262:: "Dozens of assassinations were carried out. Besides the use of guns or knives, more sophisticated methods had been perfected. Carbon dioxide guns ejecting small syringes had been purchased in the United States-but the SDECE people substituted the tranquilizing drug with a lethal poison. The victim showed all the symptoms of having suffered a heart attack". Besides for members of the FLN, the SDECE killed left-wing French intellectuals who supported the FLN, arms dealers and other anti-French nationalists in Africa. The SDECE also engaged in hijacking six ships bound for Algeria with arms for the FLN between 1956–61, and blew up one ship packed with weapons for the FLN in Hamburg harbor with a naval mine. Within Algeria itself, the SDECE assassinated suspected FLN members and provided intelligence to the Army to indicate "disloyal" villages that were to be burned down. Many of the assassins were pro-French Vietnamese who fled to France after Vietnamese independence, and were quite willing to kill and/or be killed for France. In 1960, many of the Action Service's killers, including most of the Vietnamese, went over the
410:
Marenches severed the links with the SAC (which was finally dissolved in 1982 after the SAC murdered a police officer and his family in 1981), fired half of SDECE's 1,000 employees, made the SDECE more professional and less politicised, changed the focus from assassinating enemies of the republic to intelligence gathering, and modernized the procedures for intelligence collecting and analysis. Marenches is generally regarded as the most able of the SDECE directors, and the man who saved the agency from itself, turning what had been an thuggish outfit designed to murder enemies of the state into a more professional intelligence agency. Marenches also restored the ties to the CIA that de Gaulle had broken off, and in 1975 the SDECE worked with the CIA and the government of Zaire to support the
358:, this gave him an additional reason to hate Canada. A sign of how much de Gaulle hated Canada because of Canadian sacrifices during both world wars can be seen in that de Gaulle snubbed the remembrance ceremonies for the 20th anniversary of the Dieppe raid in 1962 and the 50th anniversary of Vimy Ridge in 1967 as he claimed he was too busy to attend; by contrast the Germanophile de Gaulle always found time for remembrance ceremonies involving German sacrifices in the world wars as Germany was a fellow would-be world power, meaning that German sacrifices to subjugate France were worthy of the respect and admiration of the French people in a way that Canadian sacrifices to liberate them were not.
294:(a break-in) at the French embassy in Washington to photograph the codebooks that were used to encrypt the Quai d'Orsay's radio messages, thereby allowing the Americans to know what the French were doing and to monitor the French reaction to Golitsyn’s revelations (the NSA apparently was not capable of breaking the Quai d'Orsay's codes in the 1960s). When it was discovered the CIA had broken into the French embassy to steal the French diplomatic codes, the SDECE station chief in Washington was recalled to Paris in disgrace. Despite de Gaulle's belief that the KGB Sapphire spy ring was CIA disinformation, it was later discovered that the Sapphire spy ring did in fact exist, and that
323:, a close ally of France, had long been annoyed at Ben Barka's criticism of his regime and had asked General de Gaulle to extradite him back to Morocco, but as Ben Barka had been granted asylum in France and was breaking no laws, it was not legally possible to return Ben Barka to Morocco, leading to alternative means to be deployed. Ben Barka's body was never found, but as he was last seen alive in Paris being handed over by two SDECE agents to Moroccan agents on 29 October 1965, he is generally believed to have been murdered by the Moroccans. The revelation that the gangsters from
223:), to counter the Vietminh who were fighting for independence from France, but the general hostility of the Vietnamese to the French limited the appeal of fighting for France among the Vietnamese people. The SDECE parachuted agents both in Vietnam and Eastern Europe, but the SDECE was well penetrated by French communists who provided Moscow with all the details of the operations. In particular, the operations in Eastern Europe in 1950s were a complete disaster as every single agent parachuted into Eastern Europe was captured.
194:, which led successive directors of the SDECE to see their real enemies as the other branches of the republic concerned with intelligence. As was usually the case with French intelligence, the division of responsibilities between rival agencies led to different arms of the French state to spend more time locked in bureaucratic disputes with one another than anything else. In September 1949, SDECE played a prominent role in the "scandal of the generals", when the
397:, a German mercenary who had once served in the French Foreign Legion, who together with 4,000 of his men left for Nigeria on a French ship from Lisbon to Libreville, Gabon, from where they were flown into Biafra on French planes. The SDECE often smuggled arms into Biafra on Red Cross planes that were supposed to be bringing food and medical supplies for the starving Ibos as the Federal Nigerian Army used starvation as a weapon to break Biafra.
350:, one of de Gaulle's most important aides directed the SDECE's operations against Canada, having SDECE fund Quebec separatists via the French consulates in Quebec City and Montreal. In 1968, the Canadian prime minister Pierre Trudeau handed the French ambassador a diplomatic note of protest against SDECE agents operating in Quebec and several SDECE agents in Canada posing as diplomats were declared
36:
670:
354:. De Gaulle had a deep, visceral hatred of Canada, which he viewed as a second-rate nation that from the French viewpoint had humiliatingly helped to save France, a would-be world power, in both world wars, and de Gaulle sought revenge by seeking to break up Canada. Furthermore, de Gaulle was an Anglophobe and as Canada was a product of the
186:(the swimming pool) because its HQ in Paris was located next to a public swimming pool. The SDECE was officially responsible to the Minister of Defense, but in fact reported to the president acting through a special adviser on intelligence matters. The SDECE was frequently involved in bureaucratic disputes with the
378:
of 1967-70, the SDECE supported Biafra by supplying the
Biafrans with weapons and mercenaries as de Gaulle wanted to break up Nigeria and have oil-rich Biafra in the French sphere of influence. Furthermore, Nigeria, like Canada, was, also, a multi-cultural, multi-ethnic federation that was a product
242:
to kill suspected members of the FLN under the cover of a pseudo-terrorist group called the Red Hand. The first two murders took place in West
Germany, where an arms dealer who sold arms to the FLN was killed when the SDECE planted a bomb in his car while an anti-French Algerian politician was killed
285:
wrote a letter to
President de Gaulle, detailing Golitsyn’s revelations, which was handed to de Gaulle personally by the CIA station chief in Paris. De Gaulle, however, believed the claim that the Sapphire spy ring existed was a CIA plot to disorganize the SDECE, and ordered the SDECE to break off
207:. Unknown to him, the French state was illegally listening in to dispatches filed by foreign correspondents from Paris. The French embassy in Washington tried to suppress the story as embarrassing to France, but the U.S. government refused, citing the First Amendment, leading to the scandal of the
409:
SDECE chief with orders to clean up the agency. Marenches described SDECE in 1970 as being more alike to an organized crime racket than an intelligence agency, writing: "Some agents were running drugs and guns; others were engaged in kidnapping, murder and the settling of the most bloody scores".
198:
revealed that the Army chief of staff had trusted confidential documents relating to the war in
Vietnam to another general, who had given them to an SDECE agent who in turn had given them to the Vietminh. The French state tried to bury the story by ordering the newspapers not to print it, but the
362:, the undersecretary of state at the Canadian Ministry of External Affairs from 1964-1970, often wrote in his diary about de Gaulle's obsessive hatred of Canada and his willingness to break international law by meddling in the internal affairs of Canada. From 1963 onward, a major concern for the
214:
In the 1950s, SDECE had a reputation for engaging in bizarre operations like stealing fuel from Soviet planes that had landed in France to analyze the antifreeze contents of Soviet jet fuel and for drugging Soviet espionage couriers on the Orient
Express to rifle through the contents of their
434:
to stage a coup. On the night of 13 May 1978, Denard and 42 other mercenaries landed on Grande Comore, almost effortlessly annihilated the
Comorian forces and by the morning the Comoros was theirs. President Soilih was high on marijuana and naked in his bed together with three nude teenage
334:. The Ben Barka affair briefly caused much public excitement as the SDECE had no powers of arrest, let alone to hand over a man who was legally living in France to be killed by the Moroccan state, but as the victim was a Moroccan Muslim, the public outrage soon subsided over
234:("the dirty war") against the enemies of the republic. The 1950s-60s are remembered as the "era of political assassinations" by SDECE agents as one of the agency's main jobs was to assassinate members of the FLN. The number of killings dramatically stepped up in 1958 when
366:(RCMP) was monitoring the SDECE agents who were supporting Quebec separatism by handing over bags of cash to separatists, and the RCMP viewed the French embassy in Ottawa much like the Soviet embassy; namely as a den of spies working for a hostile foreign power.
266:, leading to the Action Service to dispatch new agents to Algeria to assassinate the former Action Service assassins who joined the OAS. In January 1961, the Action Service blew up the headquarters of the OAS's assassins. In 1960, de Gaulle founded the
302:, an aviation scientist, were both working for the KGB. Pâques was convicted of espionage for the Soviet Union, receiving life in prison, which was later reduced down to 20 years in prison. The Sapphire affair inspired the American novelist
691:
215:
briefcases. The cryptographic division of the SDECE was well regarded, having broken several Soviet diplomatic codes, but its attempts at playing the role of a para-military organization was less successful. In 1951 SDECE created the
435:
schoolgirls watching a pornographic film, when Denard kicked in the door to his room to inform him that he was no longer president and had Soilih taken out to be "shot while trying to escape". In 1981, when the
Socialist
257:
under which the French and German intelligence were to share information in exchange for allowing the SDECE to commit murders on German soil. One SDECE agent, Philippe L. Thyaud de
Vosjolo, wrote in his 1970 memoir
1746:
330:(literally "the middle"; i.e French organized crime) had also involved in kidnapping Ben Barka further added to the scandal as many French people were shocked to discover that the SDECE often co-operated with
1787:
312:
about the Soviet penetration of the SDECE via the "Topaz" spy ring, which so closely resembled the
Sapphire affair that many suspected the CIA leaked Uris information about the Sapphire case.
1688:
443:, the former CEO of Air France as the new intelligence chief of what was renamed the Direction Générale de la Sécurité Extérieure (General Directorate of External Security) in 1982.
270:(SAC), an organization linked to SDECE of about 8,000 that spied on his political opponents, broke up anti-Gaullist demonstrations and engaged in "dirty tricks" for the SDECE.
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56:
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849:
508:
216:
179:
247:
police forces of West
Germany were ineffective in investigating the "Red Hand" assassinations committed by SDECE was the result of a secret agreement with General
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1716:
1711:
121:
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613:
319:, a left-wing Moroccan émigré, on the streets of Paris and handed him over to the agents of the Moroccan government to be tortured and killed. King
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1823:
253:
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separatist movements by agents of the SDECE as part of operation « Assistance et cooperation technique » or « Opération Ascot».
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1721:
854:
220:
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529:
411:
326:
393:(France's sphere of influence in its former African colonies), and company to fight for Biafra. In the fall of 1968, the SDECE hired
45:
717:
78:
263:
828:
is an SDECE operative, as the book takes place in 1951 and he's described as being from France's intelligence agency. Later, in
532:(FLN) and its couriers in Europe (the « porteurs de valises », activists supporting Algerian independence) during the
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653:
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695:
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363:
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which was seen as too closely associated with the Gaullists to properly serve the republic. SDECE was known in France as
160:
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267:
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49:
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299:
136:
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473:
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132:
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430:, had proven hostile to French influence after taking power in a 1975 coup, and in 1978 the SDECE hired
140:
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338:, and the scandal ended when the two SDECE agents who helped kidnap Ben Barka were convicted in 1967.
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320:
287:
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618:
504:
500:
291:
290:, the CIA counterintelligence chief, seeing no French reaction to Golityn's information, ordered a
208:
117:
375:
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418:. At same time, the SDECE continued with its traditional work of ensuring that the countries in
125:
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revealed to the CIA the existence of the Soviet Sapphire spy ring within the SDECE. President
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235:
156:
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A major area of SDECE activity in the 1960s was supporting the Quebec separatist movement.
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In October 1965, the SDECE was involved in another scandal when two SDECE agents kidnapped
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Lieutenant-Colonel Bernard Nut, chef de mission, killed on assignment February 15, 1983
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become president, he fired Marenches whom he viewed as too conservative and appointed
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383:, giving de Gaulle another reason to want to see Nigeria broken up. The SDECE hired
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227:
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para-military organization in Vietnam, part of the "Action Service" (together with
211:
as once the news broke in the United States, it was picked up by the French media.
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60:
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Efforts to obtain control of Nigerian oil production in 1968 in association with
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in October 1973 (it was the first Western intelligence service to do so.)
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in 1979 (Operation Barracuda) and installing a pro-French government.
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455:
alias "Colonel Passy", (DGER/SDECE), from 19 April 1945 to April 1946
113:
617:(1972), the SDECE financed all of its covert operations, during the
99:(External Documentation and Counter-Espionage Service), abbreviated
120:
from 6 November 1944 to 2 April 1982, when it was replaced by the
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483:
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663:
29:
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Colonel Marcel Mercier, part of the Red Hand terrorist group
178:
The SDECE was founded in 1946 as a successor to the wartime
792:, also very thoroughly describes the organization of SDECE.
128:
which was intended to pursue purely military intelligence.
95:
Service de documentation extérieure et de contre-espionnage
621:, from its control of the Indochina drug trade (see also
277:(also known as the Sapphire Affair) when a KGB defector,
273:
In December 1961, the SDECE was rocked by scandal of the
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How to Stage a Military Coup: From Planning to Execution
1616:
How to Stage a Military Coup: From Planning to Execution
1603:
How to Stage a Military Coup: From Planning to Execution
405:
In 1970, President Georges Pompidou appointed the Comte
387:, a French mercenary who usually fought for France in
528:
Operations interdicting the supply of weapons to the
496:
Guerrilla intelligence-gathering and operations with
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Pierre Boursicot, from January 1951 to September 1957
458:
Henri-Alexis Ribiere, from April 1946 to January 1951
143:
and until 1962, it was subordinate to Prime Minister
1755:
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578:Efforts in 1977 and August 1980 to subvert colonel
190:in Vietnam and Algeria, and within France with the
243:in a drive-by shooting. The fact that the various
740:, intelligence officer during the Algerian War
230:, the SDECE played a prominent role in waging
1682:
1501:, Montreal: McGill Press, 1999 pages 212-213.
1475:, Montreal: McGill Press, 1999 pages 212-214.
1436:, Montreal: McGill Press, 1999 pages 219-220.
1423:, Montreal: McGill Press, 1999 pages 225-227.
1410:, Montreal: McGill Press, 1999 pages 227-228.
1293:, New York: Random House, 1997 pages 487-488.
1085:, New York: Random House, 1997 pages 497-498.
163:, and the service was gradually militarized.
8:
180:Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action
93:
1631:New York: Skyhorse Publishing Inc page 136.
1618:New York: Skyhorse Publishing Inc page 136.
1605:New York: Skyhorse Publishing Inc page 136.
1462:, Montreal: McGill Press, 1999 pages 22-23.
1384:, Montreal: McGill Press, 1999 pages 24-25.
1371:, Montreal: McGill Press, 1999 pages 24-25.
698:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
567:Supporting the coup d'état against Emperor
147:and its resources largely dedicated to the
124:(DGSE). It should not be confused with the
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1675:
1667:
752:Colonel Marcel Leroy, alias Leroy-Finville
422:stayed in the French sphere of influence.
59:. Please do not remove this message until
850:Groupement de Commandos Mixtes Aéroportés
718:Learn how and when to remove this message
470:General Eugène Guibaud, from 1966 to 1970
217:Groupement de Commandos Mixtes Aéroportés
122:Directorate-General for External Security
79:Learn how and when to remove this message
1644:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 498.
1592:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 498.
1579:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 498.
1566:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 498.
1553:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 498.
1540:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 498.
1527:, Montreal: McGill Press, 1999 page 213.
1525:The Gaullist Attack on Canada, 1967-1997
1514:, Montreal: McGill Press, 1999 page 213.
1512:The Gaullist Attack on Canada, 1967-1997
1499:The Gaullist Attack on Canada, 1967-1997
1488:, Montreal: McGill Press, 1999 page 212.
1486:The Gaullist Attack on Canada, 1967-1997
1473:The Gaullist Attack on Canada, 1967-1997
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1369:The Gaullist Attack on Canada, 1967-1997
1358:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 498.
1345:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 498.
1332:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 498.
1319:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 487.
1306:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 487.
1280:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 487.
1267:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 487.
1254:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 487.
1241:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 487.
1228:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 487.
1215:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 498.
1202:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 498.
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1072:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 497.
1059:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 497.
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1007:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 497.
994:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 497.
981:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 497.
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955:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 497.
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903:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 497.
890:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 498.
877:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 497.
614:The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia
486:), from 17 June 1981 to 10 November 1982
467:General Paul Jacquier, from 1962 to 1966
55:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1397:, Montreal: McGill Press, 1999 page 25.
1020:, New York: Random House, 1997 page 497
866:
464:General Paul Grossin, from 1957 to 1962
203:had reported to the New York office of
1449:, Montreal: McGill Press, 1999 page 6.
834:, he is promoted to head of the SDECE.
476:, from 6 November 1970 to 12 June 1981
746:Colonel René Bertrand, alias Beaumont
509:Groupe de Commandos Mixtes Aéroportés
107:
7:
1834:Defunct French intelligence agencies
1829:Organizations disestablished in 1982
696:adding citations to reliable sources
1627:Hebditch, David & Connor, Ken
1614:Hebditch, David & Connor, Ken
1601:Hebditch, David & Connor, Ken
755:Colonel Paul Ferrer, alias Fournier
412:National Liberation Front of Angola
1640:Pomar, Norman & Allen, Thomas
1588:Pomar, Norman & Allen, Thomas
1575:Pomar, Norman & Allen, Thomas
1562:Pomar, Norman & Allen, Thomas
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951:Pomar, Norman & Allen, Thomas
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925:Pomar, Norman & Allen, Thomas
912:Pomar, Norman & Allen, Thomas
899:Pomar, Norman & Allen, Thomas
886:Pomar, Norman & Allen, Thomas
873:Pomar, Norman & Allen, Thomas
135:the SDECE was subordinated to the
25:
1819:Organizations established in 1944
855:11e régiment parachutiste de choc
27:Former French intelligence agency
668:
298:, the NATO press secretary, and
238:gave the SDECE's Action Service
159:subordinated the service to the
34:
1698:Intelligence agencies of France
286:all co-operation with the CIA.
734:, with SDECE from 1960 to 1970
562:Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
166:Its next to last director was
1:
1824:1944 establishments in France
764:Major Boatham, alias Beaumont
364:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
221:11th shock parachute regiment
743:Philippe Thyraud de Vosjoli
61:conditions to do so are met
1860:
1839:Military history of France
226:As in Vietnam, during the
1655:9 November 1991 interview
530:National Liberation Front
798:'s 2016 original series
660:Known or supposed agents
654:Assisting a coup in Togo
573:Central African Republic
306:to write the 1967 novel
268:Service d'Action Civique
139:. From the onset of the
137:President of the Council
810:Au service de la France
749:Colonel Pierre Fourcaud
515:Operation Condor (1954)
426:, the president of the
254:Bundesnachrichtendienst
199:Paris correspondent of
809:
732:Jean-Charles Marchiani
474:Alexandre de Marenches
447:Directors of the SDECE
407:Alexandre de Marenches
168:Alexandre de Marenches
94:
831:From Russia With Love
801:A Very Secret Service
789:The Day of the Jackal
18:French Secret Service
845:Civic Action Service
692:improve this section
596:Independence leader
321:Hassan II of Morocco
288:James Jesus Angleton
630:Possible operations
598:Félix-Roland Moumié
507:carried out by the
505:First Indochina War
437:François Mitterrand
336:L'affaire Ben Barka
251:, the chief of the
161:Ministry of Defence
118:intelligence agency
48:of this article is
769:In popular culture
643:Barthélemy Boganda
569:Jean-Bédel Bokassa
376:Nigerian Civil War
370:Nigerian Civil War
1806:
1805:
784:Frederick Forsyth
728:
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641:Assassination of
635:Assassination of
623:French Connection
592:Assassination of
564:in December 1979.
416:Angolan Civil War
352:persona non grata
342:Quebec separatism
279:Anatoliy Golitsyn
236:Charles de Gaulle
157:Charles de Gaulle
89:
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16:(Redirected from
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777:le Professionnel
738:Vladimir Volkoff
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491:Known operations
209:Generals' affair
155:affair, General
151:. Following the
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1773:Deuxième Bureau
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1653:Alfred Mc Coy,
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649:Mehdi Ben Barka
632:
580:Muammar Gaddafi
525:April 30, 1954.
493:
449:
403:
372:
348:Jacques Foccart
344:
317:Mehdi Ben Barka
292:"Black Bag job"
283:John F. Kennedy
249:Reinhard Gehlen
196:Sûreté Générale
192:Sûreté Générale
188:Deuxième Bureau
176:
153:Mehdi Ben Barka
133:Fourth Republic
126:Deuxième Bureau
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647:Kidnapping of
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637:Ruben Um Nyobè
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560:Reporting the
558:
555:Yom Kippur War
553:Reporting the
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453:André Dewavrin
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381:British Empire
371:
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360:Marcel Cadieux
356:British Empire
343:
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300:André Labarthe
296:Georges Pâques
232:la guerre sale
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141:Fifth Republic
109:[zdɛk]
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1484:Bosher, John
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1458:Bosher, John
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1445:Bosher, John
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1422:
1419:Bosher, John
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1406:Bosher, John
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1393:Bosher, John
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1367:Bosher, John
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677:This section
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629:
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619:Indochina War
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607:According to
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541:La Main Rouge
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523:Dien Bien Phu
520:
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480:Pierre Marion
478:
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441:Pierre Marion
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275:Martel affair
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240:carte blanche
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1844:Algerian War
1763:Cabinet noir
1649:
1642:The Spy Book
1641:
1636:
1628:
1623:
1615:
1610:
1602:
1597:
1590:The Spy Book
1589:
1584:
1577:The Spy Book
1576:
1571:
1564:The Spy Book
1563:
1558:
1551:The Spy Book
1550:
1545:
1538:The Spy Book
1537:
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1376:
1368:
1363:
1356:The Spy Book
1355:
1350:
1343:The Spy Book
1342:
1337:
1330:The Spy Book
1329:
1324:
1317:The Spy Book
1316:
1311:
1304:The Spy Book
1303:
1298:
1291:The Spy Book
1290:
1285:
1278:The Spy Book
1277:
1272:
1265:The Spy Book
1264:
1259:
1252:The Spy Book
1251:
1246:
1239:The Spy Book
1238:
1233:
1226:The Spy Book
1225:
1220:
1213:The Spy Book
1212:
1207:
1200:The Spy Book
1199:
1194:
1187:The Spy Book
1186:
1181:
1174:The Spy Book
1173:
1168:
1161:The Spy Book
1160:
1155:
1148:The Spy Book
1147:
1142:
1135:The Spy Book
1134:
1129:
1122:The Spy Book
1121:
1116:
1109:The Spy Book
1108:
1103:
1096:The Spy Book
1095:
1090:
1083:The Spy Book
1082:
1077:
1070:The Spy Book
1069:
1064:
1057:The Spy Book
1056:
1051:
1044:The Spy Book
1043:
1038:
1031:The Spy Book
1030:
1025:
1018:The Spy Book
1017:
1012:
1005:The Spy Book
1004:
999:
992:The Spy Book
991:
986:
979:The Spy Book
978:
973:
966:The Spy Book
965:
960:
953:The Spy Book
952:
947:
940:The Spy Book
939:
934:
927:The Spy Book
926:
921:
914:The Spy Book
913:
908:
901:The Spy Book
900:
895:
888:The Spy Book
887:
882:
875:The Spy Book
874:
869:
829:
823:
799:
787:
775:
714:
705:
690:Please help
678:
612:
609:Alfred McCoy
550:separatists.
534:Algerian War
420:Françafrique
419:
404:
395:Rolf Steiner
390:Françafrique
388:
373:
351:
345:
335:
331:
324:
314:
308:
272:
259:
252:
244:
239:
231:
228:Algerian War
225:
213:
204:
200:
195:
191:
187:
183:
177:
165:
149:Algerian War
145:Michel Debré
130:
116:'s external
100:
92:
90:
75:
66:
44:
816:René Mathis
594:Cameroonian
585:Support of
543:in Algeria.
539:Supporting
517:of Colonel
503:during the
414:during the
374:During the
1813:Categories
861:References
820:James Bond
519:Jean Sassi
498:montagnard
432:Bob Denard
424:Ali Soilih
385:Bob Denard
184:la piscine
131:Under the
46:neutrality
818:from the
774:The film
679:does not
587:Québécois
501:partisans
332:le milieu
304:Leon Uris
57:talk page
839:See also
708:May 2022
604:in 1960.
69:May 2021
50:disputed
1756:Defunct
1742:TRACFIN
1705:Current
796:Netflix
700:removed
685:sources
571:of the
548:Biafran
511:(GCMA).
482:(SDECE/
428:Comoros
379:of the
174:History
112:), was
105:French:
822:novel
806:French
602:Geneva
401:Demise
327:milieu
245:Länder
114:France
1788:SDECE
1747:DNRED
1732:UCLAT
1657:, by
309:Topaz
260:Lamia
101:SDECE
1793:DCRG
1783:DGER
1778:BCRA
1737:DRPP
1727:DRSD
1717:DGSI
1712:DGSE
683:any
681:cite
484:DGSE
205:Time
201:Time
91:The
43:The
1798:DST
1722:DRM
694:by
611:'s
600:in
521:at
325:le
264:OAS
1815::
808::
625:)
170:.
1690:e
1683:t
1676:v
812:)
804:(
780:.
721:)
715:(
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706:(
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688:.
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103:(
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76:(
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67:(
63:.
53:.
20:)
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