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88:, was a source of speculation. It is not clear if their relationship became romantic. The married couple soon became separated. Holstein was recalled back to Berlin around the time of the separation. It was believed that Sumner sent a letter to Bismarck informing him of Holstein's close relationship with Alice; however, there is no record of any letter in any archives and Sumner would later deny that he sent any such letter.
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was undertaken on his advice, as a protest against the supposed attempt at
Germany's isolation. Holstein did not approve the later developments of German policy in the Morocco, on the ground that the result would merely be to strengthen the Anglo-French entente. From 12 March 1906 onward he took no
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on three main grounds: the ill-feeling likely to be aroused in South
Germany, the inevitable dislocation of the finances through the huge additional charges involved, and the suspicion of Germany's motives in foreign countries, which would bind Britain still closer to France. As for the idea that
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was also largely his work. If the skill and pertinacity with which
Holstein carried through his plans in these matters was learned in the school of Bismarck, he had not acquired Bismarck's faculty for foreseeing their ultimate consequences. This is seen by blunders made on the abandonment of the
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Holstein remained a bachelor all his life, regarded as a skillful though devious man. His reluctance to emerge into publicity has been ascribed to the part he had played under
Bismarck in the Arnim scandal, which had made him powerful enemies; it was, however, possibly due to a shrinking from the
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Germany's power would be increased, he wrote in reply to a letter from
Tirpitz's opponent Admiral Karl Galster, this was a simple question of arithmetic: for how would the sea-power of Germany be relatively increased if for every new German ship Britain built two?
95:. Von Arnim was a patroniser of the French royalists and a fierce opponent of Chancellor Bismarck, who finally enforced Arnim's discharge and conviction for breach of secrecy. Holstein returned to Berlin, where he assumed office as legation secretary in the
154:: beside this, he wrote in February 1909, all other questions were of lesser account. His views on this question were summarized in a memorandum of December 1907, of which Rath gives a résumé: Holstein objected to the programme of Admiral
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and later served as a member of the legations at Rio de
Janeiro, London, Washington, Florence, and Copenhagen. During his time at Washington, 1866–1867, his relationship with Alice Mason Hooper, wife of Senator
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To the last he believed that
Germany's position would remain unsafe until an understanding had been arrived at with Britain, and it was this belief that determined his attitude towards the expansion of the
178:. His assets included extensive secret dossiers concerning German statesmen that were not published until 1956. Rumours that he may have been an informant of journalist
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Thus, it was as
Political Secretary to the Foreign Office that he determined policy in the 1890s. It was almost entirely due to him that Germany acquired Tsingtao (now
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responsibility of office. Yet the weakness of his position lay just in the fact that he was not ultimately responsible. He protested against the despatch of the
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in 1876, both an essential and a suspiciously eyed associate of
Bismarck, who behind his back called him a "hyena". Holstein's career as an
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109:, was ignorant of foreign affairs; and Holstein, as a repository of the Bismarckian tradition, became indispensable.
117:, but protested in vain. On the other hand, where his ideas were acceptable, he was generally able to realize them.
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for more than thirty years. He played a major role in shaping foreign policy after
Bismarck was dismissed in 1890.
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With the establishment of the German Empire in 1871, Holstein became secretary of the ambassador in Paris,
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Friedrich von Holstein, politics and diplomacy in the era of Bismarck and Wilhelm II
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Friedrich von Holstein, politics and diplomacy in the era of Bismarck and Wilhelm II
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286:"Baron von Holstein: "The Mystery Man" of the German Foreign Office 1890-1906"
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T. G. Otte, "Great Britain, Germany, and the Far-Eastern Crisis of 1897-8,"
363:, Vienna: Druck und Verlag der K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1918, p.
255:. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 618.
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edited by Norman Rich and M. H. Fisher (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1955);
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Holstein died on 8 May 1909 in Berlin and his body was buried in the
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with Russia in 1890, his Chinese policy, and also of his part in the
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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was promoted by Bismarck's dismissal in 1890. The new chancellor,
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The Holstein Papers. Vol. I. Memoirs and Political Observations,
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Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Ă–sterreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie
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He is the subject of Chapter 6, "The Monster of the Labyrinth."
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Grave of Friedrich von Holstein on the Invalidenfriedhof Berlin
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Dreadnought: Britain, Germany, and the Coming of the Great War
124:) and asserted German interests in China; the acquisition of
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Review by J. C. G. Röhl, "Review: Friedrich von Holstein,"
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and served as the head of the political department of the
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active part in the matter and resigned one month later.
27:(24 April 1837 – 8 May 1909) was a civil servant of the
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military officer August Friedrich Carl Ernst Leopold
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Friedrich August Karl Ferdinand Julius von Holstein
483:Newspaper clippings about Friedrich von Holstein
194:Friedrich von Holstein was portrayed by actor
63:(1791-1858). He studied jurisprudence at the
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413:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press.
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186:have never been conclusively established.
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541:Commanders of the Order of Franz Joseph
521:People from the Province of Brandenburg
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467:Sept 1966, Vol. 9 Issue 3, pp 379–388
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387:Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man
20:Holstein at the Foreign Office, 1906
274:Brockhaus Geschichte Second Edition
211:Commander of the Imperial Austrian
432:(1995) 110#439 pp. 1157–1179
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536:Burials at the Invalids' Cemetery
141:in 1906. The Kaiser's journey to
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51:on 24 April 1837, the son of a
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290:Cambridge Historical Journal
65:Frederick William University
487:20th Century Press Archives
450:The Holstein Papers. Vol. 3
75:at the Prussian embassy in
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176:Invalidenfriedhof Cemetery
430:English Historical Review
59:(1800-1863) and Karoline
252:Encyclopædia Britannica
247:Holstein, Friedrich von
184:Harden-Eulenburg Affair
79:under the authority of
49:Province of Brandenburg
418:Rich, Norman (1965b).
407:Rich, Norman (1965a).
198:in the 1974 TV-series
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382:Donald, David Herbert
284:Gooch, G. P. (1923).
213:Order of Franz Joseph
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459:vol 2 Diaries online
139:Algeciras Conference
516:People from Schwedt
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526:German politicians
190:In popular culture
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156:Alfred von Tirpitz
131:Reinsurance Treaty
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456:Volume 2: Diaries
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272:(in German)
160:Navy League
61:von BrĂĽnnow
500:Categories
327:Rich 1965a
223:References
302:1474-6913
39:Biography
531:Holstein
434:in JSTOR
384:(1970).
158:and the
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206:Honours
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