1060:
4825:
2169:
2959:
2975:
2483:
222:
962:
2749:
976:
867:
2037:
892:
2365:
300:
4539:
2054:
2870:
2941:
990:
3007:
339:
1018:
920:
906:
839:
948:
934:
36:
208:
2639:
1004:
853:
3029:
1594:
825:
1609:
2726:, is often regarded as his greatest display of leadership and military prowess. But by then it was the end (or "the finish"), and it was during the years before when various European states conspired against France. While Napoleon and his holdings idled and worsened, the rest of Europe agreed to avenge the revolutionary events of 1792.
2862:
2776:, Napoleon had to fall back upon the frontiers of 1809, and then—having refused the peace offered to him by Austria at the Congress of Prague (4 June – 10 August 1813), from fear of losing Italy, where each of his victories had marked a stage in the accomplishment of his dream—on those of 1805, despite the victories at
2772:, and the entry into Moscow, he was defeated by the country and the climate, and by Alexander's refusal to make terms. After this came the terrible retreat in the harsh Russian winter, while all of Europe was turning against him. Pushed back, as he had been in Spain, from bastion to bastion, after the crossing of the
2389:
2587:
emulate the
Spanish. On 10 April 1809, Austria invaded France's ally, Bavaria. The campaign of 1809, however, would not be nearly as long and troublesome for France as the one in Spain and Portugal. Following a short and decisive action in Bavaria, Napoleon opened up the road to the Austrian capital of
2974:
2494:
Talleyrand had advised
Napoleon to pursue milder terms; the treaties marked an important stage in his estrangement from the emperor. After Tilsit, instead of trying to reconcile Europe, as Talleyrand had advised, Napoleon wanted to defeat Britain and complete his Italian dominion. To the coalition of
2674:
The alliance arranged at Tilsit was seriously shaken by the
Austrian marriage, the threat of Polish restoration to Russia, and the Continental System. The very persons whom he had placed in power were counteracting his plans. With many of his siblings and relations performing unsuccessfully or even
2897:
which confirmed the
Catholic Church as the majority church of France and restored some of its civil status. Napoleon by this time, however, thought himself more of an enlightened despot. He preserved numerous social gains of the Revolution while suppressing political liberty. He admired efficiency
2658:
Undermining forces, however, had already begun to impinge on the faults inherent in
Napoleon's achievements. Britain, protected by the English Channel and its navy, was persistently active, and rebellion of both the governing and of the governed broke out everywhere. Napoleon, though he underrated
2331:
to stay out of the Third
Coalition. With the diplomatic situation changing, Napoleon offered Great Britain the province as part of a peace proposal. To this, combined with growing tensions in Germany over French hegemony, Prussia responded by forming an alliance with Russia and sending troops into
2928:
France justified the spread of her empire as one of spreading her superior culture, bringing
Enlightenment thinking and modern civilisation to what they viewed as backwards peoples. However this consequently led to attitudes of contempt against many of the nations France conquered and repression
2717:
gradually turned many of
Napoleon's subjects against him. Amidst profound silence from the press and the assemblies, a protest was raised against imperial power by the literary world, against the excommunicated sovereign by Catholicism, and against the author of the Continental Blockade by the
2586:
Spain used up the soldiers needed for
Napoleon's other fields of battle, and they had to be replaced by conscripts. Spanish resistance affected Austria, and indicated the potential of national resistance. The provocations of Talleyrand and Britain strengthened the idea that the Austrians could
2763:
Napoleon had hardly succeeded in putting down the revolt in
Germany when the emperor of Russia himself headed a European insurrection against Napoleon. To put an end to this, ensure his own access to the Mediterranean, and exclude his chief rival, Napoleon invaded Russia in 1812. Despite his
276:
275:
274:
4306:
3091:
According to his father's will only. Between 23 June and 7 July, France was held by a Commission of Government of five members, which never summoned Napoleon II as emperor in any official act, and no regent was ever appointed while waiting the return of the
3521:
Elected to the Tribunate in 1802, he showed himself increasingly alienated by Napoleon's personal ambition and voted against both the Consul for Life and the proclamation of the Empire. Unlike many former Revolutionaries, Carnot had little
1059:
2408:
ended the war between Russia and France and began an alliance between the two empires that held as much power as the rest of Europe. The two empires secretly agreed to aid each other in disputes. France pledged to aid Russia against the
2908:
during the early days of the Revolution out of pragmatism, Napoleon became increasingly autocratic as his political career progressed, and once in power embraced certain aspects of both liberalism and authoritarianism—for example,
4299:
2828:
to arrest him. Upon meeting Ney's army, Napoleon dismounted and walked into firing range, saying "If one of you wishes to kill his emperor, here I am!" But instead of firing, the soldiers went to join Napoleon's side shouting
2630:, shed light upon his future policy. He gradually withdrew power from his siblings and concentrated his affection and ambition on his son, the guarantee of the continuance of his dynasty, marking the high point of the Empire.
4813:
4292:
3057:
2618:, and his domains were incorporated into the French Empire. The Senate's decision on 17 February 1810 created the title "King of Rome", and made Rome the capital of Italy. Between 1810 and 1812 Napoleon's divorce of
4791:
1782:. Despite his coronation, the state continued to be formally called the "French Republic" until October 1808. The empire achieved military supremacy in mainland Europe through notable victories in the
273:
2679:
conspired against her brother and against her husband Murat; the hypochondriac Louis, now Dutch in his sympathies, found the supervision of the blockade taken from him, and also the defence of the
4806:
5986:
2702:
was convicted of speculation. By consequence of the spirit of conquest Napoleon had aroused, many of his marshals and officials, having tasted victory, dreamed of sovereign power: Marshal
5766:
4799:
2479:. Prussia was ordered to reduce its army to 40,000 men and to pay an indemnity of 100,000,000 francs. Observers in Prussia viewed the treaty as unfair and as a national humiliation.
7885:
2958:
2135:
7880:
3584:
Dwyer, Philip G. "Violence and the revolutionary and Napoleonic wars: massacre, conquest and the imperial enterprise." Journal of Genocide Research 15, no. 2 (2013): 117-131.
1637:
2572:
2327:
in order to prevent Napoleon from becoming the next Emperor, ending a political power which had endured for over a thousand years. Prussia had been offered the territory of
1849:, and counted Austria and Prussia as nominal allies. Early French victories exported many ideological features of the Revolution throughout Europe: the introduction of the
1699:
at the beginning of the 19th century. It lasted from 18 May 1804 to 3 May 1814 and again briefly from 20 March 1815 to 7 July 1815, when Napoleon was exiled to St. Helena.
1011:
3006:
2803:(1 December 1813) which proclaimed it, he was forced to fall back upon the frontiers of 1795; and was later driven further back upon those of 1792—despite the forceful
3721:
899:
3963:
2033:
followed thereafter resulting in 3,653,600 votes aye and 8,272 votes nay. On 2 August 1802 (14 Thermidor, An X), Napoleon Bonaparte was proclaimed Consul for life.
2077:, back in power over Britain, appealed once more for an Anglo-Austro-Russian coalition against Napoleon to stop the ideals of revolutionary France from spreading.
1833:, a population over 44 million people, ruled over 90 million subjects throughout Europe and in the overseas colonies, maintained an extensive military presence in
272:
2313:
6092:
5658:
1460:
3569:
7870:
3317:
3295:
1861:
privileges in all places except Poland. France's defeat in 1814 (and then again in 1815), marked the end of the First French Empire and the beginning of the
2795:
Following his retreat from Russia, Napoleon continued to retreat, this time from Germany. After the loss of Spain, reconquered by an Allied army led by the
7845:
3379:
1799:
221:
3432:
2230:, signed on 26 December 1805, extracted extensive territorial concessions from Austria, on top of a large financial indemnity. Napoleon's creation of the
2946:
1830:
311:
2890:, a dislike and suspicion of foreign countries that had tried to reverse the Revolution—and a wish by Jacobins to extend France's revolutionary ideals.
2168:
7835:
5431:
3760:
3622:
2660:
1912:
2796:
2580:
2523:
1927:
to name Bonaparte, Sieyès, and Ducos as provisional Consuls to administer the government. Although Sieyès expected to dominate the new regime, the
5257:
5170:
3409:
2718:
discontented bourgeoisie, ruined by the crisis of 1811. Even as he lost his military principles, Napoleon maintained his gift for brilliance. His
1630:
2940:
2089:
7825:
5806:
5791:
7610:
6992:
5559:
4085:
4051:
3952:
3877:
3489:
3062:
1280:
7855:
6190:
3914:
2804:
2699:
2538:
of formerly Roman Spain as Regent. Soon after, Napoleon had his brother, Joseph, crowned King of Spain and sent him there to take control.
53:
7781:
5913:
5676:
5332:
5322:
4847:
3042:
2309:
1996:. To conceal his plans before their actual execution, he aroused French colonial aspirations against Britain and the memory of the 1763
1398:
628:
7662:
6662:
5761:
4682:
4468:
4159:
4013:
3858:
3806:
3740:
3541:
3514:
3278:
3266:
1623:
5187:
2437:
2418:
7875:
6306:
5733:
5718:
4524:
4244:
4197:
4178:
4032:
3705:
3671:
2690:
After national insurrections and family recriminations came treachery from Napoleon's ministers. Talleyrand betrayed his designs to
2482:
2308:, the son of the Grand Duke of Baden. In addition to the vassal titles, Napoleon's closest relatives were also granted the title of
2041:
1707:
1559:
913:
119:
1935:
and secured his own election as First Consul. He thus became the most powerful person in France, a power that was increased by the
100:
6001:
5842:
5796:
5072:
4762:
2647:
1512:
285:
7288:
3829:
3138:
1299:
72:
3200:
1581:
6272:
6021:
5596:
4712:
4692:
4225:
3072:
2993:
2914:
2814:
2623:
1923:) and the following day, troops led by Napoleon Bonaparte seized control. They dispersed the legislative councils, leaving a
713:
57:
4284:
3348:
3169:
2820:
After less than a year's exile on the island of Elba, Napoleon escaped to France with a thousand men and four cannons. King
2564:
2555:
riots and subsequent reprisals, the Spanish government began an effective guerrilla campaign, under the oversight of local
79:
7865:
7726:
5944:
5586:
5564:
5505:
5500:
4677:
4569:
4448:
4423:
3969:
2989:
2880:
Napoleon gained support by appealing to some common concerns of the French people. These included dislike of the emigrant
2846:
2510:
The application of the Concordat and the taking of Naples led to Napoleon's first struggles with the Pope, centred around
2231:
2097:
2046:
1932:
1862:
1838:
1576:
1569:
1554:
1542:
1527:
1329:
885:
242:
4278:
3109:) until 1808: compare the French franc minted in 1808 and 1809, as well as Article 1 of the Constitution of the Year XII.
2397:
2337:
1811:
7840:
7721:
7605:
6011:
5490:
5327:
4778:
4315:
2985:
2748:
2305:
1896:
1842:
657:
517:
320:
6768:
3225:
7731:
6450:
6129:
5849:
5723:
5713:
5461:
5302:
5250:
3682:
2893:
Napoleon attracted power and imperial status and gathered support for his changes of French institutions, such as the
2393:
2333:
1807:
1549:
3507:
The encyclopedia of the French revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars: a political, social, and military history, Volume 1
2698:, corresponding with Austria in 1809 and 1810, entered into an understanding with Louis and also with Britain, while
2619:
2301:
1986:. When he recognised his error of raising the authority of the Pope from that of a figurehead, Napoleon produced the
86:
1829:, extended French influence to much of Western Europe and into Poland. At its height in 1812, the French Empire had
7860:
6040:
5961:
5728:
5638:
5617:
5317:
5307:
5297:
4720:
4697:
4687:
4654:
4614:
4574:
2997:
2777:
2753:
2739:
2723:
2664:
2223:
2187:
1936:
1920:
1834:
1783:
1740:
1564:
1532:
1507:
1067:
1039:
6401:
3291:
2861:
46:
7689:
6837:
6220:
5976:
5891:
5864:
5781:
5708:
5576:
5421:
4649:
4319:
3566:
3013:
2765:
2735:
2227:
2211:
1947:
1884:
1133:
700:
640:
601:
420:
227:
3371:
2845:, a remote island in the South Atlantic, where he remained until his death in 1821. After the Hundred Days, the
68:
7830:
7820:
7647:
7622:
7472:
7131:
7126:
5801:
5771:
5376:
4599:
3440:
2918:
2849:, with Louis XVIII regaining the French throne, while the rest of Napoleon's conquests were disposed of in the
2789:
2781:
2592:
2074:
1095:
3994:
2297:
2036:
299:
2545:
as he had done in Italy, in the Netherlands, and in Hesse. However, the exile of the Spanish Royal Family to
7850:
7714:
7595:
7136:
7089:
7032:
6731:
6675:
6423:
6057:
5886:
5832:
5786:
5475:
5183:
5178:
5120:
5115:
4629:
4122:
3892:
3850:
2813:, pronounced against Britain, was spoken of Napoleon. The empire briefly fell with Napoleon's abdication at
2668:
2604:
2364:
2066:
1904:
1537:
1517:
425:
7188:
6903:
6657:
3766:
2518:. The emperor's Roman ambition was made more visible by the occupation of the Kingdom of Naples and of the
7736:
7637:
7632:
7320:
7268:
7121:
7025:
7010:
6670:
6624:
6465:
6352:
6162:
6124:
6082:
6067:
5859:
5681:
5581:
5243:
4974:
4725:
4702:
4594:
4265:
The Greenhill Napoleonic Wars Data Book: Actions and Losses in Personnel, Colours, Standards and Artillery
2691:
2053:
1997:
1703:
1522:
1470:
1349:
955:
756:
670:
435:
133:
2792:
also joined the Allies, and longstanding allied states, such as Saxony and Bavaria, forsook him as well.
2289:
7667:
7627:
7440:
7315:
6379:
6369:
6328:
6299:
6087:
6077:
5869:
5693:
5601:
5536:
4933:
4834:
4830:
4639:
4609:
4438:
4367:
3909:
3655:
3401:
2710:, like Murat, coveted the Spanish throne after that of Portugal, thus anticipating the treason of 1812.
2643:
2293:
2278:
2119:
2081:
2062:
1779:
1744:
1711:
1480:
1407:
1369:
1309:
830:
530:
430:
7560:
7555:
5192:
4979:
4941:
2719:
2180:
1853:
throughout the continent increased legal equality, established jury systems and legalised divorce, and
1765:
593:
7760:
7590:
7540:
7435:
7366:
7337:
7256:
7158:
6590:
6428:
6418:
6112:
5653:
5591:
5480:
5371:
5125:
5105:
5022:
4951:
4903:
4875:
4619:
4604:
4579:
4463:
4443:
3328:
The Government of the Republic is vested in an Emperor, who takes the title of Emperor of the French.
3067:
2922:
2809:
2576:
2551:
2384:, is one of several landmarks whose construction was started in Paris during the First French Empire.
2215:
2207:
2174:
2143:
2070:
1803:
1724:
1359:
1085:
997:
2869:
2713:
The country itself, though flattered by conquests, was tired of self-sacrifice. The unpopularity of
2559:. The Iberian Peninsula became a war zone from the Pyrenees to the Straits of Gibraltar and saw the
1946:(14 June 1800) inaugurated the political idea that was to continue its development until Napoleon's
7516:
7452:
7298:
7200:
7168:
7020:
7015:
6827:
6546:
6482:
6357:
6342:
6195:
6152:
6072:
6026:
5903:
5896:
5876:
5837:
5749:
5510:
5485:
5451:
5353:
5348:
5150:
4969:
4918:
4913:
4893:
4838:
4589:
4403:
4393:
2800:
2568:
2549:, together with the enthroning of Joseph Bonaparte, turned the Spanish against Napoleon. After the
2531:
2349:
2345:
2285:
2147:
2105:
2024:
1916:
1858:
1815:
1228:
1167:
1157:
741:
620:
207:
7565:
2456:, were to be handed over to the French. In recompense, Napoleon guaranteed the sovereignty of the
2012:. Napoleon would have ruling elites from a fusion of the new bourgeoisie and the old aristocracy.
7545:
7528:
7479:
7344:
7153:
7104:
7037:
6955:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6842:
6812:
6704:
6602:
6470:
6445:
6107:
6052:
6006:
5854:
5820:
5404:
5222:
5062:
5042:
4994:
4961:
4741:
4672:
4584:
4514:
4453:
4413:
4408:
4398:
3931:
3715:
3217:
2850:
2838:
2773:
2769:
2707:
2706:, who had helped him to the Consulate, played Napoleon false to win the crown of Sweden. Marshal
2687:
shores. The very nature of things was against the new dynasties, as it had been against the old.
2676:
2651:
2608:
2527:
2457:
2414:
2405:
2353:
2324:
2270:
2257:
began to marry into old European monarchies, gaining sovereignty over many states. Older brother
2254:
2203:
1975:
1819:
1791:
1696:
844:
687:
489:
93:
5130:
5110:
4999:
4509:
3912:(1988). "The Origins, Causes, and Extension of the Wars of the French Revolution and Napoleon".
2475:
was given to Russia, and the rest of the Polish lands in Prussian possession were set up as the
259:
2061:
Pro-revolutionary sentiment swept through Germany aided by the "Recess of 1803", which brought
7674:
7570:
7506:
7501:
7430:
7327:
7042:
6970:
6965:
6807:
6736:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6509:
6460:
6253:
6235:
6230:
6215:
6200:
6139:
6102:
6016:
5949:
5939:
5927:
5908:
5776:
5703:
5526:
5426:
5312:
5292:
5269:
5155:
5135:
5090:
5057:
5014:
4888:
4634:
4504:
4486:
4458:
4433:
4428:
4418:
4388:
4351:
4240:
4221:
4193:
4174:
4155:
4081:
4047:
4028:
4009:
3948:
3873:
3854:
3802:
3736:
3701:
3667:
3537:
3527:
3510:
3485:
3274:
3262:
3255:
3052:
3047:
2894:
2785:
2757:
2714:
2542:
2519:
2320:
2274:
2219:
2191:
2023:, in favour of the Life Consulship for the leader of France. This action was confirmed by the
1979:
1943:
1715:
1289:
1188:
1076:
1048:
858:
576:
505:
469:
448:
405:
338:
7178:
3606:
The constitutions and other select documents illustrative of the history of France, 1789–1901
7523:
7310:
7305:
7261:
7248:
7146:
7141:
7005:
7000:
6982:
6943:
6876:
6859:
6800:
6790:
6785:
6726:
6682:
6652:
6612:
6595:
6578:
6541:
6292:
6167:
6119:
5991:
5966:
5629:
5468:
5456:
5197:
5037:
5027:
4908:
4383:
3923:
3481:
3475:
3254:
3209:
2902:
2886:
2703:
2695:
2600:
2515:
2262:
2258:
2195:
2151:
2085:
1988:
1951:
1928:
1924:
1900:
1888:
1878:
1775:
1429:
1262:
1234:
927:
7550:
2563:
facing the remnants of the Spanish Army, as well as British and Portuguese forces. General
7741:
7709:
7582:
7533:
7489:
7484:
7462:
7457:
7415:
7408:
7383:
7243:
7238:
7079:
6960:
6854:
6849:
6817:
6642:
6632:
6526:
6519:
6514:
6499:
6455:
6337:
6323:
6262:
6225:
6210:
6205:
6147:
6062:
5622:
5363:
5212:
5080:
5052:
4984:
4923:
4757:
4538:
4519:
4332:
4323:
3573:
2874:
2487:
2476:
2453:
2370:
2341:
2266:
2250:
1850:
1846:
1826:
1787:
1758:
1664:
1418:
1252:
1242:
1210:
644:
415:
410:
378:
181:
159:
7183:
7163:
5608:
2380:
2319:
Met with opposition, Napoleon would not tolerate any neutral power. On 6 August 1806 the
2156:
1380:
17:
3604:
2154:
put at Napoleon's disposal the best military resources he had commanded, in the form of
1891:
constituting the executive branch of the French government—who sought his support for a
7684:
7679:
7642:
7617:
7600:
7511:
7496:
7467:
7425:
7273:
7233:
7228:
7116:
7109:
7069:
7059:
7049:
6864:
6743:
6637:
6504:
6386:
6185:
6180:
6172:
5996:
5954:
5531:
4989:
4883:
4865:
4077:
3825:
3191:
2683:, which he had refused to ensure. Jérôme Bonaparte lost control of the blockade on the
2595:, Napoleon suffered his first serious tactical defeat, along with the death of Marshal
2535:
2449:
2441:
2410:
1795:
1672:
1613:
1199:
452:
213:
4096:
1958:, was a temporary truce. He gradually extended his authority in Italy by annexing the
7814:
7765:
7652:
7447:
7420:
7393:
7371:
7349:
7193:
7173:
7099:
7084:
6928:
6881:
6869:
6795:
6687:
6561:
6556:
6531:
6413:
6267:
6097:
5881:
5569:
5047:
4946:
4624:
4131:
3835:
3784:
3663:
3130:
3034:
2511:
2507:
he responded with a second decree of blockade, dated from Milan on 17 December 1807.
2352:'s formerly mighty kingdom, obliging Russia and Prussia to make peace with France at
2281:
2139:
2134:
and Charlemagne, used to modify the historical evolution of France. Though the vague
2131:
2101:
2020:
1955:
1598:
1339:
796:
511:
499:
482:
4062:
7657:
7398:
7388:
7354:
7283:
7278:
7205:
6995:
6977:
6938:
6933:
6913:
6908:
6780:
6773:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6647:
6585:
6566:
6551:
6487:
5981:
5686:
5643:
5443:
5414:
5032:
3250:
2910:
2842:
2834:
2743:
2243:
2199:
2127:
1729:
1447:
1178:
784:
726:
334: De jure borders of client states, but under neither French nor client control
5201:
5160:
5004:
2472:
4116:
3844:
3796:
3730:
3531:
3340:
3161:
271:
7376:
7361:
7210:
6923:
6832:
6822:
6748:
6396:
6391:
5648:
5551:
5396:
4735:
4496:
4478:
3943:
Rowe, Michael (2014). "Borders, War, and Nation-Building in Napoleon's Europe".
2821:
2627:
2596:
2460:
and several other small states ruled by the Russian emperor's German relatives.
2422:
2112:
1993:
1908:
1874:
1854:
1442:
612:
585:
561:
514:
502:
457:
35:
4140:
2898:
and strength and hated feudalism, religious intolerance, and civil inequality.
2638:
7403:
7220:
7094:
7054:
6987:
6157:
5386:
3567:
http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/diplomatic/c_frankfort.html
3024:
2833:" Napoleon retook the throne temporarily in 1815, reviving the empire in the "
2825:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2123:
2093:
2030:
1736:
1115:
941:
674:
7796:
7783:
4142:
The First Total War: Napoleon's Europe and the Birth of Warfare as We Know It
7293:
7064:
6948:
6918:
6699:
6573:
6364:
5495:
3213:
3195:
2684:
2429:
2116:
461:
4898:
304:
The First French Empire at its peak territorial control in September 1812:
3196:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia"
2253:, Napoleon installed his relatives as rulers of many European states. The
6694:
6477:
6435:
6374:
5140:
5100:
5085:
4550:
2905:
2881:
2433:
2375:
2016:
2009:
2000:, exacerbating British envy of France, whose borders now extended to the
1992:(1802) with the goal of becoming the legal protector of the papacy, like
1959:
1771:
1692:
1688:
791:
549:
2425:
against Sweden in order to force Sweden to join the Continental System.
6607:
6536:
6492:
6408:
6347:
5409:
5277:
4860:
4855:
4644:
4561:
4361:
4343:
3221:
2799:, the uprising in the Netherlands preliminary to the invasion, and the
2680:
2546:
2464:
2328:
2300:
was appointed Viceroy of Italy; and adopted daughter and second cousin
2005:
1706:
overseas since the early 17th century, the French state had remained a
1142:
969:
872:
477:
465:
3935:
2788:, when Bernadotte—now Crown Prince of Sweden—turned upon him, General
2659:
it, soon felt his failure in coping with the Peninsular War. Men like
6440:
6315:
5698:
5266:
4749:
3697:
2675:
betraying him, Napoleon found himself obliged to revoke their power.
2615:
2588:
2239:
2235:
1971:
1684:
1146:
983:
3927:
2599:, an able commander and dear friend of the emperor. The victory at
7074:
5145:
5095:
4772:
4664:
4375:
2884:
who had escaped persecution, fear by some of a restoration of the
2868:
2860:
2747:
2481:
2445:
2387:
2363:
2167:
2052:
2035:
2001:
1967:
1963:
392:
368:
5971:
5381:
5235:
2607:, signed on 14 December 1809, resulted in the annexation of the
2468:
2246:
territories marked a new stage in the French Empire's progress.
1983:
1105:
6288:
5239:
4795:
4288:
2388:
3012:
Europe in 1812, with the French Empire at its peak before the
29:
3902:
European Diplomatic History, 1789–1815: France Against Europe
2417:
against Britain. Napoleon also forced Alexander to enter the
2130:. The memories of imperial Rome were for a third time, after
900:
S. Principality of the United Netherlands
4152:
The Napoleonic Empire and the New European Political Culture
3831:
Russia Against Napoleon: The Battle for Europe, 1807 to 1814
2837:." However, he was defeated by the Seventh Coalition at the
337:
2436:, which had been occupied by Russian forces as part of the
6284:
3257:
Napoleon Bonaparte and the Legacy of the French Revolution
2841:. He surrendered himself to the British and was exiled to
1978:. Then he laid siege to the Roman state and initiated the
2980:
Map of the First French Empire in 1812, divided into 130
2865:
Organigramme of the French Consulate and later the Empire
292:("Let's ensure the salvation of the Empire") (unofficial)
2471:
was awarded to the newly created Kingdom of Westphalia,
3318:"Constitution de l'An XII – Empire – 28 floréal An XII"
359: Satellite states and occupied territories in 1812
3372:"The Proclamation of Empire by the Sénat Conservateur"
3245:
3243:
2784:, and on those of 1802 after his disastrous defeat at
2463:
The treaty removed about half of Prussia's territory:
345:
The French Empire with its colonial ownership in 1812:
1931:, he was outmaneuvered by Bonaparte, who drafted the
3684:
Napoleon's Wars: An International History, 1803–1815
2671:
had begun secretly preparing Prussia's retaliation.
1806:
in 1805. French dominance was reaffirmed during the
7750:
7702:
7581:
7219:
6623:
6322:
6138:
6039:
5926:
5819:
5748:
5669:
5550:
5519:
5442:
5395:
5362:
5341:
5285:
5276:
5210:
5169:
5071:
5013:
4960:
4932:
4874:
4846:
4771:
4748:
4734:
4711:
4663:
4560:
4549:
4495:
4477:
4374:
4360:
4342:
4331:
3694:
The Napoleonic Wars: The Rise and Fall of an Empire
3692:Fisher, Todd & Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2004).
2917:, and the emancipation of the Jews—while rejecting
2499:and Mediterranean ports, and to the bombardment of
2292:was made son-in-law to the King of Württemberg and
790:
780:
766:
755:
747:
740:
723:
710:
697:
684:
667:
654:
636:
609:
582:
572:
555:
543:
529:
488:
476:
444:
384:
374:
364:
143:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3783:
2913:, a generally liberal restructuring of the French
3965:The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848
3846:The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848
2080:On 18 May 1804, Napoleon was given the title of "
2603:, however, forced Austria to sue for peace. The
2495:the northern powers, he added the league of the
2428:More specifically, Alexander agreed to evacuate
2111:In four campaigns, the Emperor transformed his "
1428:
914:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
4190:Swords Around a Throne: Napoleon's Grande Armée
1818:in 1807, before Napoleon's final defeat at the
1718:. Historians refer to Napoleon's regime as the
3889:The Napoleonic Wars: A Very Short Introduction
3834:. Allen Lane/The Penguin Press. Archived from
3786:Napoleon from 18 Brumaire to Tilsit, 1799–1807
3341:"Bulletin des lois de la République française"
3162:"Bulletin des lois de la République française"
2807:. Paris capitulated on 30 March 1814, and the
2448:, which had been captured by Russian admirals
2190:, Napoleon swept away the remnants of the old
1883:In 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte was confronted by
136:, the overseas colonies of France before 1830.
7886:States and territories disestablished in 1815
6300:
5251:
4807:
4300:
3818:Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon: 1807–1815
1631:
1012:Provisional Government of Belgium (1814–1815)
8:
7757:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
5627:
5606:
5466:
3870:The Cassel Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars
3798:Napoleon; from Tilsit to Waterloo, 1807–1815
3720:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3565:The Frankfort Declaration, 1 December 1813:
2336:, Napoleon destroyed the Prussian armies at
1825:A series of wars, known collectively as the
1763:
1748:
618:
591:
283:
257:
240:
173:
151:
4150:Broers, Michael; et al., eds. (2012).
3947:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 143–165.
3339:texte, France Auteur du (23 January 1804).
751:2,100,000 km (810,000 sq mi)
7881:States and territories established in 1804
7578:
6307:
6293:
6285:
6045:
5932:
5825:
5754:
5282:
5258:
5244:
5236:
4814:
4800:
4792:
4557:
4339:
4307:
4293:
4285:
3480:(1st ed.). Greenwood Press. pp.
2722:, which took place at the very end of the
2467:was given to Saxony, the left bank of the
1974:, and added this Italian territory to the
1722:to distinguish it from the restorationist
1702:Although France had already established a
1638:
1624:
1033:
298:
140:
4543:Europe at the height of Napoleon's Empire
4256:The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon
3752:Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe
3624:Europe and the French Imperium, 1799–1814
3160:texte, France Auteur du (23 April 1815).
2138:of Great Britain was never executed, the
2019:voted unanimously, with the exception of
352: The French Empire with its colonies
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2637:
2514:renewing the theocratic affirmations of
1939:, which made him First Consul for life.
1899:. The plot included Bonaparte's brother
1855:seigneurial dues and seigneurial justice
3945:Borderlands in World History, 1700–1914
3729:Godechot, Jacques; et al. (1971).
3292:"Decree upon the Term, French Republic"
3122:
3084:
2936:
1770:and was crowned on 2 December 1804 (11
1498:
1047:
1036:
754:
746:
739:
608:
403:
373:
3713:
3433:"Napoleonic Wars: Battle of Friedland"
3298:from the original on 30 September 2022
3261:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 232.
2611:and recognised past French conquests.
2332:Bavaria on 1 October 1806. During the
2088:; finally, on 2 December 1804, he was
1982:to control the material claims of the
1774:year XIII), signifying the end of the
4237:Great Generals of the Napoleonic Wars
4118:Napoleon Bonaparte: His Rise and Fall
3461:
3063:Military career of Napoleon Bonaparte
2805:campaign of 1814 against the invaders
2524:Sextius Alexandre François de Miollis
1757:
765:
761:
722:
709:
696:
683:
666:
653:
649:
581:
554:
542:
538:
528:
7:
3915:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
2348:against the Russians finally ruined
1802:, and allied states, notably at the
265:("Song of the Departure") (official)
197:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
7871:Historical transcontinental empires
4216:Haythornthwaite, Philip J. (1995).
4027:. New York: Arcade Publishing Inc.
3412:from the original on 8 October 2014
3351:from the original on 23 August 2019
3228:from the original on 17 August 2018
3043:Armorial of the First French Empire
2929:against recalcitrant populations.
2624:Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria
2269:was installed on the throne of the
7846:Former countries in French history
4173:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
3762:The French Revolution and Napoleon
3382:from the original on 23 March 2016
2752:Napoleon and his staff during the
2614:The Pope was forcibly deported to
2413:, while Russia agreed to join the
2222:, which were reorganised into the
1743:), Napoleon was granted the title
27:Empire in France from 1804 to 1815
25:
3172:from the original on 1 April 2021
2541:Napoleon tried to succeed in the
2042:Napoleon I on his Imperial Throne
1903:, then serving as speaker of the
7836:1815 disestablishments in France
4823:
4537:
4279:Napoleon, His Armies and Battles
3505:Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2006).
3141:from the original on 31 May 2023
3027:
3005:
2973:
2957:
2939:
2648:Frederick William III of Prussia
2126:empire into one modelled on the
1728:(1852–1870) ruled by his nephew
1607:
1592:
1058:
1016:
1002:
988:
974:
960:
946:
932:
918:
904:
890:
865:
851:
837:
823:
269:
220:
206:
34:
4254:Rothenberg, E. Gunther (1977).
4192:. New York: Da Capo Press Inc.
3201:International Studies Quarterly
2057:Imperial standard of Napoleon I
1679:) after 1809 and also known as
355:
348:
45:needs additional citations for
5597:Government of National Defense
3759:Hazen, Charles Downer (1917).
3735:. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
3073:Succession of the Roman Empire
2522:, and by the entry of General
1:
7826:1804 establishments in France
5506:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
5501:War of the Spanish Succession
4209:The Napoleonic Wars 1803–1815
3801:. Columbia University Press.
3660:A History of the Modern World
3536:. Pen and Sword. p. 57.
2847:Bourbon monarchy was restored
2047:Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
1933:Constitution of the Year VIII
1913:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand
286:Veillons au salut de l'Empire
5188:Bouches-de-l'Èbre-Montserrat
4263:Smith, Digby George (1998).
3790:. Columbia University Press.
3732:The Napoleonic era in Europe
3637:Years of Endurance 1793–1802
2951:in 1801 during the Consulate
2901:Although a supporter of the
2758:Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier
1954:, which cost him control of
1897:Constitution of the Year III
518:semi-constitutional monarchy
134:First French colonial empire
7856:Former monarchies of Europe
4218:Napoleon's Military Machine
3996:Napoleon: The Path to Power
3962:Schroeder, Paul W. (1994).
3843:Schroeder, Paul W. (1996).
3647:Years of Victory, 1802–1812
3609:. The H. W. Wilson company.
3439:. about.com. Archived from
3408:. Encyclopædia Britannica.
2700:Louis Antoine de Bourrienne
2626:, followed by the birth of
2334:War of the Fourth Coalition
2265:in Naples; younger brother
2146:overshadowed the defeat at
2015:On 12 May 1802, the French
1808:War of the Fourth Coalition
956:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
632:(from 22 April 1815 onward)
605:(from 22 April 1815 onward)
195:20 March 1815 – 7 July 1815
7902:
5987:French subdivisions by GDP
5734:2022 presidential election
5719:2017 presidential election
4575:Confederation of the Rhine
4281:(archived 25 October 2005)
4235:Uffindell, Andrew (2003).
4169:Chandler, David G (1995).
4006:Napoleon: A Political Life
3795:Lefebvre, Georges (1969).
3782:Lefebvre, Georges (1969).
3131:"National Motto of France"
3058:List of Napoleonic battles
2998:Confederation of the Rhine
2754:War of the Sixth Coalition
2740:War of the Sixth Coalition
2733:
2724:War of the Sixth Coalition
2340:. Successive victories at
2261:replaced the dispossessed
2224:Confederation of the Rhine
2188:War of the Third Coalition
1937:Constitution of the Year X
1921:French Republican Calendar
1872:
1784:War of the Third Coalition
1741:French Republican calendar
1708:kingdom under the Bourbons
629:Chamber of Representatives
131:
6248:
6048:
5935:
5828:
5757:
5491:Second Hundred Years' War
5333:Liberalism and radicalism
4535:
4211:. New York: Random House.
4171:The Campaigns of Napoleon
4154:. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
4098:The Diplomacy of Napoleon
3700:: Osprey Publishing Ltd.
3681:Esdaile, Charles (2008).
3572:29 September 2020 at the
3509:. ABC-CLIO. p. 211.
3437:militaryhistory.about.com
3271:– via Google Books.
2857:Nature of Napoleon's rule
2736:French invasion of Russia
2526:into Rome; while General
2323:abdicated their title of
2100:, and was consecrated by
1691:, who established French
802:
776:
762:
736:
650:
641:French Revolutionary Wars
568:
539:
328: Military occupation
297:
252:
248:("Liberty, Public Order")
236:
202:
192:
18:French Empire (1804–1815)
7876:Modern history of France
5762:Administrative divisions
5225:(autonomous departments)
4106:Roberts, Andrew (2014).
4004:Englund, Steven (2010).
3999:. Yale University Press.
3900:Ross, Steven T. (1969).
3750:Grab, Alexander (2003).
3621:Bruun, Geoffrey (1938).
3000:and Illyria and Dalmatia
2764:victorious advance, the
2704:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
2694:and suffered dismissal.
2622:, and his marriage with
2314:Imperial House of France
2302:Stéphanie de Beauharnais
2238:, and his annexation of
2075:William Pitt the Younger
1911:, another Director, and
1857:were abolished, as were
1812:Battle of Jena–Auerstedt
1759:[ɑ̃pʁœʁdefʁɑ̃sɛ]
1417:
1379:
1209:
1198:
1177:
132:Not to be confused with
5982:Franc (former currency)
5587:Coup of 2 December 1851
5560:Long nineteenth century
4837:(1792–1804) and of the
4630:Salm-Reifferscheid-Dyck
4188:Elting, John R (1988).
4123:Oxford University Press
4115:Thompson, J.M. (1951).
4061:Markham, Felix (1963).
3893:Oxford University Press
3851:Oxford University Press
3658:; Palmer, R.R. (1992).
3645:Bryant, Arthur (1944).
3635:Bryant, Arthur (1942).
3603:Anderson, F.M. (1904).
3326:which reads in English
3322:Conseil constitutionnel
3214:10.1111/0020-8833.00053
3101:Domestically styled as
2984:, with the kingdoms of
2669:Gerhard von Scharnhorst
2642:Napoleon demanded that
2392:Napoleon reviewing the
1905:Council of Five Hundred
714:Treaty of Fontainebleau
375:Official languages
6002:Science and technology
5659:Provisional Government
5628:
5607:
5467:
4139:Bell, David A (2008).
4072:McLynn, Frank (1998).
4042:Johnson, Paul (2002).
4023:McLynn, Frank (1997).
3993:Dwyer, Philip (2008).
3910:Rothenberg, Gunther E.
3887:Rapport, Mike (2013).
3868:Pope, Stephen (1999).
3402:"Battle of Austerlitz"
3378:. Fondation Napoléon.
3106:
2877:
2866:
2801:manifesto of Frankfurt
2760:
2692:Klemens von Metternich
2655:
2591:for a second time. At
2579:, Portugal to General
2491:
2401:
2385:
2183:
2092:, after receiving the
2058:
2050:
1915:. On 9 November 1799 (
1885:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
1764:
1749:
1676:
1668:
1253:Valois-Angoulême kings
732:20 March – 7 July 1815
619:
592:
545:• 1804–1814/1815
342:
284:
258:
241:
174:
152:
7727:Medieval great powers
4934:Old Swiss Confederacy
4835:French First Republic
4207:Gates, David (2011).
4025:Napoleon: A Biography
3477:The History of France
3474:Haine, Scott (2000).
2872:
2864:
2768:, the victory on the
2751:
2665:August von Hardenberg
2644:Alexander I of Russia
2641:
2485:
2421:and to instigate the
2391:
2367:
2298:Eugène de Beauharnais
2171:
2082:Emperor of the French
2056:
2039:
1780:French First Republic
1750:Empereur des Français
1745:Emperor of the French
831:French First Republic
385:Common languages
341:
312:Directly administered
243:Liberté, Ordre Public
228:Imperial coat of arms
69:"First French Empire"
7866:Government of France
7797:48.86222°N 2.33250°E
7737:European colonialism
7722:Ancient great powers
5807:World Heritage Sites
5724:Coronavirus pandemic
4876:Austrian Netherlands
4320:French Revolutionary
4239:. Kent: Spellmount.
4095:Mowat, R.B. (1924).
3982:, advanced synthesis
3853:. pp. 177–560.
3769:on 22 September 2018
3666:: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
3107:République française
3068:Paris under Napoleon
2923:freedom of the press
2856:
2634:Intrigues and unrest
2605:Treaty of Schönbrunn
2360:Height of the Empire
2234:, the occupation of
2175:Battle of Austerlitz
2144:Battle of Austerlitz
2136:plan for an invasion
1804:Battle of Austerlitz
1461:Provisional Republic
1243:Valois-Orléans kings
998:Principality of Elba
658:Constitution adopted
153:République Française
54:improve this article
7841:First French Empire
7793: /
7732:Modern great powers
5945:Automotive industry
5729:2021 labor protests
5486:Peace of Westphalia
5354:History of Normandy
5349:History of Brittany
4975:Bouches-de-l'Escaut
4970:Bouches-de-la-Meuse
4839:French First Empire
4525:Swiss Confederation
3816:Muir, Rory (1996).
3464:, pp. 234–236.
3443:on 14 February 2017
2919:electoral democracy
2350:Frederick the Great
2288:; youngest brother
2228:Treaty of Pressburg
2177:, 2nd December 1805
2106:Notre-Dame de Paris
1989:Articles Organiques
1863:Bourbon Restoration
1816:Battle of Friedland
1735:On 18 May 1804 (28
1653:First French Empire
626:(until 4 June 1814)
6012:Telecommunications
5714:2015 Paris attacks
5577:Revolution of 1848
5405:Visigothic Kingdom
5223:Illyrian Provinces
4980:Bouches-de-l'Yssel
4962:Kingdom of Holland
4683:Lucca and Piombino
3528:Chandler, David G.
3431:Hickman, Kennedy.
3194:(September 1997).
2878:
2867:
2851:Congress of Vienna
2839:Battle of Waterloo
2817:on 11 April 1814.
2797:Duke of Wellington
2766:taking of Smolensk
2761:
2720:Six Days' Campaign
2708:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
2677:Caroline Bonaparte
2656:
2609:Illyrian Provinces
2573:Francisco Castaños
2528:Jean-Andoche Junot
2492:
2458:Duchy of Oldenburg
2415:Continental System
2406:Treaties of Tilsit
2402:
2386:
2338:Jena and Auerstedt
2325:Holy Roman Emperor
2294:King of Westphalia
2286:Grand-Duke of Berg
2273:, formed from the
2271:Kingdom of Holland
2184:
2150:, and the camp at
2073:to France's side.
2059:
2051:
1976:Cisalpine Republic
1820:Battle of Waterloo
1766:Sénat conservateur
1697:continental Europe
1689:Napoleon Bonaparte
1677:Imperium Francicum
1614:History portal
1110: until 50 BC
845:Kingdom of Holland
701:Invasion of Russia
688:Treaties of Tilsit
594:Sénat conservateur
343:
7861:French Revolution
7802:48.86222; 2.33250
7776:
7775:
7698:
7697:
7663:Polish–Lithuanian
6838:Gurjara-Pratihara
6282:
6281:
6244:
6243:
6035:
6034:
5922:
5921:
5914:Political parties
5850:Foreign relations
5815:
5814:
5744:
5743:
5527:French Revolution
5481:Thirty Years' War
5462:Absolute monarchy
5427:Kingdom of France
5323:Foreign relations
5303:Political history
5233:
5232:
5179:Bouches-de-l'Èbre
5023:Bouches-de-l'Elbe
5015:Holy Roman Empire
4789:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4688:Massa and Carrara
4533:
4532:
4220:. Da Capo Press.
4087:978-0-7126-6247-5
4053:978-0-670-03078-1
4046:. Penguin Books.
3954:978-1-137-32058-2
3879:978-0-304-35229-6
3556:Bulletin des Lois
3491:978-0-313-30328-9
3053:History of France
3048:French Revolution
2895:Concordat of 1801
2543:Iberian Peninsula
2486:Aftermath of the
2438:Russo-Turkish War
2419:Anglo-Russian War
2378:in honour of the
2277:; brother-in-law
2275:Batavian Republic
2192:Holy Roman Empire
1980:Concordat of 1801
1962:and by acquiring
1944:Battle of Marengo
1895:to overthrow the
1716:French Revolution
1681:Napoleonic France
1655:, officially the
1648:
1647:
1599:France portal
1492:
1491:
1389:
1388:
1300:Kingdom of France
1290:French Revolution
1281:Long 19th century
1271:
1270:
1219:
1218:
1189:Kingdom of France
1124:
1123:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
886:Kingdom of France
878:
877:
859:Ligurian Republic
506:absolute monarchy
470:Minority religion
449:Roman Catholicism
277:
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
7893:
7808:
7807:
7805:
7804:
7803:
7798:
7794:
7791:
7790:
7789:
7786:
7579:
7244:Austro-Hungarian
6944:Chagatai Khanate
6309:
6302:
6295:
6286:
6046:
5962:Economic history
5933:
5826:
5755:
5633:
5612:
5511:Seven Years' War
5476:Wars of Religion
5472:
5457:House of Bourbon
5452:Early modern era
5432:Fundamental laws
5308:Military history
5283:
5260:
5253:
5246:
5237:
5171:Kingdom of Spain
5028:Bouches-du-Weser
4914:Meuse-Inférieure
4828:
4827:
4826:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4793:
4558:
4544:
4541:
4340:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4286:
4268:
4259:
4250:
4231:
4212:
4203:
4184:
4165:
4146:
4126:
4111:
4108:Napoleon: A Life
4102:
4091:
4068:
4057:
4044:Napoleon: A life
4038:
4019:
4000:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3968:. Archived from
3958:
3939:
3905:
3896:
3883:
3864:
3839:
3821:
3812:
3791:
3789:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3765:. Archived from
3755:
3746:
3725:
3719:
3711:
3688:
3677:
3650:
3640:
3631:
3629:
3610:
3585:
3582:
3576:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3524:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3370:Thierry, Lentz.
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3336:
3330:
3325:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3288:
3282:
3272:
3260:
3247:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3127:
3110:
3099:
3093:
3089:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3014:Russian Campaign
3009:
2977:
2961:
2943:
2911:public education
2831:Vive l'Empereur!
2810:Delenda Carthago
2581:Arthur Wellesley
2534:, Marshal Murat
2516:Pope Gregory VII
2290:Jérôme Bonaparte
2259:Joseph Bonaparte
2251:satellite states
2232:Kingdom of Italy
2196:southern Germany
2090:solemnly crowned
2026:Corps Législatif
1948:Russian campaign
1925:rump legislature
1879:French Consulate
1814:in 1806 and the
1776:French Consulate
1769:
1762:) by the French
1761:
1756:
1752:
1739:year XII on the
1640:
1633:
1626:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1488:
1404:
1403:
1286:
1285:
1239:
1238:
1200:Direct Capetians
1139:
1138:
1082:
1081:
1062:
1052:
1034:
1020:
1019:
1006:
1005:
992:
991:
978:
977:
964:
963:
950:
949:
936:
935:
928:Neutral Moresnet
922:
921:
908:
907:
894:
893:
882:
881:
869:
868:
855:
854:
841:
840:
827:
826:
820:
819:
804:
803:
624:
621:Corps législatif
602:Chamber of Peers
597:
358:
357:
351:
350:
333:
327:
318:
309:
302:
289:
279:
278:
263:
246:
224:
210:
198:
187:
186:
185:
177:
165:
164:
163:
155:
145:French Republic
141:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
7901:
7900:
7896:
7895:
7894:
7892:
7891:
7890:
7831:1810s in France
7821:1800s in France
7811:
7810:
7801:
7799:
7795:
7792:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7780:
7779:
7777:
7772:
7761:American Empire
7746:
7742:African empires
7694:
7577:
7269:Central African
7215:
7033:Romano-Germanic
6619:
6353:Middle Assyrian
6326:
6318:
6313:
6283:
6278:
6277:
6258:
6240:
6221:Public holidays
6134:
6093:Life expectancy
6031:
5918:
5811:
5740:
5709:Great Recession
5682:Fourth Republic
5677:1900 to present
5665:
5582:Second Republic
5546:
5515:
5438:
5391:
5358:
5337:
5272:
5264:
5234:
5229:
5213:Austrian Empire
5206:
5165:
5081:Alpes-Maritimes
5067:
5053:Rhin-et-Moselle
5009:
5000:Yssel-Supérieur
4985:Bouches-du-Rhin
4956:
4928:
4924:Sambre-et-Meuse
4870:
4842:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4790:
4781:
4767:
4744:
4730:
4707:
4659:
4553:
4545:
4542:
4529:
4491:
4473:
4370:
4356:
4334:
4327:
4324:Napoleonic Wars
4313:
4275:
4262:
4253:
4247:
4234:
4228:
4215:
4206:
4200:
4187:
4181:
4168:
4162:
4149:
4138:
4135:
4114:
4105:
4094:
4088:
4071:
4060:
4054:
4041:
4035:
4022:
4016:
4003:
3992:
3989:
3975:
3973:
3972:on 7 April 2019
3961:
3955:
3942:
3908:
3899:
3886:
3880:
3867:
3861:
3842:
3838:on 5 June 2013.
3826:Lieven, Dominic
3824:
3815:
3809:
3794:
3781:
3772:
3770:
3758:
3749:
3743:
3728:
3712:
3708:
3691:
3687:. Viking Adult.
3680:
3674:
3654:
3644:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3617:
3602:
3599:
3597:Primary sources
3594:
3592:Further reading
3589:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3574:Wayback Machine
3564:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3544:
3526:
3517:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3492:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3460:
3456:
3446:
3444:
3430:
3429:
3425:
3415:
3413:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3383:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3354:
3352:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3301:
3299:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3269:
3249:
3248:
3241:
3231:
3229:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3175:
3173:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3144:
3142:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3113:
3103:French Republic
3100:
3096:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3033:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3016:
3010:
3001:
2978:
2969:
2962:
2953:
2944:
2935:
2875:Napoleonic Code
2859:
2746:
2734:Main articles:
2732:
2661:Baron von Stein
2636:
2575:, and Junot at
2567:capitulated at
2488:Battle of Eylau
2477:Duchy of Warsaw
2454:Dmitry Senyavin
2371:Arc de Triomphe
2362:
2312:and formed the
2267:Louis Bonaparte
2242:and its former
2216:Hesse-Darmstadt
2194:and created in
2181:François Gérard
2166:
2164:Early victories
2157:La Grande Armée
2008:, Hamburg, and
2004:and beyond, to
1998:Treaty of Paris
1970:, Tuscany, and
1952:Peace of Amiens
1919:VIII under the
1881:
1873:Main articles:
1871:
1851:Napoleonic Code
1831:130 departments
1827:Napoleonic Wars
1754:
1704:colonial empire
1669:Empire Français
1657:French Republic
1650:
1644:
1608:
1606:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1471:Fourth Republic
1452:
1419:Interwar period
1401:
1391:
1390:
1350:Second Republic
1283:
1273:
1272:
1231:
1221:
1220:
1136:
1126:
1125:
1079:
1050:
1043:
1017:
1003:
989:
975:
961:
947:
933:
919:
905:
891:
866:
852:
838:
824:
769:
729:
716:
703:
690:
680:2 December 1804
677:
660:
645:Napoleonic Wars
643:
631:
627:
625:
615:
604:
600:
598:
588:
558:
546:
525:
464:
460:
456:
440:
421:Western Romance
402:
401:
396:
391:
360:
354:
353:
347:
346:
344:
336:
335:
331:
329:
325:
323:
316:
314:
307:
293:
291:
281:
280:
270:
266:
264:
260:Chant du départ
247:
232:
231:
230:
225:
217:
216:
211:
196:
194:
188:
179:
175:Empire Français
172:
170:
169:
168:
166:
157:
150:
148:
147:
146:
137:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7899:
7897:
7889:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7851:Former empires
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7813:
7812:
7774:
7773:
7771:
7770:
7769:
7768:
7763:
7754:
7752:
7748:
7747:
7745:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7718:
7717:
7706:
7704:
7700:
7699:
7696:
7695:
7693:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7671:
7670:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7614:
7613:
7608:
7598:
7593:
7587:
7585:
7576:
7575:
7574:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7543:
7538:
7537:
7536:
7526:
7521:
7520:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7499:
7494:
7493:
7492:
7487:
7477:
7476:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7445:
7444:
7443:
7438:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7412:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7391:
7381:
7380:
7379:
7374:
7364:
7359:
7358:
7357:
7352:
7342:
7341:
7340:
7335:
7325:
7324:
7323:
7318:
7308:
7303:
7302:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7271:
7266:
7265:
7264:
7259:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7225:
7223:
7217:
7216:
7214:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7197:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7156:
7151:
7150:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7114:
7113:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7046:
7045:
7040:
7030:
7029:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6974:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6953:
6952:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6900:
6899:
6894:
6889:
6884:
6874:
6873:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6847:
6846:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6804:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6783:
6778:
6777:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6741:
6740:
6739:
6734:
6724:
6723:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6697:
6692:
6691:
6690:
6680:
6679:
6678:
6673:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6629:
6627:
6625:Post-classical
6621:
6620:
6618:
6617:
6616:
6615:
6605:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6593:
6583:
6582:
6581:
6571:
6570:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6549:
6544:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6523:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6497:
6496:
6495:
6490:
6480:
6475:
6474:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6432:
6431:
6426:
6424:Middle Kingdom
6421:
6411:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6380:Neo-Babylonian
6377:
6372:
6370:Old Babylonian
6362:
6361:
6360:
6355:
6345:
6340:
6334:
6332:
6320:
6319:
6314:
6312:
6311:
6304:
6297:
6289:
6280:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6259:
6257:
6256:
6250:
6249:
6246:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6177:Cultural icons
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6144:
6142:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6116:
6115:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6049:
6043:
6037:
6036:
6033:
6032:
6030:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5997:Stock exchange
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5947:
5942:
5936:
5930:
5924:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5900:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5879:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5867:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5835:
5829:
5823:
5817:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5810:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5797:National parks
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5772:Climate change
5769:
5764:
5758:
5752:
5746:
5745:
5742:
5741:
5739:
5738:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5694:Fifth Republic
5691:
5690:
5689:
5679:
5673:
5671:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5662:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5620:
5615:
5614:
5613:
5602:Third Republic
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5556:
5554:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5539:
5537:First Republic
5534:
5532:Napoleonic era
5529:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5516:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5448:
5446:
5440:
5439:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5424:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5407:
5401:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5377:Greek colonies
5374:
5368:
5366:
5360:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5351:
5345:
5343:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5289:
5287:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5255:
5248:
5240:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5218:
5216:
5208:
5207:
5205:
5204:
5195:
5190:
5181:
5175:
5173:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5077:
5075:
5073:Italian states
5069:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5019:
5017:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4990:Ems-Occidental
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4966:
4964:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4949:
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4906:
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4891:
4886:
4880:
4878:
4872:
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4868:
4863:
4858:
4852:
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4848:Ionian Islands
4844:
4843:
4821:
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4804:
4796:
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4777:
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4274:
4273:External links
4271:
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4078:United Kingdom
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4015:978-0674018037
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3928:10.2307/204824
3922:(4): 771–793.
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3878:
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3860:978-0198206545
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3808:978-0231033138
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3516:978-1851096466
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3423:
3406:Britannica.com
3393:
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3279:978-0333572917
3268:978-1349234363
3267:
3239:
3192:Rein Taagepera
3183:
3152:
3137:. 7 May 2015.
3135:French Moments
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2931:
2858:
2855:
2731:
2728:
2635:
2632:
2450:Fyodor Ushakov
2442:Ionian Islands
2411:Ottoman Empire
2398:Battle of Jena
2394:Imperial Guard
2361:
2358:
2306:Karl (Charles)
2296:; adopted son
2165:
2162:
1870:
1867:
1646:
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1500:
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1481:Fifth Republic
1477:
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1408:Third Republic
1402:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1370:Third Republic
1366:
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1362:
1356:
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1346:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1310:First Republic
1306:
1305:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1292:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1217:
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1213:
1206:
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1202:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1120:50 BC – 486 AD
1118:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1100:600 BC – 49 BC
1098:
1096:Greek colonies
1092:
1091:
1088:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1055:
1054:
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986:
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979:
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938:
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916:
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896:
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888:
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861:
856:
848:
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842:
834:
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828:
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685:
682:
681:
678:
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665:
664:
661:
655:
652:
651:
648:
647:
638:
637:Historical era
634:
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616:
610:
607:
606:
589:
583:
580:
579:
574:
570:
569:
566:
565:
559:
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552:
547:
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541:
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536:
533:
527:
526:
524:
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509:
494:
492:
486:
485:
480:
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453:State religion
446:
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433:
428:
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386:
382:
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366:
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295:
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268:
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250:
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234:
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226:
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212:
205:
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144:
128:
127:
42:
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33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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7766:Soviet empire
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7751:Miscellaneous
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7407:
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7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
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7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7350:German Empire
7348:
7347:
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7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
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7329:
7326:
7322:
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7309:
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7300:
7297:
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7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
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7272:
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7267:
7263:
7260:
7258:
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7252:
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7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7226:
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7222:
7218:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7195:
7192:
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7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
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7167:
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7162:
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7148:
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7138:
7135:
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7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7118:
7115:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7092:
7091:
7090:Turco-Persian
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7035:
7034:
7031:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6998:
6997:
6994:
6991:
6989:
6986:
6984:
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6979:
6976:
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6969:
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6927:
6925:
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6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
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6907:
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6902:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6885:
6883:
6880:
6879:
6878:
6875:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6852:
6851:
6848:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6830:
6829:
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6788:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6745:
6742:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6729:
6728:
6725:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6689:
6686:
6685:
6684:
6681:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6668:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6628:
6626:
6622:
6614:
6611:
6610:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6587:
6584:
6580:
6577:
6576:
6575:
6572:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
6553:
6550:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6540:
6539:
6538:
6535:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6501:
6498:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6485:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6389:
6388:
6385:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6366:
6363:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6310:
6305:
6303:
6298:
6296:
6291:
6290:
6287:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6255:
6252:
6251:
6247:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6137:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6114:
6111:
6110:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6058:Birth control
6056:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6038:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5956:
5953:
5952:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5937:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5925:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5833:Constitutions
5831:
5830:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5818:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5747:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5692:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5668:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5632:
5631:
5630:Années folles
5626:
5625:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5592:Second Empire
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5571:
5570:July Monarchy
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5549:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5469:Ancien Régime
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5441:
5433:
5430:
5429:
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5425:
5423:
5420:
5416:
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5408:
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5403:
5402:
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5398:
5394:
5388:
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5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
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5365:
5361:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
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5344:
5340:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5268:
5261:
5256:
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5247:
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5226:
5224:
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5217:
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5209:
5203:
5199:
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5182:
5180:
5177:
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5174:
5172:
5168:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
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5099:
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5092:
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5079:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5048:Mont-Tonnerre
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5038:Ems-Supérieur
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5016:
5012:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
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4991:
4988:
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4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4947:Mont-Terrible
4945:
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4940:
4939:
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4935:
4931:
4925:
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4917:
4915:
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4907:
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4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4713:Mediterranean
4710:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
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4653:
4651:
4648:
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4626:
4625:Salm-Horstmar
4623:
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4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
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4591:
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4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4570:Aschaffenburg
4568:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4559:
4556:
4552:
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4540:
4526:
4523:
4521:
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4410:
4407:
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4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
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4379:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4316:Client states
4310:
4305:
4303:
4298:
4296:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4248:
4246:1-86227-177-1
4242:
4238:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4219:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4199:0-306-80757-2
4195:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4180:0-02-523660-1
4176:
4172:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4153:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4124:
4120:
4119:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4059:
4055:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4034:1-55970-631-7
4030:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3971:
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3907:
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3837:
3833:
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3827:
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3814:
3810:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3793:
3788:
3787:
3780:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3757:
3753:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3709:
3707:1-84176-831-6
3703:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3679:
3675:
3673:0-07-040826-2
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3626:
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3297:
3293:
3287:
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3276:
3270:
3264:
3259:
3258:
3252:
3251:Lyons, Martyn
3246:
3244:
3240:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3187:
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3171:
3167:
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3156:
3153:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3098:
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3088:
3085:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3035:France portal
3025:
3020:
3015:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2942:
2937:
2932:
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2926:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2904:
2899:
2896:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2887:Ancien Régime
2883:
2876:
2871:
2863:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2824:sent Marshal
2823:
2818:
2816:
2815:Fontainebleau
2812:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2696:Joseph Fouché
2693:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2654:in July 1807.
2653:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2565:Pierre Dupont
2562:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2383:
2382:
2377:
2374:, ordered by
2373:
2372:
2366:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2310:French Prince
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2282:Joachim Murat
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2200:vassal states
2197:
2193:
2189:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2170:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2140:Battle of Ulm
2137:
2133:
2132:Julius Caesar
2129:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2102:Pope Pius VII
2099:
2098:Lombard kings
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2055:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2021:Lazare Carnot
2018:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1887:—one of five
1886:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
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1789:
1785:
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1777:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1760:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1725:Second Empire
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1695:over much of
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1661:French Empire
1658:
1654:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1430:Années folles
1427:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1360:Second Empire
1358:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1341:
1340:July Monarchy
1338:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1263:Bourbon kings
1261:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1235:Ancien Régime
1230:
1225:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1129:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1001:
999:
996:
995:
987:
985:
982:
981:
973:
971:
968:
967:
959:
957:
954:
953:
945:
943:
940:
939:
931:
929:
926:
925:
917:
915:
912:
911:
903:
901:
898:
897:
889:
887:
884:
883:
880:
874:
871:
864:
863:
860:
857:
850:
849:
846:
843:
836:
835:
832:
829:
822:
821:
818:
817:
814:
811:
809:
806:
805:
801:
798:
795:
793:
792:ISO 3166 code
789:
786:
783:
779:
775:
771:
758:
750:
743:
735:
731:
728:
719:11 April 1814
718:
715:
705:
702:
692:
689:
679:
676:
672:
662:
659:
646:
642:
639:
635:
630:
623:
622:
617:
614:
603:
596:
595:
590:
587:
578:
575:
571:
567:
563:
560:
551:
548:
534:
532:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
497:
496:
495:
493:
491:
487:
484:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
450:
447:
443:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
426:West Germanic
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
394:
390:
387:
383:
380:
377:
370:
367:
363:
340:
322:
321:Client states
313:
301:
296:
290:
288:
287:
262:
261:
255:
251:
245:
244:
239:
235:
229:
223:
215:
209:
201:
191:
183:
176:
167:French Empire
161:
154:
142:
139:
135:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
7778:
7517:Contemporary
7367:Indo-Persian
7355:Nazi Germany
7332:
7299:Contemporary
7201:Vijayanagara
7100:Great Seljuk
7011:Thessalonica
6939:Golden Horde
6579:Carthaginian
6358:Neo-Assyrian
6343:Neo-Sumerian
6163:Coat of arms
6153:Architecture
6125:Social class
6083:Homelessness
6068:Demographics
6022:Trade unions
5955:Central bank
5897:criminal law
5860:Human rights
5843:presidential
5687:Algerian War
5670:Contemporary
5644:Vichy France
5639:World War II
5609:Belle Époque
5542:First Empire
5541:
5444:Early Modern
5415:West Francia
5221:
5211:
5111:Méditerranée
5033:Ems-Oriental
4464:Transpadania
4264:
4255:
4236:
4217:
4208:
4189:
4170:
4151:
4141:
4117:
4107:
4097:
4073:
4063:
4043:
4024:
4008:. Scribner.
4005:
3995:
3974:. Retrieved
3970:the original
3964:
3944:
3919:
3913:
3901:
3888:
3869:
3845:
3836:the original
3830:
3817:
3797:
3785:
3771:. Retrieved
3767:the original
3761:
3754:. Macmillan.
3751:
3731:
3693:
3683:
3659:
3656:Colton, Joel
3651:, on Britsin
3646:
3636:
3623:
3605:
3580:
3561:
3552:
3532:
3520:
3506:
3500:
3476:
3469:
3457:
3445:. Retrieved
3441:the original
3436:
3426:
3414:. Retrieved
3405:
3396:
3384:. Retrieved
3376:napoleon.org
3375:
3365:
3353:. Retrieved
3344:
3334:
3327:
3321:
3312:
3300:. Retrieved
3286:
3256:
3230:. Retrieved
3205:
3199:
3186:
3174:. Retrieved
3165:
3155:
3143:. Retrieved
3134:
3125:
3102:
3097:
3087:
2988:, Portugal,
2982:départements
2981:
2966:départements
2965:
2949:départements
2948:
2927:
2915:legal system
2900:
2892:
2885:
2879:
2843:Saint Helena
2835:Hundred Days
2830:
2819:
2808:
2794:
2762:
2744:Hundred Days
2715:conscription
2712:
2689:
2673:
2657:
2650:meet him at
2613:
2585:
2561:Grande Armée
2560:
2556:
2550:
2540:
2536:took control
2509:
2493:
2462:
2427:
2403:
2381:Grande Armée
2379:
2369:
2318:
2248:
2185:
2172:
2155:
2128:Roman Empire
2110:
2079:
2060:
2040:
2029:. A general
2025:
2014:
1987:
1941:
1892:
1882:
1859:aristocratic
1824:
1734:
1730:Napoleon III
1723:
1720:First Empire
1719:
1701:
1680:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1602:
1560:Christianity
1448:Vichy France
1399:20th century
1381:Belle Époque
1320:First Empire
1319:
1233:
1229:Early modern
1179:West Francia
1168:Carolingians
1158:Merovingians
813:Succeeded by
812:
807:
785:French franc
768:• 1812
727:Hundred Days
706:24 June 1812
599:(until 1814)
557:• 1815
436:South Slavic
388:
282:
253:
238:Motto:
237:
138:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
7800: /
7105:Khwarezmian
7038:Carolingian
6843:Rashtrakuta
6547:Shaishunaga
6446:Hellenistic
6429:New Kingdom
6419:Old Kingdom
6273:WikiProject
6088:Immigration
6078:Health care
5940:Agriculture
5892:enforcement
5649:Free France
5618:World War I
5565:Restoration
5552:Late Modern
5422:Middle Ages
5397:Middle Ages
5382:Celtic Gaul
4884:Deux-Nèthes
4841:(1804–1814)
4831:departments
4736:Netherlands
4650:Württemberg
4497:Switzerland
4479:Netherlands
4439:Parthenopea
4326:(1792–1815)
4080:: Pimlico.
2822:Louis XVIII
2790:Jean Moreau
2597:Jean Lannes
2571:to General
2552:Dos de Mayo
2423:Finnish War
2396:before the
2212:Württemberg
2113:Carolingian
2067:Württemberg
1994:Charlemagne
1917:18 Brumaire
1909:Roger Ducos
1893:coup d'état
1875:18 Brumaire
1778:and of the
1659:, then the
1513:Health care
1443:Free France
1330:Restoration
1134:Middle Ages
1106:Celtic Gaul
1049:History of
808:Preceded by
693:7 July 1807
663:18 May 1804
613:Lower house
586:Upper house
573:Legislature
562:Napoleon II
515:Bonapartist
508:(1804–1814)
503:Bonapartist
458:Lutheranism
431:West Slavic
389:Unofficial:
193:1804 – 1814
171:(1808–1815)
149:(1804–1808)
7815:Categories
7788:02°19′57″E
7785:48°51′44″N
7675:Portuguese
7556:Revival Le
7546:Vietnamese
7189:Later Tran
7159:Vietnamese
7055:Singhasari
7043:Holy Roman
6667:Bulgarian
6603:Satavahana
6574:Phoenician
6510:Achaemenid
6471:Indo-Greek
6451:Macedonian
6365:Babylonian
6216:Philosophy
6201:Literature
6113:secularism
5909:Parliament
5704:2005 riots
5654:Liberation
5520:Revolution
5387:Roman Gaul
5372:Prehistory
5328:Journalism
5184:Montserrat
5121:Montenotte
5116:Mont-Blanc
4698:Pontecorvo
4640:Westphalia
4615:Regensburg
4551:Napoleonic
4454:Subalpinia
4414:Cispadania
4409:Cisalpinia
4227:1885119186
3872:. Cassel.
3641:on Britsin
3462:Lyons 1994
3208:(3): 501.
3117:References
2996:, and the
2826:Michel Ney
2505:Royal Navy
2501:Copenhagen
2255:Bonapartes
2249:To create
2120:republican
2094:Iron Crown
2031:plebiscite
1755:pronounced
1714:after the
1683:, was the
1149:settlement
1116:Roman Gaul
1086:Prehistory
942:Luxembourg
772:44 million
757:Population
675:Napoleon I
671:Coronation
577:Parliament
564:(disputed)
550:Napoleon I
490:Government
478:Demonym(s)
110:April 2024
80:newspapers
7668:Couronian
7306:Ethiopian
7294:Manchukuo
7249:Brazilian
7095:Ghaznavid
7065:Srivijaya
7016:Trebizond
7001:Byzantine
6983:North Sea
6978:Norwegian
6966:Almoravid
6949:Ilkhanate
6919:Majapahit
6892:Muromachi
6801:Solomonic
6786:Ethiopian
6700:Caliphate
6633:Aragonese
6461:Ptolemaic
6073:Education
6027:Transport
5877:Judiciary
5838:Elections
5792:Mountains
5750:Geography
5496:Louis XIV
5286:Overviews
5202:Sègre-Ter
5161:Trasimène
5005:Zuyderzée
4600:Frankfurt
4554:creations
4459:Tiberinia
4335:republics
4067:. Mentor.
3976:27 August
3773:27 August
3716:cite book
3447:15 August
3416:15 August
3386:15 August
3355:23 August
3232:20 August
3176:23 August
3105:(French:
2730:Last days
2685:North Sea
2620:Joséphine
2473:Białystok
2430:Wallachia
2346:Friedland
2321:Habsburgs
2148:Trafalgar
2084:" by the
1929:Consulate
1889:Directors
1822:in 1815.
1810:, at the
1687:ruled by
1582:Territory
1475:1946–1958
1465:1944–1946
1455:1940–1944
1434:1920–1929
1423:1919–1939
1412:1870–1940
1385:1871–1914
1374:1870–1940
1364:1852–1870
1354:1848–1852
1344:1830–1848
1334:1814–1830
1324:1804–1814
1314:1792–1804
1304:1791–1792
1294:1789–1799
1267:1589–1792
1257:1515–1589
1247:1498–1515
1215:1328–1498
462:Calvinism
445:Religion
7648:Japanese
7611:Scottish
7591:American
7583:Colonial
7512:Imperial
7480:Moroccan
7416:Japanese
7394:Afsharid
7253:Burmese
7239:Austrian
7194:Later Le
7169:Early Le
7154:Venetian
7080:Tiwanaku
6993:Hellenic
6956:Moroccan
6887:Kamakura
6877:Japanese
6860:Saffarid
6813:Georgian
6727:Chalukya
6705:Rashidun
6695:Calakmul
6663:Bruneian
6542:Haryanka
6520:Sasanian
6515:Parthian
6466:Bactrian
6456:Seleucid
6436:Goguryeo
6414:Egyptian
6348:Assyrian
6338:Akkadian
6329:Colonies
6263:Category
6196:Language
6108:Religion
6053:Abortion
6007:Taxation
5904:Military
5865:Intersex
5855:Politics
5821:Politics
5623:Interwar
5318:Economic
5313:Language
5298:Timeline
5086:Apennins
4866:Mer-Égée
4829:Annexed
4655:Würzburg
4515:Rauracia
4505:Helvetia
4444:Piedmont
4368:Connacht
4132:Military
4074:Napoleon
4064:Napoleon
3987:Napoleon
3828:(2009).
3664:New York
3570:Archived
3533:Napoleon
3530:(2000).
3410:Archived
3380:Archived
3349:Archived
3302:30 March
3296:Archived
3253:(1994).
3226:Archived
3170:Archived
3139:Archived
3021:See also
2906:Jacobins
2882:nobility
2774:Berezina
2532:Portugal
2530:invaded
2512:Pius VII
2434:Moldavia
2376:Napoleon
2304:married
2263:Bourbons
2244:Adriatic
2152:Boulogne
2142:and the
2017:Tribunat
2010:Cuxhaven
1960:Piedmont
1786:against
1772:Frimaire
1712:republic
1693:hegemony
1577:Taxation
1555:Religion
1550:Politics
1543:Consorts
1538:Monarchs
1533:Military
1528:Medicine
1204:987–1328
1193:987–1792
1147:Frankish
1145:and the
1068:Timeline
1040:a series
1038:Part of
781:Currency
406:Corsican
400:Regional
395:(formal)
356:
349:
7715:largest
7710:Empires
7690:Swedish
7685:Spanish
7680:Russian
7643:Italian
7618:Chinese
7606:English
7601:British
7596:Belgian
7571:Vietnam
7561:Tay son
7507:Tsarist
7502:Russian
7497:Ottoman
7463:Dzungar
7458:Khoshut
7431:Mexican
7426:Maratha
7409:Pahlavi
7389:Safavid
7384:Iranian
7311:Haitian
7274:Chinese
7234:Ashanti
7206:Wagadou
7132:Eastern
7127:Western
7110:Timurid
7070:Tibetan
7060:Songhai
7050:Serbian
6971:Almohad
6961:Idrisid
6865:Samanid
6855:Tahirid
6850:Iranian
6828:Kannauj
6808:Genoese
6744:Chinese
6737:Eastern
6732:Western
6720:Fatimid
6715:Abbasid
6710:Umayyad
6683:Burmese
6643:Ayyubid
6638:Angevin
6608:Xianbei
6596:Eastern
6591:Western
6537:Magadha
6500:Iranian
6493:Xiongnu
6478:Hittite
6387:Chinese
6375:Kassite
6324:Ancient
6316:Empires
6254:Outline
6236:Theatre
6231:Symbols
6191:Gardens
6181:Fashion
6173:Cuisine
6140:Culture
6130:Welfare
6103:Poverty
6041:Society
6017:Tourism
5977:Exports
5950:Banking
5928:Economy
5887:history
5782:Islands
5777:Borders
5410:Francia
5364:Ancient
5342:Regions
5293:History
5278:History
5126:Ombrone
5106:Marengo
4952:Simplon
4904:Jemmape
4861:Ithaque
4856:Corcyre
4833:of the
4742:Holland
4703:Tuscany
4673:Etruria
4645:Wetzlar
4585:Bavaria
4562:Germany
4510:Lemania
4487:Batavia
4429:Liguria
4404:Brescia
4399:Bologna
4394:Bergamo
4362:Ireland
4344:Germany
4318:of the
3615:Surveys
3345:Gallica
3273:(paper
3222:2600793
3166:Gallica
2968:in 1812
2964:French
2947:French
2903:radical
2786:Leipzig
2782:Bautzen
2681:Scheldt
2628:his son
2547:Bayonne
2520:Marches
2503:by the
2465:Cottbus
2446:Cattaro
2329:Hanover
2284:became
2279:Marshal
2240:Venetia
2204:Bavaria
2186:In the
2124:federal
2096:of the
2063:Bavaria
2006:Hanover
1835:Germany
1800:Britain
1792:Prussia
1788:Austria
1737:Floréal
1570:Judaism
1508:Economy
1487:present
1183:843–987
1172:751–987
1162:481–751
1143:Francia
1077:Ancient
970:Andorra
873:Andorra
725:•
712:•
699:•
686:•
669:•
656:•
611:•
584:•
531:Emperor
512:Unitary
500:Unitary
466:Judaism
365:Capital
254:Anthem:
94:scholar
7653:Mongol
7638:German
7633:French
7623:Danish
7566:Dainam
7541:Tongan
7529:Somali
7524:Sokoto
7490:'Alawi
7468:Kalmyk
7448:Mongol
7441:Second
7421:Korean
7372:Mughal
7362:Indian
7345:German
7338:Second
7328:French
7321:Second
7257:Second
7229:Afghan
7221:Modern
7147:Kyrgyz
7142:Uighur
7137:Second
7117:Turkic
7085:Toltec
7021:Epirus
7006:Nicaea
6929:Mongol
6882:Yamato
6818:Huetar
6676:Second
6613:Rouran
6562:Shunga
6557:Maurya
6532:Kushan
6505:Median
6483:Hunnic
6441:Harsha
6268:Portal
6168:Cinema
6148:Anthem
6120:Racism
6098:People
5992:Mining
5967:Energy
5802:Rivers
5767:Cities
5699:May 68
5270:topics
5267:France
5151:Tanaro
4919:Ourthe
4899:Forêts
4894:Escaut
4763:Danzig
4758:Warsaw
4750:Poland
4693:Naples
4635:Saxony
4595:Erfurt
4520:Valais
4469:Venice
4389:Ancona
4333:Sister
4243:
4224:
4196:
4177:
4158:
4084:
4050:
4031:
4012:
3951:
3936:204824
3934:
3876:
3857:
3805:
3739:
3704:
3698:Oxford
3670:
3540:
3513:
3488:
3277:
3265:
3220:
3145:21 May
2994:Naples
2778:Lützen
2770:Moskva
2742:, and
2667:, and
2652:Tilsit
2616:Savona
2601:Wagram
2593:Aspern
2589:Vienna
2577:Cintra
2569:Bailén
2557:Juntas
2497:Baltic
2490:, 1807
2440:. The
2400:, 1806
2354:Tilsit
2236:Ancona
2226:. The
2220:Saxony
2218:, and
2117:feudal
2086:Senate
2069:, and
2049:, 1806
1972:Naples
1950:. The
1901:Lucien
1869:Origin
1847:Poland
1845:, and
1796:Russia
1710:and a
1685:empire
1665:French
1603:·
1601:
1499:Topics
1211:Valois
1152:
1090:
1051:France
1042:on the
984:Monaco
535:
520:(1815)
483:French
416:Basque
411:Breton
379:French
332:
326:
319:
317:
310:
308:
256:
182:French
178:
160:French
156:
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
7703:Lists
7658:Omani
7628:Dutch
7534:Isaaq
7485:Saadi
7453:Oirat
7436:First
7404:Qajar
7333:First
7316:First
7289:China
7262:Third
7122:First
7075:Tikal
7026:Morea
6996:Roman
6914:Latin
6909:Khmer
6904:Kanem
6870:Buyid
6796:Zagwe
6791:Aksum
6781:Chola
6688:First
6671:First
6658:Bornu
6653:Benin
6648:Aztec
6586:Roman
6567:Gupta
6552:Nanda
6488:White
6226:Sport
6211:Music
6206:Media
6063:Crime
5787:Lakes
5193:Sègre
5146:Stura
5141:Sésia
5101:Gênes
5096:Doire
5063:Sarre
5043:Lippe
4995:Frise
4942:Léman
4779:Spain
4773:Spain
4726:Egypt
4721:Malta
4678:Italy
4665:Italy
4610:Leyen
4605:Hesse
4580:Baden
4434:Lucca
4424:Italy
4419:Crema
4376:Italy
4352:Mainz
3932:JSTOR
3628:(PDF)
3522:(...)
3218:JSTOR
3092:king.
3079:Notes
2990:Italy
2986:Spain
2756:, by
2342:Eylau
2208:Baden
2179:, by
2071:Baden
2002:Rhine
1968:Parma
1964:Genoa
1956:Egypt
1843:Spain
1839:Italy
1673:Latin
1605:
1565:Islam
1485:1958–
742:Area
393:Latin
369:Paris
101:JSTOR
87:books
7473:Bogd
7399:Zand
7377:Sikh
7284:Qing
7279:Ming
7211:Wari
7179:Tran
7164:Dinh
6934:Yuan
6924:Mali
6833:Pala
6823:Inca
6774:Yuan
6764:Song
6759:Liao
6754:Tang
6527:Kush
6409:Dʿmt
6186:Flag
5972:Euro
5870:LGBT
5156:Taro
5136:Rome
5091:Arno
5058:Roer
4889:Dyle
4620:Salm
4590:Berg
4449:Rome
4384:Alba
4322:and
4241:ISBN
4222:ISBN
4194:ISBN
4175:ISBN
4156:ISBN
4082:ISBN
4048:ISBN
4029:ISBN
4010:ISBN
3978:2017
3949:ISBN
3874:ISBN
3855:ISBN
3803:ISBN
3775:2017
3737:ISBN
3722:link
3702:ISBN
3668:ISBN
3538:ISBN
3511:ISBN
3486:ISBN
3449:2014
3418:2014
3388:2014
3357:2019
3304:2022
3275:ISBN
3263:ISBN
3234:2021
3178:2019
3147:2020
2992:and
2933:Maps
2921:and
2873:The
2780:and
2646:and
2469:Elbe
2452:and
2444:and
2432:and
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2198:the
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2122:and
1984:Pope
1942:The
1877:and
1651:The
1523:LGBT
748:1812
214:Flag
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7551:Mac
6988:Oyo
6897:Edo
6769:Jīn
6749:Sui
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6392:Qin
6158:Art
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