Mass media in North Macedonia

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and prohibits public officials from holding shares of ownership in media outlets. A broadcast regulatory body keeps an official registry which lists the names of the nominal owners. However, this is not able to preventing hidden ownership through proxies and the real owners of many broadcasting media are unknown by the public. One the main problem affecting the Macedonian media system in terms of ownership is that companies and business people having a very diverse portfolios own most of the influential national television networks and cable television stations, but broadcast is not their main activity. Indeed, owners use their broadcast media primarily to support their other business activities and often influence the editorial policies in accordance with their business interests. Also, especially for traditional media which are nominally transparent, in many cases nominal owners only act as proxies for de facto owners that are often high-ranking officials of political parties.

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structure, thus almost no online news make public its ownership structure. Also, the Law on Trade Activity permits secret ownership or ownership by proxy and does not require this information to be made public via the Trade Register. The lack of transparency of media ownership has created additional problem in the sector of online media, and especially for the biggest news site which do not declare who are their owners. The issue has gained momentum with the growth of digital sector to which outdated legislation cannot be applied to. To address the issue of lack of media ownership transparency in the field of online media outlets, a group of Macedonian journalists started a project called

1139:, their obligations in terms of media ownership transparency are covered by the new Media Law entered into force in 2013. The law requires for print media outlets the same disclosures rules applicable to the broadcast sector. Some of the print media used to publish their ownership data, such as the details on the legal entity owning the newspaper or information on the company providing printing and distribution, even before the adoption of the new law. However, with the new Media Law, the action of the audiovisual regulator has been broadened to the print media outlets as well and to undertake measures against the print media which do not comply with media transparency rules. 1256:(WAN IFRA), one of the major challenges to independent and quality journalism is the symbiotic relationship between the ruling party and many media outlets and their owners. This is true at both national and local levels. Government-friendly media outlets are favoured through different means, including, for instance, non-transparent allocation of advertising and other funds. This generates an environment where political and business interests can influence media agendas. 2325: 223: 52: 2391: 1221:. The new democratic political environment established in 1991 was not complemented with new legislation in the field of media, thus the creation of the new media environment occurred in the absence of a legislative framework. Broadcast media, in particular radio stations, proliferated spontaneously across the country. These media outlets were formally legalized in 1997 with the adoption on the Law on Broadcasting Activity. 1276:

aspects affecting the quality of journalism in North Macedonia and the conditions of journalists and media professionales are the low wages and a chaotic labour market for media practitioners. Many journalists can barely survive with their monthly salaries; some media outlets operate in the black economy, often journalists are only partially regularly paid, meaning that have taxes and social security paid and recorded.

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independence of MRTV managerial bodies. MRTV executive directors in the last ten years remained close to the party in power. The network is funded by a license fee as well as by public budget contributions and advertising revenues (limited to 10% of airtime). Budgetary needs, and the practice of ad hoc state budgetary funding, has created a "culture of dependence" in MRTV.

614:(since 2003) all 30 minutes each per day. The satellite channel, Radio Macedonia, commenced in July 2003, and broadcasts a 24-hour continual programme, which is a selection of programmes from Macedonian Radio and its original programme "Radio Macedonia" with a duration of 6 hours and 30 minutes. Kanal 103 provides FM broadcasting only for the region of 564: 1116:

stated to be aware of opaque interests in media ownership structures, but they have not taken any action because the information provided on the ownership regime were formally correct and indicated no breach of the rules. There are cases that are “public secrets” in North Macedonia, such as that of the covert cross-ownership between

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In addition, many journalists have to face criminal or civil cases filed against them. Others have been accused by media outlets connected with governmental structures to have behaved as intelligence services informants. In the course of 2015 the unauthorized surveillance of journalists by the secret

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and source of funding, must be disclosed to the regulator, namely the Broadcasting Council and made public via its website. Specifically, under Art. 20 of this law, broadcasters are obliged to publish their ownership data three times a year. The Broadcast Council is also tasked to oversee and enforce

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sponsored a project called "Macedonia Connects" which in 2006 helped to make North Macedonia the first all-broadband wireless country in the world, where Internet access is available to virtually anyone with a wireless-enabled computer. Wireless access is available to about 95 percent of Macedonians,

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The Law on Broadcasting Activity foresees restrictions to the broadcast of contents aimed at the violent overthrow of the constitutional order, military aggression, or incitement of national, racial, gender or religious hatred and intolerance, as well as programs liable to damage the physical, mental

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Macedonian journalists also face verbal threats and physical assaults which have increased since 2015 along with political and inter-ethnic violence. There are unsolved cases of physical attacks which are highly problematic for media freedom since such intimidations have a chilling effect on freedom

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Media ownership is regulated by national laws in line with international standards and with clear limitations in terms of shares of ownership that a person can hold in different media outlets. Ownership of broadcast media is strictly regulated. The law aims at preventing unwanted media concentration

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There is yet no self-regulatory body for journalists in the country. A Council of Ethics in Media was established in 2010 as tripartite body of journalists, editors, and media owners. The Independent Union of Journalists is a weak body, lacking resources and a strong membership base. Unionisation is

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Soft censorship provides politicians and high-ranking officials simple tools to pressure journalists in often subtle ways. This has consequences both on content and the way media report. For instance, this results in the lack of unbiased reporting on government's and state institutions' activities,

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mechanisms are used to silence or pressure journalists in North Macedonia. Soft censorship, or indirect censorship, is defined as “an array of official actions intended to influence media output, short of legal or extra-legal bans, direct censorship of specific content, or physical attacks on media

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Overall, the process of media democratisation and liberalisation occurred during the 1990s resulted in a situation characterised by some distinctive features: the fragmentation of the media market with a great number of media, affiliation of the most influential media with powerful local businesses

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Despite the existing legislative requirements, the implementation of the rules on media ownership transparency has been a persistent problem in North Macedonia so that at times even authorities claimed not to be aware of informal ownership structures in the country. In other cases, authorities have

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the public TV broadcaster operates 3 national channels and a satellite network; 5 privately owned TV channels broadcast nationally using terrestrial transmitters and about 15 broadcast nationally via satellite; there are roughly 75 local commercial TV stations; and a large number of cable operators

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MRTV is supervised by the MRTV Council, whose members are appointed by the Parliament upon proposal by "authorised nominators" from civil society. The Council then elects the members of MRTV Management Board. Although formally only accountable to the legislature through its annual report and budget

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The market features a high number of media, with a shrinking advertising revenue, and a fragmentation due to technological development and digitalisation. Most advertising revenue goes to the television industry, particularly the national terrestrial channels. Media ownership is often opaque due to

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Radio and TV broadcasting during electoral campaign is regulated by the Election Code. Press coverage of election time is only self-regulated; an independent study in 2013 found large imbalances and lack of professional standards, so that "some media news was used to directly manipulate the opinion

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A new government-dominated media regulator was set up by the December 2013 Law on Media and Law on Audiovisual Media Services, replacing the previous Broadcasting Council. The agency is now empowered to impose harsh fines and revoke licenses if it detects contents that harm vaguely-defined "public

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Commercial media are mainly funded through advertising revenues, coupled with state budget funds for "public campaigns". The government has grown to among the five top advertisers in the country, affecting market competition and editorial independence. Moreover, the ruling party benefits from big

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Soft-censorship is also exerted through ownership structures. In North Macedonia, there are several connections between politicians and media owners; this is particularly visible in the work of the state-owned public broadcaster which is strongly influenced by the ruling party. Other problematic

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The Code of Ethics of the Journalists of North Macedonia is set as the professional guideline; yet, violations of basic standards are widespread, e.g. in the use of judgemental labels, vague references, biased sources, and evaluatory framing. Journalism is still mainly seen as aimed at providing

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A 2011 international media freedom mission to North Macedonia carried out by the International Partnership Group of freedom of expression organisations, found out that many media outlets were owned by persons affiliated with political parties and that in two cases family members of those owners

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and its influence over the content and pluralism of the media scene were not a major issue during the first years of the new media system. In that period the main focus was on the creation and consolidation of the pluralistic media space, which was conceived as an antipode to the previous media

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aiming at investigating, clarify and make public the ownership structures behind Macedonian web portals and to create a public database containing such information. The journalists working to the project found out several cases of offshore companies, non-existing companies and a wide network of

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often deemed unacceptable by media owners, leading journalists to pursue secret membership. In 2011 more than 20 union members, including its President, were fired. Pressure on journalists are various and widespread, from marginalisation of critical journalists to reallocation across the media.

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Moreover, the financial environment and the market concerning the media system force many media outlets to depend on state advertising to remain financially viable. In such an environment media market which are critical of government policies are denied access to state advertising and support.

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For a long time specific provisions on media ownership transparency in North Macedonia have only concerned the broadcast sector (television and radio), while the other sectors, i.e. print and online media, were only included in the scope of the general corporate law which is applicable to all

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operates over multiple stations, including three national channels, a satellite channel and a non-profit regional channel. It broadcasts 86.5 hours of programmes daily on its national and satellite channels. The First channel, Radio Skopje, broadcasts a continuous 24-hour programme and mainly

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outlets or media practitioners.” Soft censorship is made possible by the opaqueness and poor regulation of the mechanisms for the allocation of state advertising, self-censorship, repressive legislation, lack of transparency of media ownership and of ownership connected to political parties.

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in the least transparent in terms ownership transparency. This sector is not covered by media-specific provisions and is therefore regulated only through corporate laws, in particular the Law on Trade Activity. The electronic media outlets are not obliged to disclose data on their ownership

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The process of transformation of MRTV in a public service broadcaster is not yet completed; it entailed the 1997 Law on Broadcasting Activities and the 2005 Broadcast Law. Editorial independence of MRTV is guaranteed by law but de facto lacking due to lack of independent funding and lack of

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recommendations, but which remains strongly influenced by the political parties, the government, and the media industry. Although members of the Council are selected by "authorised nominators" (the Inter-University Conference, the Macedonian Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Association of

350:, adopted in 2006, is harmonised with international and EU standards. The Commission for Free Access to Public Information is still not independent as it should and lacks capacities. The law remains not fully implemented, and access to public information is uneven and selectively enforced. 1184:. In addition, from the investigation in the financial flows resulted that these two companies received funds directly from the government, as well as from other public institutions, such as the Municipality of Skopje, the Ministry of culture, etc. Another case concerned the web portal 1067:

The government has taken a biased approach to media unions. It has promoted the Macedonian Association of Journalists (MAN) while putting pressure on the traditional Journalists' Association of Macedonia (ZNM) and Trade Union of Macedonian Journalists and Media Workers (SSNM).

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plan, MRTV remains informally accountable to the executive, undermining institutional autonomy. MRTV also risks neglecting cultural pluralism obligations, in terms of programmes for minorities, as well as lacking impartiality and distance from government/majority politicians.

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discounts on airtime prices from friendly media during electoral periods. The large use of advertisement funding by the ruling party is deemed to increase the media's financial dependence and foster pro-governmental alignment. Public campaigns are aired for free on MRTV.

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Most journalists in North Macedonia have rather low socio-economic status, and their labour and social rights are limited; many work without contracts or signing blank resignation in advance. The average wage in the sector is of €250 per month (national average: €350/m).

1107:, the public in North Macedonia is able to identify who actually owns this kind of media outlets thanks to the ownership reporting obligations set forth in the Law on Broadcasting Activity. Under this law, all the essential ownership information, including 1324:

magazine on how the police had pushed the witness to give false testimony. The witness confirmed it in court and said it was only given protection in 2010, two years after Kezarovski's reports. Kezarovski was moved under house arrest, pending his

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In North Macedonia, public financial incentive have led to the "capture" of the media by the state, resulting in a reduction of the media's professionalism and credibility and its role in fostering democratic development. According to the

590:. The Second channel, Radio 2, broadcasts a continuous 24-hour programme, focused on popular music and entertainment. The Third channel broadcasts programmes in all the languages of the national minorities in North Macedonia, including 1475:

European Commission, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 2013 Progress Report. Accompanying the Document: Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council. Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges

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the use of proxies. Foreign investments in the Macedonian media are limited to Serbian companies – one of which is a monopolist in newspapers' printing and distribution, with ties to high-level security officials.

451: 708:. Most private media are tied to political or business interests and state media tend to support the government. Public broadcast networks face stiff competition from commercial stations, which dominate the ratings. A 1100:

registered companies. Only in December 2013 a new Media Law was adopted to cover also transparency requirements for the print sector which was assimilated to the broadcast sector in terms of transparency obligations.

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even those living in remote sheepherding mountain villages where people don't have phones. The Ministry of Education and Sciences reported that all 461 primary and secondary schools were connected to the Internet. An

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Around 68% of the population had access to internet in 2015. Legislation was aligned with EU standards with the February 2014 Law on Electronic Communications, to improve competition and consumers' rights.

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The combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular telephone subscribership was about 130 per 100 persons in 2012. Competition from mobile-cellular phones has led to a drop in fixed-line telephone subscriptions.

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order" and "health or morals". Amelioratory amendments were passed in January 2014, exempting online media and minimizing obligations for print media, but the overall framework remains deemed inadequate.

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in Bitola. Throughout the past century, the medium of film has depicted the history, culture and everyday life of the Macedonian people. Over the years many Macedonian films have been presented at

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The journalist argued for a public interest defence clause, since the police had presented a false protected witness against him. International protests had followed the sentence against him.

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Journalists, and the Parliamentary Committee on Elections and Nominations), the majority of appointees are deemed close to the ruling party, thus bringing partisanship in the regulatory body.

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whose registration address matched with that of a company which helped other companies to open off shore affiliates. Moreover, the name of first director of the company owing the portal

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has tried to disclose the ownership structures of several pro-government websites connected to bank accounts in Belize belonging to people having strong ties with the ruling party.

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had an adverse ruling confirmed in appeal. The media was condemned to pay 12,000 US$ and legal expenses for a 2013 article deemed defamatory against the then secret service chief

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is published by large fines in North Macedonia. Dozens of civil defamation cases had been issued against journalists in 2012/14, although many of them are settled out of court.

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police has caused both political crisis and media controversy in the country, contributing to a growing atmosphere of caution and self-censorship among Macedonian journalists.

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as the main foreign investor, with a resulting strong concentration in the print media sector (90% in 2003). WAZ withdrew in 2012, selling its publications to local investors.

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Hidden ownership of the print media remains a concern, and hinders media pluralism and independence, since actual owners are deemed to be affiliated to political interests.

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A new law on the media is being drafted, to harmonise it with the EU AVMS directive. Yet, early drafts raised concerns in terms of possible restrictions to media freedoms.

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Ownership of online media is totally unregulated. Some pro-government web portals are established in tax havens countries throughout the world. The investigative project

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Journalists are protected from being compelled to testify about confidential information or sources by both the Constitution (art. 16) and the 2005 Broadcasting Law.

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Online content is not specifically regulated, besides the general restrictions against hate speech, and intermediaries (ISP) are not liable for distributed contents.

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In July 2014, an amendment to the Law on Audiovisual Services forced ZNM to give up one of its two seats in the board of the public service broadcaster to MAN.

1054:. The law prohibits arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence, and the government generally respects these prohibitions in practice. 981: 955: 1642:

Dialing Procedures (International Prefix, National (Trunk) Prefix and National (Significant) Number) (in Accordance with ITY-T Recommendation E.164 (11/2010))

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was arrested and charged with revealing the identity of a protected witness. In October 2013, he was sentenced to 4.5 years prison. Kezarovski had written in

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sponsored report says that with scores of TV and radio networks, the market is overcrowded and many local broadcasters are struggling to survive financially.

4137: 3907: 987: 5124: 4952: 4160: 432: 1745: 5149: 5099: 5059: 4957: 4922: 4912: 4021: 4001: 1645:, Annex to ITU Operational Bulletin No. 994-15.XII.2011, International Telecommunication Union (ITU, Geneva), 15 December 2011. Retrieved 2 January 2014. 1239:

Concentration of ownership is strong in the print media sector: out of six Macedonian-language daily newspapers, a single publishing company owns three.

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making in the republic dates back over 110 years. The first film to be produced on the territory of the present-day the country was made in 1895 by

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and the establishment of institutions for public information. It also guarantees the freedom of reception and transmission of information, and bans

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How Does the Media Construct Their Political Bias? Analysis of Framing – Qualitative Aspects of Media Coverage on 2013 Local Elections Campaign

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whose stories are widely disseminated through the main TV stations in Macedonia, especially those close to the government. According to

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occupied managerial positions in the media outlets. Also, the Mission warned that there were clear examples of conflict of interest.

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without judicial oversight. Individuals and groups engage in the peaceful expression of views via the Internet, including by e-mail.

5139: 4165: 4147: 4087: 4062: 2299: 1832: 5109: 5049: 5029: 2223: 5220: 5044: 1156:’s team investigated the ownership structure of one of the biggest pro-governmental media in North Macedonia, i.e. the web portal 373:

Journalists in North Macedonia face "low salaries, poor job security and working conditions, and editorial pressure from owners".

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public exposure for political elites, particularly government members. Investigative and analytic journalism is almost absent.

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holding 80% of the market. The two majors offer cable television in both analogue and digital, and they have also introduced

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laws were decriminalized. Editors and media owners expressed concerns that steep fines under the revised law would cause

863:. Manchevski continues to be the most prominent modern filmmaker in the country having subsequently written and directed 278:. Television, magazines, and newspapers are all operated by both state-owned and for-profit corporations which depend on 4338: 4321: 4306: 4275: 4142: 4127: 4045: 3984: 3934: 3660: 3606: 3518: 3471: 73: 1577: 734:. The platform includes local channels with national frequency and the most popular world channels. Boom TV is using 3 4770: 4583: 4411: 4343: 4132: 4106: 4092: 3748: 3632: 3580: 3511: 3497: 2706: 2411: 1756: 743: 673: 582: 340:

are decriminalised since 2012's Law on Civil Liability for Defamation and Insult, though fines remain extremely high.

101: 701: 4882: 4831: 4608: 4500: 4460: 4358: 4316: 4270: 4228: 4072: 3924: 3884: 3787: 3770: 3765: 3730: 3721: 3263: 194: 66: 59: 42: 2879: 1839:, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State, 22 March 2013. Retrieved 31 January 2014. 1042:; however, the government does not always respect these rights in practice. The law prohibits speech that incites 4376: 4333: 4260: 4200: 3328: 3036: 2727: 2477: 2466: 1347: 1292:

The dominance of the government over the media landscape through the channel of advertisement was evident in the

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There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet or credible reports that the government monitors

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guarantees freedom of the press and of expression, yet they are not upheld impartially by the authorities. As a

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was the brother of Vlado Misajilovski, state secretary of the Ministry for foreign affairs of the ruling party

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around the world and several of these films have won prestigious awards. The first Macedonian feature film was

161: 140: 132: 122: 33: 4846: 1998: 1489:. Skopje: UNESCO Chair in Media, Dialogue and Mutual Understanding, School of Journalism and Public Relations. 435:(MIA), established in 1992 and working in Macedonian, English and Albanian. Private news agencies include the 4803: 4391: 4205: 3803: 3096: 2520: 1575:

Analysis of the Public Broadcasting in the Republic of Macedonia in the Context of the European Media Policy

1486: 843: 202: 1132:, but the regulatory authorities do not take action and an investigation into it has never been initiated. 4655: 4474: 3989: 3966: 3857: 3852: 3798: 3639: 2767: 990:: 657,664 addresses allocated, less than 0.05% of the world total, 315.8 addresses per 1000 people (2012). 532: 357:

The independent regulatory authority is the Broadcasting Council, whose tasks and powers are aligned with

227: 108: 1499: 1015:(On.net), created a MESH Network to provide WIFI services in the 11 largest cities/towns in the country. 4875: 4836: 4808: 4493: 4396: 4386: 4006: 3483: 3139: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2584: 391:

Bloggers and citizen journalists are not recognised or protected by the legislation of North Macedonia.

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in 1994-96 led to the disappearance of all its print outlets from the market, and the later entry of

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Criminal laws have been reported as being used by the authorities to restrict press freedom.

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actors committed to hide the real owners of Macedonian web informative portals. For instance,

1035: 978:: 449,646 subscriptions, 93rd in the world; 21.6% of the population, 68th in the world (2012). 972:: 304,547 subscriptions, 79th in the world; 14.6% of the population, 58th in the world (2012). 672:

in Yugoslav Macedonia; it remains the most popular news medium. The public broadcaster is the

591: 526: 513: 492: 404: 358: 311: 3448: 3409: 3388: 3051: 2650: 2617: 2561: 2551: 2541: 738:(MUX 1, MUX 2 and MUX 3). The DVB-T switch off in the country was completed on 1 June 2013. 4867: 4765: 4715: 4675: 4628: 4623: 4613: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4573: 4558: 4553: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4250: 4026: 3902: 3815: 3810: 3653: 3573: 3559: 3490: 3249: 3174: 2853: 2747: 2675: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2483: 1607: 941: 823: 773:

was first officially launched started in the country when the country's first IPTV service,

654: 619: 611: 607: 595: 538: 503: 498: 486: 80: 4851: 4793: 4760: 4750: 4730: 4720: 4705: 4700: 4680: 4650: 4618: 4603: 4578: 3976: 3919: 3753: 3712: 3646: 3286: 3256: 3242: 2546: 2324: 2280: 1962:"Follow the Money! Ownership and Financial Transparency should be a Media Policy Standard" 1733: 1581: 1414: 1313: 1260: 1051: 819: 603: 480: 468: 463: 275: 961:

1.3 million users, 109th in the world; 63.1% of the population, 58th in the world (2012);

51: 4745: 4670: 4640: 3847: 3822: 2785:(*) broadcasting in terrestrial and via satellite. (**) broadcasting only on satellite. 1200:, and also among the owner of SGS, a security agency connected with the secret police. 800: 735: 709: 625:

Three privately owned radio stations broadcast nationally in North Macedonia. They are

1784: 1736:, Country IP Blocks. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Site is said to be updated daily. 1661:, Population data, International Programs, U.S. Census Bureau, retrieved 26 June 2013 5255: 4326: 4077: 2922: 2772: 2514: 1753: 1611: 1410: 1402: 1352: 1043: 839: 827: 645:. There are about 70 local commercial radio stations (2012), including Radio Bravo, 2843: 1673:, International Telecommunication Union (Geneva), June 2013, retrieved 22 June 2013 1557: 892: 860: 626: 283: 1968:. The London School of Economics and Political Science. Media Policy Project Blog 1861:

Media integrity matters. Reclaiming public service values in media and journalism

3879: 3618: 3566: 3314: 2912: 2762: 848: 846:. It was released in 1958. The highest grossing feature film in the country was 279: 1548:, U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, 28 January 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2014. 622:

and culture. Macedonian Radio also broadcasts its programme over the Internet.

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TV called upon voters to support the government on ethnic nationalist grounds.

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at 67% of all households. There are 49 cable TV providers with the two majors

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corruption, issues concerning the ties between politics, business and media.

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Pro-governmental media are deemed to hold a dominant position in the market.

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Cable television is highly developed, with cable television penetration in

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operates the private national and local TV stations using MUX 6 and MUX 7.

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operates and maintains the DVB-T network in North Macedonia and the public

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was introduced in Macedonia in November 2009 as a Pay TV platform known as

629:(founded in 1994 as a contemporary hits radio station and soon part of the 2947: 2848: 2500: 1296:, when most private and public media expressed a pro-governmental bias. 634: 412: 326:

the right to cultural expression and information in their own languages.

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Makar, A. B.; McMartin, K. E.; Palese, M.; Tephly, T. R. (June 1975).

563: 3504: 3381: 2373: 1024: 758: 754: 615: 440: 1627: 1595: 1217:(state broadcaster) and the state-run newspaper publishing company 964:

1.1 million users, 97th in the world, 52% of the population (2009).

852:, having been seen by over 500,000 people in its first year alone. 4485: 2472: 2419: 2071:

Media ownership and its impact on media independence and pluralism

1811:. Macedonia: U.S. Agency for International Development. April 2006 1759:. Accessed on 2 April 2012. Note: Data are mostly for 1 July 2012. 1466:'s Subcommittee on Human Rights, October 2014, EXPO/B/DROI/2013/16 1301: 999: 723: 562: 450: 333: 1596:"Formate assay in body fluids: application in methanol poisoning" 2680: 1711:"Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012" 1695:"Fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012" 770: 4871: 4489: 3685: 2295: 1046:, and provides penalties for violations. In November 2012 the 945: 1828: 1826: 1280:

of expression and cause self-censorship and soft censorship.

2389: 2168: 1657:

Calculated using penetration rate and population data from

294:, North Macedonia's media system is under transformation. 2194:"International Media Freedom Mission to Macedonia Report" 834:, released in 1952. The first feature film in colour was 2248: 2224:"Bad Practices, Bad Faith: Soft Censorship in Macedonia" 1671:"Percentage of Individuals using the Internet 2000-2012" 2023: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1521: 792:

offering domestic and international programming (2012);

1196:

which was in turn owner of the pro-governmental radio

419:

are deemed as having a balanced or critical coverage.

688:

in the country. Other popular private channels are:

5201: 5163: 4905: 4817: 4779: 4521: 4357: 4288: 4227: 4105: 4044: 3975: 3893: 3838: 3786: 3729: 3720: 3458: 3440: 3352: 3273: 3220: 3211: 3191: 2961: 2867: 2836: 2805: 2796: 2699: 2529: 2459: 2410: 2401: 2361: 2345: 2336: 2228:

World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers

1254:

World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers

2005:. South-East Europe Media Observatory. 5 July 2014 1837:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012 1458:Elda Brogi, Alina Dobreva, and Pier Luigi Parcu, " 1259:According to a 2015 WAN IFRA report, a variety of 1008:United States Agency for International Development 1192:was linked to another Macedonian company, namely 1164:’s investigation there were two companies behind 1930:Roberto Belicanec, Zoran Ricliev (5 June 2012). 1685:, GfK, November 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2014. 1659:"Countries and Areas Ranked by Population: 2012" 907:407,900 lines in use, 103rd in the world (2012); 2203:. Association of Journalists of Macedonia. 2012 1247:Censorship, soft censorship and self-censorship 769:at the beginning of 2007. On 17 November 2008, 2249:"South East Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO)" 1999:"Non-transparent media ownership in Macedonia" 567:Macedonian Radio Television building in Skopje 4883: 4501: 3697: 2307: 247: 8: 4017:2016 Macedonian protests-Colorful Revolution 2106:"Media sustainability Index. Macedonia 2015" 1564:, 22 August 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2014. 1775:, 28 March 2006. Retrieved 31 January 2014. 1513:Analysis of the Broadcasting Market in 2012 443:(1993), and online-based Net Press (2007). 4899:Transparency of media ownership in Europe 4890: 4876: 4868: 4508: 4494: 4486: 4294: 4233: 4115: 4111: 4050: 4022:2017 storming of the Macedonian Parliament 4002:2014 Macedonian government building attack 3726: 3704: 3690: 3682: 3217: 2802: 2407: 2342: 2314: 2300: 2292: 1653: 1651: 1511:Broadcasting Council of Macedonia (2013), 740:MRD (North Macedonia Broadcasting Council) 322:. Finally, the Constitution guarantees to 254: 240: 28: 2274:The Protection of media freedom in Europe 2113:Europe and Asia Sustainability Index 2015 1500:Otkaz Za Sindikalniot Lider Na Novinarite 1095:Transparency of media ownership in Europe 984:: 62,826 hosts, 92nd in the world (2012). 653:. There used to be counted up to 410,000 573:List of radio stations in North Macedonia 369:Status and self-regulation of journalists 2068:Petković, Brankica (2004). "Macedonia". 1858:Petković, Brankica (2014). "Macedonia". 286:, and other sales-related revenues. The 1769:"Broadband network is envy of the west" 1573:Macedonian Institute for Media (2010), 1460:Freedom of Media in the Western Balkans 1364: 1002:coverage: 95% of the population (2006). 461:The oldest newspaper in the country is 160: 121: 114: 107: 100: 93: 86: 79: 72: 65: 58: 40: 18:Freedom of the press in North Macedonia 2169:"Mediapedia. Media ownership Database" 2077:. Ljubljana, Slovenia: Peace Institute 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1300:In February 2014, the chief editor of 918:2.2 million lines, 142nd in the world; 330:or development of children and youth. 2134: 2132: 2130: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1715:International Telecommunication Union 1699:International Telecommunication Union 1683:"Internet usage in Macedonia in 2009" 1454: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1044:national, religious, or ethnic hatred 881:Telecommunications in North Macedonia 478:Other well known daily newspaper are 7: 2222:Heslop, Andrew (December 15, 2015). 1440: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1370: 1368: 1019:Internet censorship and surveillance 887:Telephone numbers in North Macedonia 2285:Association of European Journalists 1208:In North Macedonia, the problem of 25: 1960:Irion, Kristina (30 April 2014). 803:: 1.9 million sets in use (2008). 2323: 1294:2014 Macedonian general election 1204:Concentration of media ownership 855:In 1994 Milco Manchevski's film 221: 50: 5272:Mass media in Europe by country 3955:Refugees of the Greek Civil War 2147:Media Sustainability Index 2017 1713:, Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, 1697:, Dynamic Report, ITU ITC EYE, 1089:Transparency of media ownership 304:Constitution of North Macedonia 288:Constitution of North Macedonia 2268:Parliamentary Assembly of the 1809:Education for a Modern Society 1345:In September 2014, the weekly 1034:The constitution provides for 618:with the mission of promoting 431:The public news agency is the 1: 5262:Mass media in North Macedonia 4032:2022 North Macedonia protests 2369:Macedonian Information Centre 2330:Mass media in North Macedonia 1789:The Christian Science Monitor 1048:defamation, libel and slander 581:The public radio broadcaster 577:Television in North Macedonia 437:Macedonian Information Centre 268:mass media in North Macedonia 3935:Independent Macedonia (1944) 1894:"Macedonia TMO Consultation" 1717:. Retrieved on 29 June 2013. 1701:. Retrieved on 29 June 2013. 1612:10.1016/0006-2944(75)90147-7 910:550,000 lines in use (2005). 746:using MUX 4 and MUX 5 while 3329:Yeni Balkan Haftalik Bulten 3037:Radio Aleksandar Makedonski 1757:Central Intelligence Agency 1542:"Communications: Macedonia" 744:Macedonian Radio Television 674:Macedonian Radio Television 583:Macedonian Radio Television 5288: 3997:2012 inter-ethnic violence 1939:Open Society Media Program 1558:"Macedonia profile: Media" 1498:Radio Free Europe (2011), 1215:Makedonska Radiotelevizija 1092: 994:Internet service providers 884: 878: 811: 676:(MKRTV), founded in 1993. 570: 228:North Macedonia portal 43:Culture of North Macedonia 4454: 4297: 4236: 4179: 4156: 4118: 4114: 4053: 3950:National Liberation Front 3930:War in Yugoslav Macedonia 2781: 2387: 2003:SEE Media Observatory.net 1337:Although decriminalised, 1333:Civil defamation lawsuits 1213:system, dominated by the 1120:and the daily newspapers 1013:Internet Service Provider 921:2.1 million lines (2008). 899:International call prefix 814:Cinema of North Macedonia 4161:Administrative divisions 4012:2015 Macedonian protests 2353:Media Information Agency 824:Janaki and Milton Manaki 433:Media Information Agency 1288:Political interferences 1225:and political parties. 661:Television broadcasting 4948:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4564:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3967:1963 Skopje earthquake 3940:Anti-Fascist Assembly 3097:Radio Marija Blagovest 2395: 1732:April 9, 2012, at the 1075:Regulatory authorities 859:was nominated as Best 598:(since 1945) 5 hours; 568: 458: 5267:Mass media by country 4027:2018 Prespa agreement 4007:2015 Kumanovo clashes 2393: 684:is the first private 566: 454: 348:access to information 316:access to information 308:freedom of expression 298:Legislative framework 292:country in transition 4442:World Heritage Sites 4068:Environmental issues 3908:Bulgarian occupation 3858:Macedonian awakening 2441:MRT Assembly Channel 1802:"Macedonia Connects" 1600:Biochemical Medicine 1502:. Radio Free Europe. 1198:Radio Free Macedonia 1109:beneficial ownership 795:136 stations (1997). 516:). Weeklies include 354:of the electorate". 183:World Heritage Sites 178:World Heritage Sites 5164:States with limited 4780:States with limited 4171:Statistical regions 3885:Treaty of Bucharest 3853:Karposh's rebellion 3771:Macedonia Salutaris 3761:Kingdom of Dardania 1464:European Parliament 1318:Tomislav Kezarovski 1210:media concentration 1144:online media sector 1112:these obligations. 1058:Media Organisations 786:Television stations 554:NIP Nova Makedonija 324:national minorities 4266:Telecommunications 3962:Socialist Republic 3749:Kingdom of Macedon 3375:Ekonomija i biznis 3140:Radio Sveti Nikole 2758:TV Nova (Kumanovo) 2585:TV Kiss&Menada 2396: 2279:2016-07-02 at the 1787:, Beth Kampschor, 1750:The World Factbook 1580:2015-12-22 at the 976:Wireless broadband 875:Telecommunications 838:, a movie about a 779:Makedonski Telekom 777:, was launched by 686:television channel 670:introduced in 1964 569: 559:Radio broadcasting 459: 439:(MIC, est. 1992), 5249: 5248: 4865: 4864: 4483: 4482: 4450: 4449: 4284: 4283: 4223: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4184:Foreign relations 4138:Political parties 4101: 4100: 4040: 4039: 3873:Kruševo Manifesto 3828:Kingdom of Prilep 3816:Theme of Bulgaria 3795:Bulgarian Empire 3679: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3424:Ubavina i Zdravje 3207: 3206: 2792: 2791: 2385: 2384: 2270:Council of Europe 1874:978-961-6455-77-0 1462:", study for the 1036:freedom of speech 996:: 20 ISPs (2005). 951: 942:Top-level domains 915:Mobile cellular: 844:Ottoman Macedonia 631:MTV Radio Network 610:(since 2003) and 359:Council of Europe 312:freedom of speech 274:outlets based in 264: 263: 16:(Redirected from 5279: 5202:Dependencies and 4906:Sovereign states 4892: 4885: 4878: 4869: 4818:Dependencies and 4522:Sovereign states 4510: 4503: 4496: 4487: 4463: 4422:National symbols 4295: 4234: 4116: 4112: 4051: 3943: 3868:Kruševo Republic 3863:Ilinden Uprising 3811:Byzantine Empire 3727: 3706: 3699: 3692: 3683: 3574:Nezavisen Vesnik 3560:Makedonski Sport 3218: 3120:Radio PLUSSFORTE 3107:Radio Merak 5 FM 2888:Jazz Radio 100.8 2854:Metropolis Radio 2803: 2408: 2343: 2328: 2327: 2316: 2309: 2302: 2293: 2287: 2266: 2260: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2198: 2190: 2184: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2165: 2159: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2144: 2140:"Macedonia 2017" 2136: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2110: 2102: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2076: 2065: 2026: 2021: 2015: 2014: 2012: 2010: 1995: 1978: 1977: 1975: 1973: 1957: 1951: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1936: 1927: 1910: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1890: 1879: 1878: 1866: 1855: 1840: 1830: 1821: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1806: 1798: 1792: 1791:, 28 March 2006. 1782: 1776: 1766: 1760: 1743: 1737: 1724: 1718: 1708: 1702: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1668: 1662: 1655: 1646: 1638: 1632: 1631: 1591: 1585: 1571: 1565: 1555: 1549: 1539: 1516: 1509: 1503: 1496: 1490: 1483: 1477: 1473: 1467: 1456: 1417: 1400: 1168:website, namely 949: 657:in use in 2008. 643:Metropolis radio 620:avantgarde music 539:Makedonsko Sonce 504:Makedonski Sport 256: 249: 242: 226: 225: 224: 54: 45: 29: 21: 5287: 5286: 5282: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5252: 5251: 5250: 5245: 5203: 5197: 5183:Northern Cyprus 5165: 5159: 5080:North Macedonia 4901: 4896: 4866: 4861: 4819: 4813: 4799:Northern Cyprus 4781: 4775: 4696:North Macedonia 4517: 4516:Media of Europe 4514: 4484: 4479: 4466: 4459: 4446: 4427:Public holidays 4417:National emblem 4353: 4280: 4215: 4201:Law enforcement 4175: 4152: 4097: 4036: 3990:Ohrid Agreement 3985:2001 insurgency 3971: 3941: 3920:Vardar Banovina 3889: 3834: 3782: 3754:Upper Macedonia 3716: 3713:North Macedonia 3710: 3680: 3671: 3667:Zivot na dlanka 3454: 3436: 3348: 3287:Bitolski Vesnik 3269: 3257:Sloboden Pechat 3243:Nova Makedonija 3203: 3187: 3165:Skaj Radio Plus 3155:Radio Valandovo 3082:Radio Kocani FM 3072:Radio Kavadarci 2957: 2893:Life Radio 89.1 2863: 2832: 2788: 2777: 2695: 2525: 2455: 2397: 2381: 2357: 2332: 2322: 2320: 2290: 2281:Wayback Machine 2267: 2263: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2246: 2242: 2232: 2230: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2206: 2204: 2196: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2177: 2175: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2152: 2150: 2142: 2138: 2137: 2128: 2118: 2116: 2108: 2104: 2103: 2090: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2067: 2066: 2029: 2022: 2018: 2008: 2006: 1997: 1996: 1981: 1971: 1969: 1966:Blogs.lse.ac.uk 1959: 1958: 1954: 1944: 1942: 1934: 1929: 1928: 1913: 1903: 1901: 1898:Access-info.org 1892: 1891: 1882: 1875: 1864: 1857: 1856: 1843: 1831: 1824: 1814: 1812: 1804: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1783: 1779: 1773:Financial Times 1767: 1763: 1744: 1740: 1734:Wayback Machine 1725: 1721: 1709: 1705: 1693: 1689: 1681: 1677: 1669: 1665: 1656: 1649: 1639: 1635: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1582:Wayback Machine 1572: 1568: 1556: 1552: 1540: 1519: 1510: 1506: 1497: 1493: 1485:UNESCO (2013), 1484: 1480: 1474: 1470: 1457: 1420: 1415:North Macedonia 1401: 1366: 1362: 1335: 1314:Nova Makedonija 1290: 1261:soft censorship 1249: 1219:Nova Makedonija 1206: 1105:broadcast media 1097: 1091: 1086: 1077: 1065: 1060: 1052:self-censorship 1021: 970:Fixed broadband 934: 889: 883: 877: 857:Before the Rain 820:history of film 816: 810: 801:Television sets 663: 655:Radio receivers 586:functions as a 579: 561: 551: 481:Utrinski Vesnik 469:Nova Makedonija 464:Nova Makedonija 456:Nova Makedonija 449: 429: 397: 371: 314:, the right to 306:guarantees the 300: 276:North Macedonia 260: 222: 220: 213: 212: 198: 197: 186: 185: 173: 172: 156: 155: 136: 135: 41: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5285: 5283: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5254: 5253: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5207: 5205: 5204:other entities 5199: 5198: 5196: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5169: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5157: 5155:United Kingdom 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4968:Czech Republic 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4902: 4897: 4895: 4894: 4887: 4880: 4872: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4823: 4821: 4820:other entities 4815: 4814: 4812: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4785: 4783: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4771:United Kingdom 4768: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4584:Czech Republic 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4525: 4523: 4519: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4512: 4505: 4498: 4490: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4477: 4472: 4465: 4464: 4456: 4455: 4452: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4432:Radio stations 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4363: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4330: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4309: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4286: 4285: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4261:Stock exchange 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4237: 4231: 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