408:which also involved 1406:extraordinary summit 1379:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 1377:. Turkish President 1333:in meetings. At the 1088:under NATO control. 1078:2004 Istanbul summit 993:initiative, and the 914:Two Plus Four Treaty 906:German reunification 715:Cuban Missile Crisis 677:special relationship 647:Operation Deep Water 643:Operation Strikeback 581:Canadian Army Trophy 474:The outbreak of the 421:military terminology 410:overseas departments 352:Cuban Missile Crisis 217:joined in 2023, and 7035:Major non-NATO ally 6716:International Staff 6316:The Origins of NATO 6183:. Wheatsheaf Books. 6179:Park, W. H. (1986) 5987:Kaplan, Lawrence S. 5540:Ann Arbor, Michigan 5368:Kaplan, Lawrence S. 5183:, accessed May 2008 4981:. pp. 258–261. 4876:. 24 January 2022. 4673:Hürriyet Daily News 4176:The Washington Post 4029:Albright, Madeleine 3823:Zoellick, Robert B. 3694:"A Broken Promise?" 3690:Sarotte, Mary Elise 3469:, pp. 278–279. 3457:, pp. 280–282. 3419:, pp. 659–661. 3355:The Washington Post 3247:, pp. 104–106. 2877:on December 4, 2008 2771:, pp. 129–130. 2481:Enlargement of NATO 2282:in a NATO exercise. 2067:(ISCOMICELAND), in 1889:Northern Army Group 1728:was moved from the 1641:Mediterranean Fleet 1402:NATO Response Force 1278:Aegis Combat System 1165:Baltic Air Policing 1141:NATO Response Force 1043:East-West relations 940:US State Department 927:Eduard Shevardnadze 700:Mediterranean Fleet 530:Exercise Grand Slam 327:1949–1991: Cold War 308:Soviet Armed Forces 69:The history of the 6683:Opposition to NATO 6554:on 3 October 2012. 6438:4.2 (2002): 55-84. 6406:Diplomatic History 6297:Palgrave Macmillan 5944:St. Martin’s Press 5485:Palgrave Macmillan 5318:Gorbachev, Mikhail 5223:2008-04-21 at the 4945:2013-03-01 at the 4713:The Times of India 4676:. August 11, 2018. 4591:Al Jazeera English 3841:Charles University 3299:on August 17, 2000 3245:van der Eyden 2003 2975:on 3 November 2013 2714:on 20 October 2013 2442:NATO FORACS Office 2284: 2080:(ISCOMFAROES), in 1902:Central Army Group 1648:Commander in Chief 1606: 1478:Military structure 1460:Civilian structure 1453: 1443:Structural changes 1323: 1270: 1264:'s Prime Minister 1223: 1145:2002 Prague summit 1137: 1122: 1024:Madeleine Albright 983: 902: 842:referendum in 1986 822: 769: 669: 600: 554:Central Army Group 526:Exercise Mainbrace 522:maritime exercises 472: 401: 366: 295:Treaty of Brussels 274:Treaty of Brussels 95:Treaty of Brussels 67: 40:Russian Federation 7108: 7107: 6804:Secretary General 6706:NATO headquarters 6666:List of exercises 6206:European Security 6171:Osgood, Robert E. 5634:Library resources 5599:978-0-415-39737-7 5574:978-1-58603-291-3 5553:978-0-671-60351-9 5524:978-0-300-10562-9 5468:978-0-8133-0408-3 5422:Osgood, Robert E. 5413:978-0-7146-8539-7 5385:978-0-275-98006-1 5359:978-1-57906-033-6 5335:978-0-385-40668-0 5309:978-0-8157-3041-5 5281:978-0-7106-0341-8 4846:. 28 March 2022. 4716:. August 2, 2018. 4696:. August 1, 2018. 4656:. August 1, 2018. 4533:. 5 February 2015 4501:. 5 February 2015 4205:. 16 January 2012 4170:(23 March 2012). 3999:, 5 February 1997 3961:(13 March 1999). 3937:Stratton, Allegra 3497:, pp. 89–91. 3197:, pp. 67–69. 2797:, pp. 13–14. 2390:(NCSA), based in 2201:, United Kingdom 2029:, United Kingdom 2008:(ACLANT), led by 1740:Structure in 1989 1714:Charles de Gaulle 1636:, west of Paris. 1610:Dwight Eisenhower 1383:US–Turkey dispute 1335:2014 Wales summit 1282:B61 nuclear bombs 1227:April 2008 summit 1219:Viktor Yushchenko 1157:Norfolk, Virginia 1135:in September 2010 1118:terrorist attacks 1030:'s bloody boot." 1016:Bronislaw Geremek 894:Mikhail Gorbachev 854:Post–Cold War era 731:, near Paris, to 681:Dwight Eisenhower 673:Charles de Gaulle 665:Charles de Gaulle 538:Mediterranean Sea 534:Exercise Longstep 487:Dwight Eisenhower 445:NATO Stock Number 408:, including some 266:Treaty of Dunkirk 248:(SACEUR) and the 226:structure of NATO 97:to add the three 91:Treaty of Dunkirk 16:(Redirected from 7128: 7045:Open door policy 6741:Maritime Command 6583: 6576: 6569: 6560: 6555: 6553: 6547:. 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Kennan 1009:Czech President 835:Tropic of Cancer 685:Harold Macmillan 573:Operation Gladio 406:Tropic of Cancer 284:Atlantic Charter 221:joined in 2024. 213:joined in 2020, 209:joined in 2017, 205:joined in 2009, 197:joined in 2004, 169:joined in 1999, 157:joined in 1982, 153:joined in 1955, 149:joined in 1952, 63:NATO enlargement 21: 7136: 7135: 7131: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7126: 7125: 7121:History of NATO 7111: 7110: 7109: 7104: 7071: 6996: 6937:North Macedonia 6823: 6792: 6692: 6637: 6592: 6587: 6551: 6544: 6540:(August 2003). 6536: 6527: 6525: 6524:on 1 March 2013 6521: 6510: 6505: 6489: 6482: 6480: 6471: 6468: 6456: 6454:Primary sources 6432:Mastny, Vojtech 6415: 6387: 6370: 6364: 6326: 6313: 6304: 6290: 6274: 6262: 6249: 6233: 6202: 6191: 6186: 6161: 6111: 6101:Milloy, John C. 6099: 6072: 6063: 6039:Lundestad, Geir 6037: 6000: 5973: 5950: 5934: 5894: 5881: 5868: 5858:Grosser, Alfred 5856: 5825: 5812: 5799: 5793:Lexington Books 5786: 5763: 5755:. Basingstoke: 5750: 5704:Axelrod, Robert 5702: 5693: 5686:Foreign Affairs 5680: 5672: 5669: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5642: 5641: 5639:History of NATO 5637: 5630: 5628:Further reading 5625: 5619: 5606: 5600: 5581: 5575: 5560: 5554: 5531: 5525: 5503:Reynolds, David 5501: 5495: 5475: 5469: 5448: 5442: 5420: 5414: 5402:. 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Headquarters 1691:English Channel 1598: 1591: 1586: 1577: 1572: 1563: 1554: 1545: 1536: 1527: 1518: 1509: 1500: 1480: 1462: 1445: 1420:Harry S. Truman 1393: 1330: 1309:North Macedonia 1304: 1251:Dmitry Medvedev 1211: 1193: 1107: 1097: 997:. In 1998, the 960:Nicolas Sarkozy 936:Robert Zoellick 867: 861: 856: 850: 818:Wim van Eekelen 792:cruise missiles 777:nuclear sharing 761: 755: 704:nuclear weapons 657: 417:standardization 354: 340: 335: 329: 300:Berlin Blockade 280: 260:Main articles: 258: 211:North Macedonia 55: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7134: 7132: 7124: 7123: 7113: 7112: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7102: 7097: 7091: 7086: 7079: 7077: 7073: 7072: 7070: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7006: 7004: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6994: 6989: 6987:United Kingdom 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6862:Czech Republic 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6833: 6831: 6825: 6824: 6822: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6800: 6798: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6702: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6679: 6678: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6647: 6645: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6613: 6608: 6600: 6598: 6594: 6593: 6588: 6586: 6585: 6578: 6571: 6563: 6557: 6556: 6534: 6503: 6467: 6466:External links 6464: 6463: 6462: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6439: 6429: 6410: 6401: 6382: 6363: 6362:Historiography 6360: 6359: 6358: 6340:(2): 309–337. 6328:Till, Geoffrey 6324: 6311: 6302: 6288: 6272: 6266:, ed. (1985). 6260: 6247: 6231: 6200: 6184: 6177: 6168: 6159: 6152: 6138: 6126:(2): 138–166. 6109: 6097: 6085:Able Archer 83 6070: 6061: 6051:(3): 263–277. 6035: 5998: 5984: 5971: 5961:(4): 505–531. 5948: 5932: 5923: 5905:(4): 545–546. 5892: 5879: 5866: 5854: 5823: 5810: 5797: 5784: 5774:(1): 145–151. 5761: 5748: 5720:(3): 293–307. 5700: 5691: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5644: 5643: 5632: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5623: 5617: 5604: 5598: 5579: 5573: 5558: 5552: 5529: 5523: 5499: 5493: 5473: 5467: 5459:Westview Press 5446: 5440: 5418: 5412: 5394:Njølstad, Olav 5390: 5384: 5364: 5358: 5340: 5334: 5314: 5308: 5286: 5280: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5228: 5210: 5185: 5172: 5163: 5154: 5141: 5130:Starr, Barbara 5121: 5092: 5068: 5040: 5012: 4984: 4965: 4951: 4928: 4919: 4891: 4861: 4831: 4818:Deutsche Welle 4805: 4777: 4747: 4719: 4699: 4679: 4659: 4641: 4609: 4576: 4544: 4512: 4484: 4454: 4443:. 4 March 2014 4428: 4400: 4386:Deutsche Welle 4372: 4361:on 7 June 2017 4341: 4315: 4287: 4261: 4240: 4216: 4188: 4159: 4123: 4101: 4075: 4049: 4020: 4017:(in Romanian). 4001: 3997:New York Times 3988: 3979: 3967:New York Times 3950: 3928: 3895: 3850: 3814: 3784: 3755: 3753:, p. 675. 3751:Gorbachev 1996 3743: 3730:Spiegel Online 3712: 3681: 3646: 3619:(1): 186–192. 3596: 3568: 3537: 3499: 3487: 3471: 3459: 3447: 3421: 3409: 3387: 3368: 3337: 3319:"The Big Move" 3309: 3277: 3249: 3237: 3225: 3199: 3187: 3168:(3): 232–243. 3150: 3118: 3106: 3078: 3067:. 6 April 2009 3052: 3016: 2986: 2965:"Organisation" 2956: 2922: 2909:New York Times 2888: 2856: 2844: 2832: 2799: 2787: 2773: 2769:Willbanks 2004 2761: 2747: 2725: 2705:Streit Council 2688: 2676: 2654: 2642: 2630: 2619:. 10 June 2021 2604: 2574: 2555:(3): 351–363. 2533: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2504: 2502:Able Archer 83 2499: 2494: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2471: 2468: 2467: 2466: 2461: 2451: 2450: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2428: 2425: 2419: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2395: 2385: 2364: 2357: 2356: 2355: 2350: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2296: 2293: 2245: 2244:After Cold War 2242: 2241: 2240: 2239: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2231: 2228: 2222: 2212: 2205: 2190: 2189: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2182: 2181: 2178: 2169: 2168: 2167: 2144: 2143: 2142: 2139: 2126: 2116: 2106: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2088: 2075: 2062: 2061: 2060: 2057: 2051: 2044: 2037: 2012:(SACLANT), in 2001: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1997: 1995:US Sixth Fleet 1991: 1985: 1984: 1983: 1980: 1971: 1958: 1940:(AFSOUTH), in 1935: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1925: 1909: 1908:, West Germany 1899: 1891:(NORTHAG), in 1873: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1856: 1839: 1829: 1814:(AFNORTH), in 1809: 1799: 1797:United Kingdom 1786: 1767:(ACE), led by 1741: 1738: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1587: 1580: 1578: 1573: 1566: 1564: 1555: 1548: 1546: 1537: 1530: 1528: 1519: 1512: 1510: 1501: 1494: 1492: 1479: 1476: 1461: 1458: 1444: 1441: 1414:European Union 1410:Group of Seven 1375:Andrew Brunson 1266:Milo Đukanović 1247:Vladimir Putin 1192: 1189: 1096: 1093: 1020:Janos Martonyi 863:Main article: 860: 857: 849: 846: 808:peace movement 757:Main article: 754: 751: 740:Lyndon Johnson 656: 653: 596:Central Europe 542:northern Italy 507:Central Europe 429:7.62×51mm NATO 362:Washington, DC 339: 336: 328: 325: 257: 254: 159:Czech Republic 83:United Kingdom 65:(1952–present) 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7133: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7101: 7098: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7074: 7066: 7063: 7062: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7003: 6999: 6993: 6992:United States 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6826: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6795: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6728: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6695: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6640: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6618: 6617:The NATO Hymn 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6606: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6584: 6579: 6577: 6572: 6570: 6565: 6564: 6561: 6550: 6543: 6539: 6535: 6520: 6516: 6509: 6504: 6500: 6494: 6479:. 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5232: 5229: 5226: 5222: 5219: 5214: 5211: 5200:on 2009-01-14 5199: 5195: 5189: 5186: 5182: 5176: 5173: 5167: 5164: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5145: 5142: 5137: 5136: 5131: 5125: 5122: 5109: 5108:NATO Archives 5102: 5096: 5093: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5069: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5044: 5041: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5016: 5013: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4988: 4985: 4980: 4976: 4969: 4966: 4961: 4955: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4941: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4923: 4920: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4895: 4892: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4865: 4862: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4835: 4832: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4806: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4781: 4778: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4748: 4736: 4735: 4730: 4723: 4720: 4715: 4714: 4709: 4703: 4700: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4683: 4680: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4642: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4613: 4610: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4580: 4577: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4548: 4545: 4532: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4516: 4513: 4500: 4499: 4494: 4488: 4485: 4481: 4469: 4465: 4458: 4455: 4442: 4441:NATO Newsroom 4438: 4432: 4429: 4417: 4416: 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