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inlet duct and passed through the evaporator where it is cooled, the air is then circulated throughout the cabinet via a series of ducts and vents. Because the air passing the evaporator is supposedly warm and moist, frost begins to form on the evaporator (especially on a freezer's evaporator). In cheaper and/or older models, a defrost cycle is controlled via a mechanical timer. This timer is set to shut off the compressor and fan and energize a heating element located near or around the evaporator for about 15 to 30 minutes at every 6 to 12 hours. This melts any frost or ice build-up and allows the refrigerator to work normally once more. It is believed that frost free units have a lower tolerance for frost, due to their air-conditioner-like evaporator coils. Therefore, if a door is left open accidentally (especially the freezer), the defrost system may not remove all frost, in this case, the freezer (or refrigerator) must be defrosted.
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temperature owing to opening of the refrigerator door or keeping new food inside; humidity and usage patterns. Depending on the sensor inputs, the compressor adjusts its speed. For example, if door is opened or new food is kept, the sensor detects an increase in temperature inside the cabin and signals the compressor to increase its speed till a pre-determined temperature is attained. After which, the compressor runs at a minimum speed to just maintain the internal temperature. The compressor typically runs between 1200 and 4500 rpm. Inverter compressors not only optimizes cooling but is also superior in terms of durability and energy efficiency. A device consumes maximum energy and undergoes maximum wear and tear when it switches itself on. As an inverter compressor never switches itself off and instead runs on varying speed, it minimizes wear and tear and energy usage.
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as Cyclic) units are still available. Advances in automatic defrosting eliminating the thawing task were introduced in the 1950s, but are not universal, due to energy performance and cost. These units used a counter that only defrosted the freezer compartment (Freezer Chest) when a specific number of door openings had been made. The units were just a small timer combined with an electrical heater wire that heated the freezer's walls for a short amount of time to remove all traces of frost/frosting. Also, early units featured freezer compartments located within the larger refrigerator, and accessed by opening the refrigerator door, and then the smaller internal freezer door; units featuring an entirely separate freezer compartment were introduced in the early 1960s, becoming the industry standard by the middle of that decade.
845:; the coils or tubes are passively cooled by exposure to air in the room. The condenser cools the vapor, which liquefies. As the refrigerant leaves the condenser, it is still under pressure but is now only slightly above room temperature. This liquid refrigerant is forced through a metering or throttling device, also known as an expansion valve (essentially a pin-hole sized constriction in the tubing) to an area of much lower pressure. The sudden decrease in pressure results in explosive-like flash evaporation of a portion (typically about half) of the liquid. The latent heat absorbed by this flash evaporation is drawn mostly from adjacent still-liquid refrigerant, a phenomenon known as
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849:. This cold and partially vaporized refrigerant continues through the coils or tubes of the evaporator unit. A fan blows air from the compartment ("box air") across these coils or tubes and the refrigerant completely vaporizes, drawing further latent heat from the box air. This cooled air is returned to the refrigerator or freezer compartment, and so keeps the box air cold. Note that the cool air in the refrigerator or freezer is still warmer than the refrigerant in the evaporator. Refrigerant leaves the evaporator, now fully vaporized and slightly heated, and returns to the compressor inlet to continue the cycle.
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1605:(â15 °F)) to facilitate this. Three (or fewer) stars are used for frozen food compartments that are only suitable for storing frozen food; introducing fresh food into such a compartment is likely to result in unacceptable temperature rises. This difference in categorization is shown in the design of the 4-star logo, where the "standard" three stars are displayed in a box using "positive" colours, denoting the same normal operation as a 3-star freezer, and the fourth star showing the additional fresh food/fast freeze function is prefixed to the box in "negative" colours or with other distinct formatting.
1704:), which has a smaller effect on the atmosphere if released. There have been reports of refrigerators exploding if the refrigerant leaks isobutane in the presence of a spark. If the coolant leaks into the refrigerator, at times when the door is not being opened (such as overnight) the concentration of coolant in the air within the refrigerator can build up to form an explosive mixture that can be ignited either by a spark from the thermostat or when the light comes on as the door is opened, resulting in documented cases of serious property damage and injury or even death from the resulting explosion.
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refrigerator gets too warm, the thermostat starts the cooling process and a fan circulates the air around the freezer. During this time, the refrigerator also gets colder. The freezer control knob only controls the amount of air that flows into the refrigerator via a damper system. Changing the refrigerator temperature will inadvertently change the freezer temperature in the opposite direction. Changing the freezer temperature will have no effect on the refrigerator temperature. The freezer control may also be adjusted to compensate for any refrigerator adjustment.
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to store drinks and non-perishable items) and also replacing insulation, where applicable. Some sites recommend cleaning condenser coils every month or so on units with coils on the rear, to add life to the coils and not suffer an unnoticeable deterioration in efficiency over an extended period, the unit should be able to ventilate or "breathe" with adequate spaces around the front, back, sides and above the unit. If the refrigerator uses a fan to keep the condenser cool, then this must be cleaned or serviced, at per individual manufactures recommendations.
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products led to a marked increase in the quality of food in areas where refrigeration was being used. Additionally, the increased freshness and shelf life of food caused by the advent of refrigeration in addition to growing global communication methods has resulted in an increase in cultural exchange through food products from different regions of the world. There have also been claims that this increase in the quality of food is responsible for an increased in the height of United States citizens around the early 1900's.
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cabinet for the purpose of cleaning." Because of the high interest to the invention, companies in UK, New
Zealand, and Australia started to include the feature into the mass refrigerator production and soon it became a symbol of the local culture. However, not long after that it was removed from production as according to the companies this was the only way for them to meet new ecology regulations and they found it inefficient to have a heat generating device inside a refrigerator.
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has stayed relatively low in eastern and developing countries despite its growing popularity. Throughout
Eastern Europe and the Middle East, only 80% of its population own refrigerators. In addition to this, 65% of the population in China are stated to have refrigerators. The distribution of consumer refrigerators are also skewed as urban areas exhibit larger refrigeration ownership percentages compared to rural areas.
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units stops immediately to prevent excessive frost build up on the freezer's evaporator coil, because this coil is cooling two areas. When the freezer reaches temperature, the unit cycles off, no matter what the refrigerator temperature is. Modern computerized refrigerators do not use the damper system. The computer manages fan speed for both compartments, although air is still blown from the freezer.
1727:. These programs seek to collect large appliances that may be old and inefficient or breaking, and replace them with newer and more efficient appliances. This is in an effort to reduce the cost of the additional cost these appliances impose on lower-income families through their inefficient energy and gas usage, as well as reduce pollution caused by the continued use of these appliances.
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loop serves both compartments: Lowering the freezer compartment temperature excessively causes difficulties in maintaining above-freezing temperature in the refrigerator compartment. Domestic freezers can be included as a separate compartment in a refrigerator, or can be a separate appliance. Domestic freezers may be either upright, resembling a refrigerator, or
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1457:, a popular commodity of the 20th century, could previously only be obtained by traveling to where the product was made and eating it on the spot. Now it is a common food item. Ice on demand not only adds to the enjoyment of cold drinks, but is useful for first-aid, and for cold packs that can be kept frozen for picnics or in case of emergency.
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1712:. Since 2 August 1956, under U.S. federal law, refrigerator doors are no longer permitted to latch and they can be opened from the inside. Modern units use a magnetic door gasket that holds the door sealed but allows it to be pushed open from the inside. This gasket was invented, developed and manufactured by Max Baermann (1903â1984) of
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should it finish defrosting early. On some early frost-free models, the defrost limiter also sends a signal to the defrost timer to start the compressor and fan as soon as it shuts off the heating element before the timed defrost cycle ends. When the defrost cycle is completed, the compressor and fan are allowed to cycle back on.
1285:. Although these designs generally use a much larger amount of energy compared to compressor refrigeration, other qualities such as silent operation or the ability to use gas can favor these refrigeration units in small enclosures, a mobile environment or in environments where unit failure would lead to devastating consequences.
492:. At the 1896 Millennium Exhibition, Röck and the Esslingen Machine Works presented a 6-tonne capacity artificial ice producing plant. In 1906, the first large Hungarian cold store (with a capacity of 3,000 tonnes, the largest in Europe) opened in Tóth Kålmån Street, Budapest, the machine was manufactured by the
1180:(RV) and camping use are expensive but effective and reliable. Refrigeration units for commercial and industrial applications can be made in various sizes, shapes and styles to fit customer needs. Commercial and industrial refrigerators may have their compressors located away from the cabinet (similar to
1274:(NAECA). Tier 2 are those that are 25% to 29.9% more efficient. Tier 3 is the highest qualification, for those refrigerators that are at least 30% more efficient than Federal standards. About 82% of the Energy Star qualified refrigerators are Tier 1, with 13% qualifying as Tier 2, and just 5% at Tier 3.
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Temperature settings for refrigerator and freezer compartments are often given arbitrary numbers by manufacturers (for example, 1 through 9, warmest to coldest), but generally 3 to 5 °C (37 to 41 °F) is ideal for the refrigerator compartment and â18 °C (0 °F) for the freezer. Some
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Conventionally, all domestic refrigerators use a reciprocating drive which is connected to the piston. But in a linear inverter compressor, the piston which is a permanent magnet is suspended between two electromagnets. The AC changes the magnetic poles of the electromagnet, which results in the push
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The energy consumption of a refrigerator is also dependent on the type of refrigeration being done. For instance, Inverter
Refrigerators consume comparatively less energy than a typical non-inverter refrigerator. In an inverter refrigerator, the compressor is used conditionally on requirement basis.
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Frost-free refrigerators or freezers use electric fans to cool the appropriate compartment. This could be called a "fan forced" refrigerator, whereas manual defrost units rely on colder air lying at the bottom, versus the warm air at the top to achieve adequate cooling. The air is drawn in through an
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Many refrigerators made in the 1930s and 1940s were far more efficient than most that were made later. This is partly attributable to the addition of new features, such as auto-defrost, that reduced efficiency. Additionally, after World War 2, refrigerator style became more important than efficiency.
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qualified use 50% less energy than the average models made in 1974. The most energy-efficient unit made in the US consumes about half a kilowatt-hour per day (equivalent to 20 W continuously). But even ordinary units are quite efficient; some smaller units use less than 0.2 kWh per day (equivalent to
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The majority of refrigerators were white in the early 1950s, but between the mid-1950s and the present, manufacturers and designers have added color. Pastel colors, such as pink and turquoise, gained popularity in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Certain versions also had brushed chrome plating, which
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Ford cost about $ 476.) By 1923, Kelvinator held 80 percent of the market for electric refrigerators. Also in 1923 Frigidaire introduced the first self-contained unit. About this same time porcelain-covered metal cabinets began to appear. Ice cube trays were introduced more and more during the 1920s;
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Although both the three and four star ratings specify the same storage times and same minimum temperature of â18 °C (0 °F), only a four star freezer is intended for freezing fresh food, and may include a "fast freeze" function (runs the compressor continually, down to as low as â26 °C
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The global adoption of refrigerators has also changed how societies handle their food supply. The introduction of the refrigerator in different societies has resulted in the monetization and industrialized mass food production systems which are commonly linked to increased food waste, animal wastes,
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The gradual global adoption of refrigerators marks a transformative era in food preservation and domestic convenience. Since the refrigerators introduction in the 20th century, refrigerators have transitioned from being luxurious items to everyday commodities which have altered the understandings of
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If the defrosting system melts all the ice before the timed defrosting period ends, then a small device (called a defrost limiter) acts like a thermostat and shuts off the heating element to prevent too large a temperature fluctuation, it also prevents hot blasts of air when the system starts again,
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are powered by electricity, usually 12 volt DC, but mains-powered wine coolers are available. Peltier refrigerators are inexpensive but inefficient and become progressively more inefficient with increased cooling effect; much of this inefficiency may be related to the temperature differential across
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around the freezing units. This was a result of humidity introduced into the units when the doors to the freezer were opened condensing on the cold parts, then freezing. This frost buildup required periodic thawing ("defrosting") of the units to maintain their efficiency. Manual
Defrost (referred to
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A Fast Freeze function to rapidly cool foods by running the compressor for a predetermined amount of time and thus temporarily lowering the freezer temperature below normal operating levels. It is recommended to use this feature several hours before adding more than 1 kg of unfrozen food to the
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is safe indefinitely. Most household freezers maintain temperatures from â23 to â18 °C (â9 to 0 °F), although some freezer-only units can achieve â34 °C (â29 °F) and lower. Refrigerator freezers generally do not achieve lower than â23 °C (â9 °F), since the same coolant
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The glass-fronted beverage cooler is mostly used as a commercial refrigerator. These types of appliances are usually designed for specific load requirements, resulting in a larger cooling mechanism. This ensures that they are able to cope with a large throughput of drinks and frequent door opening.
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The efficiency of older refrigerators can be improved by defrosting (if the unit is manual defrost) and cleaning them regularly, replacing old and worn door seals with new ones, adjusting the thermostat to accommodate the actual contents (a refrigerator needn't be colder than 4 °C (39 °F)
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fit under kitchen work surfaces, usually about 86 centimetres (34 in) high. Refrigerators may be combined with freezers, either stacked with refrigerator or freezer above, below, or side by side. A refrigerator without a frozen food storage compartment may have a small section just to make ice
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were used to provide cool storage for most of the year. Placed near freshwater lakes or packed with snow and ice during the winter, they were once very common. Natural means are still used to cool foods today. On mountainsides, runoff from melting snow is a convenient way to cool drinks, and during
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Freezer units are used in households as well as in industry and commerce. Commercial refrigerator and freezer units were in use for almost 40 years prior to the common home models. The freezer-over-refrigerator style had been the basic style since the 1940s, until modern, side-by-side refrigerators
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After consumer refrigerators became financially viable for production and sale on a large scale, their prevalence around the globe expanded greatly. In the United States an estimated 99.5% of households have a refrigerator. Refrigerator ownership are more common in developed western countries, but
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Multiple manufacturers offer dual compressor models. These models have separate freezer and refrigerator compartments that operate independently of each other, sometimes mounted within a single cabinet. Each has its own separate compressor, condenser and evaporator coils, insulation, thermostat,
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Refrigerators with two compartments need special design to control the cooling of refrigerator or freezer compartments. Typically, the compressors and condenser coils are mounted at the top of the cabinet, with a single fan to cool them both. This arrangement has a few downsides: each compartment
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This means the refrigerator may become too warm. However, because only enough air is diverted to the refrigerator compartment, the freezer usually re-acquires the set temperature quickly, unless the door is opened. When a door is opened, either in the refrigerator or the freezer, the fan in some
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Regarding total life-cycle costs, many governments offer incentives to encourage recycling of old refrigerators. One example is the
Phoenix refrigerator program launched in Australia. This government incentive picked up old refrigerators, paying their owners for "donating" the refrigerator. The
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The physical design of refrigerators also plays a large part in its energy efficiency. The most efficient is the chest-style freezer, as its top-opening design minimizes convection when opening the doors, reducing the amount of warm moist air entering the freezer. On the other hand, in-door ice
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Further, newer models of inverter compressor refrigerators take into account various external and internal conditions to adjust the compressor speed and thus optimize cooling and energy consumption. Most of them use at least 4 sensors which help detect variance in external temperature, internal
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Butter heater: In the early 1950s, the butter conditioner's patent was filed and published by the inventor Nave Alfred E. This feature was supposed to "provide a new and improved food storage receptacle for storing butter or the like which may quickly and easily be removed from the refrigerator
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The refrigerator allows households to keep food fresh for longer than before. The most notable improvement is for meat and other highly perishable wares, which previously needed to be preserved or otherwise processed for long term storage and transport. This change in the supply chains of food
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was a industry in the 19th and 20th century of the harvesting, transportation, and sale of natural and artificial ice for the purposes of refrigeration and consumption. The majority of the ice used for trade was harvested from North
America and transported globally with some smaller operations
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Frost-free refrigerators, including some early frost-free refrigerators/freezers that used a cold plate in their refrigerator section instead of airflow from the freezer section, generally don't shut off their refrigerator fans during defrosting. This allows consumers to leave food in the main
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may be used in caravans and trailers, and dwellings lacking electricity, such as farms or rural cabins, where they have a long history. They may be powered by any heat source: gas (natural or propane) or kerosene being common. Models made for camping and RV use often have the option of running
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In 1913, the first electric refrigerators for home and domestic use were invented and produced by Fred W. Wolf of Fort Wayne, Indiana, with models consisting of a unit that was mounted on top of an ice box. His first device, produced over the next few years in several hundred units, was called
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This was especially true in the US in the 1970s, when side-by-side models (known as
American fridgefreezers outside of the US) with ice dispensers and water chillers became popular. However, the reduction in efficiency also arose partly from reduction in the amount of insulation to cut costs.
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Modern domestic refrigerators are extremely reliable because motor and compressor are integrated within a welded container, "sealed unit", with greatly reduced likelihood of leakage or contamination. By comparison, externally-coupled refrigeration compressors, such as those in automobile air
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Domestic refrigerators and freezers for food storage are made in a range of sizes. Among the smallest are
Peltier-type refrigerators designed to chill beverages. A large domestic refrigerator stands as tall as a person and may be about one metre (3 ft 3 in) wide with a capacity of
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Domestic refrigerators and freezers for food storage are made in a range of sizes. Among the smallest is a 4-litre (0.14 cu ft) Peltier refrigerator advertised as being able to hold 6 cans of beer. A large domestic refrigerator stands as tall as a person and may be about 1 metre
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Many modern refrigerator/freezers have the freezer on top and the refrigerator on the bottom. Most refrigerator-freezersâexcept for manual defrost models or cheaper unitsâuse what appears to be two thermostats. Only the refrigerator compartment is properly temperature controlled. When the
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and dangerous chemical wastes being traced back into different ecosystems. In addition, refrigerators have also provided an easier way to access food for many individuals around the world, with many options that commercialization has promoted leaning towards low-nutrient dense foods.
1418:. With the introduction of more affordable large and home scale refrigeration around the 1920's, the need for large scale ice harvest and transportation was no longer needed, and the Ice Trade subsequently slowed and shrank to smaller scale local services or disappeared altogether.
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Chilled water and ice from a dispenser in the door. Water and ice dispensing became available in the 1970s. In some refrigerators, the process of making ice is built-in so the user doesn't have to manually use ice trays. Some refrigerators have water chillers and water filtration
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0.6 m (21 cu ft). Refrigerators and freezers may be free standing, or built into a kitchen. The refrigerator allows the modern household to keep food fresh for longer than before. Freezers allow people to buy perishable food in bulk and eat it at leisure, and make
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refrigerator compartment uncovered, and also helps keep vegetables moist. This method also helps reduce energy consumption, because the refrigerator is above freeze point and can pass the warmer-than-freezing air through the evaporator or cold plate to aid the defrosting cycle.
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enters a compressor as low-pressure vapor at or slightly below the temperature of the refrigerator interior. The vapor is compressed and exits the compressor as high-pressure superheated vapor. The superheated vapor travels under pressure through coils or tubes that make up the
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uses electricity to pump heat directly; refrigerators employing this system are sometimes used for camping, or in situations where noise is not acceptable. They can be totally silent (if a fan for air circulation is not fitted) but are less energy-efficient than other methods.
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Disposal of discarded refrigerators is regulated, often mandating the removal of doors for safety reasons. Children playing hide-and-seek have been asphyxiated while hiding inside discarded refrigerators, particularly older models with latching doors, in a phenomenon called
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refrigerator was then refurbished, with new door seals, a thorough cleaning and the removal of items, such as the cover that is strapped to the back of many older units. The resulting refrigerators, now over 10% more efficient, were then distributed to low-income families.
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Commission
Regulation (EU) 2019/2019 of 1 October 2019 laying down ecodesign requirements for refrigerating appliances pursuant to Directive 2009/125/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing Commission Regulation (EC) No 643/2009 (Text with EEA
753:, wider than tall with the lid or door on top, sacrificing convenience for efficiency and partial immunity to power outages. Many modern upright freezers come with an ice dispenser built into their door. Some upscale models include thermostat displays and controls.
439:, an engineering professor at the Technological University Munich in Germany, patented an improved method of liquefying gases in 1876, creating the first reliable and efficient compressed-ammonia refrigerator. His new process made possible the use of gases such as
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In a house without air-conditioning (space heating and/or cooling) refrigerators consumed more energy than any other home device. In the early 1990s a competition was held among the major manufacturers to encourage energy efficiency. Current US models that are
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Other uses of an absorption refrigerator (or "chiller") include large systems used in office buildings or complexes such as hospitals and universities. These large systems are used to chill a brine solution that is circulated through the building.
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Chang, Wen Ruey; Liu, Der Yeong; Chen, San Guei; and Wu, Nan Yi, "The
Components and Control Methods for Implementation of Inverter-Controlled Refrigerators/Freezers" (2004). International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference. Paper 696.
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For US refrigerators, the Consortium on Energy Efficiency (CEE) further differentiates between Energy Star qualified refrigerators. Tier 1 refrigerators are those that are 20% to 24.9% more efficient than the Federal minimum standards set by the
1216:. Peltier refrigerators generally use heat sinks and fans to lower this differential; the only noise produced comes from the fan. Reversing the polarity of the voltage applied to the Peltier cells results in a heating rather than cooling effect.
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The capacity of a refrigerator is measured in either liters or cubic feet. Typically the volume of a combined refrigerator-freezer is split with 1/3rds to 1/4th of the volume allocated to the freezer although these values are highly variable.
507:(R-764), which occasionally leaked, making them unsafe for home use. Practical household refrigerators were introduced in 1915 and gained wider acceptance in the United States in the 1930s as prices fell and non-toxic, non-flammable synthetic
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food storage practices. Refrigerators have significantly impacted various aspects of many individual's daily lives by providing food safety to people around the world spanning across a wide variety of cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds.
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in the 1920s expanded the refrigerator market during the 1930s and provided a safer, low-toxicity alternative to previously used refrigerants. Separate freezers became common during the 1940s; the term for the unit, popular at the time, was
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These home units usually required the installation of the mechanical parts, motor and compressor, in the basement or an adjacent room while the cold box was located in the kitchen. There was a 1922 model that consisted of a wooden cold box,
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There are walk in freezers, as the name implies, they allow for one to walk into the freezer. Safety regulations requires an emergency releases and employers should check to ensure no one will trapped inside when the unit gets locked as
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of the 1860s. The compressor assembly, which emitted a great deal of heat, was placed above the cabinet, and enclosed by a decorative ring. Over a million units were produced. As the refrigerating medium, these refrigerators used either
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and industrialist Istvån Röck started to manufacture a large industrial ammonia refrigerator which was powered by electric compressors (together with the Esslingen Machine Works). Its electric compressors were manufactured by the
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led to the banning of very effective (Freon) refrigerants. Early refrigerator models (from 1916) had a cold compartment for ice cube trays. From the late 1920s fresh vegetables were successfully processed through freezing by the
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or an electric heating element. These heat sources are much quieter than the compressor motor in a typical refrigerator. A fan or pump might be the only mechanical moving parts; reliance on convection is considered impractical.
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425:, and his first commercial ice-making machine followed in 1854. Harrison also introduced commercial vapor-compression refrigeration to breweries and meat packing houses, and by 1861, a dozen of his systems were in operation.
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Because of the introduction of new energy efficiency standards, refrigerators made today are much more efficient than those made in the 1930s; they consume the same amount of energy while being three times as large.
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An in-door ice caddy, which relocates the ice-maker storage to the freezer door and saves approximately 60 litres (2.1 cu ft) of usable freezer space. It is also removable, and helps to prevent ice-maker
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A power failure warning that alerts the user by flashing a temperature display. It may display the maximum temperature reached during the power failure, and whether frozen food has defrosted or may contain harmful
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are refrigerators that use resonant linear reciprocating motors/alternators to generate a sound that is converted to heat and cold using compressed helium gas. The heat is discarded and the cold is routed to the
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The first refrigerator to see widespread use was the General Electric "Monitor-Top" refrigerator introduced in 1927, so-called, by the public, because of its resemblance to the gun turret on the ironclad warship
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Home freezers as separate compartments (larger than necessary just for ice cubes), or as separate units, were introduced in the United States in 1940. Frozen foods, previously a luxury item, became commonplace.
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8 W continuously). Larger units, especially those with large freezers and icemakers, may use as much as 4 kW·h per day (equivalent to 170 W continuously). The European Union uses a letter-based mandatory
417:, a Scottish Australian. His 1856 patent was for a vapor compression system using ether, alcohol or ammonia. He built a mechanical ice-making machine in 1851 on the banks of the Barwon River at Rocky Point in
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refrigeration system (compressor-less and powered by a heat-source) was developed by Edward Toussaint of France in 1859 and patented in 1860. It used gaseous ammonia dissolved in water ("aqua ammonia").
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1700:), which does not deplete the ozone layer, unlike Freon. R-134a is becoming much rarer in Europe, where newer refrigerants are being used instead. The main refrigerant now used is R-600a (also known as
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For instance, an inverter refrigerator might use less energy during the winters than it does during the summers. This is because the compressor works for a shorter time than it does during the summers.
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Clemen, Rudolf A. âThe American Ice Harvests: An Historical Study in Technology, 1800â1918. By Richard O. Cummings. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1949. Pp. x, 184. $ 3.00.â
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These older freezer compartments were the main cooling body of the refrigerator, and only maintained a temperature of around â6 °C (21 °F), which is suitable for keeping food for a week.
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In 1955 the domestic deep freezer, which was cold enough to allow the owners to freeze fresh food themselves rather than buying food already frozen with Clarence Birdseye's process, went on sale.
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402:, built the first working vapor-compression refrigeration system. It was a closed-cycle device that could operate continuously. A similar attempt was made in 1842, by American physician,
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Compressor refrigerators are by far the most common type; they make a noticeable noise, but are most efficient and give greatest cooling effect. Portable compressor refrigerators for
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A hybrid between the two designs is using a separate fan for each compartment, the Dual Fan approach. Doing so allows for separate control and airflow on a single compressor system.
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PART 1750âSTANDARD FOR DEVICES TO PERMIT THE OPENING OF HOUSEHOLD REFRIGERATOR DOORS FROM THE INSIDE :: PART 1750-STANDARD FOR DEVICES TO PERMIT THE OPENING OF HOUSEHOLD REFRI
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Most European refrigerators include a moist cold refrigerator section (which does require (automatic) defrosting at irregular intervals) and a (rarely frost free) freezer section.
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Vapor compression cycle â A: hot compartment (kitchen), B: cold compartment (refrigerator box), I: insulation, 1: Condenser, 2: Expansion valve, 3: Evaporator unit, 4: Compressor
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1696:âbut as older generation refrigerators wear out, the destruction of CFC-bearing insulation also causes concern. Modern refrigerators usually use a refrigerant called HFC-134a (
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134:(mechanical, electronic or chemical) that transfers heat from its inside to its external environment so that its inside is cooled to a temperature below the room temperature.
950:, into which the samples are suspended. Cryogenic chest freezers can achieve temperatures of down to â150 °C (â238 °F), and may include a liquid nitrogen backup.
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conditioning, inevitably leak fluid and lubricant past the shaft seals. This leads to a requirement for periodic recharging and, if ignored, possible compressor failure.
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in the 1920s expanded the refrigerator market during the 1930s. Home freezers as separate compartments (larger than necessary just for ice cubes) were introduced in 1940.
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A drop down door built into the refrigerator main door, giving easy access to frequently used items such as milk, thus saving energy by not having to open the main door.
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Commercial refrigerator and freezer units, which go by many other names, were in use for almost 40 years prior to the common home models. They used gas systems such as
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refrigerators must be within certain external temperature parameters to run properly. This can be an issue when placing units in an unfinished area, such as a garage.
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and pull that compresses the refrigerant. LG claims that this helps reduce energy consumption by 32% and noise by 25% compared to their conventional compressors.
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A cooling zone in the refrigerator door shelves. Air from the freezer section is diverted to the refrigerator door, to cool milk or juice stored in the door shelf.
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1353:, the energy consumption is even further reduced than a single-speed induction motor compressor, and thus contributes far less in the way of greenhouse gases.
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The first cooling systems for food involved ice. Artificial refrigeration began in the mid-1750s, and developed in the early 1800s. In 1834, the first working
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warned that old units still in use could be deadly, and offered a $ 100 reward plus disposal costs to consumers who properly disposed of their old Servels.
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inexpensive leading to their prevalence, especially in lower-income regions. These regions of lessened access to higher quality foods are referred to as
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A vapor compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators, refrigeratorâfreezers and freezers. In this cycle, a circulating refrigerant such as
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broke the trend. A vapor compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators, refrigeratorâfreezers and freezers. Newer refrigerators may include
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496:. Until nationalisation after the Second World War, large-scale industrial refrigerator production in Hungary was in the hands of Röck and Ganz Works.
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the winter one can keep milk fresh much longer just by keeping it outdoors. The word "refrigeratory" was used at least as early as the 17th century.
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Similar to the Australian program, the United States also has a program for collecting and replacing older less efficient refrigerators and other
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519:, causing governments to issue a ban on its use in new refrigerators and air-conditioning systems in 1994. The less harmful replacement for R-12,
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played a significant role in improving inverter compressors as we know it by reducing the friction points in the compressor and thus introducing
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Besides the standard style of compressor refrigeration used in ordinary household refrigerators and freezers, there are technologies such as
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recommends that the refrigerator be kept at or below 4 °C (40 °F) and that the freezer be regulated at â18 °C (0 °F).
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are refrigerators that work on the magnetocaloric effect. The cooling effect is triggered by placing a metal alloy in a magnetic field.
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Cl) as refrigerants, which were widely used for that purpose until the late 1920s despite safety concerns. In 1895 he discovered the
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Refrigeration has also contributed to a decrease in the quality of food in some regions. By allowing, in part, for the phenomena of
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An increasingly important environmental concern is the disposal of old refrigeratorsâinitially because freon coolant damages the
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Other specialized cooling mechanisms may be used for cooling, but have not been applied to domestic or commercial refrigerators.
927:" (typically â80 or â86 °C ) freezers, as used for storing biological samples, also generally employ two stages of cooling,
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As a result, it is common for these types of commercial refrigerators to compose up to 50% of the energy usage of a supermarket.
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instead of the Energy Star; thus EU refrigerators at the point of sale are labelled according to how energy-efficient they are.
676:, did not go into mass production for use in the home until after World War II. The 1950s and 1960s saw technical advances like
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General Electric "Monitor-Top" refrigerator, introduced in 1927, priced at $ 525, with the first all-steel cabinet, designed by
277:. These complexes used subterranean storage spaces, a large thickly insulated above-ground domed structure, and outfitted with
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Frigidaire Imperial "Frost Proof" model FPI-16BC-63, top refrigerator/bottom freezer with brushed chrome door finish made by
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were among the first to invent a form of cooler utilizing the principles of evaporative cooling and radiative cooling called
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from the surrounding air. The experiment even created a small amount of ice, but had no practical application at that time.
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of Detroit, Michigan, introduced an idea for a practical electric refrigeration unit, which later became the basis for the
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Maximum storage time for (pre-frozen) food is between 3 and 12 months depending on type (meat, vegetables, fish, etc.)
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freezer. For freezers without this feature, lowering the temperature setting to the coldest will have the same effect.
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refrigerators. In 1918, Kelvinator company introduced the first refrigerator with any type of automatic control. The
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and other gases by using high pressures and low temperatures, and in 1834, an American expatriate in Great Britain,
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2503:"Air Conditioning and Refrigeration History - part 3 - Greatest Engineering Achievements of the Twentieth Century"
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2 to 3 °C (35 to 38 °F), and not greater than maximum refrigerator temperature at 5 °C (41 °F)
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is a specialized refrigerator, or portion of a refrigerator, that maintains its contentsâ temperature below the
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Traitler, Helmut; Dubois, Michel J. F.; Heikes, Keith; Petiard, Vincent; Zilberman, David (5 February 2018).
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of water. The optimal temperature range for perishable food storage is 3 to 5 °C (37 to 41 °F). A
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cannot be controlled independently and the more humid refrigerator air is mixed with the dry freezer air.
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and automatic ice making. More efficient refrigerators were developed in the 1970s and 1980s, even though
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McCray pre-electric home refrigerator ad from 1905; this company, founded in 1887, is still in business
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2301:, John Gorrie, "Improved process for the artificial production of ice", issued 1851-05-06
2061:
Sustainable Food Supply Chains: Planning, Design, and Control through Interdisciplinary Methodologies
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523:(tetrafluoroethane), has been in common use since 1990, but R-12 is still found in many old systems.
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cubes. Freezers may have drawers to store food in, or they may have no divisions (chest freezers).
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is akin to a stainless steel appearance. During the latter part of the 1960s and the early 1970s,
652:, which is corrosive to the eyes and may cause loss of vision, painful skin burns and lesions, or
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2169:
Did Thomas Crapper Really Invent the Toilet?: The Inventions That Changed Our Homes and Our Lives
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166:, which had been a common household appliance for almost a century and a half. The United States
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Display of modern American-style / side-by-side refrigerators, available for purchase in a store
560:. A self-contained refrigerator, with a compressor on the bottom of the cabinet was invented by
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1156:(3.3 ft) wide with a capacity of 600 litres (21 cu ft). Some models for small
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3542:, Norman Bel Geddes, "Refrigerator", published 1935-07-24, issued 1938-08-16
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3143:"Review on frosting, defrosting and frost management techniques in industrial food freezers"
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Maximum storage time for pre-frozen or frozen-from-fresh food is between 3 and 12 months
3737:, Max Baermann, "Flexible or resilient permanent magnets", issued 1960-11-15
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3516:, Norman Bel Geddes, "Design for a refrigerator cabinet", issued 1935-06-04
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3306:
Martinez, Sebastian; Murguia, Juan M.; Rejas, Brisa; Winters, Solis (13 January 2021).
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dispensers cause more heat leakage, contributing to an increase in energy consumption.
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Later advances included automatic ice units and self compartmentalized freezing units.
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designed a small refrigerating machine in 1755. Cullen used a pump to create a partial
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64:
50:
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2248:
Arora, Ramesh Chandra (30 March 2012). "Mechanical vapour compression refrigeration".
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cycle for the production of ice by ether under vacuum. In 1820, the British scientist
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Some refrigerators are now divided into four zones to store different types of food:
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tray and a 0.25-cubic-metre (9 cu ft) compartment, and cost $ 714. (A 1922
399:
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135:
3797:
3267:"How the humble household refrigerator changed the world â for better and for worse"
3071:
1164:
Refrigerators and freezers may be free-standing, or built into a kitchen's cabinet.
958:
Alternatives to the vapor-compression cycle not in current mass production include:
656:, which is highly flammable, harmful to the eyes, and toxic if inhaled or ingested.
406:, who built a working prototype, but it was a commercial failure. American engineer
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The inside of a home refrigerator containing a large variety of everyday food items
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up to this time freezing was not an auxiliary function of the modern refrigerator.
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237:
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1184:) to reduce noise nuisance and reduce the load on air conditioning in hot weather.
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took out a British patent in 1850 for a vapor compression system that used ether.
329:
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3712:
3458:
3281:"Not just a cool convenience: How electric refrigeration shaped the "cold chain""
3141:
Badri, Deyae; Toublanc, Cyril; Rouaud, Olivier; Havet, Michel (1 November 2021).
3047:"Successes of Energy Efficiency: The United States and California National Trust"
185:
was invented in 1854. In 1913, refrigerators for home use were invented. In 1923
4303:
4266:
4256:
4197:
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3984:
3925:
3626:"Tragic bride-to-be's fridge-freezer exploded and 'turned into a Bunsen burner'"
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1913:
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in 1916. Mellowes produced this refrigerator commercially but was bought out by
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403:
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2325:"Step into German - German(y) - The TOP 40 German Inventions - Goethe-Institut"
726:
has attempted to coordinate the colors of appliances and other consumer goods.
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in the food sector, refrigeration has made the creation and transportation of
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233:
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3791:
Refrigeration Nation: A History of Ice, Appliances, and Enterprise in America
3430:
3331:
3189:"How the Digital Inverter Compressor Has Transformed the Modern Refrigerator"
3174:
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European freezers, and refrigerators with a freezer compartment, have a four
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935:, or a similar gas, as a refrigerant, with its condenser kept at around â40
628:
293:
In modern times, before the invention of the modern electric refrigerator,
3596:"CPSC, Warns That Old Servel Gas Refrigerators Still In Use Can Be Deadly"
3407:"The Effect of Mechanical Refrigeration on Nutrition in the United States"
2950:"Super Efficient Refrigerators: The Golden Carrot from Concept to Reality"
4229:
4140:
4063:
1818:
617:
298:
182:
143:
2840:
2418:, Fred W. Wolf, "Refrigerating apparatus", issued 1915-01-26
2195:"Thermal Performance of Sustainable Element in Moayedi Icehouse in Iran"
413:
The first practical vapor compression refrigeration system was built by
4276:
4202:
4115:
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2088:
Megatrends in Food and Agriculture: Technology, Water Use and Nutrition
1103:
Cabinet rollers that lets the refrigerator roll out for easier cleaning
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621:
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was the first to patent and make a practical and compact refrigerator.
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around the world. The low temperature reduces the reproduction rate of
17:
3323:
2444:
Encyclopedia of Agricultural, Food, and Biological Engineering (Print)
718:
and almond. In the 1980s, black became fashionable. In the late 1990s
592:
in Stockholm. It became a worldwide success and was commercialized by
345:
The history of artificial refrigeration began when Scottish professor
4160:
2872:, Alfred E. Nave, "Butter conditioner", issued 1951-12-25
2773:"What are The Health and Safety Standards for Walk-in Refrigeration?"
1674:
1449:
Freezers allow people to buy food in bulk and eat it at leisure, and
1415:
350:
278:
163:
1789:
General Electric "Monitor-Top" refrigerator, still in use, June 2007
881:
works differently from a compressor refrigerator, using a source of
515:(R-12) were introduced. However, R-12 proved to be damaging to the
2590:"GE Monitor-Top Refrigerator - Albany Institute of History and Art"
2398:"Energy Use of Doored and Open Vertical Refrigerated Display Cases"
3870:
1734:
1668:
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1247:
1077:
837:
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715:
693:), which had acquired the technology when it bought the rights to
660:
627:
534:
474:
367:
282:
220:
190:
105:
2701:
Barnes-Svarney, Patricia; Svarney, Thomas E. (23 February 2015).
2193:
Ebrahimi, Ali; Shayegani, Aida; Zarandi, Mahnaz Mahmoudi (2021).
939:°C by a second stage which uses a more conventional refrigerant.
150:. A refrigerator maintains a temperature a few degrees above the
4212:
3802:. United States Bureau of Statistics, Department of State. 1890.
3099:
Kakaç, Sadik; Avelino, M. R.; Smirnov, H. F. (6 December 2012).
882:
3874:
3682:"Is it impossible to open a refrigerator door from the inside?"
2948:
Feist, J. W.; Farhang, R.; Erickson, J.; Stergakos, E. (1994).
2826:"Developments in domestic refrigeration and consumer attitudes"
2620:"The History of Household Wonders: History of the Refrigerator"
1109:
A status indicator that notifies when it is time to change the
2238:
Venetum Britannicum, 1676, London, p. 176 in the 1678 edition.
2115:
Postharvest Technology of Perishable Horticultural Commodities
1020:
189:
introduced the first self-contained unit. The introduction of
1774:
A 1930s era General Electric "Globe Top" refrigerator in the
1212:
the short distance between the "hot" and "cold" sides of the
773:
is possible if one is in freezer for longer periods of time.
3762:"Free Appliance Replacement: Low-Income Government Programs"
2402:
International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference
942:
For much lower temperatures, laboratories usually purchase
744:
units are used in households and in industry and commerce.
588:
from Sweden in 1922, while they were still students at the
321:
Schematic of Dr. John Gorrie's 1841 mechanical ice machine
3308:"Refrigeration and child growth: What is the connection?"
3236:"Chest Freezers; What they tell us about designing for X"
3799:
Refrigerators and food preservation in foreign countries
205:, chilled water, and ice from a dispenser in the door.
1541:
Maximum storage time for (pre-frozen) food is 1 month
2058:
Accorsi, Riccardo; Manzini, Riccardo (12 June 2019).
1520:
Maximum storage time for (pre-frozen) food is 1 week
807:
Process and components of a conventional refrigerator
3006:
Sun Frost â The World's Most Efficient Refrigerators
4322:
3908:
2628:. A&E Television Networks. 2006. Archived from
1961:Aung, Myo Min; Chang, Yoon Seok (11 October 2022).
1167:Three distinct classes of refrigerator are common:
96:
88:
70:
60:
3019:"High-efficiency specifications for REFRIGERATORS"
2473:"DOMELRE First Electric Refrigerator | ashrae.org"
3443:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1739:Inside a regular family refrigerator â 360° photo
1129:Freezer Defrost: Early freezer units accumulated
3793:(Johns Hopkins University Press; 2013) 256 pages
3377:"Tracing the History of New England's Ice Trade"
2384:The development and heyday of mechanical science
479:Production of refrigerators in France, ca. 1950s
197:, previously a luxury item, became commonplace.
2564:"The General Electric Monitor Top Refrigerator"
2199:International Journal of Architectural Heritage
746:Food stored at or below â18 °C (0 °F)
3670:. Law.justia.com. Retrieved on 26 August 2013.
1937:Refrigerator: The Story of Cool in the Kitchen
734:"Freezer" redirects here. For other uses, see
3886:
2857:Refrigerator â Adjusting Temperature Controls
2396:Fricke, Brian; Becker, Bryan (12 June 2010).
2252:. New Delhi, India: PHI Learning. p. 3.
8:
3830:The History of the Refrigerator and Freezers
3070:Calwell, Chris & Reeder, Travis (2001).
2678:. Australia. 19 September 1973. p. 26.
2139:Zhang, Ce; Yang, Jianming (3 January 2020).
1817:A side-by-side refrigerator-freezer with an
1539:min temperature: â12 °C (10 °F).
43:
3102:Low Temperature and Cryogenic Refrigeration
1992:Keep your fridge-freezer clean and ice-free
1986:
1984:
1680:Gas Refrigerator (Absorption), designed by
1596:min temperature: â18 °C (0 °F).
1565:min temperature: â18 °C (0 °F).
3893:
3879:
3871:
1572:
1546:
1525:
1518:min temperature: â6 °C (21 °F).
1272:National Appliance Energy Conservation Act
1252:A European energy label for a refrigerator
827:compressor and fan-assisted condenser coil
49:
42:
3339:
3105:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1509:
1198:(inefficiently) on 12 volt battery power.
1040:on which compartment controls temperature
232:Commercial for electric refrigerators in
181:, system was built. The first commercial
146:, so the refrigerator lowers the rate of
110:Food in a refrigerator with its door open
3852:"Walking fridge, comes when you call it"
3400:
3398:
3147:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
3136:
3134:
2349:"Refrigerator vacuum dehydration unit".
2166:O'Reilly, Catherine (17 November 2008).
1026:
162:of water. The refrigerator replaced the
3600:U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
2741:"Power To The People â Chicago Tribune"
1926:
1752:
1641:â29 to â23 °C (â20 to â10 °F)
3436:
3059:from the original on 25 February 2012.
2091:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 120.
1629:â23 to â15 °C (â10 to +5 °F)
697:'s successful fresh freezing methods.
3199:from the original on 15 February 2020
3035:from the original on 15 January 2013.
2929:from the original on 10 November 2014
1635:â23 to â18 °C (â10 to 0 °F)
1612:Commercial refrigeration temperatures
1488:5 °C (41 °F) (cooling zone)
7:
3846:Canada Science and Technology Museum
3606:from the original on 26 January 2020
3576:from the original on 26 January 2020
3494:from the original on 26 January 2020
3220:http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/iracc/696
2753:from the original on 16 January 2023
2570:from the original on 25 January 2020
2441:Dennis R. Heldman (29 August 2003).
2118:. Woodhead Publishing. p. 212.
177:, using the same technology seen in
3488:"The First Absorption Refrigerator"
3072:"Out With the Old, In With the New"
2275:A History of Mechanical Engineering
2142:A History of Mechanical Engineering
2014:. Jyothis Publishers. p. 117.
1934:Peavitt, Helen (15 November 2017).
1745:view as a 360° interactive panorama
931:. The lower temperature stage uses
919:Ultra-low temperature refrigerators
791:Basic functioning of a refrigerator
255:Low-temperature technology timeline
3638:from the original on 5 August 2017
3468:from the original on 25 April 2023
3119:from the original on 25 April 2023
2795:"What is Dual-Cooling Technology?"
2721:from the original on 25 April 2023
2682:from the original on 25 April 2023
2600:from the original on 6 August 2020
2543:from the original on 16 April 2020
2513:from the original on 2 August 2021
2483:from the original on 2 August 2021
2250:Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
1660:: down to -273.148°C (-459.6664°F)
1485:0 °C (32 °F) (meat zone)
25:
3088:from the original on 8 June 2011.
3079:Natural Resources Defense Council
2112:Yahia, Elhadi M. (16 July 2019).
2008:R, Rajesh Kumar (1 August 2020).
1482:â18 °C (0 °F) (freezer)
1086:Newer refrigerators may include:
783:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
55:Exterior of a modern refrigerator
3760:Haney, Kevin (4 December 2023).
3688:from the original on 7 July 2006
3486:Lobocki, Neil (4 October 2017).
3246:from the original on 12 May 2020
3026:Consortium for Energy Efficiency
2562:Lobocki, Neil (4 October 2017).
2461:from the original on 5 May 2016.
2145:. Springer Nature. p. 117.
2011:Basics of Mechanical Engineering
1810:
1794:
1782:
1767:
1755:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1531:
1526:
1510:
1025:
722:came into vogue. Since 1961 the
328:
314:
3364:The Journal of economic history
2704:The Handy Nutrition Answer Book
2537:www.industrialdesignhistory.com
2533:"G.E. Monitor Top Refrigerator"
2064:. Academic Press. p. 189.
1967:. Springer Nature. p. 46.
1574:
1548:
1527:
1151:Types of domestic refrigerators
710:colors were popular, including
388:vapor-compression refrigeration
175:vapor-compression refrigeration
27:Appliance for cold food storage
3425:(inactive 17 September 2024).
3312:Maternal & Child Nutrition
2982:"Refrigerators & Freezers"
1511:
1405:Supplantation of the Ice Trade
1264:energy efficiency rating label
281:(wind-catchers) and series of
1:
3766:www.growingfamilybenefits.com
3265:Meuse, Matt (21 April 2023).
2895:"Towards the magnetic fridge"
2675:The Australian Women's Weekly
2363:10.1016/s0042-207x(78)80528-4
2211:10.1080/15583058.2019.1645243
1940:. Reaktion Books. p. 8.
1461:Temperature zones and ratings
1451:bulk purchases may save money
1345:Refrigerator in a rural store
1182:split system air conditioners
590:Royal Institute of Technology
540:
32:Refrigerator (disambiguation)
3566:"Norman Bel Geddes Database"
3405:Craig, L. A. (1 June 2004).
2273:Burstall, Aubrey F. (1965).
2172:. Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.
2036:Are You Storing Food Safely?
1422:Effect on diet and lifestyle
1367:Linear Inverter Compressors.
1106:Adjustable shelves and trays
1036:appears to contradict itself
906:Peltier effect refrigerators
168:Food and Drug Administration
76:; 111 years ago
4156:Instant hot water dispenser
2963:: 3.67â3.76. Archived from
1349:With the advent of digital
946:(â196 °C ), kept in a
925:ultra-low temperature (ULT)
382:In 1805, American inventor
4417:
3709:"Flexible Magnetic Strips"
3366:10.2 (1950): 226â227. Web.
3167:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111545
2919:"Which UK â Saving Energy"
2824:James, Stephen J. (2003).
2644:"Freezing and food safety"
2447:. CRC Press. p. 350.
2404:– via Purdue e-Pubs.
1899:Solar-powered refrigerator
1616:(from warmest to coolest)
1317:
780:
733:
596:. Other pioneers included
289:Pre-electric refrigeration
263:
248:
29:
3423:10.1215/01455532-28-2-325
2507:www.greatachievements.org
1698:1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane
1654:: below -153°C (-243.4°F)
1491:10 °C (50 °F) (
777:Refrigerator technologies
568:in 1918, who started the
531:Residential refrigerators
48:
2957:Proceedings of the ACEEE
2357:(2): 81. February 1978.
1279:absorption refrigeration
1195:Absorption refrigerators
1171:Compressor refrigerators
1034:This article or section
873:Absorption refrigerators
857:Dual compartment designs
832:Compressor refrigerators
736:Freezer (disambiguation)
306:Artificial refrigeration
4356:20th-century inventions
4176:Laundry-folding machine
3826:Refrigerating apparatus
3818:Refrigerating apparatus
3666:15 January 2013 at the
2900:7 December 2008 at the
2594:www.albanyinstitute.org
1884:Pot-in-pot refrigerator
1189:Absorption refrigerator
891:liquefied petroleum gas
879:absorption refrigerator
701:Styles of refrigerators
578:absorption refrigerator
375:'s 1895 patent for the
36:Fridge (disambiguation)
3411:Social Science History
3285:americanhistory.si.edu
3232:Technology Connections
2646:. USDA. Archived from
1776:Ernest Hemingway House
1750:
1689:
1346:
1302:
1283:magnetic refrigeration
1253:
1236:Acoustic refrigerators
1230:Magnetic refrigerators
1083:
994:Thermoelectric cooling
828:
816:
808:
792:
636:
544:
480:
471:Electric refrigerators
379:
245:Technology development
241:
140:food storage technique
122:, is a commercial and
111:
4361:Australian inventions
4044:Electric water boiler
3823:U.S. patent 1,222,170
3815:U.S. patent 1,126,605
3680:Adams, Cecil (2005).
3570:norman.hrc.utexas.edu
3526:11 March 2022 at the
2970:on 25 September 2013.
2882:15 April 2021 at the
2707:. Visible Ink Press.
2311:11 March 2022 at the
1964:Cold Chain Management
1849:Einstein refrigerator
1738:
1672:
1658:Dilution refrigerator
1436:ultra-processed foods
1344:
1300:
1251:
1224:Magnetic refrigerator
1209:Peltier refrigerators
1203:Peltier refrigerators
1081:
1048:for more information.
822:
814:
806:
790:
724:Color Marketing Group
631:
539:DOMELRE refrigerator
538:
478:
371:
231:
109:
3747:7 March 2022 at the
3634:. 12 November 2015.
3552:13 June 2021 at the
2749:. 25 February 1990.
2650:on 18 September 2013
2428:7 March 2022 at the
2041:5 March 2022 at the
1351:inverter compressors
1178:recreational vehicle
1091:Automatic defrosting
895:solar thermal energy
682:environmental issues
678:automatic defrosting
670:. These devices, or
659:The introduction of
634:Christian Steenstrup
552:. In 1914, engineer
353:over a container of
338:'s ice-making device
203:automatic defrosting
30:For other uses, see
4335:Appliance recycling
4059:Electric toothbrush
3835:31 May 2020 at the
3707:Max Baermann GMBH.
3464:, 5 December 2019,
3159:2021RSERv.15111545B
2994:on 7 February 2006.
2833:Bulletin of the IIR
1894:Refrigerator magnet
1874:Kimchi refrigerator
1844:Continuous freezers
1503:to grade freezers.
1009:Water cycle systems
954:Other refrigerators
689:(the forerunner of
600:, David Boyle, and
465:refrigeration cycle
386:described a closed
377:refrigeration cycle
128:thermally insulated
45:
4366:Cooling technology
4191:Robotic lawn mower
4074:Evaporative cooler
2859:. geappliances.com
2690:– via Trove.
1889:Refrigerator death
1869:Smart refrigerator
1751:
1710:refrigerator death
1690:
1638:Freezer, Ice Cream
1501:star rating system
1347:
1303:
1254:
1084:
999:Thermionic cooling
847:auto-refrigeration
829:
817:
809:
793:
637:
582:Baltzar von Platen
554:Nathaniel B. Wales
545:
485:Hungarian inventor
481:
380:
242:
183:ice-making machine
130:compartment and a
112:
4371:Food preservation
4343:
4342:
3963:Coffee percolator
3946:Immersion blender
3383:. 7 February 2022
3381:Boston University
3324:10.1111/mcn.13083
3287:. 5 November 2015
3004:Itakura, Kosuke.
2846:on 19 March 2009.
2632:on 26 March 2008.
2454:978-0-8247-0938-9
2277:. The MIT Press.
2259:978-81-203-3915-6
2179:978-1-62873-278-8
2152:978-981-15-0833-2
2125:978-0-12-813277-7
2098:978-1-119-39114-2
2071:978-0-12-813412-2
2048:. 9 February 2021
2021:978-93-5254-883-5
1974:978-3-031-09567-2
1947:978-1-78023-797-8
1749:
1714:Bergisch Gladbach
1682:Norman Bel Geddes
1626:Freezer, Reach-in
1602:
1601:
1466:Residential units
1440:convenience foods
1244:Energy efficiency
1063:
1062:
923:"Ultra-cold" or "
804:
695:Clarence Birdseye
566:William C. Durant
408:Alexander Twining
229:
104:
103:
16:(Redirected from
4408:
4151:Induction cooker
4121:Garbage disposer
4069:Espresso machine
4024:Electric blanket
3895:
3888:
3881:
3872:
3867:
3865:
3863:
3858:. September 2017
3825:
3817:
3803:
3789:Rees, Jonathan.
3777:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3757:
3751:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3715:on 28 April 2016
3711:. Archived from
3704:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3677:
3671:
3658:
3652:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3592:
3586:
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3562:
3556:
3548:
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3530:
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3510:
3504:
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3499:
3483:
3477:
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3455:
3449:
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3402:
3393:
3392:
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3388:
3373:
3367:
3360:
3354:
3353:
3343:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3234:(7 April 2020).
3228:
3222:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3193:news.samsung.com
3185:
3179:
3178:
3138:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3076:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3051:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3028:. January 2007.
3023:
3015:
3009:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2990:. Archived from
2978:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2954:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2915:
2909:
2892:
2886:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2839:. Archived from
2830:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2805:on 6 August 2020
2801:. Archived from
2791:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2769:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2640:
2634:
2633:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2438:
2432:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2393:
2387:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2346:
2340:
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2337:
2335:
2321:
2315:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2055:
2049:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2005:
1999:
1988:
1979:
1978:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1931:
1814:
1798:
1786:
1771:
1759:
1747:
1741:
1632:Freezer, Walk-in
1593:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1505:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1029:
1028:
1021:
974:Magnetic cooling
964:Acoustic cooling
938:
805:
580:was invented by
542:
332:
318:
271:Ancient Iranians
230:
179:air conditioners
138:is an essential
126:consisting of a
84:
82:
77:
53:
46:
21:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4391:Home automation
4386:Home appliances
4346:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4318:
4314:Washing machine
4309:Water dispenser
4235:Pressure cooker
4218:Convection oven
4146:Ice cream maker
4054:Electric shaver
4049:Electric heater
4034:Electric kettle
3916:Air conditioner
3904:
3902:Home appliances
3899:
3861:
3859:
3850:
3837:Wayback Machine
3821:
3813:
3810:
3796:
3786:
3784:Further reading
3781:
3780:
3770:
3768:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3749:Wayback Machine
3740:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3718:
3716:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3691:
3689:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3668:Wayback Machine
3659:
3655:
3641:
3639:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3609:
3607:
3602:. 19 May 2016.
3594:
3593:
3589:
3579:
3577:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3554:Wayback Machine
3545:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3528:Wayback Machine
3519:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3497:
3495:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3471:
3469:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3435:
3404:
3403:
3396:
3386:
3384:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3361:
3357:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3290:
3288:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3140:
3139:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3113:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3085:
3074:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3056:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3032:
3021:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3003:
2999:
2980:
2979:
2975:
2967:
2952:
2947:
2946:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2908:. 21 April 2006
2902:Wayback Machine
2893:
2889:
2884:Wayback Machine
2875:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2855:
2851:
2843:
2828:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2808:
2806:
2793:
2792:
2788:
2778:
2776:
2775:. 28 March 2024
2771:
2770:
2766:
2756:
2754:
2746:Chicago Tribune
2739:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2715:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2683:
2668:
2667:
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2641:
2637:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2588:
2587:
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2571:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2546:
2544:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2514:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2455:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2430:Wayback Machine
2421:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2313:Wayback Machine
2304:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2237:
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2191:
2187:
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2165:
2164:
2160:
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2126:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2043:Wayback Machine
2033:
2029:
2022:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1998:. 30 April 2008
1989:
1982:
1975:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1909:Water dispenser
1859:Ice cream maker
1854:Home automation
1829:
1822:
1815:
1806:
1799:
1790:
1787:
1778:
1772:
1763:
1760:
1743:
1740:
1733:
1667:
1648:
1614:
1597:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1566:
1558:
1553:
1540:
1532:
1519:
1468:
1463:
1424:
1414:working out of
1407:
1390:
1388:Global adoption
1385:
1376:
1339:
1322:
1316:
1314:Auto defrosting
1295:
1246:
1226:
1205:
1191:
1173:
1153:
1076:
1059:
1053:
1050:
1044:Please see the
1043:
1030:
1019:
1014:
956:
944:liquid nitrogen
936:
921:
908:
875:
859:
834:
795:
785:
779:
766:
764:Walk-in freezer
739:
732:
720:stainless steel
703:
616:compressor, an
598:Charles Tellier
562:Alfred Mellowes
533:
473:
462:
457:methyl chloride
454:
446:
392:Michael Faraday
343:
342:
341:
340:
339:
336:Ferdinand Carré
333:
324:
323:
322:
319:
268:
260:Ancient origins
257:
247:
221:
219:
80:
78:
75:
56:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4414:
4412:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4348:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4330:Appliance plug
4326:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4282:Vacuum cleaner
4279:
4274:
4272:Television set
4269:
4264:
4262:Sewing machine
4259:
4254:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4245:Crisper drawer
4237:
4232:
4227:
4226:
4225:
4223:Microwave oven
4220:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
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4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4081:
4079:Food processor
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4039:Electric knife
4036:
4031:
4029:Electric drill
4026:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4007:Domestic robot
4004:
4003:
4002:
4000:drying cabinet
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3949:
3948:
3938:
3936:Barbecue grill
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3912:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3848:
3839:
3827:
3819:
3809:
3808:External links
3806:
3805:
3804:
3794:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3778:
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3726:
3699:
3672:
3653:
3617:
3587:
3557:
3531:
3505:
3478:
3450:
3417:(2): 325â336.
3394:
3368:
3355:
3298:
3272:
3257:
3223:
3210:
3180:
3130:
3111:
3091:
3062:
3038:
3010:
3008:. Humboldt.edu
2997:
2973:
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2764:
2732:
2713:
2693:
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2494:
2477:www.ashrae.org
2464:
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2407:
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2376:
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2258:
2240:
2231:
2205:(5): 740â756.
2185:
2178:
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2097:
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2027:
2020:
2000:
1980:
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1946:
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1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
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1911:
1906:
1901:
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1879:Home appliance
1876:
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1805:Canada in 1963
1803:General Motors
1800:
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989:Stirling cycle
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929:but in cascade
920:
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912:Peltier effect
907:
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874:
871:
858:
855:
833:
830:
778:
775:
765:
762:
751:chest freezers
731:
728:
702:
699:
687:Postum Company
654:methyl formate
650:sulfur dioxide
606:Carl von Linde
532:
529:
505:sulfur dioxide
472:
469:
460:
452:
449:sulfur dioxide
444:
437:Carl von Linde
430:gas absorption
415:James Harrison
347:William Cullen
334:
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264:Main article:
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211:bulk purchases
160:freezing point
152:freezing point
124:home appliance
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3988:
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3969:
3968:Clothes dryer
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3953:Bread machine
3951:
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3842:Refrigerators
3840:
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3651:November 2015
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3112:9789401000994
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2714:9781578595532
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2670:"Advertising"
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2284:0-262-52001-X
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1620:Refrigerators
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1432:Globalization
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1243:
1239:refrigerator.
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1221:
1215:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1202:
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1016:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
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979:Malone engine
977:
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965:
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763:
761:
758:
754:
752:
747:
743:
737:
729:
727:
725:
721:
717:
716:Avocado Green
713:
709:
700:
698:
696:
692:
691:General Foods
688:
683:
679:
675:
674:
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458:
450:
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438:
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426:
424:
420:
416:
411:
409:
405:
401:
400:Jacob Perkins
397:
393:
389:
385:
378:
374:
370:
366:
364:
360:
357:, which then
356:
355:diethyl ether
352:
348:
337:
331:
317:
308:
307:
303:
300:
296:
291:
290:
286:
285:(aqueducts).
284:
280:
276:
272:
267:
262:
261:
256:
252:
251:Refrigeration
244:
239:
235:
216:
214:
212:
206:
204:
198:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
136:Refrigeration
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
108:
99:
95:
91:
87:
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
52:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4376:Food storage
4240:Refrigerator
4239:
4186:Riding mower
4166:Kitchen hood
3990:Dehumidifier
3980:Clothes iron
3931:Air purifier
3860:. Retrieved
3855:
3798:
3790:
3769:. Retrieved
3765:
3755:
3729:
3717:. Retrieved
3713:the original
3702:
3690:. Retrieved
3675:
3656:
3649:Daily Mirror
3640:. Retrieved
3631:Daily Mirror
3629:
3620:
3608:. Retrieved
3599:
3590:
3578:. Retrieved
3569:
3560:
3534:
3508:
3496:. Retrieved
3481:
3470:, retrieved
3459:
3453:
3439:cite journal
3414:
3410:
3385:. Retrieved
3380:
3371:
3363:
3358:
3315:
3311:
3301:
3289:. Retrieved
3284:
3275:
3260:
3248:. Retrieved
3239:
3226:
3213:
3201:. Retrieved
3192:
3183:
3150:
3146:
3121:. Retrieved
3101:
3094:
3078:
3065:
3041:
3025:
3013:
3000:
2992:the original
2985:
2976:
2965:the original
2960:
2956:
2943:
2931:. Retrieved
2922:
2913:
2905:
2890:
2864:
2852:
2841:the original
2836:
2832:
2819:
2807:. Retrieved
2803:the original
2798:
2789:
2777:. Retrieved
2767:
2755:. Retrieved
2744:
2735:
2723:. Retrieved
2703:
2696:
2684:. Retrieved
2673:
2664:
2652:. Retrieved
2648:the original
2638:
2630:the original
2623:
2614:
2602:. Retrieved
2593:
2584:
2572:. Retrieved
2557:
2545:. Retrieved
2536:
2527:
2515:. Retrieved
2506:
2497:
2485:. Retrieved
2476:
2467:
2443:
2436:
2410:
2401:
2391:
2379:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2332:. Retrieved
2328:
2319:
2293:
2274:
2268:
2249:
2243:
2234:
2222:. Retrieved
2202:
2198:
2188:
2168:
2161:
2141:
2134:
2114:
2107:
2087:
2080:
2060:
2053:
2045:
2030:
2010:
2003:
1995:
1963:
1956:
1936:
1929:
1834:Auto-defrost
1722:
1718:
1706:
1691:
1673:1941 Ad for
1615:
1607:
1603:
1498:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1448:
1444:Food Deserts
1429:
1425:
1408:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1377:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1320:Auto-defrost
1308:
1304:
1287:
1276:
1268:
1255:
1219:
1214:Peltier cell
1166:
1163:
1154:
1146:
1137:
1131:ice crystals
1111:water filter
1085:
1068:
1064:
1051:
1039:
1035:
1017:Architecture
957:
941:
922:
909:
900:
876:
868:
864:
860:
851:
846:
842:
835:
767:
759:
755:
750:
741:
740:
712:Harvest Gold
704:
671:
666:
665:
658:
643:
638:
614:water-cooled
610:
602:Raoul Pictet
586:Carl Munters
574:mass-produce
546:
525:
509:refrigerants
498:
482:
435:
427:
412:
384:Oliver Evans
381:
361:, absorbing
344:
305:
304:
292:
288:
287:
269:
259:
258:
238:Pennsylvania
207:
199:
195:Frozen foods
172:
155:
119:
116:refrigerator
115:
113:
89:Manufacturer
44:Refrigerator
40:
4304:Waffle iron
4267:Slow cooker
4257:Rice cooker
4198:Leaf blower
3985:Coffeemaker
3926:Air ioniser
3540:US 2127212A
3461:relevance.)
3123:13 December
2987:Energy Star
2933:10 November
2625:History.com
2386:(Hungarian)
1914:Wine cellar
1904:Star rating
1725:White Goods
1694:ozone layer
1684:. In 1998,
1374:Form factor
1259:Energy Star
1004:Vortex tube
948:Dewar flask
771:hypothermia
667:deep freeze
572:company to
517:ozone layer
503:(R-717) or
404:John Gorrie
118:, commonly
4381:Heat pumps
4350:Categories
4181:Lawn mower
4136:Humidifier
4126:Hair dryer
4104:Fan heater
4019:Deep fryer
4012:comparison
3995:Dishwasher
3958:Bug zapper
3771:5 December
3735:US 2959832
3610:25 January
3580:25 January
3498:25 January
3472:21 October
3387:4 December
3291:5 December
3203:25 January
3153:: 111545.
2870:US 2579848
2757:16 January
2686:13 January
2574:25 January
2547:25 January
2416:US 1126605
2334:19 October
2224:2 February
1921:References
1864:Ice famine
1839:Cold chain
1716:/Germany.
1678:Electrolux
1652:Cryocooler
1646:Cryogenics
1158:households
984:Pulse tube
887:combustion
885:, such as
866:and door.
781:See also:
708:earth tone
673:appliances
594:Electrolux
570:Frigidaire
558:Kelvinator
543: 1914
494:Ganz Works
490:Ganz Works
428:The first
394:liquefied
249:See also:
234:Pittsburgh
187:Frigidaire
4131:Hair iron
4094:bladeless
3921:Air fryer
3692:31 August
3514:US 95817S
3431:0145-5532
3332:1740-8695
3175:1364-0321
2371:0042-207X
2219:202094054
1702:isobutane
1455:Ice cream
1411:Ice Trade
1116:clogging.
1096:bacteria.
1046:talk page
969:Air cycle
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483:In 1894,
295:icehouses
275:yakhchÄls
132:heat pump
97:Available
71:Inception
65:Appliance
4323:See also
4230:Pie iron
4141:Icemaker
4064:Epilator
3856:Engadget
3833:Archived
3745:Archived
3686:Archived
3664:Archived
3636:Archived
3604:Archived
3574:Archived
3550:Archived
3524:Archived
3492:Archived
3466:archived
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3197:Archived
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2898:Archived
2880:Archived
2751:Archived
2725:14 March
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2568:Archived
2541:Archived
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2299:US 8080A
2039:Archived
1827:See also
1819:icemaker
1665:Disposal
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1100:systems.
1074:Features
1054:May 2024
618:ice cube
513:Freon-12
511:such as
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299:iceboxes
266:YakhchÄl
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4277:Toaster
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3909:Types
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3721:2020
3694:2006
3644:2017
3612:2020
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