188:
374:, and they were no match for the well-equipped German army led by Albrecht. This was not necessarily due to the Frisian militia's lack of fighting spirit, but rather due to their lack of organized leadership, military training and armaments, resulting in a disorganized and poorly coordinated attack. As a result of the
450:
In the years 1516 to 1517, a significant number of confiscations were recorded that involved the forced transfer of property from the
Vetkoper-supporting families in Friesland to non-Frisian nobility. It seems that the Burgundian government used these confiscations to reward their own loyal
451:
Schieringer supporters with property in
Friesland. Among the beneficiaries, we see many individuals who were notably affluent in 1511. It appears that these confiscations contributed to a discernible shift of wealth from Frisians to non-Frisians, and from the less wealthy to the affluent.
419:
army, they were unable to regain their old freedoms. In an effort to prevent weapons from being used against them in the future, the Saxons attempted to forbid or severely limit the possession of weapons among the
Frisian people. There was too much of a long-standing tradition of communal
340:, so they simply returned to Saxon service under the Duke. By the end of April 1498, the Groninger-Vetkoper alliance was shattered, with the Groningers being forced to enter into a humiliating agreement. The most significant provision of this agreement was that they would pay the
266:
by both the
Schieringer and Vetkoper parties played a significant role in the intensification of conflicts towards the end of the 1400s. The availability of these mercenaries increased following the death of
313:
to destabilize
Friesland in a cunning manner. In 1496, he used these hired mercenaries to aid the Schieringers in driving out the Groninger and Vetkoper alliance from Westergo. Afterwards, he lent some
138:
nobility established a core militia composed of a few permanent men-at-arms and a few permanent mercenaries, along with an auxiliary force of several hundred inhabitants from the town, city,
283:, especially during times of war. The use of these highly trained mercenaries by both Schieringer and the Vetkoper factions in Friesland led to more extensive and violent conflicts. These
80:
were farmers who worked for their wealth and status by acquiring farmland and consolidated their positions by holding important local administrative and judicial roles (such as that of
289:
would offer their services in fixed groups for several weeks or months to anyone willing to pay their wages. Their wages could only be raised by imposing heavy taxes on the cities and
212:("Book of the Parties") about the origins of the discord between the warring parties in Friesland and his definition of the terms Skieringers and Fetkeapers. According to Jancko the
458:
would disappear from the official written record; the last official document recorded in
Frisian was in 1573. Frisian was replaced by Dutch and would not return until about 1800.
43:
factional parties from the medieval period. They were responsible for a civil war that lasted for over a century (1350–1498) and which eventually led to the end of the so-called "
324:, for two reasons: to relieve himself the burden of paying their wages and to cause further instability. This interference was successful to the point where the Schieringer
400:
to implement harsh new taxes under an extremely short timeline, with severe consequences, in order to raise money. In a very short time, the occupation by the Duke and his
368:
mercenaries, gathered his army near Laaxum in June 1498 to defeat the
Schieringers once and for all. The Schieringer forces were made up of local Frisian militia headed by
54:
in the mid-14th century. Accompanied by a decline in monasteries and other communal institutions, social discord led to the emergence of
Frisian nobility, who were called
502:
467:
788:
783:
253:, which had become the dominating force in Frisia, tried to interfere in Mid-Frisian affairs. The meddling met strong opposition in Skieringer held
89:
Frisian politics was largely decentralized at the time. Officially, Friesland had a communal government structure with a central board called the
454:
Saxon subjugation ended
Frisian municipal independence. Although still spoken at the time, the Frisian language did not have any official status.
166:
such as the traditional families
Harinxma, Sjaerda, Martena, Camstra and Camminga. The Schieringers sought alliances with monarchs such as the
443:, for 100,000 Dutch florins. Like the rest of the Netherlands and an even larger part of Europe, Friesland was under the rule of the
362:
next focussed on the Schieringers. Albrecht, now known for his impressive military skills and with the support of his highly trained
756:
731:
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387:
168:
778:
440:
72:
were Dutch nobility; they were wealthy landowners who possessed fortified stone houses and a surrounding farming estate (
276:
426:
militias. Significant local resistance remained and they were unable to achieve a complete disarmament of the local
359:
347:
337:
330:
felt so trapped that they had no choice but to request the Duke's protection on 21 March 1498. Of course the hired
304:
173:
394:, Duke of Saxony, inherited the Lordship of Friesland. Henry IV circulated letters of bidding to the Schieringer
747:
Deumert, Ana; Vandenbussche, Wim, eds. (2003). "Frisian - Standardization in progress of a language in decay".
391:
301:
would turn rogue if their wages were not paid, leading them to pillage and set fire to the surrounding areas.
184:, who were supported by common freehold farmers from the peat areas. The Vetkopers supported self government.
375:
56:
195:
436:
272:
346:
mercenaries 30,000 Rhine guilders and, in doing so, relinquish their rights to Westergo and Oostergo to
123:
were able to offer military protection to the local inhabitants that lived under the influence of their
32:
691:] (in Dutch). Wageningen: Afdeling Agrarische Geschiedenis, Landbouwhogeschool. pp. 332–336.
250:
406:
military force became unacceptable to many Frisians and there were a significant number of revolts.
155:
eventually consolidated in aligning along two opposing parties: the Skieringers and the Fetkeapers.
91:
396:
370:
326:
134:
119:
113:
68:
62:
496:
410:
148:, which means that they were common people who owned a house, be it as a freeholder or a tenant.
752:
727:
723:
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692:
578:
455:
444:
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appointed Albrecht hereditary potestate and gubernator of Friesland in 1499. By 1500, his son
280:
111:, which was officially a democratically elected official, were predominantly sourced from the
268:
144:
or collection of villages over which they held influence. The auxiliary force was formed by
380:
44:
598:
242:
223:
203:
192:
Skieringers in Medemblik asking Albrecht the duke of Saxony for protection, March 1498
187:
772:
447:. However, Friesland remained in a civil war, for some time, at least up until 1523.
99:
and 11 city mayors. The real rule, however, was exercised at the local level, in the
336:
of Tjerk Walta did not want to fight their own, those who were under the command of
651:
689:
Three Centuries of Friesland: Economic and Social Developments from 1500 to 1800.
321:
415:
402:
364:
341:
332:
315:
309:
296:
285:
262:
685:
Drie Eeuwen Friesland: Economische en Sociale Ontwikkelingen van 1500 tot 1800
704:
428:
422:
351:
291:
140:
101:
51:
50:
These factional parties arose because of an economic downturn that began in
17:
577:(1st ed.). Netherlands: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 1–242.
254:
107:
82:
40:
696:
432:
militias. The reign of the dukes of Saxony lasted from 1498 to 1515.
409:
Although the Schieringers and Vetkopers united with support of the
271:
in 1477, and the consequent unrest in various regions, such as the
249:
In the second half of the fifteenth century the Fetkeaper town of
246:) because they had tried firstly discussion rather than violence.
186:
125:
73:
295:. Their presence resulted in further destabilization since the
228:
637:
The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century: The Golden Age
260:
The use of trained foot-soldier mercenaries known as
227:) were so called because they had much and could buy
356:
femained free from Saxon defeat for the time being.
622:Evolution of the Money Standard in Medieval Frisia
575:The Frisian Popular Militias between 1480 and 1560
439:, Duke of Saxony sold Groningen and Friesland to
132:From the 1480s it was a common practice that the
206:(1482–1533), wrote in his memoirs, titled the
8:
232:
213:
207:
180:party consisted of a large number of minor
749:Germanic Standardizations: Past to Present
501:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
468:Factionalism in the medieval Low Countries
105:, the city, and even in the village. The
350:, the Duke of Saxony. However weakened,
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494:
257:and ended in a call for foreign help.
650:Hendriks, Albert (1 September 2022).
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751:. John Benjamins. pp. 193–195.
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231:products. The poor adopted the name
95:, which was populated by 30 rural
25:
489:Medieval Germany: An Encyclopedia
202:A contemporary Frisian nobleman
194:, by Julius Scholz (1825–1893),
60:in East Friesland (headmen) and
789:15th century in the Netherlands
784:14th century in the Netherlands
413:against Henry IV and the Saxon
307:, the Duke of Saxony, used the
388:Emperor Maximilian of Habsburg
146:huislieden (plural of huisman)
1:
320:mercenaries to the Vetkoper,
172:of Austria, and his general
117:class. This was because the
277:prince-bishopric of Utrecht
805:
718:Markey, Thomas L. (1981).
620:Henstra, Dirk Jan (2000).
420:self-defence by the local
29:Vetkopers and Schieringers
722:. Trends in linguistics.
573:Mol, Johannes A. (2022).
37:Fetkeapers en Skieringers
656:Friesland Holland Travel
162:party was led by major
635:Prak, Maarten (2005).
487:Deep, John M. (2001).
273:Burgundian Netherlands
233:
214:
208:
199:
176:, Duke of Saxony. The
36:
378:on 10 June 1498, the
196:Albrechtsburg Meissen
190:
779:History of Friesland
683:Faber, J.A. (1972).
243:[skiːrɪŋərs]
39:) were two opposing
607:Book of the Parties
224:[fɛtkɔpərs]
66:in West Friesland.
603:Boeck der Partijen
411:Duke of Gelderland
209:Boeck der Partijen
200:
724:Mouton Publishers
609:] (in Dutch).
456:Frisian languages
445:House of Habsburg
441:Emperor Charles V
281:Duchy of Guelders
198:(Museum), Germany
16:(Redirected from
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269:Charles the Bold
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76:and state). The
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435:On 19 May 1515
381:Frisian Freedom
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45:Frisian freedom
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726:. p. 50.
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204:Jancko Douwama
151:Feuds between
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659:. Retrieved
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652:"Leeuwarden"
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397:hoofdelingen
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371:hoofdelingen
369:
365:Landsknechte
363:
360:Albrecht III
358:
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343:Landsknechte
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338:Albrecht III
333:Landsknechte
331:
327:hoofdelingen
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317:Landsknechte
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310:Landsknechte
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305:Albrecht III
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298:Landsknechte
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286:Landsknechte
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263:Landsknechte
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191:
182:hoofdelingen
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174:Albrecht III
169:Maximilian I
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164:hoofdelingen
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153:hoofdelingen
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33:West Frisian
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416:Landsknecht
403:Landsknecht
322:Tjerk Walta
292:grietenijen
234:Skieringers
160:Schieringer
18:Schieringer
773:Categories
697:B00122E7UO
491:. Germany.
474:References
279:, and the
239:pronounced
220:pronounced
57:haadlingen
497:cite book
429:grietenij
423:grietenij
251:Groningen
215:Fetkopers
141:grietenij
102:grietenij
52:Friesland
705:63383654
661:28 March
462:See also
392:Henry IV
353:Gronigen
348:Albrecht
255:Westergo
178:Vetkoper
108:grietman
97:grietmen
83:grietman
720:Frisian
41:Frisian
755:
730:
703:
695:
581:
437:George
275:, the
687:[
605:[
126:stins
74:stins
753:ISBN
728:ISBN
701:OCLC
693:ASIN
663:2023
579:ISBN
503:link
158:The
27:The
229:fat
86:).
47:".
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671:^
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601:.
511:^
499:}}
495:{{
35::
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31:(
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