139:, though Wadman went to his grave disappointed that he had not succeeded in creating a rapprochement between Dutch and Frisian literatures. Still, Frisian literature continues to flourish at least within Friesland: Frisian authors were being promoted to the Dutch readership, and there are dozens of Frisian-language authors and literary magazines. At the same time, declining sales of literature in the Netherlands have affected Frisian literature as well, with estimates of the decline in sales of Frisian literature estimated at 30 to 40% since 2000, and library loans of Frisian books in one area declining from 152,000 in 2005 to 135,000 in 2007.
199:. Nissen is known to have created the most comprehensive North Frisian dictionary which however remained unpublished. The 20th century brought a new development in North Frisian literature which started again on Sylt and spread across the islands to the mainland. Lorenz Conrad Peters, Jens Mungard, Albrecht Johannsen and
72:, went through a rebirth. Many authors once again came to appreciate their language, and scholars studied West Frisian from an academic standpoint. Organizations were formed that drew supporters from upper and middle-class backgrounds. A further push of Dutch influence from the education system prompted three brothers,
179:. An approach to introduce a North Frisian magazine and a dictionary in the 1840s failed because of the upcoming national rivalries between either Danish or German oriented parts of the population. Other 19th century authors include Christian Peter Hansen, son of Jap Peter Hansen of Sylt, Christian Johansen of
43:. Records of these, however, are fairly scarce and would generally not constitute literature, even if they did show some poetic merit. In 1498, Dutch became the official language in Friesland for all purposes of writing but Frisian would survive as a spoken language among the common people. Through the
210:
The problems of North
Frisian literature include the limited number of speakers, the dialectal divisions which are mostly mutually unintelligible, a lack of writing tradition and a rural background without urban cultural centres and a late standardisation of orthography for the main dialects.
55:, whose poetry attempted to prove Frisian's worth as a written language and brought about a revival amongst other Frisian authors in appreciating their native language, an appreciation that had slowed by the eighteenth century, the end of the Middle Frisian period.
47:, some authors would consciously attempt to preserve their language in short written works. Middle Frisian would generally be considered to begin around this time in the mid-16th century. The greatest impact came from the seventeenth-century schoolteacher from
757:
203:
are notable authors of the early and middle 20th century. The first ever held North
Frisian literature competition was won in 1991 by Ellin Nickelsen with a novelette in
479:
552:
276:
31:
in the
Netherlands, from which most texts were produced or have survived. The first texts written in Frisian emerge around the 13th century.
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366:
123:, from around 1945 to 1963, Frisian literature experienced another period of growth with important authors and literary ambassadors like
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155:. Earlier texts are extremely rare and the oldest sample of a North Frisian writing dates to ca. 1600, a translation of
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191:. Also the North Frisian mainland produced authors in North Frisian language such as Johannes Hansen from the
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The
Frisian language was firmly established as an academic study in the twentieth century (
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200:
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168:
52:
167:) into two North Frisian dialects. Early 19th century literature includes a comedy in
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128:
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108:
119:), and the language is available for study in secondary education as well. After
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44:
40:
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445:"Zwei Jahrhunderte nordfriesischer Literatur – ein kurzer Rück- und Ausblick"
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28:
48:
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530:
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39:
Texts written in
Frisian first appear in manuscripts from the late
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534:
526:
Collection of articles on
Frisian language and literature
175:
island, and a novel by the same author Jap Peter Hansen,
98:. Their works were collected and published as the famous
414:"Friese literatuur wordt minder geschreven en gelezen"
68:
Modern West
Frisian, beginning around 1800 with the
449:Zeitschrift für Kultur- und Bildungswissenschaften
335:"Friese literatuur verkoopt zich aan Nederland"
546:
307:"Schrijver Anne Wadman vond zichzelf mislukt"
84:, to create works in West Frisian, including
8:
553:
539:
531:
438:
436:
147:Literature in the various dialects of the
388:"Friese auteurs – Eenentwintigste Eeuw"
268:
7:
412:Stikkelbroek, Ellen (7 March 2009).
392:Digital library for Dutch literature
367:Digital library for Dutch literature
363:"Friese auteurs – Twintigste Eeuw"
14:
195:area or Moritz Momme Nissen from
35:Medieval and early modern periods
277:"Prof.dr. R.H. (Rolf) Bremmer"
1:
512:Weblink in German and Fering.
151:developed only in the age of
183:or Simon Reinhard Bohn, and
111:is the current professor of
1088:
27:spoken in the province of
568:
478:Nickelsen, Ellin (1991).
455:: 121–127. Archived from
443:Steensen, Thomas (1999).
488:: Nordfriisk Instituut.
19:is works written in the
484:(in Northern Frisian).
453:University of Flensburg
164:
149:North Frisian language
96:Western Frisian people
177:Di lekkelk Stjüürman
82:Tsjalling Halbertsma
23:, including that of
1067:European literature
562:European literature
161:Kleiner Katechismus
90:, which became the
1062:Frisian literature
459:on 4 November 2014
315:. 25 November 2009
241:Wangerooge Frisian
17:Frisian literature
1072:Frisian languages
1049:
1048:
495:978-3-88007-175-9
451:(in German) (8).
281:Leiden University
237:Saterland Frisian
221:Frisian languages
171:, the dialect of
117:Leiden University
101:Rimen en Teltsjes
70:Romantic movement
21:Frisian languages
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283:. Archived from
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257:Dutch literature
165:Little Catechism
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502:on 3 March 2016
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343:. 29 March 2006
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245:Wursten Frisian
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92:national anthem
87:De Alde Friezen
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41:medieval period
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698:Old English
583:Anglo-Norman
506:26 September
504:. Retrieved
500:the original
481:Jonk Bradlep
480:
473:
463:26 September
461:. Retrieved
457:the original
448:
425:14 September
423:. Retrieved
417:
407:
397:14 September
395:. Retrieved
382:
372:14 September
370:. Retrieved
357:
347:14 September
345:. Retrieved
338:
329:
319:14 September
317:. Retrieved
310:
301:
291:14 September
289:. Retrieved
285:the original
271:
250:West Frisian
209:
176:
160:
146:
143:North Frisia
121:World War II
109:Rolf Bremmer
106:
99:
85:
67:
38:
25:West Frisian
16:
15:
967: [
901:(Provençal)
889:Montenegrin
756: [
226:Old Frisian
201:James Krüss
153:Romanticism
137:Lolle Nauta
125:Anne Wadman
113:Old Frisian
45:Renaissance
1056:Categories
1024:in English
922:Portuguese
869:Macedonian
864:Luxembourg
859:Lithuanian
618:Belarusian
263:References
1011:Ukrainian
937:Sardinian
907:Old Norse
894:Norwegian
839:Kashubian
807:Icelandic
802:Hungarian
643:Bulgarian
598:Aromanian
588:Aragonese
486:Bredstedt
193:Bredstedt
163:(German:
104:in 1871.
64:Friesland
29:Friesland
1029:in Welsh
1016:Venetian
964:Silesian
942:Scottish
927:Romanian
912:Ossetian
899:Occitan
884:Moldovan
829:Jèrriais
790:medieval
770:Georgian
765:Galician
743:Friulian
713:Estonian
668:Croatian
608:Austrian
603:Asturian
593:Armenian
578:Albanian
215:See also
169:Söl'ring
49:Bolsward
1041:Yiddish
1001:Turkish
991:Swedish
986:Spanish
981:Slovene
959:Serbian
932:Russian
874:Maltese
854:Latvian
844:Kosovar
824:Italian
785:ancient
738:Frisian
728:Flemish
723:Finnish
718:Faroese
693:English
673:Cypriot
658:Cornish
653:Chuvash
648:Catalan
638:British
628:Bosnian
623:Belgian
94:of the
78:Eeltsje
1020:Welsh
976:Slovak
917:Polish
834:Kazakh
795:modern
775:German
753:Gagauz
748:Gaelic
733:French
683:Danish
633:Breton
613:Basque
573:Abkhaz
492:
205:Fering
135:, and
80:, and
74:Justus
996:Swiss
971:]
947:Scots
849:Latin
812:Irish
780:Greek
760:]
688:Dutch
678:Czech
187:from
181:Amrum
879:Manx
508:2011
490:ISBN
465:2011
427:2010
399:2010
374:2010
349:2010
321:2010
293:2010
197:Enge
189:Föhr
173:Sylt
159:'s
115:at
1058::
969:cs
758:ru
447:.
435:^
416:.
390:.
365:.
337:.
309:.
279:.
243:,
239:,
207:.
131:,
127:,
76:,
51:,
554:e
547:t
540:v
510:.
467:.
429:.
401:.
376:.
351:.
323:.
295:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.