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1684: 2000: 1042: 1343: 1775: 785: 1679:{\displaystyle (\alpha X_{1}X_{2}^{2}+\beta X_{2}X_{3})\cdot (\gamma X_{2}X_{1}+\delta X_{1}^{4}X_{4})=\alpha \gamma X_{1}X_{2}^{3}X_{1}+\alpha \delta X_{1}X_{2}^{2}X_{1}^{4}X_{4}+\beta \gamma X_{2}X_{3}X_{2}X_{1}+\beta \delta X_{2}X_{3}X_{1}^{4}X_{4}} 1226: 1995:{\displaystyle \sum \limits _{k=0}^{\infty }\,\,\,\sum \limits _{i_{1},i_{2},\cdots ,i_{k}\in \left\lbrace 1,2,\cdots ,n\right\rbrace }a_{i_{1},i_{2},\cdots ,i_{k}}X_{i_{1}}X_{i_{2}}\cdots X_{i_{k}},} 251: 1037:{\displaystyle \left(X_{i_{1}}X_{i_{2}}\cdots X_{i_{l}}\right)\cdot \left(X_{j_{1}}X_{j_{2}}\cdots X_{j_{m}}\right)=X_{i_{1}}X_{i_{2}}\cdots X_{i_{l}}X_{j_{1}}X_{j_{2}}\cdots X_{j_{m}},} 2183: 2075: 543: 1139: 496: 459: 205: 1272: 648: 2424: 105: 1170: 2479: 641: 593: 2453: 634: 2448: 351: 2416: 111: 215: 30:
This article is about free algebras in ring theory. For the more general free algebras in universal algebra, see
2116: 2008: 721: 586: 510: 389: 339: 2443: 1091: 398: 91: 555: 406: 357: 138: 2220: 1275: 1156: 769: 714: 472: 435: 2474: 279: 153: 2388: 2292: 561: 369: 320: 265: 159: 145: 73: 41: 188: 2334: 747: 681:
since its elements may be described as "polynomials" with non-commuting variables. Likewise, the
574: 132: 60: 2469: 2420: 2342: 2099:⟩ are often denoted as "non-commutative polynomials" in the "variables" (or "indeterminates") 615: 412: 177: 118: 1257: 2430: 2373: 2350: 702: 666: 621: 607: 421: 363: 326: 126: 99: 85: 2434: 2393: 2361: 2216: 682: 678: 383: 333: 171: 501: 2081:
and all but finitely many of these elements are zero. This explains why the elements of
2378: 2319: 2300: 2265: 1148: 710: 427: 2463: 2357: 776: 568: 464: 79: 2398: 2338: 2311:. For a more general coefficient ring, the same construction works if we take the 2308: 375: 271: 775:
by defining a multiplication as follows: the product of two basis elements is the
2383: 2312: 1699: 1691: 1283: 1240: 1144: 739: 706: 670: 662: 580: 291: 165: 47: 31: 1051:-module elements is thus uniquely determined (because the multiplication in an 2415:. Encyclopedia of Mathematics and Its Applications. Vol. 137. Cambridge: 345: 305: 210: 764:} (including the empty word, which is the unit of the free algebra). This 299: 285: 17: 2330: 183: 67: 1081:⟩. This construction can easily be generalized to an arbitrary set 1221:{\displaystyle R\langle X\rangle :=\bigoplus _{w\in X^{\ast }}Rw} 1690:
The non-commutative polynomial ring may be identified with the
1235:-bilinear multiplication that is concatenation on words, where 2185:
are said to be "coefficients" of these polynomials, and the
2207:⟩ is called the "non-commutative polynomial algebra over 1337:, a concrete example of a product of two elements is 2119: 2011: 1778: 1346: 1260: 1173: 1094: 788: 513: 475: 438: 218: 191: 2252:More generally, one can construct the free algebra 27:
Free object in the category of associative algebras
2177: 2069: 1994: 1678: 1266: 1220: 1133: 1036: 537: 490: 453: 245: 199: 2413:Noncommutative rational series with applications 2215:indeterminates". Note that unlike in an actual 2411:Berstel, Jean; Reutenauer, Christophe (2011). 642: 8: 1183: 1177: 1128: 1101: 246:{\displaystyle 0=\mathbb {Z} /1\mathbb {Z} } 1118: 649: 635: 36: 2299:indeterminates can be constructed as the 2178:{\displaystyle a_{i_{1},i_{2},...,i_{k}}} 2167: 2142: 2129: 2124: 2118: 2070:{\displaystyle a_{i_{1},i_{2},...,i_{k}}} 2059: 2034: 2021: 2016: 2010: 1981: 1976: 1961: 1956: 1944: 1939: 1927: 1908: 1895: 1890: 1844: 1825: 1812: 1807: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1794: 1783: 1777: 1670: 1660: 1655: 1645: 1635: 1616: 1606: 1596: 1586: 1567: 1557: 1552: 1542: 1537: 1527: 1508: 1498: 1493: 1483: 1461: 1451: 1446: 1430: 1420: 1398: 1388: 1372: 1367: 1357: 1345: 1259: 1204: 1193: 1172: 1114: 1108: 1093: 1023: 1018: 1003: 998: 986: 981: 969: 964: 949: 944: 932: 927: 907: 902: 887: 882: 870: 865: 840: 835: 820: 815: 803: 798: 787: 538:{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} (p^{\infty })} 526: 515: 514: 512: 482: 478: 477: 474: 445: 441: 440: 437: 239: 238: 230: 226: 225: 217: 193: 192: 190: 2325:The construction of the free algebra on 2333:in nature and satisfies an appropriate 1769:⟩ can be written uniquely in the form: 39: 1134:{\displaystyle X=\{X_{i}\,;\;i\in I\}} 7: 677:is the noncommutative analogue of a 106:Free product of associative algebras 2280:can be defined as the free algebra 1804: 1780: 1751:⟩, it is clear that any element of 1719:Since the words over the alphabet { 1795: 527: 25: 2268:. Since rings may be regarded as 1047:and the product of two arbitrary 594:Noncommutative algebraic geometry 491:{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} _{p}} 454:{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} _{p}} 1088:In short, for an arbitrary set 746:with a basis consisting of all 2337:. The free algebra functor is 1467: 1410: 1404: 1347: 532: 519: 1: 779:of the corresponding words: 665:, especially in the area of 200:{\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } 2449:Encyclopedia of Mathematics 1702:of all finite words in the 1247:(i.e. words on the letters 352:Unique factorization domain 2496: 2444:"Free associative algebra" 2417:Cambridge University Press 112:Tensor product of algebras 29: 2480:Free algebraic structures 1715:Contrast with polynomials 687:free commutative algebra 390:Formal power series ring 340:Integrally closed domain 2219:, the variables do not 1290:on 1 element, the word 1267:{\displaystyle \oplus } 399:Algebraic number theory 92:Total ring of fractions 2295:, the free algebra on 2179: 2071: 1996: 1799: 1680: 1268: 1222: 1135: 1038: 556:Noncommutative algebra 539: 492: 455: 407:Algebraic number field 358:Principal ideal domain 247: 201: 139:Frobenius endomorphism 2442:L.A. Bokut' (2001) , 2345:from the category of 2180: 2072: 1997: 1779: 1681: 1274:denotes the external 1269: 1223: 1136: 1039: 685:may be regarded as a 540: 493: 456: 248: 202: 2117: 2009: 1776: 1344: 1258: 1171: 1092: 1063:-algebra is denoted 786: 562:Noncommutative rings 511: 473: 436: 280:Non-associative ring 216: 189: 146:Algebraic structures 2389:Noncommutative ring 2356:Free algebras over 1665: 1562: 1547: 1503: 1456: 1377: 1085:of indeterminates. 768:-module becomes an 750:over the alphabet { 321:Commutative algebra 160:Associative algebra 42:Algebraic structure 2335:universal property 2175: 2067: 1992: 1885: 1733:} form a basis of 1676: 1651: 1548: 1533: 1489: 1442: 1363: 1264: 1218: 1211: 1131: 1034: 575:Semiprimitive ring 535: 488: 451: 259:Related structures 243: 197: 133:Inner automorphism 119:Ring homomorphisms 2426:978-0-521-19022-0 2349:-algebras to the 2343:forgetful functor 1803: 1189: 1059:-bilinear). This 1055:-algebra must be 659: 658: 616:Geometric algebra 327:Commutative rings 178:Category of rings 16:(Redirected from 2487: 2456: 2438: 2374:Cofree coalgebra 2362:free ideal rings 2351:category of sets 2184: 2182: 2181: 2176: 2174: 2173: 2172: 2171: 2147: 2146: 2134: 2133: 2077:are elements of 2076: 2074: 2073: 2068: 2066: 2065: 2064: 2063: 2039: 2038: 2026: 2025: 2001: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1985: 1968: 1967: 1966: 1965: 1951: 1950: 1949: 1948: 1934: 1933: 1932: 1931: 1913: 1912: 1900: 1899: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1849: 1848: 1830: 1829: 1817: 1816: 1798: 1793: 1685: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1675: 1674: 1664: 1659: 1650: 1649: 1640: 1639: 1621: 1620: 1611: 1610: 1601: 1600: 1591: 1590: 1572: 1571: 1561: 1556: 1546: 1541: 1532: 1531: 1513: 1512: 1502: 1497: 1488: 1487: 1466: 1465: 1455: 1450: 1435: 1434: 1425: 1424: 1403: 1402: 1393: 1392: 1376: 1371: 1362: 1361: 1297:For example, in 1273: 1271: 1270: 1265: 1227: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1140: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1113: 1112: 1043: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1010: 1009: 1008: 1007: 993: 992: 991: 990: 976: 975: 974: 973: 956: 955: 954: 953: 939: 938: 937: 936: 919: 915: 914: 913: 912: 911: 894: 893: 892: 891: 877: 876: 875: 874: 852: 848: 847: 846: 845: 844: 827: 826: 825: 824: 810: 809: 808: 807: 703:commutative ring 667:abstract algebra 651: 644: 637: 622:Operator algebra 608:Clifford algebra 544: 542: 541: 536: 531: 530: 518: 497: 495: 494: 489: 487: 486: 481: 460: 458: 457: 452: 450: 449: 444: 422:Ring of integers 416: 413:Integers modulo 364:Euclidean domain 252: 250: 249: 244: 242: 234: 229: 206: 204: 203: 198: 196: 100:Product of rings 86:Fractional ideal 45: 37: 21: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2488: 2486: 2485: 2484: 2460: 2459: 2441: 2427: 2410: 2407: 2394:Rational series 2370: 2248: 2242: 2236:does not equal 2235: 2229: 2223:. For example, 2217:polynomial ring 2205: 2199: 2163: 2138: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2114: 2113:; the elements 2111: 2105: 2097: 2091: 2055: 2030: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2006: 1977: 1972: 1957: 1952: 1940: 1935: 1923: 1904: 1891: 1886: 1857: 1853: 1840: 1821: 1808: 1774: 1773: 1767: 1761: 1749: 1743: 1731: 1725: 1717: 1710: 1666: 1641: 1631: 1612: 1602: 1592: 1582: 1563: 1523: 1504: 1479: 1457: 1426: 1416: 1394: 1384: 1353: 1342: 1341: 1329:⟩, for scalars 1328: 1321: 1314: 1307: 1256: 1255: 1253: 1200: 1169: 1168: 1104: 1090: 1089: 1079: 1073: 1019: 1014: 999: 994: 982: 977: 965: 960: 945: 940: 928: 923: 903: 898: 883: 878: 866: 861: 860: 856: 836: 831: 816: 811: 799: 794: 793: 789: 784: 783: 762: 756: 736: 730: 695: 683:polynomial ring 679:polynomial ring 655: 626: 625: 558: 548: 547: 522: 509: 508: 476: 471: 470: 439: 434: 433: 414: 384:Polynomial ring 334:Integral domain 323: 313: 312: 214: 213: 187: 186: 172:Involutive ring 57: 46: 40: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2493: 2491: 2483: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2462: 2461: 2458: 2457: 2439: 2425: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2379:Tensor algebra 2376: 2369: 2366: 2358:division rings 2301:tensor algebra 2246: 2240: 2233: 2227: 2203: 2197: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2109: 2103: 2095: 2089: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2003: 2002: 1991: 1984: 1980: 1975: 1971: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1889: 1882: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1797: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1765: 1759: 1747: 1741: 1729: 1723: 1716: 1713: 1706: 1688: 1687: 1673: 1669: 1663: 1658: 1654: 1648: 1644: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1609: 1605: 1599: 1595: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1570: 1566: 1560: 1555: 1551: 1545: 1540: 1536: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1511: 1507: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1464: 1460: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1401: 1397: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1366: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1326: 1319: 1312: 1305: 1263: 1251: 1239:* denotes the 1229: 1228: 1217: 1214: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1121: 1117: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1077: 1071: 1045: 1044: 1033: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1006: 1002: 997: 989: 985: 980: 972: 968: 963: 959: 952: 948: 943: 935: 931: 926: 922: 918: 910: 906: 901: 897: 890: 886: 881: 873: 869: 864: 859: 855: 851: 843: 839: 834: 830: 823: 819: 814: 806: 802: 797: 792: 760: 754: 734: 728: 722:indeterminates 694: 691: 657: 656: 654: 653: 646: 639: 631: 628: 627: 619: 618: 590: 589: 583: 577: 571: 559: 554: 553: 550: 549: 546: 545: 534: 529: 525: 521: 517: 498: 485: 480: 461: 448: 443: 431:-adic integers 424: 418: 409: 395: 394: 393: 392: 386: 380: 379: 378: 366: 360: 354: 348: 342: 324: 319: 318: 315: 314: 311: 310: 309: 308: 296: 295: 294: 288: 276: 275: 274: 256: 255: 254: 253: 241: 237: 233: 228: 224: 221: 207: 195: 174: 168: 162: 156: 142: 141: 135: 129: 115: 114: 108: 102: 96: 95: 94: 88: 76: 70: 58: 56:Basic concepts 55: 54: 51: 50: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2492: 2481: 2478: 2476: 2473: 2471: 2468: 2467: 2465: 2455: 2451: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2307:-dimensional 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2272:-algebras, a 2271: 2267: 2263: 2260:⟩ on any set 2259: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2239: 2232: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2112: 2102: 2098: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2018: 2013: 1989: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1917: 1914: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1809: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1768: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1722: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1671: 1667: 1661: 1656: 1652: 1646: 1642: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1617: 1613: 1607: 1603: 1597: 1593: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1499: 1494: 1490: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1462: 1458: 1452: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1407: 1399: 1395: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1364: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1336: 1332: 1325: 1318: 1311: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1287: 1281: 1277: 1261: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1215: 1212: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1180: 1174: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1163: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1115: 1109: 1105: 1098: 1095: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1031: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1004: 1000: 995: 987: 983: 978: 970: 966: 961: 957: 950: 946: 941: 933: 929: 924: 920: 916: 908: 904: 899: 895: 888: 884: 879: 871: 867: 862: 857: 853: 849: 841: 837: 832: 828: 821: 817: 812: 804: 800: 795: 790: 782: 781: 780: 778: 777:concatenation 774: 772: 767: 763: 753: 749: 745: 743: 737: 727: 723: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 692: 690: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 652: 647: 645: 640: 638: 633: 632: 630: 629: 624: 623: 617: 613: 612: 611: 610: 609: 604: 603: 602: 597: 596: 595: 588: 584: 582: 578: 576: 572: 570: 569:Division ring 566: 565: 564: 563: 557: 552: 551: 523: 507: 505: 499: 483: 469: 468:-adic numbers 467: 462: 446: 432: 430: 425: 423: 419: 417: 410: 408: 404: 403: 402: 401: 400: 391: 387: 385: 381: 377: 373: 372: 371: 367: 365: 361: 359: 355: 353: 349: 347: 343: 341: 337: 336: 335: 331: 330: 329: 328: 322: 317: 316: 307: 303: 302: 301: 297: 293: 289: 287: 283: 282: 281: 277: 273: 269: 268: 267: 263: 262: 261: 260: 235: 231: 222: 219: 212: 211:Terminal ring 208: 185: 181: 180: 179: 175: 173: 169: 167: 163: 161: 157: 155: 151: 150: 149: 148: 147: 140: 136: 134: 130: 128: 124: 123: 122: 121: 120: 113: 109: 107: 103: 101: 97: 93: 89: 87: 83: 82: 81: 80:Quotient ring 77: 75: 71: 69: 65: 64: 63: 62: 53: 52: 49: 44:→ Ring theory 43: 38: 33: 19: 2447: 2412: 2399:Term algebra 2355: 2346: 2339:left adjoint 2326: 2324: 2316: 2309:vector space 2304: 2296: 2290: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2251: 2243: 2237: 2230: 2224: 2212: 2208: 2201: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2107: 2100: 2093: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2004: 1763: 1756: 1752: 1745: 1738: 1734: 1727: 1720: 1718: 1707: 1703: 1695: 1689: 1334: 1330: 1323: 1316: 1309: 1302: 1298: 1296: 1291: 1285: 1282:denotes the 1279: 1248: 1244: 1236: 1232: 1230: 1160: 1152: 1142: 1087: 1082: 1075: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1046: 770: 765: 758: 751: 741: 732: 725: 718: 705:, the free ( 698: 696: 686: 675:free algebra 674: 660: 620: 606: 605: 601:Free algebra 600: 599: 598: 592: 591: 560: 503: 465: 428: 397: 396: 376:Finite field 325: 272:Finite field 258: 257: 184:Initial ring 144: 143: 117: 116: 59: 2475:Ring theory 2384:Free object 2313:free module 1700:free monoid 1692:monoid ring 1241:free monoid 1145:associative 707:associative 671:ring theory 663:mathematics 581:Simple ring 292:Jordan ring 166:Graded ring 48:Ring theory 32:Free object 2464:Categories 2435:1250.68007 2405:References 2331:functorial 2320:generators 2266:generators 1331:α, β, γ, δ 1276:direct sum 693:Definition 587:Commutator 346:GCD domain 2454:EMS Press 2274:free ring 2189:-algebra 1970:⋯ 1918:⋯ 1871:⋯ 1851:∈ 1835:⋯ 1805:∑ 1796:∞ 1781:∑ 1629:δ 1626:β 1580:γ 1577:β 1521:δ 1518:α 1477:γ 1474:α 1440:δ 1414:γ 1408:⋅ 1382:β 1351:α 1262:⊕ 1231:with the 1206:∗ 1198:∈ 1191:⨁ 1184:⟩ 1178:⟨ 1123:∈ 1012:⋯ 958:⋯ 896:⋯ 854:⋅ 829:⋯ 738:} is the 669:known as 528:∞ 306:Semifield 18:Free ring 2470:Algebras 2368:See also 773:-algebra 300:Semiring 286:Lie ring 68:Subrings 2341:to the 2291:Over a 2221:commute 1698:of the 1288:-module 1157:algebra 744:-module 715:algebra 502:Prüfer 104:•  2433:  2423:  2303:on an 2005:where 1762:, ..., 1726:, ..., 1278:, and 1149:unital 1143:free ( 1141:, the 711:unital 154:Module 127:Kernel 2293:field 2200:,..., 2106:,..., 2092:,..., 1744:,..., 1694:over 1284:free 1074:,..., 757:,..., 748:words 740:free 731:,..., 506:-ring 370:Field 266:Field 74:Ideal 61:Rings 2421:ISBN 2360:are 1164:is 697:For 673:, a 2431:Zbl 2329:is 2315:on 2288:⟩. 2276:on 2264:of 2211:in 1254:), 1243:on 1159:on 717:on 661:In 2466:: 2452:, 2446:, 2429:. 2419:. 2364:. 2353:. 2322:. 2249:. 1711:. 1333:∈ 1294:. 1280:Rw 1187::= 1151:) 1147:, 713:) 709:, 701:a 689:. 614:• 585:• 579:• 573:• 567:• 500:• 463:• 426:• 420:• 411:• 405:• 388:• 382:• 374:• 368:• 362:• 356:• 350:• 344:• 338:• 332:• 304:• 298:• 290:• 284:• 278:• 270:• 264:• 209:• 182:• 176:• 170:• 164:• 158:• 152:• 137:• 131:• 125:• 110:• 98:• 90:• 84:• 78:• 72:• 66:• 2437:. 2347:R 2327:E 2317:n 2305:n 2297:n 2286:E 2284:⟨ 2282:Z 2278:E 2270:Z 2262:E 2258:E 2256:⟨ 2254:R 2247:1 2244:X 2241:2 2238:X 2234:2 2231:X 2228:1 2225:X 2213:n 2209:R 2204:n 2202:X 2198:1 2195:X 2193:⟨ 2191:R 2187:R 2169:k 2165:i 2161:, 2158:. 2155:. 2152:. 2149:, 2144:2 2140:i 2136:, 2131:1 2127:i 2122:a 2110:n 2108:X 2104:1 2101:X 2096:n 2094:X 2090:1 2087:X 2085:⟨ 2083:R 2079:R 2061:k 2057:i 2053:, 2050:. 2047:. 2044:. 2041:, 2036:2 2032:i 2028:, 2023:1 2019:i 2014:a 1990:, 1983:k 1979:i 1974:X 1963:2 1959:i 1954:X 1946:1 1942:i 1937:X 1929:k 1925:i 1921:, 1915:, 1910:2 1906:i 1902:, 1897:1 1893:i 1888:a 1881:} 1877:n 1874:, 1868:, 1865:2 1862:, 1859:1 1855:{ 1846:k 1842:i 1838:, 1832:, 1827:2 1823:i 1819:, 1814:1 1810:i 1791:0 1788:= 1785:k 1766:n 1764:X 1760:1 1757:X 1755:⟨ 1753:R 1748:n 1746:X 1742:1 1739:X 1737:⟨ 1735:R 1730:n 1728:X 1724:1 1721:X 1708:i 1704:X 1696:R 1686:. 1672:4 1668:X 1662:4 1657:1 1653:X 1647:3 1643:X 1637:2 1633:X 1623:+ 1618:1 1614:X 1608:2 1604:X 1598:3 1594:X 1588:2 1584:X 1574:+ 1569:4 1565:X 1559:4 1554:1 1550:X 1544:2 1539:2 1535:X 1529:1 1525:X 1515:+ 1510:1 1506:X 1500:3 1495:2 1491:X 1485:1 1481:X 1471:= 1468:) 1463:4 1459:X 1453:4 1448:1 1444:X 1437:+ 1432:1 1428:X 1422:2 1418:X 1411:( 1405:) 1400:3 1396:X 1390:2 1386:X 1379:+ 1374:2 1369:2 1365:X 1359:1 1355:X 1348:( 1335:R 1327:4 1324:X 1322:, 1320:3 1317:X 1315:, 1313:2 1310:X 1308:, 1306:1 1303:X 1301:⟨ 1299:R 1292:w 1286:R 1252:i 1249:X 1245:X 1237:X 1233:R 1216:w 1213:R 1202:X 1195:w 1181:X 1175:R 1161:X 1155:- 1153:R 1129:} 1126:I 1120:i 1116:; 1110:i 1106:X 1102:{ 1099:= 1096:X 1083:X 1078:n 1076:X 1072:1 1069:X 1067:⟨ 1065:R 1061:R 1057:R 1053:R 1049:R 1032:, 1025:m 1021:j 1016:X 1005:2 1001:j 996:X 988:1 984:j 979:X 971:l 967:i 962:X 951:2 947:i 942:X 934:1 930:i 925:X 921:= 917:) 909:m 905:j 900:X 889:2 885:j 880:X 872:1 868:j 863:X 858:( 850:) 842:l 838:i 833:X 822:2 818:i 813:X 805:1 801:i 796:X 791:( 771:R 766:R 761:n 759:X 755:1 752:X 742:R 735:n 733:X 729:1 726:X 724:{ 719:n 699:R 650:e 643:t 636:v 533:) 524:p 520:( 516:Z 504:p 484:p 479:Q 466:p 447:p 442:Z 429:p 415:n 240:Z 236:1 232:/ 227:Z 223:= 220:0 194:Z 34:. 20:)

Index

Free ring
Free object
Algebraic structure
Ring theory
Rings
Subrings
Ideal
Quotient ring
Fractional ideal
Total ring of fractions
Product of rings
Free product of associative algebras
Tensor product of algebras
Ring homomorphisms
Kernel
Inner automorphism
Frobenius endomorphism
Algebraic structures
Module
Associative algebra
Graded ring
Involutive ring
Category of rings
Initial ring
Terminal ring
Field
Finite field
Non-associative ring
Lie ring
Jordan ring

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