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plaster including composite board and plate glass. In 1991 at John Good
Gallery in New York City, Hyde debuted true fresco applied on an enormous block of Styrofoam. Holland Cotter of the New York Times described the work as "objectifying some of the individual elements that have made modern paintings paintings." While Hyde's work "ranges from paintings on photographic prints to large-scale installations, photography, and abstract furniture design" his frescoes on Styrofoam have been a significant form of his work since the 1980s.
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create the mural by "first preparing a full-scale cartoon, which he transferred to the wet plaster using the traditional pouncing technique," the act of passing powdered pigment onto the plaster through tiny perforations in a cartoon. The surface unity of the fresco was important to Novros in that the pigment he used bonded with the drying plaster, becoming part of the wall rather than a surface coating. This site-specific work was Novros's first true fresco, which was restored by the artist in 2013.
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312:) banged on them to produce black dots along the lines. If the painting was to be done over an existing fresco, the surface would be roughened to provide better adhesion. On the day of painting, the intonaco, a thinner, smooth layer of fine plaster was added to the amount of wall that was expected to be completed that day, sometimes matching the contours of the figures or the landscape, but more often just starting from the top of the composition. This area is called the
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history, practitioners of frescoes always took a careful methodological approach. Hyde's frescoes are done improvisationally. The contemporary disposability of the
Styrofoam structure contrast the permanence of the classical fresco technique. In 1993, Hyde mounted four automobile sized frescoes on Styrofoam suspended from a brick wall. Progressive Insurance commissioned this site-specific work for the monumental 80- foot atrium in their headquarters in Cleveland, Ohio.
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has proved to be a problem for frescoes and other works of art in the city for centuries. The city is built on a lagoon in northern Italy. The humidity and the rise of water over the centuries have created a phenomenon known as rising damp. As the lagoon water rises and seeps into the foundation of a
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was developing a 50-year practice around the technique. David Novros is an
American painter and a muralist of geometric abstraction. In 1968 Donald Judd commissioned Novros to create a work at 101 Spring Street, New York, NY soon after he had purchased the building. Novros used medieval techniques to
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While some similar frescoes have been found in other locations around the
Mediterranean basin, particularly in Egypt and Morocco, their origins are subject to speculation. Some art historians believe that fresco artists from Crete may have been sent to various locations as part of a trade exchange, a
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is commonly and inaccurately used in
English to refer to any wall painting regardless of the plaster technology or binding medium. This, in part, contributes to a misconception that the most geographically and temporally common wall painting technology was the painting into wet lime plaster. Even in
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are difficult to create because of the deadline associated with the drying plaster. Generally, a layer of plaster will require ten to twelve hours to dry; ideally, an artist would begin to paint after one hour and continue until two hours before the drying time—giving seven to nine hours' working
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The painting technique used on the
Sigiriya paintings is "fresco lustro". It varies slightly from the pure fresco technique in that it also contains a mild binding agent or glue. This gives the painting added durability, as clearly demonstrated by the fact that they have survived, exposed to the
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first presented frescoes in New York at the Esther Rand
Gallery, Thompkins Square Park in 1985. At that time Hyde was using true fresco technique on small panels made of cast concrete arranged on the wall. Throughout the next decade Hyde experimented with multiple rigid supports for the fresco
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The frescoes have been shown throughout Europe and the United States. In ArtForum David Pagel wrote, "like ruins from some future archaeological dig, Hyde's nonrepresentational frescoes on large chunks of
Styrofoam give suggestive shape to the fleeting landscape of the present." Over its long
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contributed more to the history of
Mexican fine arts and to the reputation of Mexican art in general than anybody else. Channeling pre-Columbian Mexican artworks including the true frescoes at Teotihuacan, Orozco, Siqueiros, River and Fernando Leal established the art movement known as
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178:, which itself becomes the medium holding the pigment. The pigment is absorbed by the wet plaster; after a number of hours, the plaster dries in reaction to air: it is this chemical reaction which fixes the pigment particles in the plaster. The chemical processes are as follows:
308:, a name also used to refer to these under-paintings. Later,new techniques for transferring paper drawings to the wall were developed. The main lines of a drawing made on paper were pricked over with a point, the paper held against the wall, and a bag of soot (
1123:(ruled 477 – 495 AD). The generally accepted view is that they are portrayals of women of the royal court of the king depicted as celestial nymphs showering flowers upon the humans below. They bear some resemblance to the Gupta style of painting found in the
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Researchers have discovered the technique used in these frescos. A smooth batter of limestone mixture was applied over the stones, which took two to three days to set. Within that short span, such large paintings were painted with natural organic pigments.
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A technique used in the popular frescoes of
Michelangelo and Raphael was to scrape indentations into certain areas of the plaster while still wet to increase the illusion of depth and to accent certain areas over others. The eyes of the people of the
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is painted on nearly dry intonaco—firm enough not to take a thumb-print, says the sixteenth-century author Ignazio Pozzo—so that the pigment only penetrates slightly into the plaster. By the end of the sixteenth century this had largely displaced
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The American artist, Brice Marden's monochrome works first shown in 1966 at Bykert Gallery, New York were inspired by frescos and "watching masons plastering stucco walls." While Marden employed the imagistic effects of fresco,
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can be done, and the unpainted intonaco must be removed with a tool before starting again the next day. If mistakes have been made, it may also be necessary to remove the whole intonaco for that area—or to change them later,
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One of the first painters in the post-classical period to use this technique was the Isaac Master (or Master of the Isaac fresco, and thus a name used to refer to the unknown master of a particular painting) in the Upper
1324:, dating from 1600, represents a late return to the style developed some 70 years earlier. The tradition of painted churches continued into the 19th century in other parts of Romania, although never to the same extent.
360:, which were originally nearly invisible, have sometimes become visible, and in many large-scale frescoes, these divisions may be seen from the ground. Additionally, the border between giornate was often covered by an
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saw the most prominent use of fresco, particularly in Italy, where most churches and many government buildings still feature fresco decoration. This change coincided with the reevaluation of murals in the
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Thanks to large number of ancient rock-cut cave temples, valuable ancient and early medieval frescoes have been preserved in more than 20 locations of India. The frescoes on the ceilings and walls of the
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work, the intonaco is laid with a rougher finish, allowed to dry completely and then usually given a key by rubbing with sand. The painter then proceeds much as he or she would on a canvas or wood panel.
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are sunken-in using this technique which causes the eyes to seem deeper and more pensive. Michelangelo used this technique as part of his trademark 'outlining' of his central figures within his frescoes.
1304:, completely covered with frescos inside and out, that date from the last quarter of the 15th century to the second quarter of the 16th century. The most remarkable are the monastic foundations at
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810:, was discovered in June 1968. These frescoes depict scenes of the life and society of ancient Greece, and constitute valuable historical testimonials. One shows a group of men reclining at a
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work would be done to make changes, and sometimes to add small details, but also because not all colours can be achieved in true fresco, because only some pigments work chemically in the very
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Located in a small sheltered depression a hundred meters above ground only 19 survive today. Ancient references, however, refer to the existence of as many as five hundred of these frescoes.
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were widely used in the Middle Ages (first Romanesque, then Gothic) and can be seen in some 600 Danish churches as well as in churches in the south of Sweden, which was Danish at the time.
674:", a man fighting against two lions, individual fighting scenes, and Egyptian and foreign boats. Ancient Egyptians painted many tombs and houses, but those wall paintings are not frescoes.
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is added to the whole area to be painted and allowed to dry for some days. Many artists sketched their compositions on this underlayer, which would never be seen, in a red pigment called
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mural painting techniques, which are applied to dried plaster, to supplement painting in fresco. The fresco technique has been employed since antiquity and is closely associated with
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building, the water is absorbed and rises up through the walls often causing damage to frescoes. Venetians have become quite adept in the conservation methods of frescoes. The mold
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is used as the vehicle for the dry-powder pigment to merge with the plaster, and with the setting of the plaster, the painting becomes an integral part of the wall. The word
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1131:. They are, however, far more enlivened and colorful and uniquely Sri Lankan in character. They are the only surviving secular art from antiquity found in Sri Lanka today.
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911:. Roman frescoes were done by the artist painting the artwork on the still damp plaster of the wall, so that the painting is part of the wall, actually colored plaster.
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were that it was quicker, mistakes could be corrected, and the colours varied less from when applied to when fully dry—in wet fresco there was a considerable change.
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On the left, Anthony the Great, crucifixion with the Virgin and Saint John, on the right, the Archangel Michael. Abbey church of Saint-Antoine l'Abbaye, France
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It has also become increasingly clear, thanks to modern analytical techniques, that even in the early Italian Renaissance painters quite frequently employed
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techniques so as to allow the use of a broader range of pigments. In most early examples this work has now entirely vanished, but a whole painting done
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729:, depicts a sacred ceremony in which individuals jump over the backs of large bulls. The oldest surviving Minoan frescoes are found on the island of
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Kirsten Trampedach, "Introduction to Danish wall paintings - Conservation ethics and methods of treatment from the National Museum of Denmark"
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2797:"Ministère de la Culture (France) - Médiathèque de l'architecture et du patrimoine, Exposition internationale des arts et techniques de 1937"
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were richly painted in 12th and 13th century, with both decorative and educational—for the illiterate faithfuls—roles, as can be seen in the
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Roman (Christian) frescoes from the 1st to 2nd centuries AD were found in catacombs beneath Rome, and Byzantine icons were also found in
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316:("day's work"), and the different day stages can usually be seen in a large fresco, by a faint seam that separates one from the next.
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PĂ©ter Bokody (Ed.). Image and Christianity: Visual Media in the Middle Ages. Exhibition Catalog. Pannonhalma: Pannonhalma Abbey, 2014
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1927:, (New Residenz) WĂĽrzburg, (Royal Palace) Madrid, (Villa Pisani) Stra, and others; Wall scenes (Villa Valmarana and Palazzo Labia)
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1371:. In 1954 he realized a fresco for the Cité Ouvrière du Laboratoire Débat, Garches. He also executed mural decorations for the
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possibility which raises to the fore the importance of this art form within the society of the times. The most common form of
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the famous Mexican artists, renewed the art of fresco painting in the 20th century. Orozco, Siqueiros, Rivera and his wife
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Ciacci, Leonardo., ed, La Fenice Reconstructed 1996–2003: a building site in the city, (Venezia: Marsilio, 2003),118.
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on a surface roughened to give a key for the paint may survive very well, although damp is more threatening to it than to
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2747:(in Catalan). Fotografies de Ramon Manent, Pere Pascual i Rosina RamĂrez (1. ed.). Barcelona: Angle Editorial.
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environment of fresh lime-based plaster. Blue was a particular problem, and skies and blue robes were often added
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3007:"Restoration of the Last Supper 1498 - Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519 - The Last Supper St. Apostle John Comparison"
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work lasts better with a roughened plaster surface, whilst true fresco should have a smooth one. The additional
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2165:"Good-natured giant Saint Christopher carrying the child Jesus." Abbey church of Saint-Antoine l'Abbaye, France
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During the Mughal Era, frescos were used for making interior design on walls and inside the ceilings of domes.
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There have been comparatively few frescoes created since the 1960s but there are some significant exceptions.
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of the lime, which fixes the colour in the plaster ensuring durability of the fresco for future generations.
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completed in 1966, is an example of modern frescos, the interior being painted with religious scenes by the
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period, the Chola paintings were painted over. The Chola frescos lying underneath have an ardent spirit of
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Matthew L. Levy, "David Novro's Painted Places", in David Novros, exh. Cat. (Bielefeld: Kerber, 2014),50.
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was arguably the last major exponent of this tradition, with huge schemes for palaces in Madrid and
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wall paintings, such as those at the magnificent Villa dei Misteri (1st century BC) in the ruins of
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frescoed a mural in the Colombian Congress Building, and also in the Colombian National Building.
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and other locations. Frescoes have been made in several techniques, including tempera technique.
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Case, Humphrey; Payne, Joan Crowfoot (1962). "Tomb 100: The Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis".
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2726:, Image and Christianity: Visual Media in the Middle Ages, Pannonhalma Abbey, 2014, 136-151"
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2013:
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technology, the use of supplementary organic materials was widespread, if underrecognized.
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662:. Several of the themes and designs visible in the fresco are otherwise known from other
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Anca Vasiliu, "Monastères de Moldavie (XIVème-XVIème siècles)", Paris Mediterranée, 1998
170:(after the Italian word for plaster). Because of the chemical makeup of the plaster, a
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in Woonsocket, RI. Home of the largest collection of fresco paintings in North America.
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Sigiriya Frescoes, The Mary B. Wheeler Collection, University of Pennsylvania Library
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along with portraits of local lords form the subject matter of these wall paintings.
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expressed in them. They probably synchronised with the completion of the temple by
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Scott, David W. (1957). "Orozco's Prometheus: Summation, Transition, Innovation".
1059:. This can be seen preserved at National Museum at New Delhi in a chamber called
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Panels (including Giotto(?), Lorenzetti, Martini and others) in upper and lower
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meaning "dry" in Italian). The pigments thus require a binding medium, such as
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Also a historical collection of Ancient Christian frescoes can be found in the
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is not required, as the pigment mixed solely with the water will sink into the
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Violence and Power in Ancient Egypt: Image and Ideology before the New Kingdom
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paintings were discovered in 1931 within the circumambulatory passage of the
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1398:. In 1996, it was designated an historic monument by the French government.
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to attach the pigment to the wall. It is important to distinguish between
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produced several frescos including a three by six meter painting for the
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Ancient Egyptian Warfare: Tactics, Weaponry and Ideology of the Pharaohs
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method date from the first half of the second millennium BCE during the
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The following is the process that was used when rescuing frescoes in
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The ceiling of Begum Shahi mosque in Lahore with Mughal style frescos
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Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne
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609:). The settlement of Akrotiri was buried in volcanic ash (dated by
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Ancient and medieval Indian cave paintings - Internet encyclopedia
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Fragment of a 13th-century fresco with Armenian inscribed text in
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Mural Painting as a Medium: Technique, Representation and Liturgy
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Fresco cycle, a series of frescos done about a particular subject
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frescoes, dating from the 4th century BC, have been found in the
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In a wall-sized fresco, there may be ten to twenty or even more
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Museum of Ancient Inventions: Roman-Style Fresco, Italy, 50 AD
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can grow after flooding, to consume nutrients from frescoes.
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on the island, which preserved many Minoan frescoes like this
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and are the oldest known frescoes in India. They depict the
2682:"Lahore Its History, Architectural Remains and Antiquities"
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in southern Europe, for churches and especially palaces.
507:. This technique had, in reduced form, the advantages of
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Organic materials in wall paintings : project report
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The first known Egyptian fresco was found in Tomb 100 at
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The GroveEncyclopedia of Materials and Techniques in Art
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Fresco Cycle of The Miracles of the Virgin of Guadalupe
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and 35 km west of Udhampur). Scenes from epics of
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in India and are the first Chola specimens discovered.
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602:(classically Thera), dated to the Neo-Palatial period (
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Interior view with the frescoes dating back to 1259,
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View of a woman's face in the central chamber of the
538:
Reproduction of the earliest known fresco, Tomb 100,
376:. A person who creates fresco is called a frescoist.
396:
in Padua. Sky and blue mantle of Maria were painted
336:. An indispensable component of this process is the
3856:
3725:
3663:
3527:
3452:
3251:
2984:Progressive Insurance, "Installations- James Hyde"
2424:Mora, Paolo; Mora, Laura; Philippot, Paul (1984).
2333:Mora, Paolo; Mora, Laura; Philippot, Paul (1984).
1911:Allegory of Divine Providence and Barberini Power
93:meaning "fresh", and may thus be contrasted with
2883:"Brice Marden with Jeffrey Weiss", October 2006.
162:water and is used on a thin layer of wet, fresh
3717:Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America
1338:, where he was once a student. He directed the
1051:fresco with wall paintings depicting scenes of
848:are dating back to 4th century BC, making it a
514:The three key advantages of work done entirely
3225:
2395:. Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute.
16:Mural painting upon freshly laid lime plaster
8:
1474:Virgin and Unicorn (A Virgin with a Unicorn)
1356:
1343:
400:, and large part of the painting is now lost
69:painting executed upon freshly laid ("wet")
2743:Español, Francesca; Yarza, JoaquĂn (2007).
3232:
3218:
3210:
2940:Guggenheim, John Simon Memorial Foundation
2830:"Waterhouse & Dodd Fine Art 1850-2000"
691:), dating from the early 18th century BC.
288:of a young man from the Villa di Arianna,
3156:
2962:David Pagel, "James Hyde, Angles Gallery"
2857:"Mexican Muralism | Modern Latin America"
2049:'s Frary Dining Hall. Painted in 1930 by
1347:École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts
2561:Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilisation
1786:on plaster and stone, not a true fresco)
1369:Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris
533:
89:) is derived from the Italian adjective
27:
2475:, pp. 15–25 1969, Arts Council, London.
2325:
2097:
2070:Conservation and restoration of frescos
1269:, a masterpiece of medieval culture of
1102:Monastery of Saint Moses the Abyssinian
3129:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
2671:by Wondermondo. Retrieved 4 June 2010.
2618:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 424.
364:painting, which has since fallen off.
2902:"Index of works- David Novros", 2013.
1373:Plan des anciennes enceintes de Paris
7:
3125:"Microbial Degradation of Paintings"
2816:, Ministère français de la Culture.
2640:Ancient Egyptian paintings, Vol. III
2471:All this section - Ugo Procacci, in
1574:Early Christian art and architecture
2615:A Companion to Ancient Egyptian Art
2487:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
2453:How is a fresco made? - Fresco Blog
1521:Miracles of the Virgin of Guadalupe
1277:Fresco painting continued into the
1111:The Sigiriya Frescoes are found in
499:, and was used by painters such as
448:work added on top of them, because
3816:Index of painting-related articles
3112:from the original on 9 April 2011.
2814:Cité ouvrière du Laboratoire Débat
1696:Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi
14:
1592:Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Sofia
1570:Frescoes from the Roman catacombs
408:painting is done on dry plaster (
130:. Detail of two dancers from the
3093:: Molecular Biology and Genomics
2362:Ward, Gerald W. R., ed. (2008).
2278:
2259:
2240:
2212:
2189:
2170:
2158:
2146:
2121:
2105:
2057:St. Ann Arts and Cultural Center
1135:elements, for over 1,500 years.
962:'s life in former existences as
723:. The most famous of these, the
699:The oldest frescoes done in the
635:fresco of Velia Velcha from the
444:works are more durable than any
300:, a rough underlayer called the
2537:. Open Road Media. p. 22.
2112:Chola Fresco of Dancing girls.
2074:The climate and environment of
1817:, Chapel of San Brizio, Duomo,
1249:fresco painting can be seen in
867:built in the 4th century BC in
2720:Bokody, Peter (January 2014).
2699:. Melbourne: Panique Pty Ltd.
2426:Conservation of Wall Paintings
2335:Conservation of Wall Paintings
2128:18th-century BC fresco of the
1958:Fresco Cycle of Bolivar's Epic
1194:on Christ's Grave, c 1235 AD,
1119:. Painted during the reign of
1047:) is another site of historic
1027:of Ramnagar (105 km from
958:tales that are stories of the
790:Frescoes were also painted in
52:
1:
3149:10.1128/AEM.65.3.879-885.1999
2921:Holland Cotter,New York Times
2695:Ponnamperuma, Senani (2013).
1632:Thracian tomb of Aleksandrovo
1617:Rock-hewn Churches of Ivanovo
1484:
1465:Selected examples of frescoes
1365:Pavillon de la Ville de Paris
1087:
948:
934:built and painted during the
781:
734:
656:
614:
603:
567:
547:
440:on a blank wall. Generally,
3755:Museum collection management
3678:Art history (academic study)
3557:alternative exhibition space
2930:"Art in Review", March 1993.
2612:Hartwig, Melinda K. (2014).
2177:Chapel of the Holy Cross in
1245:One of the rare examples of
1086:Sigiriya Fresco, Sri Lanka.
380:Other types of wall painting
99:Italian Renaissance painting
3916:Colossal sculptures in situ
3620:Artist-in-residence program
3123:Orio Ciferri (March 1999).
2253:Church of St. George, Sofia
1751:, Chiesa di San Francesco,
1729:, Santa Maria del Carmine,
1607:Church of St. George, Sofia
670:. It shows the scene of a "
647:Egypt and ancient Near East
4068:
3926:Contemporary art galleries
3821:Outline of the visual arts
3095:. Caister Academic Press.
3079:"An Overview of the Genus
2067:
1828:
1689:Late Medieval-Quattrocento
1662:Rotunda of Saint Catherine
1549:Ancient and Early Medieval
707:and are to be found among
18:
3996:
2777:. Retrieved 2 March 2010.
2642:, Chicago, 1963, p. xxxi
2591:. Routledge. p. 94.
2564:. Routledge. p. 94.
2391:Piqué, Francesca (2015).
2294:Church frescos in Denmark
2247:Byzantine and Bulgarian,
1925:Giovanni Battista Tiepolo
1649:Santiago Martinez Delgado
1637:Transfiguration Monastery
1627:Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak
1357:
1344:
834:Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak
719:and other islands of the
370:Basilica of Saint Francis
37:, a detail of the fresco
3980:Most expensive paintings
3767:Conservation-restoration
3569:Contemporary art gallery
2861:Brown University Library
2773:24 November 2009 at the
2585:Bestock, Laurel (2017).
2299:Church frescos in Sweden
2064:Conservation of frescoes
1962:Colegio de San Ildefonso
1705:Cappella degli Scrovegni
836:frescoes, 4th century BC
684:Investiture of Zimri-Lim
566:, Syria, fresco painted
563:Investiture of Zimri-Lim
136:Necropolis of Monterozzi
3988:works by living artists
3750:Classificatory disputes
2558:Kemp, Barry J. (2007).
2462:by Italian Fresco Blog.
2368:Oxford University Press
2314:Kandyan period frescoes
2131:Investiture of Zimrilim
1782:, Milan (technically a
1555:Ancient Aegean frescoes
1300:) boasts about a dozen
21:Fresco (disambiguation)
3203:26 August 2013 at the
2989:5 October 2021 at the
2967:5 October 2021 at the
2945:5 October 2021 at the
2926:5 October 2021 at the
2898:5 October 2021 at the
2879:5 October 2021 at the
2473:Frescoes from Florence
2081:aspergillus versicolor
1997:
1994:Valkenburg aan de Geul
1841:Sistine Chapel ceiling
1560:Etruscan tomb frescoes
1545:
1524:
1509:
1490:
1452:The American painter,
1296:(historical region of
1274:
1202:
1184:
1166:
1108:
1093:
1074:
939:
871:
837:
787:
643:
625:
573:
554:
490:A third type called a
401:
293:
147:
132:Tomb of the Triclinium
86:
45:
39:Sistine Chapel ceiling
3625:Artist-run initiative
3512:Visual arts education
2994:Progressive Insurance
2304:Gambier Parry process
2224:Domenico di Michelino
1988:Inside the church of
1987:
1960:by Fernando Leal, at
1949:Basilica of Guadalupe
1947:by Fernando Leal, at
1897:The Loves of the Gods
1749:Piero della Francesca
1622:Roman Tomb (Silistra)
1530:
1515:
1496:
1472:
1264:
1236:church wall paintings
1190:
1178:Sant Climent de TaĂĽll
1172:
1149:
1099:
1085:
1072:
952: 200 BC and 600
947:were painted between
938:in the 6th century AD
929:
862:
840:The richly decorated
832:
771:
666:objects, such as the
631:
579:
560:
537:
406:secco or fresco-secco
387:
283:
126:
95:fresco-secco or secco
31:
3921:Contemporary artists
3784:Destination painting
3581:Single-artist museum
3470:Conservator-restorer
2667:24 June 2018 at the
2266:Villa of Livia, Rome
2206:Ferapontov Monastery
2051:José Clemente Orozco
1934:, Sant'Ignazio, Rome
1542:José Clemente Orozco
1523:, Fresco Mexico City
1407:José Clemente Orozco
1353:Pavillon du Tourisme
1351:, and decorated the
1283:Gianbattista Tiepolo
1057:Radha- Krishna Leela
885:, were completed in
756:, usually using the
709:Aegean civilizations
695:Aegean civilizations
551: 3500–3200 BCE
501:Gianbattista Tiepolo
65:) is a technique of
34:The Creation of Adam
19:For other uses, see
4042:Painting techniques
3911:Art reference books
3705:History of painting
3289:Fine-art photograph
3141:1999ApEnM..65..879C
3077:Bennett JW (2010).
3035:College Art Journal
3013:on 27 November 2020
2649:10 May 2022 at the
2458:18 May 2017 at the
2114:Brihadisvara Temple
2024:Studenica monastery
2019:GraÄŤanica monastery
2002:Château St. Gerlach
1990:Château St. Gerlach
1768:Santa Maria Novella
1763:Cappella Tornabuoni
1736:Ambrogio Lorenzetti
1678:Saint-Esprit, Paris
1565:Frescoes of Pompeii
1302:painted monasteries
1257:Early modern Europe
1220:Romanesque churches
1163:World Heritage List
1091: 477 – 495 AD
1053:Draupti Cheer Haran
995:Brihadisvara Temple
984:Badami Cave Temples
854:World Heritage Site
764:Classical antiquity
738: 1640–1600 BC
726:Bull-Leaping Fresco
715:from the island of
677:An old fresco from
668:Gebel el-Arak Knife
660: 3500–3200 BC
607: 1640–1600 BC
158:is mixed with room
4037:Painting materials
4006:Visual arts portal
3936:National galleries
3789:Eclecticism in art
3744:Catalogue raisonné
3615:Artist cooperative
2432:. pp. 47–54.
2370:. pp. 223–5.
2341:. pp. 34–54.
2286:Visual arts portal
2234:Florence Cathedral
2029:Mileševa monastery
1998:
1892:Florence Cathedral
1878:Camera degli Sposi
1597:Bachkovo Monastery
1546:
1525:
1510:
1491:
1275:
1267:Dadivank Monastery
1203:
1196:Mileševa monastery
1185:
1167:
1109:
1094:
1075:
940:
916:Churches of Göreme
872:
838:
788:
752:wall paintings in
644:
626:
611:radiocarbon dating
574:
555:
464:, because neither
402:
327:is dried, no more
294:
148:
46:
4019:
4018:
3610:Artist collective
3424:Site-specific art
3274:Cultural artifact
3102:978-1-904455-53-0
2855:Sophie Friedman.
2745:El romĂ nic catalĂ
2697:Story of Sigiriya
2625:978-1-118-32509-4
2598:978-1-134-85626-8
2571:978-1-134-56389-0
2544:978-1-5040-6059-2
2402:978-1-937433-29-1
2377:978-0-19-531391-8
1996:, The Netherlands
1919:Palazzo Barberini
1915:Pietro da Cortona
1901:Annibale Carracci
1780:Leonardo da Vinci
1502:Tampere Cathedral
1498:The Wounded Angel
1396:Tsuguharu Foujita
1340:École de fresques
1061:Chamba Rang Mahal
808:Tomb of the Diver
711:, more precisely
672:Master of Animals
4059:
3975:Stolen paintings
3843:Sociology of art
3794:Economics of art
3645:Sculpture garden
3630:Artist-run space
3429:Social sculpture
3299:Installation art
3234:
3227:
3220:
3211:
3180:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3160:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3087:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3029:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3009:. Archived from
3003:
2997:
2981:
2975:
2974:, December 1993.
2959:
2953:
2937:
2931:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2903:
2890:
2884:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2832:. Archived from
2826:
2820:
2819:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2793:
2787:
2784:
2778:
2765:
2759:
2758:
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2710:
2692:
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2659:
2653:
2638:Nina M. Davies:
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2150:
2125:
2109:
2008:Serbian Medieval
1890:The dome of the
1831:High Renaissance
1825:High Renaissance
1740:Palazzo Pubblico
1727:Brancacci Chapel
1707:(Arena Chapel),
1489:
1486:
1429:Mexican Muralism
1402:Mexican muralism
1377:Musée Carnavalet
1362:
1361:
1350:
1349:
1092:
1089:
1045:Himachal Pradesh
1019:The frescoes in
953:
950:
930:Fresco from the
881:, and others at
846:Tomb of Kazanlak
844:frescoes of the
786:
783:
739:
736:
661:
658:
619:
616:
608:
605:
572:
569:
552:
549:
546:culture, Egypt (
394:Scrovegni Chapel
346:School of Athens
292:, 1st century AD
60:
54:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4032:Fresco painting
4022:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4001:Painting portal
3992:
3899:sculpture parks
3852:
3811:Elements of art
3779:Cultural policy
3721:
3673:Timeline of art
3659:
3650:Sculpture trail
3529:
3523:
3448:
3365:Performance art
3247:
3238:
3205:Wayback Machine
3189:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3174:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3109:
3103:
3085:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3016:
3014:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2991:Wayback Machine
2982:
2978:
2969:Wayback Machine
2960:
2956:
2950:Awarded Fellows
2947:Wayback Machine
2938:
2934:
2928:Wayback Machine
2919:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2900:Wayback Machine
2893:Judd Foundation
2891:
2887:
2881:Wayback Machine
2872:
2868:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2839:
2837:
2836:on 11 July 2012
2828:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2808:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2775:Wayback Machine
2766:
2762:
2755:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2722:"PĂ©ter Bokody,
2719:
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2714:
2707:
2694:
2693:
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2680:
2679:
2675:
2669:Wayback Machine
2660:
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2651:Wayback Machine
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2499:10.2307/3855778
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2460:Wayback Machine
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2179:Wawel Cathedral
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2117:
2110:
2096:
2072:
2066:
2037:
2010:
1982:
1980:The Netherlands
1941:
1905:Palazzo Farnese
1859:Villa Farnesina
1833:
1827:
1815:Luca Signorelli
1775:The Last Supper
1691:
1686:
1674:
1658:
1645:
1588:
1551:
1487:
1478:Palazzo Farnese
1467:
1438:
1415:David Siqueiros
1404:
1392:School of Paris
1329:Clément Serveau
1259:
1209:period and the
1144:
1121:King Kashyapa I
1100:Frescos in the
1090:
1080:
1014:Rajaraja Cholan
951:
924:
784:
766:
737:
697:
659:
655:, and dated to
649:
622:Minoan eruption
617:
606:
571: 1770 BCE
570:
550:
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128:Etruscan fresco
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3991:
3990:
3977:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3960:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3951:by nationality
3948:
3938:
3933:
3931:Modern artists
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3907:
3906:
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3876:
3874:Art techniques
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3835:
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3833:
3828:
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3807:
3806:
3801:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3760:deaccessioning
3752:
3747:
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3727:
3723:
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3714:
3713:
3712:
3702:
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3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3669:
3667:
3665:History of art
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3655:Virtual museum
3652:
3647:
3642:
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3559:
3552:Art exhibition
3549:
3544:
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3434:Soft sculpture
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3269:Conceptual art
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3239:
3237:
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3214:
3208:
3207:
3195:
3188:
3187:External links
3185:
3182:
3181:
3172:
3135:(3): 879–885.
3115:
3101:
3069:
3048:10.2307/773653
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1384:Foujita chapel
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1182:MNAC Barcelona
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980:Armamalai Cave
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865:Ostrusha mound
798:, which was a
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2014:Visoki DeÄŤani
2012:
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3294:Found object
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3015:. Retrieved
3011:the original
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2907:
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2838:. Retrieved
2834:the original
2824:
2810:Base Mérimée
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2339:Butterworths
2334:
2328:
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2136:Royal Palace
2129:
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2085:
2073:
2040:
1973:
1969:
1932:Andrea Pozzo
1837:Michelangelo
1773:
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1713:
1580:Castelseprio
1531:
1520:
1506:Hugo Simberg
1497:
1473:
1459:
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1446:David Novros
1442:
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1436:Contemporary
1427:
1419:Diego Rivera
1405:
1381:
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1355:at the 1937
1352:
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1316:(1530), and
1291:
1289:in Germany.
1276:
1244:
1240:kalkmalerier
1239:
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1192:Myrrhbearers
1137:
1133:
1125:Ajanta Caves
1110:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1025:Sheesh Mahal
1018:
1003:
999:
988:
976:Sittanavasal
972:Ellora Caves
945:Ajanta Caves
941:
936:Gupta Empire
932:Ajanta Caves
913:
890:
887:buon fresco.
886:
873:
839:
800:Greek colony
789:
785: 50 CE
757:
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590:fresco from
580:
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505:Michelangelo
496:
492:mezzo-fresco
491:
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470:lapis lazuli
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296:In painting
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286:Roman fresco
246:lime plaster
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90:
78:
71:lime plaster
62:
57:
48:
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43:Michelangelo
32:
25:
4011:Arts portal
3884:Art museums
3799:art finance
3600:Arts centre
3564:Art gallery
3547:Art commune
3537:Art auction
3380:Printmaking
3309:Mixed media
3304:Kinetic art
3241:Visual arts
3091:Aspergillus
3081:Aspergillus
3042:(1): 2–18.
2840:15 December
2818:(in French)
2140:Mari, Syria
2138:of ancient
1953:Mexico City
1810:Ghirlandaio
1758:Ghirlandaio
1508:(1873–1917)
1488: 1602
1482:Domenichino
1423:Frida Kahlo
1211:Renaissance
1174:Pantocrator
1142:Middle Ages
1043:of Chamba (
1016:the Great.
1004:During the
964:Bodhisattva
883:Herculaneum
772:Fresco of "
760:technique.
701:buon fresco
679:Mesopotamia
521:For wholly
497:buon fresco
485:buon fresco
442:buon fresco
434:buon fresco
420:), glue or
329:buon fresco
298:buon fresco
183:calcination
160:temperature
152:Buon fresco
112:buon fresco
109:apparently
4047:Plastering
4026:Categories
3984:sculptures
3838:Provenance
3733:Art market
3640:Commission
3588:Art school
3576:Art museum
3542:Art colony
3530:and events
3390:street art
3385:Public art
3017:29 October
2320:References
2196:Fresco by
2042:Prometheus
1923:Ceilings,
1829:See also:
1806:Signorelli
1802:Rossellini
1794:Botticelli
1770:, Florence
1714:Camposanto
1572:(see also
1533:Prometheus
1454:James Hyde
1041:Rang Mahal
1033:Mahabharat
989:The later
968:Bagh Caves
905:Cappadocia
852:protected
721:Aegean Sea
713:Minoan art
705:Bronze Age
598:island of
588:Bronze Age
428:work done
388:Fresco by
119:Technology
3963:Sculptors
3869:Art media
3831:sculpture
3772:paintings
3693:Criticism
3475:paintings
3465:Collector
3397:Sculpture
3314:bricolage
3245:art world
3056:1543-6322
2972:Art Forum
2529:Shaw, Ian
2507:0307-5133
2411:944038739
2198:Dionisius
2088:La Fenice
1367:; now at
1363:(Paris),
1333:Lycée de
1318:MoldoviĹŁa
1292:Northern
1251:Qasr Amra
1232:Barcelona
1224:Catalonia
1205:The late
1165:landmark.
1117:Sri Lanka
1078:Sri Lanka
826:, Italy.
812:symposium
731:Santorini
664:Naqada II
641:Tarquinia
620:) by the
600:Santorini
594:, on the
544:Naqada II
468:blue nor
218:quicklime
191:lime kiln
187:limestone
140:Tarquinia
104:The word
3941:Painters
3826:painting
3738:The arts
3698:feminist
3635:Biennale
3375:Portrait
3360:Painting
3331:graffiti
3284:Fine art
3243:and the
3201:Archived
3167:10049836
3107:Archived
2987:Archived
2965:Archived
2943:Archived
2924:Archived
2896:Archived
2877:Archived
2771:Archived
2665:Archived
2647:Archived
2531:(2019).
2456:Archived
2272:See also
1874:Mantegna
1870:, Mantua
1798:Perugino
1731:Florence
1723:Masaccio
1643:Colombia
1586:Bulgaria
1394:painter
1322:SuceviĹŁa
1320:(1532).
1312:(1503),
1308:(1487),
1298:Moldavia
1287:WĂĽrzburg
1207:Medieval
1113:Sigiriya
869:Bulgaria
842:Thracian
816:Etruscan
750:Egyptian
687:(modern
633:Etruscan
592:Akrotiri
458:alkaline
358:giornate
354:giornate
325:giornata
314:giornata
310:spolvero
302:arriccio
176:intonaco
168:intonaco
138:470 BC,
87:affresco
63:frescoes
3946:by name
3889:largest
3726:Related
3710:outline
3492:Curator
3480:frescos
3417:tallest
3402:carving
3353:virtual
3348:digital
3343:history
3279:Drawing
3264:Collage
3252:Artwork
3137:Bibcode
2996:, 1993.
2952:, 2008.
2684:. 1892.
2515:3855778
2251:of the
2116:c. 1100
2100:Frescos
2094:Gallery
1855:Raphael
1846:Raphael
1819:Orvieto
1784:tempera
1656:Czechia
1375:in the
1306:VoroneĹŁ
1294:Romania
1279:Baroque
1271:Artsakh
1247:Islamic
1216:liturgy
1200:Serbian
1037:Ramayan
1010:saivism
909:Antioch
901:Ephesus
879:Pompeii
802:of the
796:Paestum
778:Pompeii
776:" from
758:a secco
681:is the
530:History
523:a secco
516:a secco
509:a secco
481:a secco
477:a secco
466:azurite
462:a secco
454:a secco
450:a secco
446:a secco
438:a secco
426:a secco
418:tempera
398:a secco
362:a secco
334:a secco
306:sinopia
290:Stabiae
244:of the
242:setting
214:slaking
164:plaster
156:pigment
146:, Italy
134:in the
83:Italian
58:frescos
56:
3968:female
3593:Europe
3528:Places
3517:Europe
3507:Patron
3497:Dealer
3487:Critic
3460:Artist
3412:statue
3407:relief
3326:fresco
3165:
3155:
3099:
3064:773653
3062:
3054:
2751:
2703:
2644:online
2622:
2595:
2568:
2541:
2513:
2505:
2493:: 17.
2436:
2409:
2399:
2374:
2345:
2309:Haveli
2183:KrakĂłw
2076:Venice
1939:Mexico
1907:, Rome
1886:Mantua
1808:, and
1753:Arezzo
1701:Giotto
1672:France
1666:Znojmo
1327:Henri
1310:Arbore
1160:UNESCO
1055:, and
960:Buddha
956:Jataka
907:, and
893:Cyprus
850:UNESCO
774:Sappho
746:fresco
596:Aegean
585:Minoan
511:work.
430:on top
390:Giotto
374:Assisi
250:Ca(OH)
234:Ca(OH)
172:binder
106:fresco
91:fresco
79:fresco
49:Fresco
3857:Lists
3848:Style
3502:Model
3453:Roles
3321:Mural
3158:91117
3110:(PDF)
3086:(PDF)
3060:JSTOR
2511:JSTOR
2220:Dante
1744:Siena
1709:Padua
1684:Italy
1388:Reims
1335:Meaux
1314:Humor
1180:, in
1176:from
1156:Sofia
1129:India
1106:Syria
1049:Dogri
1029:Jammu
1021:Dogra
1006:Nayak
991:Chola
922:India
897:Crete
875:Roman
822:near
754:tombs
717:Crete
689:Syria
410:secco
189:in a
144:Lazio
75:Water
67:mural
3163:PMID
3097:ISBN
3052:ISSN
3019:2021
2842:2012
2749:ISBN
2701:ISBN
2620:ISBN
2593:ISBN
2566:ISBN
2539:ISBN
2503:ISSN
2434:ISBN
2407:OCLC
2397:ISBN
2372:ISBN
2343:ISBN
2249:Dome
1970:Note
1718:Pisa
1544:1930
1417:and
1382:The
1228:MNAC
1035:and
824:Veii
748:was
264:CaCO
195:CaCO
3153:PMC
3145:doi
3044:doi
2495:doi
2226:'s
2222:in
2204:in
2181:in
2045:in
1866:'s
1664:in
1540:by
1504:by
1480:by
1386:in
1342:at
1238:or
1230:in
1222:in
1198:in
1154:in
1127:in
1115:in
740:).
613:to
503:or
432:of
422:oil
414:egg
372:in
222:CaO
216:of
202:CaO
185:of
61:or
53:pl.
41:by
4028::
3986:,
3982:,
3161:.
3151:.
3143:.
3133:65
3131:.
3127:.
3105:.
3088:.
3058:.
3050:.
3040:17
3038:.
2859:.
2812::
2728:.
2509:.
2501:.
2491:48
2489:.
2428:.
2405:.
2366:.
2337:.
2232:,
2134:,
1992:,
1972::
1951:,
1917:,
1913:,
1903:,
1899:,
1884:,
1880:,
1876:,
1857:,
1848:,
1839:,
1804:,
1800:,
1796:,
1778:,
1766:,
1760:,
1742:,
1738:,
1725:,
1716:,
1703:,
1536:,
1519:,
1500:,
1485:c.
1476:,
1432:.
1413:,
1409:,
1379:.
1345:l'
1218:.
1158:,
1104:,
1088:c.
1063:.
982:,
978:,
974:,
970:,
949:c.
918:.
903:,
899:,
895:,
856:.
782:c.
780:,
735:c.
657:c.
639:,
615:c.
604:c.
583:,
568:c.
548:c.
542:,
487:.
404:A
392:,
284:A
269:+
262:→
257:CO
255:+
248::
232:→
224:+
220::
206:CO
204:+
200:→
193::
142:,
101:.
85::
73:.
3233:e
3226:t
3219:v
3169:.
3147::
3139::
3083:"
3066:.
3046::
3021:.
2863:.
2844:.
2799:.
2757:.
2732:.
2709:.
2628:.
2601:.
2574:.
2547:.
2517:.
2497::
2442:.
2413:.
2380:.
2351:.
1576:)
1273:.
553:)
416:(
275:O
273:2
271:H
266:3
259:2
252:2
236:2
230:O
228:2
226:H
208:2
197:3
81:(
51:(
23:.
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