1334:, who was the son of a merchant from Staveren who had settled in Groningen. The old rulers were exiled, and went to seek support from Keno tom Brok, who already had connections with some of the Vetkoper chieftains from Hunsingo, Fivelgo and Oldambt, the Ferhildema family among them. Tom Brok captured Termunten, west of the Ems river, and became such a threat to Groningen, that church treasures were melted down to pay for a mercenary army to protect the city. However, in the night of 14 September 1415 the Vetkopers took Groningen by way of a ruse, whereupon the Schieringers were exiled, and went, unsurprisingly, to seek support from their associates in Oostergo and Westergo.
930:, the leaders of the Vetkoper party in Westergo and Oostergo. Within two weeks the negotiations resulted in the recognition of Albert of Bavaria as Lord of Friesland. Even the right of the count to appoint officials, which had up until then always been a sticking point in negotiations between the Frisians and the Hollanders, was quickly smoothed over: the Frisians acknowledged this right, as long as the appointed officials were Frisians, not Hollanders. After that Albert wasted no time to take up the administration of his new lands; for instance, on 26 August he appointed eight bailiffs, who, unsurprisingly were all Vetkopers.
1251:
So the bishop stepped into the gap left by the retreating
Hollanders, and allied himself with the Vetkopers in Hunsingo, Fivelgo and Oldambt, which led to renewed civil war in those territories, resulting in a resounding victory of the Schieringers, who were again supported by Groningen. Frederik III van Blankenheim reacted to this by calling up his vassals and marching northward. In June 1401 he besieged Groningen, but because the city had taken in a large contingent of Schieringer Frisians, besiegers and besieged were matched in strength. After three weeks negotiations yielded a truce, and the siege was lifted.
532:
bishops in condominium. Count and bishop should together chose a vice-count to rule in their stead. When they could not agree on a candidate, the emperor could name the vice-count himself. Because this system of government could only function when the bishop of
Utrecht was a partisan of the count of Holland, usually when a younger brother of the count was named as bishop of Utrecht, usually the status quo remained. When there was a weak bishop the influence of the count in the Frisian territories was greater, but usually still limited to the coastal region opposite Holland and the important trade city of
1472:. This took place behind John of Bavaria's back, and when he got wind of it, he demanded it to be rescinded. But at this point he had lost almost all his support in the Frisian territories. His last stronghold there was the city of Dokkum, on the north coast, which was held for him mainly by privateers, who preyed on the ships plying the trade route along the North Sea coast. At the end of May a fleet from the cities of Groningen, Hamburg, and LĂĽbeck sailed to Dokkum, and drove the privateers out, thus depriving John of this last foothold on Frisian soil.
25:
708:
been the plan. Meanwhile, William IV had disembarked on the coast north of
Staveren with an army of approximately 500 men. There he proceeded to burn some houses and attack and kill any Frisian in sight. However, the Frisians had seen him coming and assembled an army of their own, outnumbering William's force. William was ambushed and driven back to the sea, where he and most of his men were killed or drowned trying to swim to the ships in their heavy armor. Among Dutch historians this version is usually called the
1223:, which confiscated a fleet of 52 Hollandic ships as a retaliatory measure in the autumn of 1399. Holland regarded this as a declaration of war, and the situation on the seas this resulted in, brought trade along the North Sea coast virtually to a standstill. In the spring of 1401 Hamburg fitted out a large fleet, apparently to take the war to the coasts of Holland. That it did not come to that was due to mediation by the
244:
234:
225:
216:
207:
198:
151:
170:
160:
180:
945:, a small Frisian territory on the eastern border of Oostergo. Albert sent 250 English mercenaries to quash the unrest, which was quickly achieved, but the event made clear that Hollandic domination in the Frisian territories could not stop at the eastern border of Oostergo, because then the free territories which lay further east, across the
1291:
campaign was called off. Under the terms of this truce
Hollandic merchants got access to coastal towns and villages in Oostergo and Westergo from Dokkum in the northeast all the way around to Lemmer in the southeast; the Vetkoper refugees were allowed to return home; and William VI was awarded a large sum of money.
1274:
try to make use of the situation by trying to capture
Staveren (which could not now be resupplied from Holland). In the night of 4 March 1411 some Frisians crossed the frozen moat, climbed the city walls and managed to open the gates to their army. In this way the last Hollandic stronghold in Friesland was retaken.
332:. Egalitarianism was such that no noble class started to develop until the late thirteenth century, and even then these "nobles" were only firsts among equals, with only as much power as they could grab, instead of being granted such power by a liege lord. These "nobles" were called chieftains (Dutch:
1337:
At this point, the
Schieringers were in power in Oostergo and Westergo, and the Vetkopers in Hunsingo, Fivelgo, Oldambt, Groningen and a large part of East Frisia. Neither party found this situation satisfactory, and of course the Schieringer exiles from the Vetkoper territories and vice versa formed
1250:
Also, Frederik III van
Blankenheim, the bishop of Utrecht, decided now was his time to extend his influence in the north. Now that the danger posed by the Hollanders had been averted, the city of Groningen, nominally a possession of the bishopric of Utrecht, again held itself aloof from its overlord.
1132:
This insurrection can be seen as a consequence of the willful disturbance by count Albert of the precarious internal relations of the
Frisian territories. Elevating the Vetkopers inherently made Schieringers his enemies. Then he aggravated the situation by starting to feudalise Oostergo and Westergo,
1448:
What followed was a
Schieringer insurrection against the Hollanders, which made a very complex situation even more opaque. From this point on, everyone fought almost everyone, and the Hollanders seemed to have fared the worst: they were driven out in numerous places. The Hollandic fortress at Lemmer
742:
It was clear that there could be no new attack on the
Frisians under these circumstances, so apart from some confiscations of Frisian property in Holland, and a renewal of the hostilities at sea, the Frisian issue disappeared into the background. After the Frisians had expressed regret for the death
1483:
Afterwards another truce was concluded between Holland and the Frisians, which was extended again and again without many difficulties. No acts of war were undertaken anymore, although it could be argued that a warlike state continued to exist for over a century, until, in 1524 when both Holland and
1290:
was making on his territories all the time. So in June 1411 he made a truce with the Frisians, which was renewed in the following month. When he began organising a campaign for the middle of August, the Frisians became somewhat more accommodating, and a three-year truce could be negotiated, and the
1273:
In 1410, the truce expired without the parties having been able to reach an agreement on an extension. As a result, the hostilities at sea were resumed. When the winter of 1410–1411 turned out to be so severe that travel across the Zuiderzee was made impossible by ice-drift, the Frisians decided to
1254:
The six-year truce between Holland and the Frisians came to an end in the winter of 1403–1404, when it was violated by latent hostilities, mainly initiated from the side of the Frisians, who were still determined to retake Staveren. At this time, Holland was, however, yet again preoccupied with its
1204:
In the autumn of 1399 the Frisians began the siege of Staveren. There were sallies and stormings, but the Frisians could not take the city, and the Hollanders could not control the countryside. Albert of Bavaria tried several times to raise a force for another Frisian campaign, but his efforts came
1108:
Eventually William of Ostrevant realised he was getting nowhere, and decided to return to Staveren while leaving Ter Luine garrisoned. This retreat was made around the Frisian coast, not overland as he had come, and an incident during it illustrated how little control the Hollanders had left in the
878:
After the battle, Albert of Bavaria remained at Kuinre for a few more days, but, as Juw Juwinga had predicted, he found it very difficult to operate in the marshy terrain with an army of knights. Furthermore, it started to rain all day, while the sea got more and more tempestuous. On 6 September he
632:
In 1344 the pro-Holland party in Staveren was defeated, and Staveren also broke away from the count's authority. In the same year negotiations took place, but the Frisians had, apparently, stiffened their spines since 1327, and refused to make concessions. With a true knight errant as the new count
570:
In 1282 he made another attempt. Unlike William II and his predecessors, this time, Floris V did not attack West-Friesland from the south, but rather, he built a fleet, sailed around the coast, and came at his enemies from the rear. With this strategy, he succeeded in conquering several regions. It
1007:
This policy brought Albert in direct conflict with the powerful city of Groningen, which lay south of Hunsingo and Fivelgo, and southwest of Oldambt, and viewed these territories as her own backyard. Negotiations between the count and the city led nowhere and were abandoned, probably before year's
611:
William III believed that he would be able to quietly assume more rights over time, but the Frisians resisted his efforts. Then in 1323, the agreement between Holland and the Frisians fell apart when William III got impatient with Frisian intransigence and the Frisians started expelling Hollanders
707:
However, historical research has presented another version. When John of Beaumont took the monastery he had to use violence to do it. This so enraged the Frisians, they drove him and his men out and back to the shore, thus preventing him from attacking the main Frisian force from the rear, as had
1439:
and the city of Groningen, in which they divided the Frisian territories among themselves: John of Bavaria got Oostergo and Westergo, while Ocko tom Brok and Groningen got all the territories east of the Lauwers river. When this came out, it made a lot of people very angry. The Schieringers felt
1168:
was not a match for this and asked for a free retreat, which was granted. Thereupon the city of Dokkum was besieged by Frisians from Oostergo, Achtkarspelen and the Frisian territories across the Lauwers, as well as by men of Groningen. The garrison surrendered around the beginning of September.
1104:
However, the Schieringers realised they could not defeat the main Hollandic force at Ter Luine. So, instead they sought refuge in the city of Groningen, which almost doubled its garrison. Then the Schieringers and Groningers together attacked the fortress at Ter Luine, but they were beaten back,
762:
In 1368, when the truce with the Frisians was nearly over, peace negotiations were reentered, however, these talks resulted in no new agreement. Albert of Bavaria wanted effective control over the Frisian territories, while the Frisians refused to concede. As such, the terms of the initial truce
620:
In 1324 the rebellion by the Frisians was in full swing. From 1325 to 1327 there were open hostilities at Staveren in Westergo and at sea. Frisian representatives of Staveren opened negotiations with the Hollanders in 1327, which led to a new agreement in 1328, primarily on the same terms as the
347:
took the place of the feudal system in Frisian society. According to a popular myth, Charlemagne had granted the Frisians their freedom, that is to say: freedom from any and every lord excepting the Holy Roman emperor. A fake charter sought to legitimise this freedom, a not uncommon behaviour in
531:
in 1165, to settle the dispute between the counts of Holland and the bishops of Utrecht over the Frisian territories, he came up with a solution which was virtually guaranteed to keep things as they were. He ruled that the power in the disputed lands should be wielded by both the counts and the
699:
the outraged farmer population, led by a few headlings, came at the knights with whatever weapons came to hand, mainly farm implements. They drove them back to the coast, where the ships that had carried the Hollanders were, on William's orders, standing off from the shore, so retreat was not
414:
Since the twelfth century the counts of Holland made claims on a large part of the Frisian territories. It is hard to ascertain what they based those claims on, and although several historians have delved into the matter, they have not as yet come up with any conclusive answers. The case is
1177:, one of Albert's supporters in southern Westergo. Most of the Vetkoper headlings Albert had appointed to prominent positions had to flee to Holland at this point. The most important of these refugees were: Gerard Camminga, Feye of Dokkum, Renik of Sneek, Tsjerk Waltha, Gotschalk Heslinga,
1163:
By September it had become a general uprising and the Hollanders were driven into retreat everywhere. The fortress at Ter Luine was taken relatively early, probably in the middle of July. It was besieged by a large Frisian force and stormed day and night. The garrison of 200 men, led by
516:, to the southeast of Friesland, also coveted control of the area. To the east the rich city of Groningen, nominally under the control of the bishop of Utrecht, but quite independent and very influential, was trying to develop its own sphere of influence in the Frisian lands.
567:, whose age prevented him from avenging his father immediately. In 1272, however, he resumed his father's war. Although this first attempt of his to conquer the West Frisians failed, and he was forced by circumstances to let the matter rest for a decade, he did not give up.
875:, managed to get into the trench and break through the Frisian line, then attack it from the rear. At this, the Frisians broke and fled; numbers of casualties on their side range from 3,000 to 400. Most chronicles name Juw Juwinga ("Yves Joncre") as among the Frisian dead.
794:
The main reasons for this sudden return to prominence of the Frisian matter, seem to have had virtually nothing to do with the Frisians themselves. In Holland, the leaders of the Hoek party had been banned since 1393, and Albert had had a falling-out with his son and heir,
1008:
end. In February 1399 there was a reconciliation between Groningen and its nominal overlord, the bishop of Utrecht, which shows the city was making preparations to go to war. Meanwhile, Albert was also preparing for yet another campaign in the Frisian territories.
351:
In an age when feudalism was embedded in religion, with every man having a lord above him, a king over the lords and God over all, the Frisian freedoms were seen as a sort of anarchy, or worse, a rebellion against God's will, and scandalised the rest of Europe.
739:, but only under certain preconditions. This led to a flare-up of the civil war between the Hoek and Kabeljauw parties, with the Kabeljauws trying to bring William V to the countship without any preconditions, while the Hoeks remained faithful to Margaret.
799:, who was very pro-Hoek and anti-Kabeljauw. Shortly before 1396 though, there was a reconciliation between father and son, which was also meant to heal the rift between the Hoeks and Kabeljauws, promoting their newfound unity at home by making war abroad.
556:, tried to conquer West-Friesland, which lay to the north of his county, on the same landmass. It was a winter campaign, because the marshy nature of the terrain made a common summer campaign unfeasible for knights on their heavy horses. However, in the
1372:
from the sea. This led the Schieringers to openly start negotiations with John of Bavaria, who had defeated the Hoeks and had finally taken the countship of Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut in the previous year. However, in 1420, the Hoeks, led by
1116:
Meanwhile, in the rest of Oostergo and in Westergo resistance against the Hollanders flared up in many places. Officials appointed by the count were in fear of their life and could not let their guard down anywhere, as is shown by the fate of
519:
The German emperor, who was the only authority recognised by the Frisians, did nothing to rectify their unorthodoxy, which maintained his popularity and kept the counts of Holland from becoming too influential in this corner of his empire.
1021:, a stronghold of major importance to the Hollanders in the north of Oostergo, not far from Achtkarspelen. Once across the water, in Staveren, news reached him of major set-back: Widzel tom Brok had been killed in his fight against the
1070:
for military assistance. Furthermore, Groningen allied itself with the Schieringers in Hunsingo, Fivelgo and Oldambt, who were afraid they would be driven from their lands if the Hollanders - and with them the Vetkopers - won the day.
1205:
to nothing. This situation lasted until a six-year truce was negotiated, which went into effect on 16 October 1401. In the next years the war was mainly fought at sea again, but around Staveren the situation remained also very tense.
607:
negotiated a reconciliation with representatives of Westergo, whereby the Frisians of Westergo acknowledged him as count and granted him certain rights in their territory in exchange for him recognising certain privileges of theirs.
291:, which lay to the north and east of their domain. These wars were waged off and on from 1256 to 1297, 1324 to 1348, 1396 to 1411, and from 1421 to 1422, although it could be argued that a state of war continued to exist between the
507:
However, the situation in these territories was quite unlike the one in West-Friesland. The counts of Holland had rivals for these rich lands. The bishops of Utrecht, who were also in the possession of the now Dutch provinces of
1016:
In April a new insurrection broke out in Achtkarspelen, and while William of Ostrevant scrambled to get his army across the Zuiderzee to meet this new threat, the message reached him that the Frisians were besieging the city of
628:
was recognised only in Staveren, as Westergo used the succession to break away from the formal authority of the counts of Holland. This resulted in renewed hostilities, again mainly at sea, between Hollandic and Frisian ships.
1361:, who was also Emperor elect of the Holy Roman Empire. He did indeed support them, but only with words and little else. Therefore, from 1418 onward, they hesitantly sought contact with John of Bavaria, the Count of Holland.
480:, and virtually every headling belonged to one of these. Their positions were not always clear; both claimed to fight for the preservation of the Frisian freedom, even though their infighting jeopardised this freedom.
1427:. After that, the Schieringers recaptured Workum and Staveren on their own, followed at the end of April by Bolsward, and then Dokkum. And on 4 April Oostergo and Westergo acknowledged John of Bavaria as their lord.
1297:
William VI of Holland died on 31 May 1417, without having achieved anything else with regard to the Frisian war. His death caused a renewed flare-up of the Hoek and Kabeljauw troubles, when his younger brother
599:
After the West Frisians were defeated near Vroonen in 1297 peace prevailed for approximately 27 years. During that time, the Counts of Holland assumed the title of Counts of Holland and West Friesland.
590:
defeated the West Frisians; the village was destroyed during the battle and all the men of West Frisia who could fight (between 15 and 45) were killed, leaving a region of women, children and old folks.
1137:
Vetkopers with the lordly rights in a lot of villages, not caring whether or not those villages already had headlings, which in the Frisian state of things was more or less the same as a village lord.
902:, and marched along the south coast of Friesland, which is sandy rather than marshy, to the city of Staveren. After a violent skirmish negotiations were commenced, and William was offered a treaty by
1475:
In the middle of June 1422, John contacted his old Schieringer allies to see whether or not there would be any support for him left at all if he organised a new campaign to Friesland. There was not.
1385:, so he had no aid to give them at that time. Still, on 4 November 1420 the negotiations resulted in a treaty between John of Bavaria and the Schieringers, and at the end of November John sent
1208:
In the interim the Hollanders had different concerns. On the domestic front the troubles between de Hoeks and Kabeljauws had erupted again, this particular part of those wars being called the
1032:
around the coast of Westergo and Oostergo to reinforce the garrison of Dokkum. On 28 May, William of Ostrevant set out from Staveren with his main force. He crossed overland to the village of
426:
of Holland, but although he tries to back up the Hollandic claims on the Frisian territories, he lacks sound arguments. He suspects the counts of Holland obtained their rights as heirs to one
1294:
In 1414, negotiations to extend the truce for another three years failed, so it was only extended for one year. For several successive years after that, it was renewed for one year again.
771:
After almost fifty years of peace, Albert of Bavaria resumed the war in 1396 with a large scale military campaign. For this he called up his vassals from Holland, Zeeland, Hainaut and the
1420:, the most important stronghold of the Schieringers in southern Westergo, where a lot of the Schieringer exiles from the eastern territories had gathered, was besieged by the Vetkopers.
1219:
Furthermore, through their privateering activities, which apparently did not spare neutral powers, the Hollanders had come into conflict with the rich and very influential trade city of
1258:
From 1404 to 1406 a furious privateering war raged on the sea, which again led to trade coming to a standstill. In 1406, mediation by some Hanseatic cities, LĂĽbeck, Hamburg, Stralsund,
1125:, shortly after the relief of Dokkum. But the matter did not end with a few violent incidents. Around the middle of June there was open insurrection in the area surrounding the city of
1255:
own internal affairs. On 16 December 1404, Albert of Bavaria died, and was succeeded as count of Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut by his son William of Ostrevant, who ruled as William VI.
1196:
At the beginning of 1400 the Hollanders had lost almost all gains they had made since 1398, and only the city of Staveren, on the Zuiderzee coast, remained firmly in their possession.
571:
took the disastrous flood of 1287 and 1288 for him to finally break the resistance posed by the West Frisians. Even so, it was not until 1289 before all resistance was firmly quashed.
856:, was one of only a few who argued against this strategy, saying that the Frisians should go home and let the Hollanders try to fight the marshy terrain. He was, however, outvoted.
1156:, who were known for their pro-Schieringer stance (some hold that the war between the Schieringers and the Vetkopers originated as a feud between the Cistercian monks and their
1330:, who was Provost of Emden, fled across the Ems river to the city of Groningen, where his arrival gave the first impulse to a transfer of power to the Schieringers, led by one
1051:, which lay directly south of their position, around 16 June. On 20 or 21 June they gained a resounding victory over the Frisians, although what exactly happened, is unknown.
1036:, on the north coast, close to Dokkum, where the Frisians made an abortive attack on his camp. On the next day (2 June) he relieved Dokkum, after which he built a fortress at
723:
The count's death plunged Holland, Zeeland and Hainaut into turmoil as William IV died without an heir. This meant the county reverted to his liege lord, the German emperor
641:
In 1345 war erupted again when William IV called his vassals together and crossed the Zuiderzee to Friesland on 26 September. William IV had fought against the Muslims in
1054:
Meanwhile, the Hollandic army building a fortress at Ter Luine had the city of Groningen worried. In the first week of June the city asked the bishop of Utrecht and the
54:
1599:
1169:
Close to Leeuwarden the Cammingaburg, the castle of Gerard Camminga, one of Albert's main supporters in Oostergo, was also besieged and captured. Close to the city of
1460:
On 1 February a formal reconciliation was concluded between Ocko tom Brok, the town of Groningen, Oostergo, Westergo, Hunsingo, Fivelgo, and the small territories of
603:
Although there was no warfare, the Hollanders turned their eyes east, to the Frisian territories across the Zuiderzee, in particular to Westergo. And in 1310, count
820:
After the landing the Frisian strategy was to prevent the Hollanders from leaving the coast and coming inland. According to the tale of the Hainautian chronicler
687:
According to the traditional tale, meanwhile William IV, with the bulk of his army, sailed east past Staveren and went ashore somewhere between the villages of
1025:
Frisians. This meant Holland had lost its most powerful ally in the Frisian territories, one who had probably been meant to attack Groningen from the east.
867:. The Frisians were drawn up in a trench they had dug, behind an earthen wall. The Hollanders stormed the wall and a group of Hainautian nobles, among them
1364:
Meanwhile, the war went on. On 29 August 1419 the Schieringers, again led by Sikke Siarda, won a major victory over a Vetkoper army close to the city of
1129:, the capital of Oostergo, and in the area directly inland from Staveren. From there it spread like an oil spill over the rest of Oostergo and Westergo.
863:. Of course, in 1396 Schoterzijl did not exist yet, but it is clear this battle took place somewhere between the stronghold of Kuinre and the village of
415:
complicated, because contemporary writers hardly paid much attention to such a side-issue, while later sources are filled with anti-Frisian propaganda.
469:
parties fought for power, and sometimes this was aggravated when there were two candidates for the countship and both sought support among the nobles.
817:, which was actually just outside the Frisian borders. However, the Frisians were waiting for them, and the landing cost the Hollanders many lives.
1589:
1584:
1579:
524:
1310:, the duke of neighbouring Brabant. These circumstance made sure that the Frisian matter disappeared into the background again for the time being.
1594:
1368:, the capital of Westergo. However, in May 1420 the Vetkopers sailed around the coasts of Oostergo and Westergo, and took the Zuiderzee city of
952:
Albert's solution was to ally himself with representatives of the Vetkoper party from the major Frisian territories between the Lauwers and the
868:
796:
237:
1609:
1109:
eastern part of Oostergo: when two Hollandic boats were stranded by the tide, they were attacked by the Frisians from Achtkarspelen and
128:
879:
gave up and went home, after a campaign of only ten days and with no gains other than revenge for the defeat of 1345 to show for it.
1546:
1510:
76:
1318:
On 21 October 1413, the precarious balance of power in East Frisia (in what is today part of Germany) shifted, when the chieftain,
751:
In 1368, during the peace with the Frisians, the Kabeljauws delivered the countship to William V. Thereupon his younger brother,
732:
887:
After 1396 the war at sea was resumed and in 1397 some small scale attacks were carried out on the Frisian coast at the city of
1303:
1299:
684:, went ashore south of Staveren, and captured the monastery of Saint Odulphus. What happened next is still not entirely clear.
247:
1374:
1029:
1105:
mainly by the efforts of an English mercenary called Pantier, who single-handedly held a dam across a stream against them.
1614:
1354:
803:
724:
625:
545:
219:
201:
872:
37:
1216:, the leader of the Kabeljauw party, who had been for years his father's main adviser, but had fallen from grace now.
755:, was called to Holland to succeed him, an event which led to another flare-up in the civil war when a third brother,
604:
450:
1282:
William VI did not immediately react to this setback; he had other things on his mind, being at war with the Duke of
47:
41:
33:
1604:
1564:
1377:, had risen again, this time with the support of bishop Frederik III of Blankenheim, and the cities of Utrecht and
898:
In 1398 a new large scale campaign was launched. The army, led by William of Ostrevant, landed without problems at
736:
564:
210:
1239:, who negotiated a truce, which eventually led to a peace that went into effect in 1403, after arbitration by the
743:
of William IV, on 2 May 1348, the way was free for negotiations about a truce, which went into effect on 22 June.
700:
possible. Almost all of the Hollanders were killed, including the young count himself. This battle was called the
441:
In the thirteenth century the county of Holland entered a period of expansion, not unlike those which occurred in
228:
1047:
At Ter Luine, the Hollanders had to repel several Frisian attacks. Furthermore, they burned down the village of
58:
1307:
752:
408:
1424:
810:, in Drenthe, and if Albert was not quick the bishop would grab the Frisian territories from under his nose.
621:
agreement of 1310, although the Frisians did make some concessions on the appointments of certain officials.
1386:
360:
1423:
But in the first months of 1421, Gerard van Heemskerk retook Lemmer, and the siege of Sloten was broken by
1000:, who were at that time the most influential headlings in East Friesland, across the Ems, in what is today
860:
1435:
The success of the Hollanders, however, was short-lived. On 1 September 1421 John concluded a treaty with
1405:
1392:
Even so, around year's end, the Vetkopers who had occupied Hindelopen, led by the East Frisian chieftain,
1287:
941:
In September 1398, new problems arose for the Hollanders: an insurrection against their rule broke out in
715:
When John of Beaumont heard of his nephew's demise, he evacuated his position and sailed back to Holland.
1165:
813:
In August 1396 an army of perhaps 9,000 men, led by Albert himself and William of Ostrevant, landed near
1213:
919:
579:
557:
272:
1416:, who had died in 1417) took the strategic village of Lemmer, on the south coast. Furthermore, city of
1182:
1118:
961:
574:
After the death of Floris in 1296, however, a large portion of West Frisia revolted, especially around
1319:
1186:
973:
328:, they had drifted away from mainstream European culture on a separate course, similar to that of the
1094:
993:
903:
388:
372:
1440:
betrayed, especially those exiles who hoped to return to lands John had now, in effect, given away.
1331:
1266:
among them, led to a one-year truce, which was renewed in 1407, 1408, and 1409. The attempts of the
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The other Frisian party, that of the Schieringers, seemed to acquiesce in this new arrangement.
536:. When there was a strong bishop the influence of Holland and Utrecht cancelled each other out.
504:(the borders of which approximately coincide with the present-day Dutch province of Friesland).
434:), who had been count of Holland during the Franconian period, which was at that time a part of
1465:
1461:
1353:
This defeat led the Schieringers to seek support for their cause abroad. First they approached
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1417:
1189:. Some others of Albert's erstwhile supporters, among them Heere Hottinga, Sjoerd Wiarda, and
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Besides headlings some monasteries also took a prominent part in the uprising, especially the
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Holland and Frisia both experienced protracted civil wars in the same period. In Holland the
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1381:. When the Schieringers came asking for his support, John was busy besieging the city of
1302:
tried to take the countship, with the support of the Kabeljauws, from William's daughter
283:(ranging from single battles to entire campaigns) consisting of the attempts made by the
1153:
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411:(died 18 September 993) was the first Hollandic count to wage war on the Frisians.
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While he himself waited for reinforcements from Holland, William of Ostrevant sent
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806:, had been very active in the north of late. In 1395 he captured the stronghold of
477:
384:
407:
The conflicts between the counts of Holland and the Frisians have a long history.
16:
Series of attempted invasions of Frisia by the County of Holland between 1256-1422
1121:, the steward of Oostergo and Westergo, who was murdered in the monastery (!) of
1499:
Grenzen aan de Macht - De Friese oorlog van de graven van Holland omstreeks 1400
1393:
1270:
to negotiate a lasting peace between Holland and the Frisians, however, failed.
1157:
1141:
1134:
953:
849:
759:, tried to take the countship for himself, with the support of the Hoek nobles.
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the Frisian leader he names Yves Joncre (a giant of a man who had fought in
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1228:
695:. From there he marched inland in a northerly direction. At the village of
735:
with it. Margaret was prepared to hand the three counties over to her son
179:
1401:
1365:
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1240:
1232:
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1059:
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853:
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1457:, its commander, Floris of Alkemade, was taken prisoner, then executed.
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946:
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320:. In fact, since the time the Frisian territories had been part of the
163:
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124:
704:
and is still commemorated by the Frisians each year on 26 September.
560:, the count went through the ice and was killed by the West Frisians.
1397:
1382:
1314:
Conflict between Frisians (the Schieringers and the Vetkopers) erupts
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1259:
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355:
The Frisian lands in those days stretched along a large part of the
578:. On 27 March 1297, at a battle near Vroonen (close to present day
1323:
1244:
1170:
688:
616:
The Hollanders fail in an attempt to conquest Westergo (1324-1348)
1090:
they captured a fortress held by Hollanders whose leader was the
1338:
a greatly destabilising factor. In 1416, a battle took place at
780:
787:. Furthermore, the Kings of England and France and the Duke of
680:
Before the battle, a party of knights, led by William's uncle,
472:
Meanwhile, among the Frisians there were also two parties, the
1286:
as he was, and receiving messages of the raids his Hoek enemy
18:
859:
On 29 August a battle took place, that is usually named the
712:, to differentiate it from the traditional Battle of Warns.
484:
Background of the relationship between Holland and Friesland
665:
three times. He was not only count of Holland, but also of
295:
and the Frisian territories till well after the year 1500.
438:, but even there he has to admit it is only as suspicion.
949:
river, would always remain a threat to the count's rule.
1306:, who had the support of the Hoeks, and was married to
844:), who was known to the Hollanders and their allies as
1097:. Afterwards Reinersz and his men were drowned in the
418:
The usual source which is quoted in this instance, is
430:, Count in Friesland (the operative word here being
763:continued in place being extended year after year.
1278:The war is interrupted by other events (1411-1421)
1173:the same fate befell the Rodenburg, the castle of
1449:was captured on 18 January 1422 by Frisians from
1396:, captured Staveren, and thereupon the cities of
1113:, and burned with all their passengers and crew.
624:But in 1337 William III died, and his successor,
1040:, east of the city, on the southern bank of the
633:of Holland, this made war virtually inevitable.
595:Nearly three decades of peace follow (1297–1324)
46:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
91:
104:1256–1297, 1324–1348, 1396–1411, and 1421-1422
1539:Het Heilige Roomse Rijk en de Friese Vrijheid
1082:, burned down the vicarage of the village of
791:sent contingents of knights and men-at-arms.
391:and two small areas east of the Weser river,
8:
992:). Even further eastward he found allies in
449:at the time. This was at the expense of the
1525:Tweeduizend Jaar Geschiedenis van Friesland
1193:, apparently defected to the Schieringers.
453:, but also of peripheral territories like
88:
1086:, where Haye Wibben had taken refuge. At
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
1518:Oorsprong en Geschiedenis van de Friezen
1408:as well, while privateers in the pay of
1389:with a small army across the Zuiderzee.
747:Nearly five decades of peace (1348-1396)
1600:Battles involving the Holy Roman Empire
1375:Philip of Wassenaar, Viscount of Leiden
1030:Gerard of Heemskerk, Lord of Oosthuizen
552:, that is to say, Emperor elect of the
422:, a chronicler in the service of count
767:The war for East Friesland (1396-1411)
1074:In Fivelgo, the Schieringers, led by
1044:, which connected Dokkum to the sea.
7:
1431:John of Bavaria betrays all Frisians
802:Furthermore, the bishop of Utrecht,
131:, but makes no substantial gains in
1350:, was almost completely destroyed.
848:, and who is usually identified as
783:from him, who were mostly from the
316:in that they did not adhere to the
563:He was succeeded by his young son
14:
1078:, a headling from the village of
873:John, Lord of Ligne and Barbençon
682:John of Hainaut, Lord of Beaumont
637:The Battle of Warns / of Staveren
496:, lay the Frisian territories of
871:, the seneschal of Hainaut, and
540:The West Frisian War (1256–1297)
242:
232:
223:
214:
205:
196:
178:
168:
158:
149:
23:
1590:15th century in the Netherlands
1585:14th century in the Netherlands
1580:13th century in the Netherlands
895:, but these ended in débâcles.
1595:Wars involving the Netherlands
1527:, Leeuwarden, (no year given).
1444:The final conflict (1421-1422)
1212:: William of Ostrevant fought
852:, a headling from the city of
612:and their Frisian supporters.
1:
1326:. His enemy, the chieftain,
804:Frederik III van Blankenheim
312:were at that time unique in
1610:Wars involving the Frisians
1631:
1565:Schieringers and Vetkopers
1357:, the King of Hungary and
1342:, close to the village of
279:), were a series of short
367:, the Dutch provinces of
277:Frysk-Hollânske oarloggen
194:
189:
142:
96:
1425:Floris, Lord of Alkemade
375:, excepting the city of
269:Fries-Hollandse Oorlogen
32:This article includes a
1322:, captured the town of
779:) and the nobles who a
61:more precise citations.
1387:Henry, Lord of Renesse
1355:Sigismund of Luxemburg
1288:William, Lord of Arkel
605:William III of Holland
492:, which is today Lake
276:
268:
261:Frisian-Hollandic Wars
190:Commanders and leaders
1484:Friesland came under
1404:, and the village of
1304:Jacqueline of Bavaria
1214:John V, Lord of Arkel
1200:The siege of Staveren
891:and on the island of
861:Battle of Schoterzijl
546:William II of Holland
238:William VI of Holland
220:William IV of Holland
202:William II of Holland
1615:History of Friesland
1541:, Leeuwarden, 1986,
1532:Fan Fryslâns Forline
1516:S.J. van der Molen,
1012:The campaign of 1399
883:The campaign of 1398
797:William of Ostrevant
645:, travelled through
525:Frederick Barbarossa
457:and West-Friesland.
451:Bishopric of Utrecht
287:to conquer the free
257:Friso-Hollandic Wars
92:Friso-Hollandic Wars
1166:Gillis van Schengen
1133:that is to say, he
733:Margaret of Bavaria
330:Swiss Confederation
289:Frisian territories
248:John III of Holland
229:Albert I of Holland
211:Floris V of Holland
1560:Arumer Zwarte Hoop
1520:, Amsterdam, 1981.
920:Gotschalk Heslinga
725:Louis the Bavarian
710:Battle of Staveren
661:against the pagan
657:, and had been on
558:Battle of Hoogwoud
550:King of the Romans
467:Hoek and Kabeljauw
34:list of references
1605:County of Hainaut
1534:, Bolsward, 1968.
1183:Schelte Liauckama
1119:Simon van Zaanden
962:Ayleko Ferhildema
753:Albert of Bavaria
554:Holy Roman Empire
527:travelled to the
359:coast, including
293:County of Holland
285:counts of Holland
253:
252:
138:
137:
87:
86:
79:
1622:
1523:Piter Terpstra,
1410:Ocko II tom Brok
1320:Keno II tom Brok
1268:Hanseatic League
1187:Bauwo of Sauwerd
974:Omeko Snelgersma
773:Upper Palatinate
719:After the battle
336:; West Frisian:
246:
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57:this article by
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1095:Pieter Reinersz
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994:Widzel tom Brok
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904:Gerard Camminga
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846:le Grand Frison
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702:Battle of Warns
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548:, who was also
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1451:Doniawerstal
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1422:
1412:(the son of
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1348:Sikke Siarda
1340:Oxwerderzijl
1336:
1328:Hisko Abdena
1317:
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1111:Kollumerland
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1042:Dokkumerdiep
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937:New problems
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893:Terschelling
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478:Schieringers
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385:Ostfriesland
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348:those days.
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334:hoofdelingen
333:
307:
304:The Frisians
273:West Frisian
260:
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143:Belligerents
73:
64:
53:Please help
45:
1530:H. Twerda,
1470:Humsterland
1455:Schoterland
1394:Focko Ukena
1099:Damsterdiep
1084:Westeremden
1023:Saterlandic
978:Haye Wibben
850:Juw Juwinga
529:Netherlands
488:Across the
420:Melis Stoke
326:Charlemagne
129:West Frisia
114:Netherlands
59:introducing
1574:Categories
1379:Amersfoort
1370:Hindelopen
1227:cities of
1158:Norbertine
1142:Cistercian
1127:Leeuwarden
1058:cities of
889:Hindelopen
626:William IV
576:Westflinge
510:Overijssel
494:IJsselmeer
461:Civil wars
338:haadlingen
324:empire of
1505:), 1993,
1503:The Hague
1479:Aftermath
1466:Langewold
1462:Vredewold
1344:Noordhorn
1237:Stralsund
1225:Hanseatic
1210:Arkel War
1150:Bloemkamp
1146:Klaarkamp
1135:enfeoffed
1123:Klaarkamp
1092:privateer
1038:Ter Luine
865:Oosterzee
822:Froissart
808:Coevorden
785:Rhineland
781:fief-rent
729:enfeoffed
663:Prussians
655:Holy Land
490:Zuiderzee
474:Vetkopers
455:Waterland
389:Friesland
377:Groningen
373:Groningen
369:Friesland
357:North Sea
127:captures
1554:See also
1486:Habsburg
1402:Bolsward
1366:Franeker
1284:Guelders
1243:city of
1088:Ten Post
1060:Deventer
958:Hunsingo
854:Bolsward
789:Burgundy
565:Floris V
534:Staveren
502:Oostergo
498:Westergo
476:and the
424:Floris V
322:Frankish
310:Frisians
109:Location
1492:Sources
1359:Croatia
1308:John IV
1241:Flemish
1221:Hamburg
1034:Holwerd
1002:Germany
982:Oldambt
980:), and
970:Fivelgo
947:Lauwers
840:and on
830:Hungary
826:Prussia
777:Bavaria
737:William
675:Belgium
671:Hainaut
667:Zeeland
659:crusade
653:to the
643:Granada
588:Zeeland
584:Holland
514:Drenthe
443:England
393:Wursten
174:Hainaut
164:Zeeland
155:Holland
125:Holland
55:improve
1545:
1509:
1488:rule.
1468:, and
1418:Sloten
1406:Makkum
1398:Workum
1383:Leiden
1264:Danzig
1262:, and
1260:Wismar
1235:, and
1229:LĂĽbeck
1185:, and
1152:, and
1080:Stedum
1068:Zwolle
1066:, and
1064:Kampen
1056:IJssel
1049:Kollum
1019:Dokkum
926:, and
900:Lemmer
842:Cyprus
838:Rhodes
834:Turkey
815:Kuinre
727:, who
693:Laaxum
651:Cyprus
647:Venice
447:France
428:Gerolf
409:Arnulf
397:WĂĽrden
381:German
379:, the
314:Europe
184:Frisia
121:Result
1324:Emden
1245:Ghent
1233:Thorn
1171:Sneek
836:, on
697:Warns
689:Mirns
265:Dutch
40:, or
1543:ISBN
1507:ISBN
1453:and
1400:and
996:and
988:and
976:and
964:and
691:and
669:and
649:and
586:and
512:and
500:and
445:and
395:and
387:and
371:and
308:The
255:The
101:Date
968:),
954:Ems
340:).
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1464:,
1247:.
1231:,
1181:,
1148:,
1101:.
1062:,
1004:.
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922:,
918:,
914:,
910:,
906:,
832:,
828:,
677:.
432:in
399:.
275::
271:;
267::
44:,
36:,
1549:.
1513:.
984:(
972:(
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74:(
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