3255:"Attendu que la France en acceptant le mandat sur la Syrie n'a poursuivi d'autre but que celui de permettre aux populations de rĂ©aliser leurs aspirations lĂ©gitimes de libertĂ© et d'autonomie, tout en assurant la libre jeu et le dĂ©veloppement des intĂ©rĂȘts Ă©conomiques communs. Attendu qu'il importe, pour ce faire, de respecter, conformĂ©ment aux engagements du gouvernement de la RĂ©publique française, les volontĂ©s populaires librement exprimĂ©es et, en consĂ©quence, de prendre en considĂ©ration les vĆux des populations des rĂ©gions de la wilayet d'Alep et encore rattachĂ©es au gouvernement de Damas; Attendu qu'il est nĂ©cessaire de mettre fin, en mĂȘme temps, Ă une situation de fait qui, par une centralisation excessive et dĂ©sormais inutile, complique l'administration du gouvernement de Damas et entrave la bonne marche des affaire de la circonscription administratives d'Alep." [Translate: "Whereas France accepting the mandate over Syria has pursued no other aim than to enable the people to realize their legitimate aspirations for freedom and autonomy, while ensuring the free play and development of economic interests common. Whereas it is important, in order to do so, to respect, in accordance with the commitments of the Government of the French Republic, the freely expressed popular will, and consequently to take into consideration the wishes of the populations of the wilayet regions of Aleppo, still attached to the government of Damascus; Whereas it is necessary at the same time to put an end to a situation which, by excessive and unnecessary centralization, complicates the administration of the Government of Damascus and hampers the smooth running of the affairs of the administrative district of Aleppo."
1859:
1501:
591:
1516:
1292:
3096:, Arrete 318: "Attendu que la France en venant en Syrie n'a poursuivi d'autre but que celui de permettre aux populations de la Syrie et du Liban de rĂ©aliser leurs aspirations les plus lĂ©gitimes de libertĂ© et d'autonomie; ConsidĂ©rant qu'il importe, pour le faire, de restituer au Liban ses frontiĂšres naturelles telles qu'elles ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©finies par ses reprĂ©sentants et rĂ©clamĂ©es par les vĆux unanimes de ses populations; Que le Grand Liban, ainsi fixĂ© dans ses limites naturelles, pourra poursuivre en tant qu'Ătat indĂ©pendant, au mieux de ses intĂ©rĂȘts politiques et Ă©conomiques, avec l'aide de la France le programme qu'il s'est tracĂ©."
3792:
893:
1020:
602:
387:
1569:
4130:
527:
469:
44:
2535:
1073:
1753:
1057:
1171:
1677:
1036:
1004:
1727:" which included the State of Aleppo, the State of Damascus and the State of the Alawis. However, two and a half years later on 5 December 1924, ArrĂȘtĂ© 2979 and ArrĂȘtĂ© 2980 established the Alawite State as an independent state with Latakia as its capital, and separately unified the States of Aleppo and Damascus into a single State called "Ătat de Syrie" ("State of Syria"), formally established on 1 January 1925.
2521:
5725:
1881:, and in 1925 it was directly attached to the French mandate of Syria, still with special administrative status. The sanjak was given autonomy in November 1937 in an arrangement brokered by the League. Under its new statute, the sanjak became 'distinct but not separated' from the French Mandate of Syria on the diplomatic level, linked to both France and Turkey for defence matters.
2549:
1377:
341:
3218:
nettement exprimĂ© Ă maintes reprises leur dĂ©sir d'avoir une administration autonome sous l'Ă©gide de la France. Que, pour ce faire, il importe de constituer un territoire groupant la majoritĂ© de ces populations pour leur permettre de poursuivre leur dĂ©veloppement au mieux de leurs intĂ©rĂȘts politiques et Ă©conomiques selon les vĆux qu'elles ont exprimĂ©s."
1984:, in the province of Al-Jazira. Its partisans wanted the French troops to stay in the province in the event of a Syrian independence, as they feared the nationalist Damascus government would replace minority officials by Muslim Arabs from the capital. The French authorities refused to consider any new status of autonomy inside Syria.
1767:
of
Alexandretta, which retained its administrative autonomy. The terms "Gouvernement d'Alep" "Gouvernement de Damas" were used interchangeably with "l'Ătat d'Alep" and "l'Ătat de Damas" â for example, Arrete 279 1 October 1920 stated in its preamble: "Vu l'arrĂȘtĂ© No 330 du 1er Septembre 1920 crĂ©ant l'Ătat d'Alep".
1626:. Maronites were the majority in Lebanon and managed to preserve its independence; an independence that created a unique precedent in the Arab world, as Lebanon was the first Arab country in which Christians were not a minority. The State of Greater Lebanon existed until 23 May 1926, after which it became the
1766:
On 1 September 1920, the day after the creation of
Greater Lebanon and the Alawite State, ArrĂȘtĂ© 330 separated out of the previous "Gouvernement de Damas" ("Government of Damascus") an independent government known as the "Gouvernement d'Alep" ("Government of Aleppo"), including the autonomous sandjak
1552:
linked the cazas of
Hasbaya, Rachaya, Maallaka and Baalbeck to what was then known as the Autonomous Territory of Lebanon. Then on 31 August 1920, General Gouraud signed ArrĂȘtĂ© 318 delimiting the State of Greater Lebanon, with explanatory notes stating that Lebanon would be treated separately from
398:
France demanded full implementation of the SykesâPicot
Agreement, with Syria under its control. On 26 November 1919, British forces withdrew from Damascus to avoid confrontation with the French, leaving the Arab government to face France. Faisal had travelled several times to Europe since November
2004:
community. For the same reasons as their
Assyrian, Kurdish and Bedouin counterparts in Al-Jazira province in 1936â1937, several Circassian leaders wanted a special autonomy status for their region in 1938, as they feared the prospect of living in an independent Syrian republic under a nationalist
3350:
ArrĂȘtĂ© 1641, 24 October 1922: "le vĆu nettement exprimĂ© par les habitants du Djebel Druze au Houran de former dans le cadre de leurs limites ethniques un gouvernement autonome" [Translation: "the wish clearly expressed by the inhabitants of Djebel Druze of the Houran to form within their ethnic
1664:
On 19 August 1920, General
Gouraud signed ArrĂȘtĂ© 314 which added to the autonomous sandjak of Alexandretta the cazas of Jisr el-Choughour, the madriyehs of Baher and Bujack (caza of Latakia), the moudiriyeh of Kinsaba (caza of Sahyoun) "with a view to the formation of the territories of Greater
682:
movement seeking to end colonial rule. The administration of the state governments was heavily dominated by the French. Local authorities were given very little power and did not have the authority to independently decide policy. The small amount of power that local leaders had could easily be
3243:
ArrĂȘtĂ© 265/LR of 2 December 1936 and ArrĂȘtĂ© 274/LR of 5 December 1936 incorporated Jebel Druze and the
Alawite State into Syria. Both used similar wording: "le territoire du Djebel Druze fait partie de l'Ătat de Syrie... ce territoire bĂ©nĂ©ficie, au sein de l'Ătat de Syrie, d'un rĂ©gime spĂ©cial
3217:
ArrĂȘtĂ© 319, 31 August 1920: "Attendu que la France en venant en Syrie n'a poursuivi d'autre but que celui de permettre aux populations de rĂ©aliser leurs aspirations les plus lĂ©gitimes de libertĂ© et d'autonomie. ConsidĂ©rant que les populations alaouites et les minoritĂ©s qu'elles renferment ont
1711:
was the capital of this state. Initially it was an autonomous territory under French rule known as the "Alawite
Territories". It became part of the Syrian Federation in 1922, but left the federation again in 1924 and became the "State of Alawites". On 22 September 1930, it was renamed the
3244:
administratif et financier... sous réserve des dispositions de ce rÚglement, le territoire du Djebel Druze est régi par la
Constitution, les lois et les rĂšglements gĂ©nĂ©raux de la RĂ©publique syrienne... le prĂ©sent arrĂȘtĂ©... entreront en vigueur... dĂšs ratification du traitĂ© franco-syrien"
1891:
The allocation of seats in the sanjak assembly was based on the 1938 census held by the French authorities under international supervision. The assembly was appointed in the summer of 1938, and the French-Turkish treaty settling the status of the Sanjak was signed on 4 July 1938.
647:
The borders of these states were based in part on the sectarian geography in Syria. Many of the different Syrian sects were hostile to the French mandate and to the division it created, as shown by the numerous revolts that the French encountered in all of the Syrian states. The
590:
3207:
ArrĂȘtĂ© 317, 31 August 1920: "que le caza d'OmraniĂ© (Massyaf), dĂ©pendance de la wilayet de Damas, est peuplĂ© en trĂšs grande majoritĂ© de populations alaouites et que ce caza doit en consĂ©quence faire partie du groupement
Ansarieh actuellement en voie d'organisation"
2035:
was the largest importer of Syrian goods, while the French held a share of 7.5% of the imports. Between the two World Wars, France became the largest trader of goods of the French Mandate. From 1933 onwards, Japan was also a large source for imports.
1858:
1649:
were strongly opposed. However, most members of the Lebanese Muslim communities and their political elites were committed to the idea of being Lebanese citizens by the late 1930s, even though they also tended to nurture Arab nationalist sentiments.
523:(with Trans-Jordan later), and Iraq. Syrians reacted with violent demonstrations, and a new government headed by Hashim al-Atassi was formed on 7 May 1920. The new government decided to organize general conscription and began forming an army.
457:. They visited 36 major cities, met with more than 2,000 delegations from more than 300 villages, and received more than 3,000 petitions. Their conclusions confirmed the opposition of Syrians to the mandate in their country as well as to the
4294:
1870:: "A special administrative regime shall be established for the district of Alexandretta. The Turkish inhabitants of this district shall enjoy facility for their cultural development. The Turkish language shall have official recognition".
561:
On 14 July 1920, General Gouraud issued an ultimatum to Faisal, giving him the choice between submission or abdication. Realizing that the power balance was not in his favor, Faisal chose to cooperate. However, the young minister of war,
1839:
The primarily Sunni population of the states of Aleppo and Damascus were strongly opposed to the division of Syria. This resulted in its quick end in 1925, when France united the states of Aleppo and Damascus into the State of Syria.
507:
in her natural borders (including Southern Syria or Palestine), and proclaimed Faisal the king of all Arabs. Faisal invited Ali Rikabi to form a government. The congress also proclaimed political and economic union with neighboring
3197:
ArrĂȘtĂ© 314, 19 August 1920: "...des modifications territoriales apportĂ©es aux diverses circonscriptions administratives de la wilayet de Beyrouth en vue de la formation des territoires du Grand Liban et des monts Ansarieh"
1500:
4739:
4287:
570:, Syrian troops under al-Azmeh, composed of the little remaining troops of the Arab army along with Bedouin horsemen and civilian volunteers, met the better trained 12,000-strong French forces under General
1669:"; where the "Ansarieh Mountains" area was to become the Alawite State. On 31 August 1920, the same day that the decree creating Greater Lebanon was signed, General Gouraud signed ArrĂȘtĂ© 319 delimiting the
4536:
1716:". The population at this time was 278,000. The government of Latakia finally joined the Syrian Republic on 5 December 1936. This state witnessed several rebellions against the French, including that of
253:' mandate system. And on 29 September 1923 France was assigned the League of Nations mandate of Syria, which included the territory of present-day Lebanon and Alexandretta in addition to modern Syria.
3253:
ArrĂȘtĂ© 330, 1 September 1920: "...les territories de l'ancien Vilayet d'Alep, prĂ©cĂ©demment rattachĂ©s au Gouvernement de Damas, constitueront un Gouvernement indĂ©pendant dĂ©nomm "Gouvernement d'Alep""
4280:
2005:
Arab government hostile towards the minorities. They also wanted the Golan region to become a national homeland for Circassian refugees from the Caucasus. A Circassian battalion served in the French
6527:
3564:
3064:
6522:
3396:
Les territoires de marge de la Syrie mandataire : le mouvement autonomiste de la Haute JazĂźra, paradoxes et ambiguĂŻtĂ©s dâune intĂ©gration « nationale » inachevĂ©e (1936â1939)
4732:
656:, on the other hand, were a community with a dream of independence that was being realized under the French. Therefore, Greater Lebanon was the exception among the newly formed states.
6507:
578:. The French won the battle in less than a day and Azmeh died on the battlefield, along with many of the Syrian troops, while the remaining troops possibly defected. General Goybet
472:
Seal of the states under French mandate after WWI (among them Syria) around 1925. The text is 'DOUANES DES ĂTATS SOUS MANDAT FRANĂAIS' (Customs of the states under French mandate)
1633:
Most Muslims in Greater Lebanon rejected the new state upon its creation. Some believe that the continuous Muslim demand for reunification with Syria eventually brought about an
4529:
4065:
6502:
4725:
1507:
399:
1918, trying to convince France and Britain to change their positions, but without success. France's determination to intervene in Syria was shown by the naming of General
6017:
2009:
and had helped it against the Arab nationalist uprisings. As in Al-Jazira Province, the French authorities refused to grant any autonomy status to the Golan Circassians.
6472:
6422:
3721:
6467:
4249:
3398:" (The territory margins of the Mandatory Syria: the autonomist movement in Upper JazĂźra, paradoxs and ambiguities of an uncompleted "national" integration, 1936â39),
284:
was annexed by Turkey in 1939. The French mandate lasted until 1946, when French troops eventually left Syria and Lebanon, which had both declared independence during
6512:
4522:
1515:
2031:
were deemed profitable for the cotton cultivation. Investments began in 1924, but it took until the 1930s to produce more than the level reached in 1925. By 1933,
1862:
Ethnographical map of Syria and Lebanon in a pre-World War I ethnographical map. The blue color represents Arabs, brown Turks, green Armenians, and yellow Kurds.
496:. A part of France's claim to these territories in the Levant was that France had been acknowledged as a protector of the minority Christian communities by the
6342:
352:
was raised all over Syria. The Arabs hoped, with faith in earlier British promises, that the new Arab state would include all the Arab lands stretching from
5993:
683:
overruled by French officials. The French did everything in their power to prevent people in the Levant from developing self-sufficient governing bodies.
5282:
5015:
3312:
6013:
4983:
3522:
3157:
4058:
3791:
6517:
6033:
3268:
2718:
2577:
814:
803:
678:
their own lands in the hopes of prolonging their rule. The French hoped to fragment the various groups in the region, to mitigate support for the
297:
6447:
5337:
6532:
659:
It took France three years from 1920 to 1923 to gain full control over Syria and to quell all the insurgencies that broke out, notably in the
6103:
5981:
5217:
4658:
3714:
2886:
238:
6462:
6203:
4242:
3908:
310:
256:
The administration of the region under the French was carried out through a number of different governments and territories, including the
6537:
6427:
5161:
4699:
4548:
4051:
1756:
400:
6477:
371:
between Britain and France, General Allenby assigned to the Arab administration only the interior regions of Syria (the eastern zone).
6098:
6026:
6000:
3694:
453:
arrived in Syria to inquire into local public opinion about the future of the country. The commission's remit extended from Aleppo to
179:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
5698:
3637:
3614:
3593:
3436:
3322:
3078:
3047:
2621:"Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1945, The Near East and Africa, Volume VIII - Office of the Historian"
6452:
6432:
6264:
5923:
4843:
4217:
3707:
3514:
2364:
2294:
1577:
674:
Although there were uprisings in the different states, the French deliberately gave different ethnic and religious groups in the
175:
503:
In March 1920, the Congress in Damascus adopted a resolution rejecting the Faisal-Clemenceau accords. The congress declared the
411:, Faisal found himself in an even weaker position when the European powers decided to renege on the promises made to the Arabs.
6457:
6390:
6149:
5350:
4813:
4235:
4018:
3498:
3483:
2405:
1291:
383:(the western zone), replacing British troops there. The French immediately dissolved the local Arab governments in the region.
75:
5684:
4863:
3744:
1175:
892:
261:
99:
6442:
6437:
5954:
5188:
4330:
4325:
3070:
613:, the French were received as liberators by the Christian community, but in the rest of Syria, they faced strong resistance.
326:
3902:
2906:
1019:
3546:
5673:
5547:
4976:
1666:
6162:
5988:
5913:
5075:
4836:
4589:
2263:
2225:
2081:
601:
408:
6193:
6186:
6041:
5901:
5156:
4831:
4818:
2018:
1587:
1535:
1522:
703:
5193:
3875:
2423:
2418:
1568:
386:
6139:
5937:
5774:
5370:
5330:
4501:
4205:
3870:
3821:
3684:
2958:
4936:
3896:
450:
368:
206:
6217:
5749:
5690:
5080:
4941:
4704:
4074:
1793:
of eastern Syria. These regions represented much of the agricultural and mineral wealth of Syria. The autonomous
1296:
171:
3558:
Comprendre la formation des Ătats du Liban et la Syrie a lâaune des boulerversements actuels dans le monde arabe
6307:
6279:
6086:
4969:
4923:
4422:
4002:
3508:
3504:
Bulletin officiel des actes administratifs du Haut commissariat de la République française en Syrie et au Liban
3493:
1554:
641:
582:
with little resistance on 24 July 1920, and the mandate was written in London two years later on 24 July 1922.
579:
415:
391:
109:
3967:
2278:
2066:
1826:
468:
3690:
194:, with the governing country intended to act as a trustee until the inhabitants were considered eligible for
5918:
5908:
5769:
5754:
5654:
5608:
4185:
4112:
4099:
4028:
3858:
2920:
2582:
2412:
1867:
1646:
349:
3295:
Fezzes in the River: Identity Politics and European Diplomacy in the Middle East on the Eve of World War II
526:
5795:
5790:
5704:
5459:
5375:
4895:
4748:
4648:
4638:
4569:
4545:
4303:
4258:
4129:
3838:
3806:
3776:
3165:
2562:
2023:
Already in 1921, the French wanted to develop the agricultural sector and over a feasibility study of the
1920:
1849:
1045:
633:
307:
156:
2506:
418:, which convened in Damascus. 80% of seats went to conservatives. However, the minority included dynamic
6312:
6234:
6134:
5976:
5959:
5886:
5764:
5662:
5504:
5323:
5055:
4785:
4579:
4093:
2756:
2567:
2391:
597:, 14 May 1930, announcing the constitutions of the states within the French Mandate of Syria and Lebanon
535:
520:
504:
301:
265:
214:
1752:
43:
17:
1884:
In 1938, the Turkish military went into the Syrian province and expelled most of its Alawite Arab and
6327:
6129:
5964:
5668:
4149:
3977:
3489:
Recueil des actes administratifs du Haut-commissariat de la République française en Syrie et au Liban
2450:
2309:
2001:
1818:
1642:
547:
234:
1888:
inhabitants. Before this, Alawi Arabs and Armenians were the majority of Alexandretta's population.
6347:
6337:
6229:
5891:
5499:
5494:
5251:
5070:
4574:
4407:
4368:
4312:
3987:
3952:
3853:
3833:
3381:
Virginia Vacca, "La questione dell'el-NJezīrah secondo il memoriale del Partito Comunista Siriano",
2032:
1822:
1634:
1545:
575:
516:
465:
encompassing Palestine. The conclusions of the commission were ignored by both Britain and France.
458:
2620:
2534:
1072:
329:. Faisal established the first new postwar Arab government in Damascus in October 1918, and named
6289:
6239:
6198:
6058:
6046:
5971:
5932:
5896:
5759:
5733:
5391:
4916:
4826:
4775:
4681:
4668:
4599:
4397:
4348:
4340:
4195:
3863:
3843:
3816:
3759:
3658:
3527:
3360:
James Minahan, Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations, Greenwood Publishing Group 2002 vol,2 p.547
2928:
2682:
2674:
2487:
2006:
1967:
1899:. The republic lasted for one year under joint French and Turkish military supervision. The name
1885:
1680:
A 10-piastre Syrian stamp used in the Alawite State, bearing an overprint overprinted "ALAOUITES"
679:
477:
372:
230:
4043:
1676:
1553:
the rest of Syria. On 1 September 1920, General Gouraud publicly proclaimed the creation of the
1056:
249:). In the early 1920s, British and French control of these territories became formalized by the
1170:
6359:
6144:
6068:
5874:
5678:
5613:
5568:
5421:
5203:
5198:
5146:
5085:
4890:
4873:
4496:
4491:
4200:
4154:
4078:
4023:
3957:
3848:
3811:
3766:
3754:
3633:
3610:
3589:
3432:
3318:
3074:
3043:
2882:
2444:
2172:
1932:
1833:
1743:
1724:
1685:
1670:
1659:
1627:
1603:
1078:
1062:
1035:
629:
617:
567:
539:
427:
334:
277:
257:
250:
119:
103:
86:
3294:
3037:
375:(the southern zone) was reserved for the British. On 8 October, French troops disembarked in
6383:
6364:
6299:
6181:
6117:
6081:
5851:
5710:
5603:
5583:
5578:
5524:
5396:
5358:
5237:
5207:
5065:
4805:
4770:
4450:
4190:
4164:
4159:
3982:
3972:
3947:
3120:
Religion, National Identity, and Confessional Politics in Lebanon: The Challenge of Islamism
2876:
2854:
2666:
2500:
2456:
2379:
2325:
2131:
2096:
1638:
1623:
897:
717:
443:
423:
419:
322:
1953:
In 1936, both Jebel Druze and the Alawite State were incorporated into the State of Syria.
1907:
and the government was under Turkish control. In 1939, following a popular referendum, the
1817:
inhabited the eastern regions alongside the Arabs. The General Governors of the state were
1730:
In 1936, both Jebel Druze and the Alawite State were incorporated into the State of Syria.
1618:. The capital of Greater Lebanon was Beirut. The new state was granted a flag, merging the
1530:
The first map, drawn by the French in 1862, was used as a template for the 1920 borders of
6284:
6259:
6249:
6244:
5598:
5563:
5529:
5444:
5256:
5227:
4992:
4885:
4868:
4402:
4380:
4169:
3781:
3749:
3670:
3186:
2940:
2572:
2481:
2438:
1973:
1878:
1814:
1771:
1739:
1531:
1490:
1040:
1008:
621:
493:
269:
199:
195:
147:
139:
6006:
1866:
The Sanjak of Alexandretta became an autonomous province of Syria under Article 7 of the
1611:
550:
used the crisis against Faisal's government to convene a council of Christian figures in
348:
The new Arab administration formed local governments in the major Syrian cities, and the
205:
During the two years that followed the end of the war in 1918âand in accordance with the
3574:
Le mandat français en Syrie et au Liban: la politique et l'oeuvre de la France au Levant
1805:
communities in addition to the Sunni Muslims. The state also incorporated minorities of
6399:
6354:
6317:
6272:
6051:
5947:
5846:
5841:
5593:
5573:
5539:
5514:
5243:
5183:
5177:
4780:
4631:
4622:
4584:
4460:
4385:
4353:
4320:
3942:
3626:
2902:
2526:
2432:
2187:
1794:
1747:
1595:
710:
698:
664:
637:
571:
563:
546:, the Christian press expressed its hostility to the decisions of Faisal's government.
497:
435:
431:
210:
183:
3339:
Identity and Turkish Foreign Policy: The Kemalist Influence in Cyprus and the Caucasus
6416:
6332:
5942:
5825:
5820:
5805:
5643:
5620:
5588:
5553:
5489:
5431:
5401:
5232:
5138:
5105:
5025:
4880:
4473:
4390:
4363:
4144:
3997:
3962:
3932:
3880:
3828:
3771:
2686:
2554:
2462:
2028:
1997:
1874:
1607:
1024:
653:
625:
489:
476:
Unrest erupted in Syria when Faisal accepted a compromise with French Prime Minister
462:
273:
226:
114:
2769:
1003:
6154:
5815:
5626:
4911:
4765:
4757:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4358:
3992:
3937:
3132:
2468:
1717:
1602:, regions were added, forming "Greater" Lebanon. Those regions correspond today to
1582:
519:, granted France the mandate of Syria (including Lebanon), and granted Britain the
439:
285:
242:
218:
62:
3648:
3604:
3583:
3572:
3426:
6321:
6093:
6076:
5519:
5479:
5411:
5406:
5095:
4643:
4430:
3557:
2540:
2475:
1908:
1896:
1853:
1619:
1590:. Mt. Lebanon, an area with a Maronite majority, had enjoyed varying degrees of
1381:
318:
281:
191:
124:
2670:
2492:
1895:
On 2 September 1938, the assembly proclaimed the Sanjak of Alexandretta as the
1797:
was added to the state of Aleppo in 1923. The capital was the northern city of
1538:, overlaid on a map of modern day Lebanon showing religious groups distribution
5454:
5416:
5294:
5045:
5035:
5030:
4617:
4556:
3372:, November 1937, Centre d'Ătudes et d'Administration Musulmanes (CHEAM), Paris
2872:
2858:
2516:
1947:
1904:
724:
492:
revolted in fear of being incorporated into a new, mainly Christian, state of
330:
1789:. It covered northern Syria in addition to the entire fertile basin of river
5800:
5509:
5300:
3653:. Editorial information service. Series 1925-26. Foreign Policy Association.
2845:
Zamir, Meir (6 December 2006). "Faisal and the Lebanese question, 1918â20".
1790:
481:
454:
4478:
3503:
3488:
1376:
616:
The mandate region was subdivided into six states. They were the states of
340:
3699:
2602:
1673:, and ArrĂȘtĂ© 317 adding the caza of Massyaf (Omranie) into the new State.
5449:
5439:
4790:
4627:
4607:
4227:
3428:
Syria and the French Mandate: The Politics of Arab Nationalism, 1920-1945
1993:
1697:
1591:
649:
515:
On 25 April, the supreme inter-Allied council, which was formulating the
314:
6254:
5288:
5040:
4676:
4612:
4468:
4412:
3531:
2972:
Urban Notables and Arab Nationalism: The Politics of Damascus 1860â1920
2955:
Urban Notables and Arab Nationalism: The Politics of Damascus 1860â1920
2678:
1981:
1806:
1786:
1713:
1708:
1446:
660:
610:
555:
534:
These decisions provoked adverse reactions by France as well as by the
404:
380:
246:
187:
2820:
2603:"Levant | Meaning, Countries, Map, & Facts | Britannica"
1572:
General Gourard proclaims the creation of the State of Greater Lebanon
5856:
5810:
5484:
5469:
4653:
4564:
4373:
1802:
1798:
1760:
1615:
1599:
1598:
era. However, in addition to the Maronite Mutasarrifia other, mainly
1453:
675:
668:
551:
543:
485:
376:
353:
2654:
237:), while the French controlled the rest of Ottoman Syria (including
3229:
Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places
1576:
Greater Lebanon was created by France to be a "safe haven" for the
5724:
5474:
5346:
4795:
4686:
3370:
La situation des chrétiens de Syrie aprÚs les affaires de Djézireh
2659:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
1977:
1957:
Demands for autonomy not granted by the French Mandate authorities
1943:
1939:
1857:
1836:
was a French mandate from 1920 to 1925. The capital was Damascus.
1810:
1783:
1751:
1704:
1675:
1567:
1464:
600:
589:
525:
467:
385:
361:
339:
27:
League of Nations mandate of France in the Middle East (1923â1946)
5315:
3499:
Haut-commissariat de la République française en Syrie et au Liban
3484:
Haut-commissariat de la République française en Syrie et au Liban
3314:
Identity, Conflict and Cooperation in International River Systems
3094:
Haut-commissariat de la République française en Syrie et au Liban
2770:"The Avalon Project : The Sykes-Picot Agreement : 1916"
1696:) was located on the Syrian coast and incorporated a majority of
1550:
Haut-commissariat de la République française en Syrie et au Liban
5464:
1701:
509:
357:
306:
With the defeat of the Ottomans in Syria, British troops, under
222:
5319:
5126:
5003:
4965:
4721:
4518:
4276:
4231:
4047:
3703:
3395:
2908:
Resolutions of the General Syrian Congress: Syria, July 2, 1919
595:
Bulletin Officiel des Actes Administratifs du Haut Commissariat
3039:
Inventing Lebanon: Nationalism and the State Under the Mandate
605:
Map showing the states of the French Mandate from 1921 to 1922
530:
1935 population map of the French mandate in Syria and Lebanon
2985:
The Politics of National Celebrations in the Arab Middle East
3011:
Steel & Silk: Men and Women who Shaped Syria, 1900â2000
644:(1920), which became later the modern country of Lebanon.
1759:
crossing through al-Khandaq street on 13 September 1920,
3606:
Steel and silk: men and women who shaped Syria 1900â2000
1972:
In 1936â1937, there was some autonomist agitation among
1946:. It had a population of some 50,000 and its capital in
3317:(Hardcover ed.). Ashgate Publishing. p. 130.
3133:"French Mandate of Greater Lebanon 1920-1943 (Lebanon)"
538:
of Mount Lebanon, which denounced the decisions as a "
1635:
armed conflict between Muslims and Christians in 1958
1521:
Black dashed line shows the borders of the 1861â1918
6528:
1946 disestablishments in the French colonial empire
3066:
The Origins of the Lebanese National Idea: 1840â1920
2911:. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 180â182
1534:. The second map shows the borders of the 1861â1918
161:
6298:
6216:
6174:
6116:
6067:
5873:
5834:
5783:
5732:
5653:
5636:
5538:
5430:
5384:
5357:
5216:
5155:
5137:
5094:
5054:
5014:
4958:
4904:
4852:
4804:
4756:
4667:
4598:
4555:
4459:
4421:
4339:
4311:
4265:
4178:
4137:
4086:
4011:
3925:
3918:
3889:
3799:
3737:
217:during the warâthe British held control of most of
198:. At that point, the mandate would terminate and a
92:
82:
71:
61:
53:
34:
3625:
379:and occupied the Lebanese coastal region south to
6523:1923 establishments in the French colonial empire
1925:On 24 October 1922, ArrĂȘtĂ© 1641 established the "
190:. The mandate system was supposed to differ from
3585:Western Imperialism in the Middle East 1914â1958
3400:Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée
3306:
3304:
6508:States and territories disestablished in 1946
5331:
4977:
4733:
4530:
4288:
4243:
4059:
3715:
3227:Trudy Ring, Noelle Watson, Paul Schellinger,
2746:, 2nd Edition, Infobase Publishing 2009 p. 37
2655:"The Mandate System of the League of Nations"
8:
3109:, University of California Press 1993 p. 180
1926:
1725:Federation of the Autonomous States of Syria
1506:1862 map drawn by the French expedition of
163:al-intidÄb al-faransÄ« Ê»alÄ sĆ«riyÄ wa-lubnÄn
6503:States and territories established in 1923
6222:
6122:
5879:
5742:
5738:
5363:
5338:
5324:
5316:
5169:
5134:
5123:
5011:
5000:
4984:
4970:
4962:
4740:
4726:
4718:
4537:
4523:
4515:
4295:
4281:
4273:
4269:
4250:
4236:
4228:
4066:
4052:
4044:
3922:
3722:
3708:
3700:
3515:"French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon"
3431:. Princeton University Press. p. 50.
3263:
3261:
3107:The Long Peace: Ottoman Lebanon, 1861-1920
685:
42:
3523:The American Journal of International Law
414:In May 1919, elections were held for the
48:Front cover of the Mandate document, 1922
6473:Political entities in the Land of Israel
6423:French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
3239:
3237:
2987:, Cambridge University Press, 2011 p. 54
2346:
2245:
2207:
2154:
2116:
2048:
1868:French-Turkish treaty of 20 October 1921
1723:On 28 June 1922, ArrĂȘtĂ© 1459 created a "
586:States created during the French Mandate
6468:Former countries of the interwar period
6034:Popular Front for Change and Liberation
3507:, BibliothÚque numérique patrimoniale,
3492:, BibliothÚque numérique patrimoniale,
3026:, 5th edition (Westview, 2012) p218-223
2974:, Cambridge University Press 2003 p. 91
2594:
2578:List of French possessions and colonies
512:and demanded its independence as well.
367:However, in accordance with the secret
298:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
18:French Mandate of Syria and the Lebanon
6513:1923 establishments in Mandatory Syria
3666:
3656:
3553:, Volume 124, Issue 5, Pages 1689â1693
3413:La France méditerranéenne et africaine
2936:
2926:
2881:. Yale University Press. p. 263.
2707:. Longmans, Green and Co. p. 172.
2648:
2646:
566:, refused to comply. In the resulting
31:
6042:Political status of the Golan Heights
3685:Timeline of the French Mandate period
3628:Syria 1945â1986: politics and society
3461:
3459:
3457:
2821:"King-Crane Commission Report: Index"
1472:
1470:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1452:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1364:
1340:
1338:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1267:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1150:
1144:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1088:
1070:
1068:
1054:
1052:
1033:
1031:
1017:
1015:
1001:
911:
905:
903:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
878:
872:
870:
868:
862:
860:
858:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
836:
834:
832:
820:
818:
813:
802:
800:
798:
770:
740:
734:
732:
723:
721:
716:
714:
709:
707:
697:
317:in 1918 accompanied by troops of the
266:Mandatory Syrian Republic (1930â1946)
7:
3909:Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence
3565:Syria and Lebanon: A Political Essay
3341:, I.B.Tauris, 18 December 2010 p.100
2810:, Transaction Publishers 2011 p. 241
2698:
2696:
1641:wanted to join the newly proclaimed
689:Diagram of states under the mandate
554:that proclaimed the independence of
442:. The head was moderate nationalist
4700:French colonization of the Americas
3647:Foreign Policy Association (1925).
3024:A History of the Modern Middle East
3000:, Yale University Press, 2014 p.285
2146:French Mandate of Syria (1920â1939)
1779:
1693:
1562:
151:
3695:French Ministry of Foreign Affairs
3691:Mandat Syria-Liban ... (1920â1946)
2808:British Pan-Arab Policy, 1915-1922
2653:Myers, Denys P. (1 January 1921).
2638:League of Nations Official Journal
403:as high commissioner in Syria and
180:partitioning of the Ottoman Empire
25:
3582:David Kenneth Fieldhouse (2006).
3465:Khoury, Philip Shukry (1987),p.48
3451:Khoury, Philip Shukry (1987),p.51
3402:, 126, November 2009, pp. 205â222
3351:limits an autonomous government"]
2755:Ali A. Allawi, Faisal I of Iraq,
1586:(Ottoman administrative unit) of
461:, and their demand for a unified
152:ۧÙۧÙŰȘۯۧۚ ۧÙÙ۱ÙŰłÙ ŰčÙÙ ŰłÙ۱Ùۧ ÙÙŰšÙۧÙ
136:Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
35:Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
5723:
4218:United Nations Trust Territories
4128:
3790:
3063:Hakim, Carol (19 January 2013).
2547:
2533:
2519:
2295:Damad-i Shariyari Ahmad Nami Bay
1801:, which had large Christian and
1514:
1499:
1375:
1290:
1169:
1071:
1055:
1034:
1018:
1002:
891:
176:aftermath of the First World War
144:Mandat pour la Syrie et le Liban
5194:French domains of the Holy Land
3526:. July 1923. pp. 177â182.
3036:Firro, Kais (8 February 2003).
2795:The Arab Movements in World War
2742:John Morrison & Adam Woog,
2507:Ătienne Paul-Ămile-Marie Beynet
2471:(died on flight to take office)
2406:High Commissioner of the Levant
1933:Autonomous State of Jabal Druze
78:; ref.: C.528. M.313. 1922. VI.
6518:1946 disestablishments in Asia
5189:French domains of Saint Helena
4306:in Africa and the Indian Ocean
3551:The American Historical Review
3425:Khoury, Philip Shukry (1987).
3269:"11. French Syria (1919-1946)"
3071:University of California Press
2923:, Modern World History Reader.
2719:"11. French Syria (1919-1946)"
2027:the North-East Syrian and the
484:demonstrations broke out, and
327:Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz
1:
6448:Former countries in West Asia
3547:The French Mandate in Lebanon
3411:M. Proux, "Les Tcherkesses",
2640:, Vol 3, August 1922, p. 1013
1928:Ătat autonome du Djebel druze
268:, as well as smaller states:
6182:Energy and mineral resources
5982:Supreme Constitutional Court
4924:Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa)
2264:Subhi Bay Barakat al-Khalidi
2226:Subhi Bay Barakat al-Khalidi
2040:Kingdom of Syria (1918â1920)
344:The Kingdom of Syria in 1918
6463:French colonisation in Asia
6204:Water supply and sanitation
6104:Weapons of mass destruction
6007:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party
5164: and Antarctic Lands
3687:(archived 28 February 2012)
3650:The French Mandate in Syria
2499:23 Nov 1943 â 23 Jan 1944:
2467:24 Nov 1940 â 27 Nov 1940:
2443:23 Dec 1925 â 23 Jun 1926:
2437:29 Nov 1924 â 23 Dec 1925:
2431:19 Apr 1923 â 29 Nov 1924:
2417:23 Nov 1922 â 17 Apr 1923:
2411:26 Nov 1919 â 23 Nov 1922:
2019:Banque de Syrie et du Liban
1911:became a Turkish province.
1712:"Independent Government of
1565:) at a ceremony in Beirut.
1536:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
1523:Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate
449:In June 1919, the American
225:) and the southern part of
162:
6554:
6428:League of Nations mandates
6099:Chief of the General Staff
6027:National Progressive Front
5699:independent First Republic
3571:Charles Burckhard (1925).
3158:"MICHEL CHIHA - STATEHOOD"
3042:. I.B.Tauris. p. 18.
2959:Cambridge University Press
2671:10.1177/000271622109600116
2505:23 Jan 1944 â 1 Sep 1946:
2486:7 Jun 1943 â 23 Nov 1943:
2480:24 Jun 1941 â 7 Jun 1943:
2474:6 Dec 1940 â 16 Jun 1941:
2403:
2365:Muhammad 'Ali Bay al-'Abid
2016:
1965:
1918:
1847:
1737:
1657:
1488:
488:inhabitants in and around
295:
262:State of Syria (1925â1930)
166:, also referred to as the
6377:
6225:
6125:
5882:
5745:
5741:
5721:
5366:
5277:
5172:
5133:
5122:
5081:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
5010:
4999:
4942:French East India Company
4932:
4717:
4705:French West India Company
4695:
4514:
4487:
4272:
4214:
4126:
3903:PauletâNewcombe Agreement
3788:
3603:Sami M. Moubayed (2006).
2859:10.1080/00263209108700868
2703:Bentwich, Norman (1930).
2082:'Ali Rida Basha al-Rikabi
2025:Union Economique de Syrie
1782:) included a majority of
1433:
1431:
1417:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1397:
1395:
1368:
1366:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1336:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1271:
1269:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1199:
1197:
1189:
1187:
1158:
1156:
1148:
1146:
1134:
1130:
1128:
1120:
1116:
1102:
1100:
1092:
1090:
995:
993:
991:
985:
983:
975:
973:
967:
965:
963:
955:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
933:
929:
927:
925:
923:
917:
876:
874:
856:
854:
840:
838:
828:
826:
824:
811:
809:
807:
792:
786:
782:
780:
778:
768:
764:
762:
756:
752:
750:
738:
736:
172:League of Nations mandate
41:
6533:FranceâLebanon relations
6498:1940s in Mandatory Syria
6493:1930s in Mandatory Syria
6488:1920s in Mandatory Syria
6483:1910s in Mandatory Syria
5220: the Indian Ocean
4019:French High Commissioner
4003:Abd al-Rahman Shahbandar
3509:Aix-Marseille University
3494:Aix-Marseille University
2455:16 Jul 1933 â Jan 1939:
2449:Aug 1926 â 16 Jul 1933:
2067:Muhammad Said al-Jazairi
1555:State of Greater Lebanon
1485:State of Greater Lebanon
642:State of Greater Lebanon
416:Syrian National Congress
392:Syrian National Congress
6453:Former colonies in Asia
6433:20th century in Lebanon
5609:Principality of Antioch
5128:Uninhabited territories
4639:Saint Kitts & Nevis
3859:Battle of al-Musayfirah
3731:French Mandate of Syria
3385:, 1938, 18, pp. 197â211
3311:Jack Kalpakian (2004).
3231:, Routledge, 2014 p.454
2921:Bronx Community College
2797:, Routledge 2014 p. 242
2583:Modern history of Syria
2000:, there was a sizeable
1942:population of southern
1938:It was created for the
1903:itself was proposed by
632:(1921), the autonomous
6538:FranceâSyria relations
6458:Former French colonies
6150:International rankings
5796:Anti-Lebanon Mountains
5460:Middle Assyrian Empire
5058: collectivities
4896:Sanjak of Alexandretta
4749:Former French colonies
4546:Former French colonies
4304:Former French colonies
4259:French overseas empire
3876:SyriaâLebanon campaign
3839:Epic of Ain Albu Gomaa
3834:1925–1927 revolt
3777:Sanjak of Alexandretta
3624:Derek Hopwood (1988).
3577:. Imprimerie Courrouy.
3122:, Springer, 2011 p. 11
2847:Middle Eastern Studies
2563:French colonial empire
1927:
1921:Jabal al-Druze (state)
1863:
1850:Sanjak of Alexandretta
1844:Sanjak of Alexandretta
1795:Sanjak of Alexandretta
1775:
1763:
1689:
1681:
1573:
1558:
1046:Sanjak of Alexandretta
634:Sanjak of Alexandretta
606:
598:
531:
473:
409:Paris Peace Conference
395:
345:
143:
6478:SykesâPicot Agreement
6443:History of the Levant
6438:20th century in Syria
5955:Government ministries
5505:Neo-Babylonian Empire
5005:Inhabited territories
4937:FranceâAsia relations
4492:Somaliland (Djibouti)
3968:Mar'i Pasha al-Mallah
3897:SykesâPicot Agreement
3545:Hakim, Carol. 2019. "
3394:Jordi Tejel Gorgas, "
2757:Yale University Press
2568:French colonial flags
2461:Jan 1939 â Nov 1940:
2279:François Pierre-Alype
2151:Acting Heads of State
1861:
1827:Mar'i Pasha Al Mallah
1809:and Alawites. Ethnic
1755:
1679:
1571:
604:
593:
548:Lebanese nationalists
536:Maronite patriarchate
529:
505:independence of Syria
471:
451:KingâCrane Commission
389:
369:SykesâPicot Agreement
356:in northern Syria to
343:
302:Arab Kingdom of Syria
215:French Third Republic
207:SykesâPicot Agreement
6267:(2011–present)
6163:Securities Exchange
5914:Council of Ministers
5669:Haj Fadel Government
5283:overseas departments
5218:Scattered Islands in
5099: collectivity
4557:French North America
3978:Kamil Pasha al-Qudsi
3556:Hyam Mallat (2012),
2451:Auguste Henri Ponsot
2310:Taj al-Din al-Hasani
1980:, supported by some
1915:State of Jabal Druze
1877:was attached to the
1819:Kamil Pasha al-Qudsi
1774:(1920â1925, French:
1643:United Arab Republic
521:Mandate of Palestine
5943:Golan Heights claim
5500:Neo-Assyrian Empire
5495:Syro-Hittite states
5385:Prehistorical Syria
5252:Juan de Nova Island
5139:North Pacific Ocean
4751:in Asia and Oceania
3988:Saadallah al-Jabiri
3953:Mustafa Bey Barmada
3871:1936 general strike
3854:Battle of al-Mazraa
3822:Capture of Damascus
3022:William Cleveland,
2705:The Mandates System
2045:Heads of Government
1823:Mustafa Bey Barmada
1707:. The port city of
1647:Lebanese Christians
1559:Ătat du Grand Liban
1508:Beaufort d'Hautpoul
576:Battle of Maysaloun
459:Balfour Declaration
170:; 1923â1946) was a
102:(from the previous
6194:Telecommunications
6187:Petroleum industry
5691:Mandatory Republic
5637:Early modern Syria
5392:Levantine corridor
5157:Overseas territory
4682:France Antarctique
4669:Equinoctial France
4632:Dominican Republic
4196:South Seas Mandate
3864:1925 Hama uprising
3844:Capture of Salkhad
3817:Battle of Maysalun
3760:Al-Jazira Province
3669:has generic name (
3567:, page 180 onwards
3292:Sarah D. Shields,
3187:accessed 17/1/2017
3168:on 24 January 2016
3013:, Cune Press, 2006
3009:Sami M. Moubayed,
2970:Philip S. Khoury,
2953:Philip S. Khoury,
2607:www.britannica.com
2400:High Commissioners
2007:Army of the Levant
1968:Al-Jazira Province
1962:Al-Jazira Province
1864:
1764:
1690:Ătat des Alaouites
1682:
1667:Ansarieh Mountains
1580:population of the
1574:
1544:On 3 August 1920,
680:Syrian nationalist
636:(1921, modern-day
607:
599:
558:on 22 March 1920.
532:
474:
396:
346:
311:Sir Edmund Allenby
245:, and portions of
6408:
6407:
6373:
6372:
6212:
6211:
6112:
6111:
6001:Political parties
5938:Foreign relations
5869:
5868:
5865:
5864:
5719:
5718:
5679:Syrian Federation
5614:County of Tripoli
5569:Ikhshidid dynasty
5422:Yarmukian culture
5313:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5273:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5264:
5208:Amsterdam Islands
5199:Kerguelen Islands
5147:Clipperton Island
5118:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5086:Wallis and Futuna
4954:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4854:Mandate for Syria
4844:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
4806:Indochinese Union
4713:
4712:
4510:
4509:
4423:Equatorial Africa
4225:
4224:
4201:South West Africa
4155:British Cameroons
4108:Syria and Lebanon
4079:League of Nations
4041:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4024:Charles de Gaulle
3958:Shukri al-Quwatli
3849:Battle of al-Kafr
3812:Franco-Syrian War
3767:Jabal Druze State
3755:State of Damascus
3540:Secondary sources
2888:978-0-300-19936-9
2806:Isaiah Friedman,
2625:history.state.gov
2445:Henry de Jouvenel
2397:
2396:
2340:
2339:
2239:
2238:
2201:
2200:
2173:Aladdin Al-Droubi
2143:
2142:
2110:
2109:
2086:30 September 1918
2074:30 September 1918
2071:30 September 1918
1834:State of Damascus
1744:State of Damascus
1686:State of Alawites
1671:State of Alawites
1660:State of Alawites
1654:State of Alawites
1628:Lebanese Republic
1563:ŰŻÙÙŰ© ÙŰšÙŰ§Ù Ű§ÙÙŰšÙ۱
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1063:State of Damascus
580:captured Damascus
568:Franco-Syrian War
428:Shukri al-Kuwatli
335:military governor
278:Jabal Druze State
260:(1922â1924), the
258:Syrian Federation
251:League of Nations
160:
132:
131:
104:Syrian Federation
87:League of Nations
16:(Redirected from
6545:
6393:
6386:
6268:
6223:
6166:
6165:(stock exchange)
6158:
6123:
6036:
6029:
6020:
6018:regional command
6009:
5880:
5852:Fertile Crescent
5743:
5739:
5727:
5604:County of Edessa
5584:Mirdasid dynasty
5579:Hamdanid dynasty
5558:
5525:Palmyrene Empire
5510:Achaemenid Syria
5397:Natufian culture
5364:
5340:
5333:
5326:
5317:
5238:Glorioso Islands
5219:
5170:
5163:
5159:
5135:
5124:
5098:
5071:Saint Barthélemy
5066:French Polynesia
5057:
5017:
5012:
5001:
4986:
4979:
4972:
4963:
4771:Coromandel Coast
4742:
4735:
4728:
4719:
4600:French Caribbean
4580:Terre Neuve
4539:
4532:
4525:
4516:
4297:
4290:
4283:
4274:
4270:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4229:
4165:British Togoland
4160:French Cameroons
4132:
4119:
4102:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4045:
3983:Sultan al-Atrash
3973:Jamil Mardam Bey
3948:Hashim al-Atassi
3923:
3794:
3724:
3717:
3710:
3701:
3674:
3668:
3664:
3662:
3654:
3643:
3631:
3620:
3599:
3578:
3563:Hourani (1946),
3535:
3519:
3466:
3463:
3452:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3422:
3416:
3409:
3403:
3392:
3386:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3352:
3348:
3342:
3335:
3329:
3328:
3308:
3299:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3265:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3241:
3232:
3225:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3164:. Archived from
3154:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3129:
3123:
3116:
3110:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3033:
3027:
3020:
3014:
3007:
3001:
2998:Faisal I of Iraq
2994:
2988:
2981:
2975:
2968:
2962:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2938:
2934:
2932:
2924:
2918:
2916:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2878:Faisal I of Iraq
2869:
2863:
2862:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2817:
2811:
2804:
2798:
2793:Eliezer Tauber,
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2766:
2760:
2753:
2747:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2700:
2691:
2690:
2650:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2599:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2501:Yves Chataigneau
2496:
2457:Damien de Martel
2427:
2385:21 December 1936
2380:Hashim al-Atassi
2372:21 December 1936
2359:Political Party
2347:
2331:19 November 1931
2318:19 November 1931
2315:15 February 1928
2302:15 February 1928
2271:21 December 1925
2258:Political Party
2246:
2220:Political Party
2208:
2195:30 November 1920
2192:4 September 1920
2167:Political Party
2155:
2117:
2061:Political Party
2049:
1930:
1781:
1695:
1665:Lebanon and the
1639:Lebanese Muslims
1624:cedar of Lebanon
1564:
1518:
1503:
1379:
1294:
1173:
1075:
1059:
1038:
1022:
1006:
898:Kingdom of Syria
895:
718:Damascus Vilayet
695:
694:
686:
564:Youssef al-Azmeh
517:Treaty of SĂšvres
444:Hashim al-Atassi
424:Jamil Mardam Bey
422:figures such as
420:Arab nationalist
165:
155:
153:
46:
32:
21:
6553:
6552:
6548:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6543:
6542:
6413:
6412:
6409:
6404:
6396:
6389:
6382:
6369:
6294:
6280:Public holidays
6266:
6208:
6170:
6164:
6156:
6108:
6063:
6032:
6025:
6012:
6005:
5861:
5830:
5779:
5728:
5715:
5705:Second Republic
5649:
5632:
5599:Crusader states
5564:Tulunid dynasty
5557:(Bilad al-Sham)
5556:
5554:Caliphal Syria
5548:Muslim conquest
5534:
5530:Byzantine Syria
5445:Akkadian Empire
5426:
5380:
5353:
5344:
5314:
5305:
5287:Claimed by the
5261:
5257:Tromelin Island
5228:Bassas da India
5212:
5162:French Southern
5151:
5129:
5110:
5090:
5050:
5018: regions
5006:
4995:
4993:Overseas France
4990:
4946:
4928:
4900:
4886:Greater Lebanon
4856:and the Lebanon
4855:
4848:
4800:
4752:
4746:
4709:
4691:
4663:
4594:
4551:
4549:in the Americas
4543:
4506:
4483:
4455:
4417:
4335:
4307:
4301:
4261:
4256:
4226:
4221:
4210:
4174:
4170:French Togoland
4133:
4124:
4117:
4098:
4082:
4072:
4042:
4033:
4007:
3914:
3885:
3795:
3786:
3782:Greater Lebanon
3750:State of Aleppo
3733:
3728:
3681:
3665:
3655:
3646:
3640:
3632:. Unwin Hyman.
3623:
3617:
3602:
3596:
3581:
3570:
3542:
3517:
3513:
3480:
3478:Primary sources
3475:
3473:Further reading
3470:
3469:
3464:
3455:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3410:
3406:
3393:
3389:
3383:Oriente Moderno
3380:
3376:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3345:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3310:
3309:
3302:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3267:
3266:
3259:
3254:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3235:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3212:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3192:
3185:
3181:
3171:
3169:
3162:michelchiha.org
3156:
3155:
3151:
3141:
3139:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3117:
3113:
3104:
3100:
3092:
3088:
3081:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3021:
3017:
3008:
3004:
2996:Ali A. Allawi,
2995:
2991:
2982:
2978:
2969:
2965:
2952:
2948:
2935:
2925:
2914:
2912:
2903:Hurewitz, J. C.
2901:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2871:
2870:
2866:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2805:
2801:
2792:
2788:
2778:
2776:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2754:
2750:
2741:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2701:
2694:
2652:
2651:
2644:
2636:
2632:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2573:French Lebanese
2553:
2548:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2490:
2482:Georges Catroux
2439:Maurice Sarrail
2421:
2408:
2402:
2345:
2284:9 February 1926
2244:
2206:
2153:
2148:
2115:
2047:
2042:
2021:
2015:
1990:
1970:
1964:
1959:
1923:
1917:
1879:State of Aleppo
1856:
1848:Main articles:
1846:
1772:State of Aleppo
1757:General Gouraud
1750:
1740:State of Aleppo
1738:Main articles:
1736:
1662:
1656:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1532:Greater Lebanon
1527:
1526:
1525:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1504:
1493:
1491:Greater Lebanon
1487:
1384:
1380:
1299:
1297:Syrian Republic
1295:
1178:
1174:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1049:
1044:(including the
1043:
1041:State of Aleppo
1039:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1012:
1011:
1009:Greater Lebanon
1007:
900:
896:
702:
588:
494:Greater Lebanon
304:
296:Main articles:
294:
270:Greater Lebanon
202:would be born.
200:sovereign state
196:self-government
174:founded in the
110:Greater Lebanon
49:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6551:
6549:
6541:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6415:
6414:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6402:
6395:
6394:
6387:
6379:
6378:
6375:
6374:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6351:
6350:
6345:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6315:
6310:
6304:
6302:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6276:
6275:
6270:
6262:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6226:
6220:
6214:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6190:
6189:
6178:
6176:
6175:Infrastructure
6172:
6171:
6169:
6168:
6160:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6126:
6120:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6090:
6089:
6079:
6073:
6071:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6061:
6056:
6055:
6054:
6052:Syria (region)
6044:
6039:
6038:
6037:
6030:
6023:
6022:
6021:
5998:
5997:
5996:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5979:
5969:
5968:
5967:
5957:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5945:
5935:
5930:
5929:
5928:
5927:
5926:
5919:Prime Minister
5911:
5909:Vice President
5906:
5905:
5904:
5894:
5889:
5883:
5877:
5871:
5870:
5867:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5847:Southern Syria
5844:
5842:Syria (region)
5838:
5836:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5787:
5785:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5746:
5736:
5730:
5729:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5713:
5708:
5702:
5696:
5695:
5694:
5688:
5685:State of Syria
5682:
5674:French Mandate
5671:
5666:
5659:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5596:
5594:Saljuqid Syria
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5574:Zangid dynasty
5571:
5566:
5561:
5551:
5544:
5542:
5540:Medieval Syria
5536:
5535:
5533:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5515:Seleucid Syria
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5436:
5434:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5388:
5386:
5382:
5381:
5379:
5378:
5376:Years in Syria
5373:
5367:
5361:
5355:
5354:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5335:
5328:
5320:
5311:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5297:
5291:
5285:
5281:Also known as
5278:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5244:Banc du Geyser
5235:
5230:
5224:
5222:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5184:Crozet Islands
5181:
5173:
5167:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5143:
5141:
5131:
5130:
5127:
5120:
5119:
5116:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5108:
5102:
5100:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5062:
5060:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5022:
5020:
5008:
5007:
5004:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4966:
4960:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4926:
4921:
4920:
4919:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4891:Jabal al-Druze
4888:
4883:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4864:State of Syria
4860:
4858:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4821:
4816:
4810:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4762:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4737:
4730:
4722:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4673:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4659:Virgin Islands
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4635:
4634:
4623:Saint-Domingue
4620:
4618:The Grenadines
4615:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4585:French Florida
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4561:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4519:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4502:Isle de France
4499:
4494:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4465:
4463:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4427:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4383:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4345:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4317:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4277:
4267:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4232:
4223:
4222:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4182:
4180:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4110:
4105:
4104:
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3679:External links
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3609:. Cune Press.
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2527:Lebanon portal
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1748:State of Syria
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652:Christians of
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572:Mariano Goybet
498:Ottoman Empire
436:Ibrahim Hanano
432:Ahmad al-Qadri
293:
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211:United Kingdom
209:signed by the
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120:Jabal ad-Druze
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5806:Golan Heights
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5644:Ottoman Syria
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5621:Ayyubid Syria
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5589:Fatimid Syria
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5490:Aram-Damascus
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5432:Ancient Syria
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5408:
5405:
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5402:Halaf culture
5400:
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5258:
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5233:Europa Island
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5225:
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5215:
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5106:New Caledonia
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5026:French Guiana
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4881:Alawite State
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4649:Saint Vincent
4647:
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4474:Grande Comore
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4396:
4392:
4391:Four Communes
4389:
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4379:
4375:
4374:Arguin Island
4372:
4371:
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4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4349:CĂŽte d'Ivoire
4347:
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4344:
4342:
4338:
4332:
4329:
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4253:
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4234:
4233:
4230:
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4213:
4207:
4206:Western Samoa
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4177:
4171:
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4158:
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4148:
4146:
4145:Ruanda-Urundi
4143:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4131:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4101:
4097:
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4076:
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4046:
4030:
4029:Henri Gouraud
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4010:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3998:Ayyash Al-Haj
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3963:Khalid al-Azm
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3933:Yusuf al-Azma
3931:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3882:
3881:Levant Crisis
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
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3832:
3830:
3829:Hananu Revolt
3827:
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3820:
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3815:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3772:Alawite State
3770:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3756:
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3702:
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3689:
3686:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3672:
3667:|author=
3660:
3652:
3651:
3645:
3641:
3639:9780044450399
3635:
3630:
3629:
3622:
3618:
3616:9781885942401
3612:
3608:
3607:
3601:
3597:
3595:9780199287376
3591:
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3438:1-85043-032-2
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3324:0-7546-3338-1
3320:
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3297:
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3270:
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3258:
3250:
3247:
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3194:
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3167:
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3115:
3112:
3108:
3102:
3099:
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3090:
3087:
3082:
3080:9780520273412
3076:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3059:
3056:
3051:
3049:9781860648571
3045:
3041:
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3025:
3019:
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2999:
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2826:
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2816:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2759:, 2014 p. 139
2758:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2724:
2720:
2714:
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2706:
2699:
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2634:
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2622:
2616:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2588:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2555:France portal
2545:
2542:
2536:
2531:
2528:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2466:
2464:
2463:Gabriel Puaux
2460:
2458:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2414:
2413:Henri Gouraud
2410:
2409:
2407:
2399:
2393:
2392:National Bloc
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2326:LĂ©on Solomiac
2324:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2299:28 April 1926
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2289:
2287:28 April 1926
2286:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2150:
2145:
2139:28 July 1920
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2044:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2029:Alawite State
2026:
2020:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1934:
1929:
1922:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1830:
1829:(1924-1925).
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1721:
1720:(1918â1920).
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1694:ŰŻÙÙŰ© ۧÙŰčÙÙÙÙÙ
1691:
1687:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1661:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1608:South Lebanon
1605:
1604:North Lebanon
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1588:Mount Lebanon
1585:
1584:
1579:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1537:
1533:
1524:
1517:
1509:
1502:
1492:
1484:
1475:
1466:
1455:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1404:
1402:
1383:
1378:
1363:
1360:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1334:
1320:
1318:
1307:
1305:
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1266:
1263:
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1177:
1172:
1143:
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1136:
1133:
1118:
1114:
1112:
1087:
1085:
1080:
1074:
1064:
1058:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1026:
1025:Alawite State
1021:
1010:
1005:
1000:
997:
989:
987:
981:
979:
977:
971:
969:
961:
959:
958:
953:
941:
939:
937:
935:
931:
921:
919:
915:
913:
910:
908:
899:
894:
867:
865:
831:
823:
816:
805:
797:
794:
790:
788:
784:
776:
774:
773:
766:
760:
758:
754:
748:
746:
744:
742:
731:
729:
726:
719:
712:
705:
704:Mount Lebanon
700:
696:
693:
692:
688:
687:
684:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
663:territories,
662:
657:
655:
654:Mount Lebanon
651:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
603:
596:
592:
585:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
528:
524:
522:
518:
513:
511:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
490:Mount Lebanon
487:
483:
479:
470:
466:
464:
463:Greater Syria
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
440:Riyad as-Solh
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
412:
410:
406:
402:
401:Henri Gouraud
393:
388:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
350:pan-Arab flag
342:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
309:
303:
299:
291:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:Alawite State
271:
267:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:Ottoman Syria
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
182:, concerning
181:
177:
173:
169:
168:Levant States
164:
158:
149:
145:
141:
137:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
115:Alawite State
113:
111:
108:
105:
101:
98:
97:
95:
91:
88:
85:
81:
77:
74:
70:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
6410:
6313:Coat of arms
6235:Demographics
6135:Central Bank
6016: /
5977:High council
5960:Human rights
5887:Constitution
5765:Governorates
5663:Arab kingdom
5655:Modern Syria
5627:Mamluk Syria
5555:
5242:
5176:
5076:Saint Martin
4912:New Hebrides
4853:
4766:Chandernagor
4758:French India
4590:French Texas
4446:Ubangi-Shari
4441:Middle Congo
4408:James Island
4313:North Africa
4107:
3993:Haqqi al-Azm
3938:Saleh al-Ali
3730:
3649:
3627:
3605:
3584:
3573:
3550:
3521:
3502:
3487:
3447:
3427:
3420:
3412:
3407:
3399:
3390:
3382:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3356:
3346:
3338:
3333:
3313:
3293:
3288:
3276:. Retrieved
3272:
3249:
3228:
3223:
3213:
3203:
3193:
3182:
3170:. Retrieved
3166:the original
3161:
3152:
3140:. Retrieved
3137:crwflags.com
3136:
3127:
3119:
3114:
3106:
3101:
3093:
3089:
3065:
3058:
3038:
3031:
3023:
3018:
3010:
3005:
2997:
2992:
2984:
2983:Elie Podeh,
2979:
2971:
2966:
2954:
2949:
2919:– via
2913:. Retrieved
2907:
2897:
2877:
2867:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2828:. Retrieved
2824:
2815:
2807:
2802:
2794:
2789:
2777:. Retrieved
2773:
2764:
2751:
2743:
2738:
2726:. Retrieved
2722:
2713:
2704:
2662:
2658:
2637:
2633:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2597:
2469:Jean Chiappe
2369:11 June 1932
2334:11 June 1932
2230:28 June 1922
2177:28 July 1920
2136:8 March 1920
2123:Reign Start
2104:8 March 1920
2024:
2022:
1998:Golan Region
1991:
1988:Golan Region
1971:
1952:
1937:
1924:
1900:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1875:Alexandretta
1872:
1865:
1838:
1831:
1821:(1920â1922)
1769:
1765:
1729:
1722:
1718:Salih al-Ali
1683:
1663:
1632:
1612:Biqa' valley
1583:mutasarrifia
1581:
1575:
1549:
1543:
673:
658:
646:
615:
609:Arriving in
608:
594:
560:
533:
514:
502:
475:
448:
413:
397:
366:
360:in southern
347:
305:
286:World War II
255:
243:Alexandretta
219:Ottoman Iraq
204:
167:
135:
133:
96:Creation of
76:UNOG Library
29:
6130:Agriculture
6087:air defense
6047:Nationalism
5707:(1950â1963)
5646:(1516â1918)
5629:(1260â1516)
5623:(1174â1260)
5520:Roman Syria
5412:Abu Hureyra
5407:Uruk period
5299:Claimed by
5293:Claimed by
5178:Adélie Land
5096:Sui generis
4827:Cochinchina
4644:Saint Lucia
4398:Upper Volta
4341:West Africa
4220:(post-1946)
4118:not enacted
4113:Mesopotamia
4100:Transjordan
4081:(1919â1946)
3807:1919 revolt
3560:(in French)
3337:Umut Uzer,
2937:|work=
2541:Asia portal
2491: [
2488:Jean Helleu
2476:Henri Dentz
2422: [
2388:7 July 1939
2353:Term Start
2252:Term Start
2214:Term Start
2161:Term Start
2097:Emir Faisal
2055:Term Start
1909:Hatay State
1897:Hatay State
1854:Hatay State
1825:(1923) and
1776:Ătat d'Alep
1620:French flag
1594:during the
1548:299 of the
1382:Hatay State
1079:Jabal Druze
665:Mount Druze
640:), and the
630:Jabal Druze
540:coup d'Ă©tat
319:Arab Revolt
282:Hatay State
235:Transjordan
192:colonialism
125:Hatay State
83:Signatories
37:(1923â1946)
6417:Categories
6348:television
6230:Censorship
6157:(currency)
5989:Parliament
5948:Iskandaron
5892:Corruption
5455:Canaanites
5295:Madagascar
5204:Saint Paul
5036:Martinique
5031:Guadeloupe
4786:Pondichéry
4497:Madagascar
4369:Mauritania
4216:See also:
4186:New Guinea
4150:Tanganyika
3415:, IV, 1938
3278:17 January
3172:25 January
3142:25 January
3118:R. Rabin,
2961:2003 p. 90
2915:25 January
2853:(3): 413.
2830:25 January
2779:25 January
2728:25 January
2382:(1st time)
2343:Presidents
2126:Reign end
2017:See also:
2002:Circassian
1948:As-Suwayda
1778:, Arabic:
1692:, Arabic:
1561:, Arabic:
804:OETA North
725:Zor Sanjak
478:Clemenceau
331:Ali Rikabi
313:, entered
292:Background
276:, and the
6290:Squatting
6265:refugees
6240:Education
6199:Transport
6140:Companies
6082:Air force
6059:Terrorism
5972:Judiciary
5933:Elections
5897:President
5801:Euphrates
5791:Al-Jazira
5775:Volcanoes
5760:Districts
5734:Geography
5711:Civil war
5701:(1946â50)
5693:(1930â46)
5687:(1925â30)
5681:(1922â25)
5301:Mauritius
5160: (
4570:Louisiana
4451:Cameroons
4094:Palestine
3800:Conflicts
3659:cite book
2939:ignored (
2929:cite book
2687:144465753
2665:: 74â77.
2356:Term end
2255:Term end
2217:Term end
2204:President
2164:Term end
2058:Term end
2033:Palestine
1974:Assyrians
1873:In 1923,
1815:Assyrians
1791:Euphrates
1688:(French:
1622:with the
1557:(French:
1385:(1938â39)
1300:(1930â58)
1179:(1925â30)
1082:(1921â36)
1066:(1920â24)
1050:(1920â24)
1029:(1920â36)
1013:(1920â46)
815:OETA East
482:Hashemite
455:Beersheba
407:. At the
373:Palestine
325:, son of
231:Palestine
157:romanized
57:1920â1922
6400:Category
6360:Religion
6285:Scouting
6260:diaspora
6145:Industry
6069:Military
6014:national
5994:Speakers
5875:Politics
5784:Features
5450:Arameans
5440:Amorites
5371:Timeline
5351:articles
5056:Overseas
5016:Overseas
4874:Damascus
4823:Vietnam
4814:Cambodia
4791:Karaikal
4608:Dominica
4403:Togoland
4075:Mandates
3890:Treaties
3693:via the
2905:(1979).
2875:(2014).
2774:yale.edu
2513:See also
2428:(acting)
2328:(acting)
2312:(acting)
2281:(acting)
2132:Faisal I
1996:and the
1994:Quneitra
1982:Bedouins
1886:Armenian
1780:ŰŻÙÙŰ© ŰÙŰš
1698:Alawites
1645:, while
1592:autonomy
1578:Maronite
650:Maronite
628:(1920),
626:Alawites
624:(1920),
620:(1920),
618:Damascus
315:Damascus
264:and the
178:and the
72:Location
63:Ratified
6384:Outline
6365:Smoking
6318:Cuisine
6300:Culture
6218:Society
6118:Economy
5835:Related
5821:Orontes
5750:Borders
5359:History
5289:Comoros
5046:RĂ©union
5041:Mayotte
4959:Present
4917:Vanuatu
4905:Oceania
4677:Berbice
4613:Grenada
4469:Anjouan
4461:Comoros
4413:Albreda
4386:Senegal
4354:Dahomey
4331:Tunisia
4326:Morocco
4321:Algeria
4179:Class C
4138:Class B
4087:Class A
4077:of the
3532:2212963
3273:uca.edu
2825:hri.org
2723:UCA.edu
2679:1014872
2013:Economy
1905:AtatĂŒrk
1807:Shiites
1787:Muslims
1714:Latakia
1709:Latakia
1596:Ottoman
1447:Lebanon
661:Alawite
611:Lebanon
574:at the
556:Lebanon
480:. Anti-
405:Cilicia
394:in 1919
381:Naqoura
321:led by
308:General
247:Cilicia
239:Lebanon
188:Lebanon
159::
93:Purpose
54:Created
6308:Anthem
6255:People
6250:Hunger
6245:Health
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